SinhVienIT.net HDH Chuong 1

7/21/2019 SinhVienIT.net HDH Chuong 1

1/57


2/57

Ni dung1.1. Hiuhnh l g?

1.3. Cutrc hiuhnh1.2. Cutrc hthngmy tnh

2


3/57

1.1. H iu hnh l g?1.1.1. Cc thnhphncahthngmy tnh

3


4/57


5/57

nh nghaHH l chng trnh trung gian giaphncng

my tnh v ngi s dng, c chc nng iukhinphncngv cung cpcc dchvcbncho cc ngdng.

Mctiu caHHl lm cho ngisdng: Thcthi ddng cc ngdngcamnh

Thao tc iukhinmy tnh trnn thuntin.

Qunl v cppht ti nguyn hthngmtcch hiuqu.

5


6/57

6


7/57

Cc chc nng chnh ca HH Phn chia thi gian x l trn CPU (nh thi)

Phi hp v ng b hot ng gia cc qu trnh

Qun l ti nguyn h thng hiu qu

Kim sot qu trnh truy cp, bo v h thng Duy tr s nht qun ca h thng, kim sot li v phc

hi h thng khi c li xy ra.

Cung cp giao din lm vic thun tin cho ngi dng

7


8/57

Lchs pht trin My tnh ln(mainframes)

Xl b (batch)

achng(multiprogrammed)

anhim(time-sharing, multitasking)

(Mainframe)Batch systems

I/O: card cl,bngt(tapes), line printer

Cnc ngivnhnh (user operator)

Gimsetup timebngcch ghp nhm cng vic(batching) Vd: ghp cc cng viccng sdngtrnh bin dchFortran

Tngnplnltcc chngtrnh

8


9/57


10/57

Lch s pht trin h iu hnh (tt)

10


11/57

Lch s pht trin h iu hnh (tt) (Mainframe)Time-sharing systems

Multiprogrammed systems khng cung cpkhnngtngtchiuquviusers

CPU lun phin thcthi giacc cng vic

Mi cng vic c chia mtphn nh thi gian CPU (time slice,quantum time)

Cung cp tng tc gia user v h thng vi thi gian p ng(response time) nh(1 s)

Mt cng vicchcchimCPU khi n nm trong bnh

chnh.

Khi cn thit,mtcng vicno c thcchuyn tbnhchnh ra thitblu tr (swapping), nhngbnhchnhcho cng vickhc.

11


12/57

Lch s pht trin h iu hnh (tt) Yu cuiviHHtrong hthngtime-sharing

nhthicng vic(job scheduling) Qunlbnh(memory management)

Virtual memory

Qunl cc qu trnh (process management) nhthiCPU ngbcc qu trnh (synchronization)

Giao tipgiacc qu trnh (process communication)

Trnh deadlock

Qunl hthngfile, hthnglutr Cppht hpl cc ti nguyn

Bov(protection)

12


13/57

1.13

Lch s pht trin h iu hnh (tt) My bn(desktopsystem, personal computer)

Nhiu thitb I/O: bn phm, chut, mn hnh, myin,

Phcvngidng nl.

Mctiu chnh caHH Thuntincho user v khnngtngtc cao.

Khng cntiuhiusutsdngCPU v thitbngoivi.

Nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau (MS Windows, MacHH,Solaris, Linux,).


14/57


Hthngsong song NhiuCPU

Chia scomputer bus, clock uim

System throughput: cng nhiu processor th cng nhanhxong cng vic

Multiprocessor system t tn km hn multiple single-processor system: v c thdng chung ti nguyn (a,)

tin cy: khi mtprocessor hng th cng viccancchia sgiacc processor cn li

14


15/57


Phn loihthngsong song a x l i xng (symmetric multiprocessor -

SMP) Mi processor vn hnh mt identical copy ca h iu

hnh Cc copy giao tipvinhau khi cn

axl btixng(asymmetric multiprocessor) Miprocessor thcthi mtcng vickhc nhau Master processor nh thi v phn cng vic cho cc

slave processors

15


16/57


Hthngphn b(distributed system, loosely-coupledsystem) Miprocessor c bnh ring, cc processor giao tipqua

cc knh ninhmng,bus tccao, leased line

Ngidng chthymththngnnht

uim Chia sti nguyn (resource sharing)

Chia sscmnhtnh ton (computational sharing)

tin cycao (high reliability)

sn sngcao (high availability): cc dchvcah thngccung cplin tccho d mtthnhphnhardware trnn hng

16


17/57


Hthngphnb(tt)

Cc m hnh hthngphnb Client-server

Server: cung cpdchv

Client: c thsdngdchvcaserver

Peer-to-peer(P2P) Ccpeer(my tnh trong hthng)ungang hng nhau

Khng c csdliutptrung

Cc peer l ttr

Vd: Gnutella

(Napster khng phi l hthngP2P ngnghav c csdliutptrung)

17


18/57

Lch s pht trin h iu hnh (tt) Hthngthigian thc(real-time system)

Sdngtrong cc thitbchuyn dngnhiukhincc thnghimkhoa hc,iukhin trong y khoa, dy chuyncngnghip,thitbgia dng

Rngbucvthigian: hard v soft real-timePhn loi Hard real-time

Hnch(hockhng c)bnhph,ttcdliunmtrongbnhchnh (RAM hocROM)

Yu cuv thigian png/x l rtnghim ngt, thngsdng

trong iukhincng nghip,robotics, Soft real-time

Thng c dng trong lnhvc multimedia, virtual reality vi yucummdohnvthigian png

18


19/57

1.2. Cu trc h thng my tnh

Kintrc cbncahthngmy tnh

Cchvnhnh cahthngCutrc hthngxutnhp(I/O)

Cutrc v phn cphthnglutr

19


20/57

Kin trc c bn ca h thng mytnh

CPU

Disk controller USB controller Graphics adapter

MEMORY

DisksMouse

Keyboard

PrinterMonitor

m d liu (local buffer)

20


21/57

Chu trnh hot ng ca CPU

StartFetch NextInstruction

ExecuteInstruction

HALT

1. Chu trnh n gin (khng c ngt)

StartFetch NextInstruction

ExecuteInstruction

HALT

2. Chu trnh c iu khin ngt

Check for interrupt;Process interruptInterrupts

enabled

Interruptsdisabled

21


22/57

Ngt

Phn loi: ngtdo Program:trn shc,chia cho 0, truy cpbnhbthpphp Timer:cho php CPU thcthi mttc vno theo nhk I/O:ktthc tc vI/O, xyra litrong I/O Hardware failure:Hhngngun,limemory parity, Trap (software interrupt):yu cudchvhthng(gisystem call),

Lc thi gian khi process c yu cu cc tc v I/O

22


23/57

Qu trnh x l ngt

i

i+1

0

M

User

Program

Interrupt

handler

0

21 00ffe23f

N

Interrupt vector

table

int. 0x21

0

00ffe23f interrupt

0x21 routine

ret

ffffffff

1

2

3

23


24/57

Qu trnh x l ngt (tt)

C ngt

I/O interrupts

Khng c ngt

24


25/57

Cu trc h thng I/O


26/57

1.A.26

Cc k thut thc hin I/O

Polling gidliura mtthitbI/O (thng qua I/O

port), CPU ghi byte d liu vo thanh ghi dliu(data register), sau thitlpmtbit (bit1) cathanh ghi iukhin(control register)bo hiucho I/O controller.

(PIO:programmed I/O)

I/O controller c byte d liu t thitb I/O,xa bit iukhin (bit 0). CPU tip tcgibyte k.

I/O controller khng gy ra ngtmi khi xongvic. CPUphidng cchpollingkimtratrngthi thitbI/O

Truyndliutngbyte mt

PIO


27/57

1.A.27

Cc k thut thc hin I/O (tt)

Interrupt-driven I/O

CPU khng poll m I/O controller s gy rangtmikhi snsng cho tc vI/O.

Trong lc thitbI/O thcthi lnh,CPU c ththcthi cng vickhc.

Polling v interrupt-driven I/O utiu tnthigian xl caCPUbiv CPUphicopy bytedliucc/ghimemory.

Thch hpcho cc thitbI/O c tckhngcao (keyboard, mouse)

X

X


28/57


Synchronous Asynchronous

Phngphp thchinI/O

- - -: bypassing

kernel kernel

28


29/57


Cc hng i (wait queue) I/O

Asynchronous I/O

29


30/57

1.A.30


Direct Memory Access (DMA) CPU gi yu cu n module DMA (= DMA

controller)

Module DMA chuynmtkhidliugiabnhv thitbI/O m khng cnCPU can thip.

Khi xong mttc vginhnth pht khimtngt.

CPU chtham gia vo giai onkhiuv ktthccavictruynnhndliu

Trong khi angtruynnhndliu,CPU c ththcthi cng vickhc

Thch hpcho cc thitbc tccao (a)


31/57


32/57

1.A.32

H thng lu tr Lutrl mttrong nhngdngthcI/O quan trng

Bnhchnh(main memory, primary memory)

CPU chc thtruy cptrctipthanh ghi (registers) v bnhROM,

RAM

Bnhph(secondary storage)

Hthnglutrthng tin bnvng(nonvolatile storage)

at(magnetic disks): amm,acng,bngt

aquang (optical disk): CD-ROM, DVD-ROM

Flash ROM: USB disk


33/57

1.A.33

Phn cp h thng lu tr

Tc cao

Gi thnh thpDung lng ln

vd: file-system data


34/57

C ch caching

Caching nptrcdliuvo thitblutrtccao hn

Tisaophidng cache?

Chnh lchlngiatcCPU v tcbnhRAM, a,

Khai thc nguyn l ccb(locality) Kch thccache nhphiqunl cache: thay nidung cache

Trong cchcaching, mtdliuc thclutrnhiuniphibomtnh nhtqun dliu: cache coherency problem

A: d liu34


35/57

1.A.35

Bo v phn cng dual mode

Cchdual-mode:cncphncnghtr User modethcthi viquynhncauser bnh thng Kernel mode (cn gil supervisor mode, system mode, monitor mode) c ton

quyntruy xutti nguyn hthng

Phncngc thm mode bitkimsot mode hinhnh: mode bit = 0: kernel mode

mode bit = 1: user mode

Khi c ngthocc lixyra, hthngschuynsang kernel mode.


36/57

B h B h


37/57

Bo v phn cng B nh

Vd: bo v b nh dng 2 thanh ghi

- Truy cp b nh ngoi vng xc nh bi thanhghi base v thanh ghi limit s sinh ra trap

- Lnh np gi tr cho cc thanh ghi base vthanh ghi limit u l privileged instruction

(a)

(b)

37


38/57

Ti


39/57

1.A.39

Timer

C th s dng timer thc hin c ch time-

sharing. Thit lp timer gy ngtnhkNms (N: time slice,

quantum time) v nhthiCPU sau milnngt.

C th dng timer tnh thi gian tri qua(elapse time)

C T H i H h


40/57

Cu Trc H iu Hnh

Cc thnhphncahiuhnh

Cc dchvhiuhnh cung cp

Giao tipgiatintrnh v hiuhnh

Cc chngtrnh hthng(system programs)

Cutrc logic cahthng

My o(virtual machine)

40

C th h h h i h h


41/57

Cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh Qunl tintrnh (process management)

tintrnh vs. chngtrnh

Mt tin trnh cn cc ti nguyn ca h thng nh CPU, b

nh,file, thitbI/O,hon thnh cng vic.

Cc nhimvcathnhphn Tov hytintrnh

Tmngng/tiptcthcthi (suspend/resume) tintrnh

Cung cpcc cch

ngbhotngcc tintrnh (synchronization)

giao tipgiacc tintrnh (interprocess communication)

khngchdeadlock

41

C th h h h i h h (tt)


42/57

Cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh (tt)Qunlbnhchnh

c hiusutsdngCPU v thigian pngtt,hiuhnh cndng giithutqunlbnhthchhp

Cc nhimvcathnhphn Theo di, qunl cc vng nhtrngv cppht

Quytnhsnpchngtrnh no khi c vng nhtrng

Cppht v thu hicc vng nh

42



43/57

Cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh (tt)Qunl file (file management)

Hthngfile (file system) File

Thmc

Cc dchvm thnhphncung cp Tov xo file/thmc.

Cc tc vxl file/thmc(rename, copy, move, new,)

nh xfile/thmcvo thitblu trthcptngng

Sao luvphchidliu

43



44/57

Cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh (tt)Qunl hthngI/O (I/O system management)

Che ducc ctrngringbitcatngthitbI/O

C chcnng

Cch: buffering, caching, spooling

Cung cp giao din chung n cc trnh iu khin thitb(device-driver interface)

Trnh iukhin thitb (device driver) cho michng loi

thitbphncngkhc nhau.

44



45/57

1.B.45

Cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh (tt)Qun l h thng lu tr th cp (secondary

storage management) Bnhchnh: kch thcnh, l mi trngcha tin

khngbnvngcnhthnglutrthcplu

trbnvngcc dliu,chngtrnh

Phngtinlutrthng dngl at,aquang

Nhimvcathnhphn

Qunl vng trng(free space management)

Cppht khng gian lutr(storage allocation)

nhthia(disk scheduling)



46/57

Cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh (tt) Hthngbov

Khi hthngcho php nhiuuser hay nhiutintrnh Kimsot tintrnh ngidng ngnhp/xutv sdngh

thng

Kimsot victruy cpcc ti nguyn trong hthng

Bo m ch nhng ngi dng/tin trnh quyn hn micphp sdngcc ti nguyn tngng

Cc nhimvcathnhphn

Cung cpcchkimsot ngnhp/xut(login, log out) Phn nh c s truy cp ti nguyn hp php v bt hp php

(authorized/unauthorized)

Phngtinthi hnh cc chnh sch (enforcement of policies) Chnh sch:cnbovdliucaai iviai

46



47/57

Cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh (tt) Trnh thng dchlnh

L giao dinchyugiangidng v HH V d: shell, mouse-based window-and-menu

Khi user login command line interpreter(shell) chy,v chnhn lnh tngidng,

thcthi lnhv trktquv

Lin hchtchvicc thnh phnkhc cahiuhnh thcthi cc yu cucangidng

Cc nhm lnhtrnh thng dchlnh To,hy,xem thng tin tintrnh, hthng iukhintruy cpI/O Qunl, truy cphthnglutrthcp Qunl, sdngbnh Truy cphthngfile

47

Cc dch h i hnh


48/57

Cc dch v h iu hnh Mtsdchvchyum ngidng hay chngtrnh

cn Thcthi chngtrnh Thchincc tc vI/O do yu cucachngtrnh Cc tc vln hthngfile

c/ghihay to/xafile Cchgiao tip,trao ithng tin giacc tintrnh

Shared memory Message passing

Pht hinli Trn thitbI/O: dliuh,htgiy, Chng trnh ngdng: chia cho 0, truy cpnachbnhkhng

cphp

48

Cc dch v h iu hnh (tt)


49/57

Cc dch v h iu hnh (tt) Cc chcnngkhc (gip hiuhnh chyhuhiu)

Cppht ti nguyn (resource allocation) Ti nguyn: CPU,bnhchnh, tape drives,

HHc cc routine tngng

Kton (accounting)

V dtnh ph

Bov(protection)

Cc tintrnh lnhau khng cnhhngnhau

Kimsot ccc truy cpvo ti nguyn An ninh (security)

Chcc user cphp sdnghthngmitruy cpcti nguyncahthng(vd: thng qua password)

49

Giao tip gia tin trnh v h iu hnh


50/57

Giao tip gia tin trnh v h iu hnh System call

Cung cpgiao dingiatintrnh v hiuhnh Vd: open, read, write file

Thng thngdngthvinnhphn (binary libraries)

Trong cc ngn nglptrnh cpcao, mtsthvinlptrnh

cxy dngdatrn cc thvinhthng(v dWindowsAPI, thvinGNU C/C++ nhglibc, glibc++,)

Baphngphp truyntham skhi sdngsystem call Truynthng squa thanh ghi

Truyntham sthng qua mtvng nh,achcavng nhcgi

nhiuhnh qua thanh ghi

Truyntham squa stack

50

Cc chng trnh h thng


51/57

Cc chng trnh h thng Chng trnh h thng (system program, phn bit vi

application program) gm Qunl hthngfile: nhcreate, delete, rename, list

Thng tin trngthi: nhdate, time, dung lngbnhtrng

Sonthofile: nhfile editor Htrngn nglptrnh: nhcompiler, assembler, interpreter

Np,thcthi, gip tm lichngtrnh: nhloader, debugger

Giao tip: nhemail, talk, web browser Ngi dng ch yu lm vic thng qua cc system

program (khng lm victrctipvicc system call)

51

Cu trc logic ca h thng


52/57

1.B.52

Cu trc logic ca h thng

Hthngn(monolithic) MS-DOS: khi thitk,do giihnvdung lngbnhnn

khngphn chia module(modularization), chaphn chia rchcnnggiaccphncahthng.

MS-DOS, xem nhcphn lp(layered):

Cu trc logic ca h thng (tt)


53/57

Cu trc logic ca h thng (tt)Hthngn(monolithic)

UNIX: gmhaiphn cc system program v kernel (file system, CPU scheduling, memory

management, v mtschcnngkhc)

Xem nh cphn lp:

signals

terminal handling

character I/O systemterminal drivers

file system

swapping

block I/O systemdisk and tape drivers

1.A.53



54/57

Cu trc logic ca h thng (tt)ThitkHH: phn chia module theo cchphn

lp(layered). Vd: hiuhnh OS/2

54



55/57

Cu trc logic ca h thng (tt) Thit k HH: phn chia module theo microkernel

(CMU Mach HH, 1980) ChuynmtschcnngcaHH tkernel space sang userspace

Thu gn kernel microkernel, microkernel ch bao gm ccchc nng ti thiu nh qun l tin trnh, b nh v c chgiao tipgiacc tintrnh

Giao tipgiacc module qua cchtruynthng ip

Application

Fileserver

X-application

X-window

server

POSIX

applicationPOSIXserver

Microkernel

mt module

55

My o


56/57

My oTHHlayer nmy o(virtual machine)

Non-virtual machinesystem model

Virtual machine system model

processes

kernel

hardware

processes

processes

processes

kernel kernel kernel

VM1 VM2 VM3

Virtual-machineimplementation

hardware

programminginterface

56

My o (tt)


57/57

My o (tt)

Hinthc nimVM Lm th no thc thi mt

chng trnh MS-DOS trnmt h thng Sun vi h iu

hnh Solaris?1. Tomtmy oIntelbn trn h

iu hnh Solaris v h thngSun

2. Cc lnh Intel (x86) c myoIntel chuynthnh lnhtngngcahthngSun.

Sun hardware

Solaris kernel

VM interpretation

Intel x86 VM

Intel x86 Application

Documents

SinhVienIT.net HDH Chuong 1