15
SKRIPSI DEVI SESYARANI UJI AKTIVITAS SENYAWA DALAM TANAMAN BERPOTENSI UNTUK PENGOBATAN ASAM URAT SECARA IN SILICO (Pada Nigella sativa Semen Sebagai Antiinflamasi dan Orthosiphon stamineus Folium Sebagai Antihiperurisemia) PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2018

SKRIPSI - eprints.umm.ac.ideprints.umm.ac.id/40035/1/PENDAHULUAN.pdf · Alopurinol dengan Asam Benzoat atau D-Asam Tartrat terhadap . Kelarutan dan Laju Disolusinya Fikri Alatas

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    25

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

SKRIPSI

DEVI SESYARANI

UJI AKTIVITAS SENYAWA DALAM TANAMAN

BERPOTENSI UNTUK PENGOBATAN ASAM

URAT SECARA IN SILICO

(Pada Nigella sativa Semen Sebagai Antiinflamasi

dan Orthosiphon stamineus Folium Sebagai

Antihiperurisemia)

PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2018

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum,Wr.Wb.

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, atas limpahan Rahmat dan Karunia-Nya

penulis dapat menyelasaikan penyusunan skripsi ini. Shalawat beserta salam

semoga senantiasa terlimpah curahkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW.

Penulisan skripsi ini diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat

memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan

Universitas Muhammadiya Malang. Judul yang diajukan adalah “ Uji Aktivitas

Senyawa dalam Tanaman Berpotensi untuk Pengobatan Asam Urat secara in

Silico”. Dalam penyusunan dan penulisan skripsi ini tidak terlepas dari bantuan,

bimbimngan serta dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu dalam

kesempatan ini penulis dengan senang hati menyampaikan terimakasih kepada

yang terhormat:

1. Bapak Imam Hanitap dan Ibu Fatkhunisa atas jasa-jasanya, doa yang

selalu dipanjatkan dan cinta tulus serta ikhlas kepada penulis semenjak

kecil.

2. Ibu Sovia Aprina Basuki, S.Farm, M.Si., Apt. selaku dosen pembimbing I

yang selalu memeberi masukan dan nasehat selama mengerjakan skripsi

kepada penulis.

3. Ibu Engrid Juni Astuti M.Farm., Apt. selaku dosen pembimbing II yang

selalu bijak dalam memberikan bimbingan.

4. Bapak M. Artabah Muchlisin, M. Farm. Selaku dosen mata kuliah Kimia

Organik yang meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan bimbingan serta

mengarahkan penulis selama pengerjaan skripsi tanpa balasan apapun.

5. Saudara-saudara tercinta yang telah banyak memberikan bantuan baik

secara moril maupun materiil demi kelancaran penyusunan skripsi ini.

6. Ibu Anjar Wati yang selalu memberikan motivasi dan semangat kepada

penulis dalam mengapai cita-cita.

7. Teman-teman seperjuangan dan khususnya Hestining Puspa Weni ,Retno

Ayu Larasati, Khoridatur Rahma, Mahya, dan Safrinda Eka Damayanti

yang memberikan semangat untuk mengerjakan skripsi.

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

1. Daftar Riwayat Hidup ............................................................................. 64 2. Surat Pernyataan..................................................................................... 65 3. Macam-Macam Senyawa Tumbuhan Uji ............................................... 66 4. Interaksi Senyawa……………………………………………………... 81 5. Residu Asam Amino yang Terikat pada Senyawa…………………….. 123 6. Hasil Uji Statistika One Way ANOVA………………………………... 132

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Accelrys., 2017. Biova Discovery Studio. http//: www.accelrys.com, diakses

tanggal 13 Desember 2017.

Atta, R., Mali, S., He, C.H., and Clardy, J., 1985. Isolation and structure

determination of nigellicine, a novel alkaloidfrom the seeds of Nigella

sativa. Tetrahedron Letter. Vol. 26, pp. 2759–2762.

Azis, Saifudin., 2014. Senyawa Alam Metabolit Sekunder Teori, Konsep Dan

Teknik Pemurnian Saifudin, Edisi.1, Yogyakarta, Deepublish.

Benkaci, A.F., Baaliouamer, A., Wathelet, J.P., and Marlier, M., 2010. Chemical

Composition Of The Volatiles From Algerian Nigella Sativa L Seeds. J

Essent oil Res. Vol. 22, pp. 1-5.

BPOM., 2011. Informasi Obat Asli Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pengaasan Obat

dan Makanan Republik Indonesia.

BPOM.,2015http://pionas.pom.go.id/ioni/bab-6-sistem-endokrin/63 kortikosteroid

/632-glukokortikoid. Badan Pengaasan Obat dan Makanan Republik

Indonesia. Diakses tanggal 23 januari 2018.

Brooijmans, N., and Kuntz, ID., 2003. Molecular Recognition And Docking

Algorithms. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. No. 32, pp. 335-373.

Bruce, N.C., Robert, T., 2006. The Inflammatory Process Of Gout And Its

Treatment. New York. University School of Medicine BioMed Central,

pp. 1-3.

DrugBank. 2017. The Drug Bank Database IS Unique Bioformatics and

Cheminformatics Resource that Combines Detailed Drug Data with

Comprehensive Drug Target Information https://www.drugbank.ca/.

Diakses tanggal 28 desember 2017.

Faizul, F., Aminudin , N., Kadir, H., and Tayyab, S., 2009. Bilirubin Lowering

Potential Of Orthosiphon Stamineus In Temporarily Jaundiced Adult

Rats, Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. Vol.3, No. 7, p. 359.

Fowler, S., Roush, R., 2013 . Concept of Biology. Houston, Texas. Rice

University. p 46.

G, Marcou., D, Rognan., 2007. Optimizing fragment and scaffold docking by use

of molecular interaction fingerprints. J Chem Inf Model. 47 , 195.

Ghosheh, O.A., Houdi, A.A. & Crooks, P.A.,1999. High performanceliquid

chromatography analysis of the pharmacologicallyactive quinines and

related compounds in the oil of the black seed(Nigella sativa). Journal of

Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol.19, pp. 757–762.

Hanafy, M.S.M. and Hatem, M.E., 1991. Studies On The Antimicrobial Activity

Of Black Cumin. Journal Ethnopharmacol. Vol. 34, p. 275.

Hardjono, S., 2013. Sintesis dan Uji Aktivitas Antikanker Senyawa 1-(2-

Klorobenzoiloksi) Urea dan 1-(4-Klorobenzoiloksi) Urea. Berkala Ilmiah

Kimia Farmasi. Vol.2 No. 1, p. 17.

Harvey, R.A., Champe, P.C., 2002. Farmakologi Ulasan Bergambar, Edisi 4.

Jakarta, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.

Harti, S.A., 2014. Biokimia Kesehatan. Yogyakarta. Nuha Medika. pp 123-128.

Hossain, M.A., Ismail, Z., Rahman, A., Kang, SC., 2008. Chemical

Composition And Antifungal Properties Of The Essential Oils And

Crude Extracts Of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Industrial Crops and

Products. Vol.27 ,No.3 , p. 328.

Houghton, P.J., Zarka, R., De-las-Heras, B. and Hoult, J.R., 1995. Fixed Oil Of

Nigella Sativa And Derived Thymoquinone Inhibit Eicosanoid Generation

In Leukocytes And Membrane Lipid Peroxidation. Planta Medica. Vol.

61, pp. 33–36.

Huey, R., Morris, G.M.,.Olson, A.J., Goodsell, D.S., 2006. Software News and

Update A Semiempirical Free Energy Force Field with Charge - Based

Desolvation . Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 28 , No. 6 ,p 1.

Imam, Ghozali., 2009. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS.

Semarang . BP UNDIP.

Isik, A. F., Kati, I., Bayram, I. and Ozbek, H., 2005. A New Agent For Treatment

Of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Thymoquinone. An

Experimental Study In A Rat Model. Eur. J. Cardiothoracic Surg. Vol.

28, pp. 301-305.

Johnstone, A., 2005. Gout The Disease And Non‐Drug Treatment. Hospital

Pharmacist. Vol. 12, pp. 391‐394.

Katzer,G., 2004. Nigella (Nigella sativa) http://www.uni-

graz.at/%7Ekatzer/spice_icon.ico. Diakses tanggal 14 januari 2018.

Ketut, A., Finna, S., Muhamad, I., 2013, From Ethnopharmacology to Clinical

Study of Orthosiphon Stamineus Benth, International Journal of

Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 66-73.

Khan, M.T.H., Jabbar, S., Choudhuri, M.S.K. and Ghafur, M.A., 1999. Analgesic

And Antiinflammatory Activity Of Nigella Sativa L. Hamdard Medicus.

Vol. 42, pp. 22–29.

Kenneth, R., Hiroshi., and Jiann, J.L., 2012. Uric Acid As A Danger Signal In

Gout And Its Comorbidities Advance . Department of Pathology, USA,

4 September http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nrrheum.2012.

143. Diakses tanggal 6 Oktober 2017.

Khanna, D., John D.F., Manjit K.S., Sangmee B.A.E., et al. 2012. Guidelines for

Management of Gout. Part 2: Therapy and Antiinflammatory

Prophylaxis of Acute Gouty Arthritis. American College of

Rheumatology, pp. 1447-1461.

Khanna, D., John D.F., Manjit K.S., Sangmee B.A.E., et al. 2012. Guidelines for

Management of Gout. Part 1: Systematic Nonpharmacologic and

Pharmacologic Therapeutic Approaches to Hyperuricemia. American

College of Rheumatology, pp. 1431-1446.

Kong, L.D., Cai ,Y., Huang, W.W., Cheng, C.H.K., Tan, R.X., 2000. Inhibition

Of Xanthine Oxidase By Some Chinese Medicinal Plants Used To Treat

Gout. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.Vol. 73, pp. 199–207.

Kumar, S., Bajwa, B.S., Kuldeep, S., and Kalia, A.N., 2013. Anti-Inflammatory

Activity of Herbal Plants. International Journal Of Advances In

Pharmacy. Vol. 2, No.2 , pp. 273-274.

Lobanov, M., Bogatyreva, N.S., and Galzitskaia, O. V., 2008. Radius Of

Gyration Is Indicator of Compactness of Protein Structure. Mol Biol. Vol.

42 No.4, pp. 701–706.

Megantara, S., Mustarichie, R., Warya S., Moektiwardoyo M., and Saputri F. A.,

2014. Docking, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Toxicity

Prediction of Anticancer Compounds Found in Plants. World Journal of

Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 3 No. 10, pp. 72-90.

Maheswari, K., Marymmal, R., and Venkatanarayan, R., 2008. Hepatoprotective

Activity Of Orthosiphon Stamineus On Liver Damages Caused By

Paracetamol In Rats. Journal Biol Sci. Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 105.

Marchal, T., 2015. In Vivo, In Vitro, In Silico By, Director Healthcare Industry

Marketing, Ansysansys Advantage. Volume IX.

Marcou, G., Rognan, D., 2006. Optimizing Fragment and Scaffold Docking

by Use of Molecular Interaction Fingerprints. J. Chem. Vol.47

Masteli, J., Jerkovi, I., Blaževi, I., Poljak, M., Borovi, NM., Müller, NN., 2008.

Comparative Study On The Antioxidant And Biological Activities Of

Carvacrol, Thymol And Eugenol Derivatives. J Agr Food Chem. Vol. 56,

pp. 3989-3996.

Morris, G.M., Goodsell, D.S., Pique, M.E., Olson, A.J., Huey, R., Forli, S.,

Halliday, Scott., 2013. Automated Docking of Flexible Ligands to

Flexible Receptors, The Scripps Research Institute,

http://autodock.scripps.edu/faqs-help/manual/autodock-4-2-user-

guide/AutoDock4.2_UserGuide.pdf, Diakses tanggal 22 oktober 2017.

Mukesh, K. S., Bina, G., Anshita, G., Hemant, D., Chanchal K., Pranita P. K., and

D.K. Tripathi., 2015. Medicinal Plants of Genus Orthosiphon (Lamiaceae)

. International Journal of Biological Chemistry. Vol. 9, No. 6, pp 318-

331.

Murray, R., Granner , D., Mayes, P., & Rodwell, V. 2003. Harper's Ilustrated

Biochemistry, 26th edition (14-30). United States of America: McGraw-

Hill Companies.

Mutabagani, A., and El-Mehdy, S.A.M., 1997. A Study Of The Antiinflammatory

Activity Of Nigella Sativa And Thymoquinone In Rats. Saudi

Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 110–113.

Neal, M.J., 2006. At A Glance Farmakologi Medis Edisi Kelima, Jakarta

Erlangga, hal 71.

Noviyanti., 2015. Hidup Sehat Tanpa Asam Urat.Yogyakarta, Notebook. Hal.

21.

Oleg T., and Arthur J., 2009. Software News and Update AutoDock Vina:

Improving the Speed and Accuracy of Docking with a New Scoring

Function, Efficient Optimization, and Multithreading. Journal of

Computational Chemistry. Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 455-460.

Pacher, P., Nivorozhkin, A., Szabó, C., 2006. Therapeutic Effects of Xanthine

Oxidase Inhibitors: Renaissance Half a Century after the Discovery of

Allopurinol, Pharmacological. Vol.58 , No. 1,pp. 87–114.

Paarakh, M Padmaa., 2010. Nigella sativa Linn.- Tinjauan komprehensif. Jurnal

Indian Produk dan Sumber Alam, Vol. 1 ,No. 4, pp. 1.

PDB. 2017. https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do, diakses tanggal 18

Desember 2017.

PubChem. 2004. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about.html, diakses tanggal 13

Desember 2017.

Pujiastuti, WM., Sanjaya, MG., 2017. Penentuan Aktivitas Senyawa Turunan

Mangiferin Sebagau Antidiabetes Pada Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Secara In

Silico. UNESA Journal of Chemstry. Vol.6, No. 3, pp. 175.

Punchard., 2004. The Journal of Inflammation . London, BioMed Central , 27

September 2004. http://www.journal-inflammation.com/content/1/1/1.

Diakses tanggal 6 oktober 2017.

Purwaningsih, T., 2009. Faktor-faktor Risiko Hiperurisemia. Semarang: Tesis

Universitas Diponegoro.

Rachmania, R.A., Supandi, Larasati, O.A. 2015. Analisis In Silico Senyawa

Diterpenoid Lakton Herba Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) pada

Reseptor Alpha-gluksidase sebagai Antidiabetes Tipe II. PHARMACY

Vol. 12 No. 2.

Ramachandran, K.I.G., Deepa, K., Namboori, 2008. Computational Chemistry

and Molecular Modeling. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelber, pp. 1-2

Ratih, H., Hartyana, T., dan Farhan., 2014. Pengaruh Pembentukan Ko-Kristal

Alopurinol dengan Asam Benzoat atau D-Asam Tartrat terhadap

Kelarutan dan Laju Disolusinya Fikri Alatas. Cimahi Indonesia

,Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani.

Rayan, B., Rayan, A., 2017. Avogadro Program for Chemistry Education: To

What Extent can Molecular Visualization and Three-dimensional

Simulations Enhance Meaningful Chemistry Learning. World Journal Of

Chemical Education. Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 138,140.

Rym, A., Farid, B., Meriem, Z., Gauthier, E., 2014. Composition and biological

activities of the essential oilof Nigella sativa seeds isolated by accelerated

microwavesteam distillation with cryogenic grinding. American Journal

of Essential Oils and Natural Products. Vol. 1 (3), pp. 23-33.

Ruswanto., 2015. Molekular docking empat turunan isonicotino hydrazide pada

mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA).

Vol. 13.

Samy, E.M., Hassan, M.A., Tous, S.S., Rhodes, C.T., Improvement of

Availability of Allopurinol from Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms I:

Suppositories. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and

Biopharmaceutics. Vol. 49, pp. 119-127.

Schumacher, H.R., Chen, L.X., 2008. Gout and Others Crystal-Associated

Arthropathies in Harrison’s Principle of InternalMedicine 17th Edition,

The McGraw Hill, USA, p. 2165.

Schlesinger, N., 2011. Difficult-to-Treat Gouty Arthritis A Disease

Warranting Better Management., USA, University of Medicine and

Dentistry of New Jersey.

Siswandono., Soekardjo, B., 2000. Kimia Medisinal. Surabaya,Airlangga

Universitas Press.

Sunkureddi, P., 2011. Gouty Arthritis Understanding the Disease State and

Management Options in Primary Care. USA, University of Texas

Medical Branch.

Supriyatno., Iskandar, Y., Febriyanti, M., 2012. Prinsip Obat Herbal,

Yogyakarta, CV Budi Utama.

Syahputra, G., Ambarsari, L., Sumaryada, T., 2014. Simulasi Docking

Kurkuminenol Bisdemetoksikurkumin dan Analognya Sebagai Inhibitor

Enzim 12-Lipoksigenase. Jurnal Biofisika Vol. 10 No. 1.

Tehupeiory., 2006. Artritis Gout dalam Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam,

FKUI, Jakarta, hal. 1208-1210.

Tjay, H.T., Rahardja, K., 2002. Obat-Obat Penting. Jakarta, PT Elex Media

Komputindo.

Umamaheswari, M., Asokumar, K., Somasundaram, A., Sivashanmugam, T.,

Varadharajan., 2007. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity Of Some

Indian Medical Plants . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Vol.109, pp.

547–551.

Van. De. Waterbeemd, H., Carter, R.E., Grassy, G., Kubinyi, K., Martin, Y.C.,

Tute, M.S., Willett, P., 1997. Glossary of Terms Uses in Computational

Drug Design (IUPAC Recommendations 1997), P 1137. WHO. 2002.

Weaver., 2008, Epidemiology of Gout, Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine.

Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. S9-S10.

Yuriev, E., and Ramsland, P.A., 2013., Latest Developments in Molecular

Docking. J Mol Recog JMR. Vol 32 No. 5, pp. 215–239.