Skripta _ Analitika Prirodnih i Otpadnih Voda 2015

8/18/2019 Skripta _ Analitika Prirodnih i Otpadnih Voda 2015

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ANALITIKA PRIRODNIH I OTPADNIH VODA

LABORATORIJSKI PRIRUČNIK

Mr.sc. Elvisa Hodži

Bi!a" #$%&



U'ORKOVANJE VODA

Sva(i )ro*ra+ ,-or(ova/a" 01- o0-ira a -ada21 cil/1v1 o0,!va2a3

id12i4i(aci/, +/1s2a ,-or(ova/a ,(l/,5,/,i i +a), -a id12i4i(aci/, lo(aci/16

lo(aci/a +/1s2a ,-or(ova/a /1 )r1s,da -a do0i/a/1 r1)r1-12a2ivi! ,-ora(a i-vor ,-ora(a 7)od-1+a voda" voda -a )i1" )ovr8is(a voda" o2)ada voda"s1di+12...96

0ro/ i +a2ri(s ,-or(a6 vr1+1s(o 2ra/a/1 is)i2iva/a6 4r1(v1ci/, ,-or(ova/a 7+/1s15o" (var2alo..96 vrs21 ,-ora(a 72r1,2i ili (o+)o-i2i ,-orci96 +12od sa(,)l/a/a ,-ora(a 7r,5o" a,2o+a2s(i96 )o2r101 aali2i5(1 )ara+12r1 sa 0ro/1vi+a i r141r1ca+a +12oda6 )odr,5/1 +/1r1/a6 )odr,5/1 )o2r101 (o2rol1 (vali212a 7:;96 )oda2(1 o lic, (o/1 vr8i ,-or(ova/1.

U-orci s1 )r1+a vrs2i di/1l1 a3

Tr1,21 7,-121 , odr1<1o vr1+1" a odr1<1o+ +/1s2, i o0i5o 1)r1ds2avl/a/, osov, -a -a(l/,5(1 o s2a/, sis21+a osi+ (ada /1 sis21+s2a0ilo* sas2ava9.

Ko+)o-i21 7s+/1sa 2r1,2i! ,-ora(a sa(,)l/ai! , is2o/ 2a5(i ali , ra-li5i2o vri/1+19.

D,)li(a2i = ,-orci -a )or1<1/1 7-a )rov/1r, )r1ci-os2i ,-or(ova/a9.

Po/1dia51 7-a )rov/1r, i-vo<1/a aali-19.

Tr10a a)o+1,2i da s, ,-orci ,-12i -a aali-, vola2ili! or*as(i! (o+)o12i" ,l/ai +as2i" +i(ro0iolo8(1 21s2ov1 ,v1( 2r1,2i ,-orci. >2o s1 a5ia ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a2i51 +o*,1 /1 r,5o i a,2o+a2s(o ,-or(ova/1. A,2o+a2s(o ,-or(ova/1)odra-,+/1va 8iro( s)1(2ar ,r1<a/a (o/i s, (o+1rci/alo dos2,)i. Pri+/1a ova(vi!,r1<a/a i+a i- )r1dos2i /1r s1 r1d,(,/, l/,ds(1 *r18(1 )rili(o+ ,-or(ova/a" )or1d2o*a o+o*,1o /1 5,va/1 ,-ora(a a ?@; -a vri/1+1 ,-or(ova/a.

Osnovna pravila uzorkovanja

Prili(o+ ,-or(ova/a )o2r10o /1 )ridržava2i s1 sl/1d1i! )ravila3%. U-orci +ora/, 0i2i a )rvo+ +/1s2, ,-12i sa a/(o2a+iirai/i! lo(aci/a.#. 'a sva(, 2a5(, ,-or(ova/a )oaoso0 (oris21 s1 ov1 la21(s r,(avic1 (o/1 s1

)osli/1 ,)o2r101 0aca/,. 'a ,-or(ova/1 o)asi! +a21ri/a (oris21 s1 *,+11r,(avic1.

. 'a (o+)o-i21 ,-or(1 (oris21 s1 8)a2,la i odr1<1a )os,da (a(o 0i s1o+o*,ilo )o2),o +i/18a/1 ,-or(a. 'a odr1<iva/1 2ra*ova or*as(i!(o+)o12i (oris21 s1 )os,d1 od 1!r<a/,1* 51li(a" s2a(la" 214loa.



Priprema opreme za uzorkovanje

O)r1+a s1 5is2i a 21r1, (ao i , la0ora2ori/i )ri/1 i a(o -avr81o* ,-or(ova/a.Pri)r1+a o)r1+1 , la0ora2ori/i )ri/1 /1o* 2ras)or2a a 21r1 vr8i s1 sl/1d1i+

r1dosl/1do+3 is)ira/1 2o)lo+ sa),ico+ )a )o2o+ 2o)lo+ 51s+1s(o+ vodo+" is)ira/1 %$=%& HNO s 2i+ 82o s1 a(o as i21r1s,/, ,2ri/12i )osli/1

ova(vo* is)ira/a )ris2,)i is)ira/, sa %$=%& H;l ili s1 is)ira/1 sa HNO-a+i/1i sa H;l. Is)ira/1 (is1lia+a s1 1 )r1)or,5,/1 a(o /1 o)r1+a od1!r<a/,1* 51li(a ili +12ala"

is)ira/1 d1/oi-ovao+ vodo+" is)ira/1 i-o)ro)aolo+ (o/i /1 s21)1a 5is2o1 -a odr1<iva/1 )1s2icida" is)ira/1 d1s2ilovao+ vodo+" (o+)l12o s,81/1 -ra(o+" s(ladi821/1 i 2ras)or2 o)r1+1 (o/a /1 ,+o2aa a(o ova(v1 )ri)r1+1 ,

al,+ii/,+s(, 4oli/,.

Ma21ri/al od (o/1* /1 a)ravl/1 s,d -a ,-or(ova/1 1 s+i/1 da r1a*,/1 sa ,-or(o+"+ora 0i2i i-držl/iv" 1)ro),s2l/iv" 1lo+l/iv i )o2r101 -a)r1+i1. Kao i o)r1+a -a,-or(ova/1" 2a(o i s,dovi , (o/i+a s1 sa(,)l/a/, ,-orci +ora/, 0i2i )odvr*,2i)roc1d,ri 5i81/a.T1r1s(a )ri)r1+a o)r1+1 )odra-,+1va is2, )roc1d,r, s 2i+ 82o s1 1 vr8i is)ira/12o)lo+ vodo+ i 82o s1 (od /a(o (o2a+iira1 o)r1+1 (oris2i ac12o ili ac12o=!1(sa=ac12o s+/1sa -a is)ira/1 )ri/1 r1*,laro* 5i81/a.

Konzervisanje uzorakaU(oli(o /1 1o)!odo" s21rili-aci/a s,dova s1 vr8i , la0ora2ori/i do( s1 ,-orci(o-1rvi8, a 21r1, a(o ,-or(ova/a. Pri (o-1rvisa/, ,-ora(a +ora s1is)o82ova2i )ro2o(ol )r1+a (o+1 (o-1rvas +ora 0i2i sv/1ž1 )ri)r1+l/1 iod*ovara/,1* s21)1a 5is2o1. Sv1 !1+i(ali/1 (o/1 s1 (oris21 (ao (o-1rvasi2ras)or2,/, s1 a 21r1 s)a(ova1 , )las2i51 ili 214los(1 s,dov1 odvo/11 od,-or(a da 0i s1 s)r15ila +o*,a (o2a+iaci/a. Ta01la %. sadrži vrs21 s,dova -a,-or(1" a5i (o-1rvisa/a" +a(si+alo vr1+1 5,va/a i (oli5i, ,-or(a -a sva(i)ara+12ar. Ko-1rvisa/1 ,-ora(a a 21r1, -a!2/1va )ridržava/1 od*ovara/,1*)ro2o(ola3

(o-1rvasi s1 doda/, , 2a5o odr1<1o/ -a)r1+ii i +ora/, 0i2i viso(o*s21)1a 5is2o1"

sv1ži (o-1rvasi s1 )ri)r1+a/, )ri/1 sva(o* ,-or(ova/a" a(o 82o s1 i-vr8i (o-1rvisa/1" )od1si s1 )H. Doda2a (oli5ia (o-1rvasa i

i-+/1r1a )H vri/1dos2 s1 do(,+12,/," vodi s1 ra5,a o 2o+1 da s1 is2a (oli5ia (o-1rvasa doda , sv1 sli/1)1 )ro01.



Ta01la %. Por1<1/1 )r1)or,(a -a sa(,)l/a/1 i (o-1rvisa/1 ,-ora(aI Pravili( o a5i, ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a i +12oda+a -a la0ora2ori/s(, aali-, vod1 -a)i1"

Sl.lis2 SCRJ 0r. FIIEPA"IIIS2adard M12!ods 4or 2!1 1Ga+ia2io o4 a21r ad as21a21r" %F2! 1di2io" %







Zapisnik na terenu

Sva(o ,-or(ova/1 +ora 0i2i do(,+12ovao , -a2vor1o/ 4or+i (o/a sadrži )oda2(1o a5i, ,-or(ova/a" 2ras41r," 5,va/, i aali-i ,-ora(a sa )o2vrdo+ od*ovoro*lica. Na sva(i ,-ora( s1 s2avl/a od*ovara/,a al/1)ica a (o/o/ s1 ala-1 osovi)odaci o ,-or(," lo(aci/i ,-or(ova/a" lic, (o/1 vr8i ,-or(ova/1.'a)isi( a 21r1, 2r10a da sadrži3

)oda2(1 o lic, (o/1 vr8i ,-or(ova/1" da2,+ i vri/1+1 ,-or(ova/a" ,slov1 a 21r1, 7vr1+1s(1 ,slov1 i d12al/a o)is +/1s2a ,-or(ova/a9" s)1ci4i5a o)is lo(aci/1 ,-or(ova/a 7adr1sa" +/1s2o" 2a5(1 ,-or(ova/a9" )oda2(1 o vrs2i ,-or(a 72r1,2i ili (o+)o-i2i9" )ri/av, aali2i5(i! )ara+12ara 7vrs2, i 0ro/ s,dova" 21!i(, (o-1rvisa/a9"

)ri+/1/1, +12od, -a )rov/1r, )H vri/1dos2i i i-+/1r1, vri/1dos2" r1dosl/1d ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a" )ri 51+, sva(i ,-ora( )os/1d,/1 svo/ 0ro/ )or1dosl/1d, ,-or(ova/a"

id12i4i(acioi 0ro/ ,-or(a sa aali2i5(o+ )ri/avo+" ad1(va2a o0il/1ž/a ,(oli(o s1 ,-i+a/, (o2roli ,-orci 2-v. d,)li(a2i" ad1(va2a o0il/1ž/a ,(oli(o s1 ,-i+a/, )od/1l/1i ,-orci" i4or+aci/1 o )ri)r1+i i )rov/1ri 2a5os2i 21s2ova" -a)is o )ri)r1+i o0o*a1i! ,-ora(a" )oda2(1 o i-+/1r1o/ 21+)1ra2,ri" )H" )rovodl/ivos2i" ras2vor1o+ (isi(," lis2, o)r1+1 -a ,-or(ova/1" do(,+12aci/, +oi2ori*a i-vora 7v1li5ia o2vora i-vora" d,0i, vod1 i

d,0i, i-vora" )roc/1, -a)r1+i1 )o2r101 -a is)ira/1" da2,+ i vri/1+1is)ira/a i-vora" +/1r1/a (o/a do(a-,/, s2a0ilos2 i-vora9"

do),s(, do(,+12aci/, -a )ovr8is(1 vod1 7d,0ia sa (o/1 /1 ,-12 ,-ora(9" o2)ad1 vod1 7vri/1+1 )o512(a i (ra/a ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a9" s1di+12 i -1+l/i821

7d,0ia sa (o/1 /1 ,-12 ,-ora(9" a5i a (o/i s, ,-orci 2ras)or2ovai do la0ora2ori/1 7)a(ova/1" !la<1/1"

s1)araci/a....9 -a2vor1a 4or+a do(,+12aci/1 +ora da sadrži3 +/1s2o i adr1s, lo(aci/1"

vri/1+1 i da2,+ ,-or(ova/a" )oda2(1 o lic, (o/1 vr8i ,-or(ova/1"id12i4i(aci/, ,-or(a sa 0ro/1+ ,-or(a" da2,+o+ i vr1+1o+ ,-or(ova/a"(o-1rvisa/1 ,-ora(a.



T1r1s(i 21s2oviKali0raci/a is2r,+1a2a (o/i s1 (oris21 a 21r1,

Is2r,+12i (o/i s1 (oris21 -a 21r1s(1 21s2ov1 +ora/, 0i2i (ali0risai , la0ora2ori/i)ri/1 2ras)or2a a 21r1" (ao i a 21r1,. Mora s1 i+a2i , vid, da /1 ,)o2r10a sva(o*

is2r,+12a s)1ci4i5a i da s1 o0/1 (ali0raci/1 (ao i ,)o2r10a is2r,+1a2a s)rovod1, s(lad, sa is2r,(ci/a+a )roi-vo<a5a. U i-v182a/, (ali0raci/1 is2r,+1a2a o-a5i s1a-iv i +od1l ,r1<a/a -a (ali0raci/," +12od (o/i /1 (ori821" da2,+ i vri/1+1(ali0raci/1" 0ro/ s2adarda sa /i!ovo+ (oc12raci/o+" si*al is2r,+12a" )rov1ra(ali0raci/1 ),21+ (o2rol1 (vali212a 7:;9. T1r1s(a (ali0raci/a sva(o* is2r,+12as)rovodi s1 a )rvo/ lo(aci/i i )oavl/a s1 (ro- +/1r1/a. Podaci s1 ,os1 , sv1s(, ili, )os101 o0ra-c1 -a sva(i i-+/1r1 )ara+12ar.

Održava/1 is2r,+1a2a (o/i s1 (oris21 a 21r1,

Tras)or2, a 21r1 )r12!odi )rov/1ra da /1 o)r1+a , do0ro+ s2a/," da radi

)ravilo. Održava/1 i r1+o2 is2r,+1a2a do(,+12,/1 s1 , d1vi(, održava/ais2r,+1a2a.

Mii+,+ (o2rol1 (vali212a 7:;9 21r1s(i! +/1r1/a

Pr1+a ovi+ )r1)or,(a+a (o2rol1 (vali212a 2a5os2i (oris2i s1 (o2i,ala(ali0raci/a. To )odra-,+/1va da a(o s1 is2r,+12 /1do+ (ali0ri81 )oavl/a s1(ali0raci/a sva(a 512iri sa2a i a (ra/, ,-or(ova/a. Proc1d,ra (ali0raci/1 2r10a dasadrži sl/1d11 i4or+aci/13 lis2i* c/1lo(,)1 o)r1+1" i21rval1 (ali0raci/1 i održava/1"

lis2i* )o2r10i! s2adarda -a (ali0raci/," )roc1d,r, -a sv, o)r1+," -a)is (ali0racioi! )os2,)a(a.

S2adardi -a (ali0raci/, s, (o+1rci/ali ili a)ravl/1i , la0ora2ori/i , s(lad, sas2adaro+ rado+ )roc1d,ro+ 7SRP9. Sva(a (ali0raci/a s2adardi+a +ora 0i2i)r1ds2avl/1a , 4or+i d1vi(a sadržava/,i a-iv" (oc12raci/," da2,+ )ri)r1+1s2adarda" vr1+1s(i i21rval ,)o2r10l/ivos2i s2adarda" (ori81i 21s2 i2d.

Na/važi/i 21r1s(i 21s2ovi" is2r,+12i i (ali0racio1 )roc1d,r1

Na/važi/i i a/5181 )ri+/1/ivai 21s2ovi s,3 +/1r1/1 21+)1ra2,r1" )H")rovodl/ivos2i" ;O# " ras2vor1o* (isi(a i r1-id,alo* !lora.

M/1r1/1 21+)1ra2,r1

Dovol/o )o,-dai r1-,l2a2i +/1r1/a 21+)1ra2,r1 do0i/a/, s1 a(o s1 (oris2i živi21r+o+12ar sa ,iv1r-alo+ c1l-i/,sovo+ s(alo+ i-0aždar1o+ a sva(i! $"%o@;.Da 0i s1 -a82i2io" 21r+o+12ar s1 a 21r1 2ras)or2,/1 , +12alo/ (,2i/i" a )ovr1+1os1 )rov/1rava )r1ci-os2.

M/1r1/1 )H



U !1+i/i vod1 ovo /1 /1da od a/važi/i! 21s2ova /1r od )H vri/1dos2i -avisi o0radao2)ad1 vod1" (is1lo=0a-1 1,2rali-aci/1" (oa*,laci/a" d1-i41(ci/a i (o2rola(oro-i/1. '0o* svo/1 /1dos2av1 )ri+/11 a/5181 s1 (oris2i idi(a2ors(i )a)ir i(o+)ara2ori do( )ri+/1a )H=+12ra -a!2/1va )r12!od, (ali0raci/, i )ažl/iv

2ras)or2 a 21r1. Idi(a2ors(i )a)ir /1 o01-0/1<1a s(alo+ 0o/a )ri 51+, s1 a(o,ra/a/a , ,-ora( +i/1/a 0o/a" )or1di sa s(alo+ i a 2a/ a5i odr1di )H vri/1dos2. Ko+)ara2or sadrži )H dis( i vrlo /1 )r1)or,5l/iv -a 21r1s(a +/1r1/a. Odr1<iva/1)H vri/1dos2i a ova/ a5i vr8i s1 2a(o 82o s1 )H idi(a2or doda ,-or(, i ra-vi/1a

0o/a ,)or1di sa 0o/o+ a dis(,. Na ova/ a5i s1 )H dir1(2o o5i2a sa dis(a.U )ri+/1i s, i )H=+12ri sa (o+0iovao+ 1l1(2rodo+ (o/a o0/1di/,/1 s2a(l1, ir141r12, 1l1(2rod,. Ra-li(a )o21ci/ala ovi! 1l1(2roda +/1r1a , +ilivol2i+a /1li1ara 4,(ci/a )H vri/1dos2i ,-or(a. Vrlo s, )o),lari )H=+12ri sa21+)1ra2,ri+ (o+)1-a2oro+ *d/1 s1 /i!ovo+ )ri+/1o+ 1li+ii8121+)1ra2,rs(i 141(a2. Kali0raci/a s1 vr8i ),41ro+ )H F"$ i ?"$ ili %$"$ -aviso od

o51(ivao* )H ,-or(a. El1(2rod1 s1 5,va/, , ),41r, )H F"$. Kali0raci/a -a)o5i/1,ra/a/1+ 1l1(2rod1 , ),41r )H F"$ ,- +i/18a/1 ,-or(a. U(oli(o s1 o5i2a d1vi/aci/aod a(2,1l1 vri/1dos2i )H" vr8i s1 r1*,laci/a )o+o, (ali0racioo* d,*+12a.El1(2roda s1 is)1r1 d1s2ilovao+ vodo+ )a )o2o+ ,roi , ),41r )H ?"$. Na(oo5i2ava/a )H vri/1dos2i 1l1(2roda s1 )oovo is)1r1 d1s2ilovao+ vodo+ i ,roi ,),41r )H %$"$.Pri/1 1*o 82o s1 )ris2,)i +/1r1/, )H vri/1dos2i ,-or(a i-vr8i s1 )rov/1ra +/1r1/1+)H vri/1dos2i s2adarda 7(o2rola (vali212a9. Ovi s2adardi s1 )ri)r1+a/, ,la0ora2ori/i )ri/1 21r1s(i! 21s2ova ili s, (o+1rci/ali. U(oli(o /1 ,-ora( /a(o 0a-a

vr8i s1 r1(ali0raci/a ,r1<a/a sa ),41ri+a )H F"$ i )H %$"$ (ao (ali0racioi+s2adardi+a.

UZORKOVANJE PODZEMNI VODA Na/518i )ris2,) +oi2ori*, )od-1+i! voda /1 )ri(,)l/a/1 i aali-ira/1 ,-ora(a

vod1 i- )i/1-o+12ra. U sl,5a/, -a*a<1i! )od-1+i! voda" )r1dvi<a/1 )oa8a/a(o2a+iaa2a 7, odr1<1o+ vr1+1s(o+ )1riod,9 /1 +o*,1 o)s1ži+)ro*ra+o+ ,-or(ova/a. J1do+ (ada s1 d14ii81 )ovr8ia -a*a<11 vod1" 1(oli(o)i/1-o+12ara s1 locira ,,2ar 21 )ovr8i1 ili , 1)osr1do/ 0li-ii. Svr!a )i/1-o+12ra

/1 da s1 odr1d1 !idro*1olo8(i ,slovi" da o01-0/1d1 sa(,)l/a/1 ,-ora(a vod1 i

o+o*,1 )ra1/1 (r12a/a (o2a+iaa2a. Bro/ i lo(aci/1 )i/1-o+12ra i i-0or d,0i1sa (o/1 s1 ,-i+a/, ,-orci s, odl,5,/,i 4a(2ori.I-0or od*ovara/,1* +a21ri/ala -a i-*rad/, )i/1-o+12ara /1 v1o+a važa i ,2i51 aaali2i5(1 r1-,l2a21. Na )ri+/1r" -a+/1a 214loa PV;=o+ s+a/,/1 2ro8(ov1" ali +ož1doi do adsor)ci/1 or*as(i! s,)s2aci a PV;. Ma21ri/ali (o/i s1 +o*, (oris2i2i -ai-rad, o)r1+1 -a ,-or(ova/1 s, 214lo i 1r<a/,i 51li( % i $?. U sva(o+ sl,5a/,"+ora s1 )ažl/ivo oda0ra2i +a21ri/al -a i-rad, )i/1-o+12ara i o)r1+1 -a ,-or(ova/1.Pr15i( )i/1-o+12ara 2r10a da 0,d1 od*ovara/,i da o+o*,i s),82a/1 )ri0ora -a,-or(ova/1 do ž1l/11 d,0i1. Dio 0,ara *d/1 ,la-i voda +ora 0i2i (os2r,isa2a(o" da s1 i-0/1*, )ro0l1+i o(o ,-or(ova/a. Mora s1 vodi2i ra5,a da s1 )rili(o+,-or(ova/a ,-ora( 1 +i/1/a i2i (o2a+iira. 11ralo" ,-ora( s1 ,-i+a

is(l/,5ivo a(o 82o s1 s2a0ili-,/, )H" )rovodl/ivos2 i 21+)1ra2,ra is),+)a1 vod1 i-)i/1-o+12ra.



U),2s2vo )ri/1 ,-or(ova/a3 i-a0ra2i od*ovara/,, o)r1+, -a ,-or(ova/1" d1(o2a+iira2i o)r1+," i-a0ra2i 0oc1 -a ,-or(ova/1" (o-1rvisa2i 0oc1"

)ri)r1+i2i i (ali0risa2i aali2i5(1 is2r,+1a21" )ri)r1+i2i do(,+12aci/, (ao 82o s,3 al/1)ic1 -a o-a5ava/1 ,-ora(a" a5i5,va/a" sv1s(1 -a 21r1 i2d.

I-0or +a21ri/ala -a o)r1+, -a ,-or(ova/1

V1o+a /1 važa i-0or +a21ri/ala (o/i s1 (oris2i -a is),+)ava/1 vod1 i- 0,ara"sa(,)l/a/1 ,-ora(a" r,(ova/1 i s(ladi821/1. Ma21ri/al 1 s+i/1 adsor0ova2i" i2i)ro),82a2i s,)s2ac1" +ora 0i2i 5is2" d1(o2a+iira i )ažl/ivo 2ras)or2ova.Sa*laso sa li21ra2,ri+ )odaci+a" sl/1d1i +a21ri/ali s1 )r1)or,5,/, -a ,-or(ova/1)od-1+1 vod13

Ner!aju"i #elik $%& ili $'( = Po*oda /1 -a ,-or(ova/1" )rili(o+ odr1<iva/asvi! *r,)a )ara+12ara , ,-orci+a" i-,-1v +12ala i odli5a /1 -a or*as(1 )ara+12r1.La(o *a /1 d1(o2a+iisa2i 01- is)ira/a sa a-o2o+ (is1lio+. V1o+a slai vod1i,-orci +o*, da a*ri-a/, i i-a-ov, (oro-i/, )ovr8i1" aro5i2o , (is1li+ ,slovi+a.)e*lon = Pr1)or,5,/1 s1 -a v1i, +oi2ori*a )od-1+i! voda i -1+l/i82a" -a sv1*r,)1 )ara+12ara (o/i s1 odr1<,/, , ,-orci+a.U+ljeni#ni #elik i +alvanizovani #elik = Koris21 s1 -a ,-or(ova/1 s1di+12a7(a8i(a" sr1di821 ci/1vi -a ,-or(ova/19. Koro-i/, i (o2a+iaci/, ,-ora(a i-a-iva/,slai ,-orci" (is1la sr1dia" )ris,s2vo s,l4ida.Propilen, polietilen = O2)ori s, a or*as(1 ras2vara51" (oro-i/," )or1d1 s1 sa214loo+.

Polivinil -lori. /PV01, viton, ti+on, neopren, silikon = N1 )r1)or,5,/, s1 -a,-or(ova/1 , sl,5a/, )ris,s2va or*as(i! s,)s2aci.

O)r1+a -a is),+)ava/1 i ,-or(ova/1

Da 0i s1 do0io r1)r1-12a2iva ,-ora( )od-1+1 vod1 i- 0,ara -a vod, -a )i1"1o)!odo /1 is),+)a2i vod, i- 0,ara )ri/1 ,-or(ova/a. S2a/aa voda +ož1 da,-ro(,/1 !1+i/s(1 )ro+/11" 2a(o da s1 +o*, do0i2i )o*r18i aali2i5(i r1-,l2a2i.S2a/aa voda s1 +ož1 is),+)a2i )ri+/1o+ ra-li5i21 o)r1+1. I-0or o)r1+1 -avisi od)ara+12ara (o/i s1 odr1<,/," )r15i(a 0,ara" ivoa vod1 i dr. Na/)ri(ladi/a o)r1+a-a is),+)ava/1 i ,-or(ova/1 )od-1+1 vod1 /13

;12ri4,*ala ),+)a = (oris2i s1 -a is),+)ava/1 vod1 i- 0,ara )r15i(a & ili%$ c+ sa (a)aci212o+ F" = F" li2ara )o +i,2i. Nivo vod1 1 s+1 0i2i iži od"& + is)od )ovr8i1 2la.

El1(2ri51 ),+)1 -a )o2a)a/1 = (oris21 s1 -a is),+)ava/1 vod1 i- 0,ara)r15i(a %$ c+ i v11*. P,+)a 2r10a da /1 a)ravl/1a od 1r<a/,1* 51li(a.

R,51 ),+)1 = (oris21 s1 -a is),+)ava/1 vod1 i- 0,ara )r15i(a & c+ ,(o/i+a /1 ivo s2a2i5(1 vod1 v1o+a i-a(" 82o 1 o+o*,ava (ori81/1c12ri4,*al1 ili )1ris2a2i5(1 ),+)1.

P1ris2a2i5(1 ),+)1 = (oris21 s1 -a is),+)ava/1 +ali! -a)r1+ia vod1" -a 0,ar1 +alo* (a)aci212a , (o/i+a ivo s2a2i5(1 vod1 i/1 iži od "& + is)od)ovr8i1 2la. Koris21 s1 -a is),+)ava/1 )li2(i! 0,ara 7Sli(a9.



Sli(a %. Sis21+ -a ,-or(ova/1 7)1ris2a2i5(a ),+)a9

asi=li42 ,-or(iva5 = Va-d,! s1 )od )ri2is(o+ ,vodi , 0,ar i o+o*,ava

i-dva/a/1 ,-ora(a vod1. Ova/ a5i ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a i/1 )o*oda -ad12al/, !1+i/s(, aali-, ,-ora(a" s o0-iro+ a 141(21 d1*asira/a ,-ora(a7Sli(a9.

Sli(a #. asi=li42 ,-or(iva5

as1 ),+)1 = Mo*, 0i2i +alo* )r15i(a od #&"? ++" od ra-li5i2o*+a21ri/ala i r1la2ivo s1 la(o 2ras)or2,/,. N1dos2a2a( /1 82o s,)o2r101 v1li(1 (oli5i1 *asa i is),+)ava/1 i- d,0o(i! 0,ara /1d,*o2ra/o 7sli(a9.

V1drica 7)os,da9 -a ,-or(ova/1 = Mo*, 0i2i ra-li5i2o* )r15i(a. La(o

s1 2ras)or2,/," 5is21 i /142i1 s,. N1dos2a2a( /1 )ris,s2vo a2+os41rs(o*(is1oi(a )rili(o+ 2ras41ra ,-or(a , 0oc,. V1dric1 +o*, 0i2i



a)ravl/11 od od*ovara/,1* +a21ri/ala 7214lo" 1r<a/,i 51li(9 i+ora/, s1 )ažl/ivo 5is2i2i 7sli(a9.

Sli(a . S2a(l1o=214los(a ),+)a sa a-o2o+

Odr1<iva/1 -a)r1+i1 is),+)a1 vod1 )ri/1 ,-or(ova/a

Pri/1 ,-or(ova/a" odr1<1a (oli5ia s2a2i5(1 vod1 i- 0,ara +ora 0i2i ,(lo/1a" da 0i ,-12 ,-ora( )od-1+1 vod1 0io r1)r1-12a2iva. S2a2i5(a voda , 0,ar, s1 o0i5o!1+i/s(i ra-li(,/1 od )od-1+1 vod1. Kod v1i1 0,ara" ,(la/a s1 do &-a)r1+ia vod1 0,ara ili do( s1 )H" )rovodl/ivos2 i 21+)1ra2,ra 1 s2a0ili-,/,.'a)r1+ia is),+)a1 vod1 i )ro21(lo vri/1+1 +ora/, s1 -a)isa2i , sv1s(, -a 21r1.

M/1r1/1 ivoa vod1

Nivo vod1 s1 +/1ri (ori821/1+ 1l1(2ros(1 sod1" o-a511 2ra(1 i2d. Kada s1 (oris211l1(2ri5i a)ara2i" si/alica ili a+)1r+12ar ,(a-,/, a -a2vor1 (r,*" 2/. +o+1a2 (adasoda dodir1 vod,. Da 0i s1 1li+iisal1 *r18(1 od +o*,1* s2vara/a )12l/1 ili

savi/a/a žica" )o+o, (o/i! s1 a)ara2 )odiž1 i s),82a" žica 2r10a da visi , 0,ar, -asv1 vri/1+1 7-a sv1 s1ri/19 o5i2ava/a. O-a(1 -a d,0i, s1 )os2avl/a/, a žic," asva(i! %"& +.Kada s1 (oris2i 51li5a žica" +ora 0i2i o)21r11a olovi+ 21*o+ a do/1+ (ra/,.Niži dio žic1" $" = $" + s1 os,8i. ica s1 s),82a , 0,ar do( s1 o-a51i d1o 1 ,roi, vod, i /1da od o-a(a 1 0,d1 2a5o a vr!, žic1. Na(o )ovla51/a žic1" vlažalii/a a žici +ož1 0i2i o5i2aa a o-a51o+ di/1l,. O5i2aa vri/1dos2 s1 od,-i+a odo-a(1 (o/a s1 drži a +/1s2, +/1r1/a i 2a ra-li(a /1 s2vara d,0ia ivoa vod1.U(,)a visia vod1o* s2,0a s1 do0i/a od,-i+a/1+ d,0i1 vr!a vod1o* s2,0a od,(,)1 d,0i1 0,ara.

'a)r1+ia vod1 , )i/1-o+12r, s1 i-ra5,ava i- 4or+,l13 V $"#& d#⋅⋅!



V -a)r1+ia" ld )r15i( 0,ara" c+! visia vod1o* s2,0a" +

T1!i(a ,-or(ova/a )od-1+1 vod1Pr1)or,51 r1dosl/1d -a ,-or(ova/1 /13

Vola2il1 or*as(1 s,)s2ac1 7VO;s9 U(,)i or*as(i ,*l/1i( 7TO;9 U(,)i or*as(i !alo*1idi 7TO9 Or*as(1 s,)s2ac1 (o/1 s1 +o*, 1(s2ra!ova2i U(,)i +12ali Ras2vor1i +12ali Mi(ro0iolo8(i ,-orci Dr,*1 1or*as(1 *r,)13 )o2ro8/a (ali/,+=)1r+a*aa2a" (ali/,+=

di!ro+a2a" ,2ri/12i" +i1rali" osovi radio,(l1o2idi V1dric1 (o/1 s1 (oris21 -a ,-or(ova/1 +ora/, 0i2i 5is21 i d1(o2a+iira1 )ri/1,-or(ova/a. Ma21ri/al v1drica i o)r1+a -a is),+)ava/1 +ora 0i2i oda0ra ,-avisso2i od )ara+12ara (o/i s1 odr1<,/,.

U)o2r10a v1drica 7)os,da9 -a ,-or(ova/1

Kod v1i1" vr! /1 o2vor1 a a d, s1 ala-i /1dos2ava )o(lo)ac (ao )r1)r1(a. Da 0i s1 ,-1o ,-ora(" v1drica s1 s),82a , 0,ar a ,ž12,. Ovo ,ž1 +ož1 0i2i od 0ilo (o*+a21ri/ala" ali -a sa(,)l/a/1 s)1ci4i5i! (o2a+iaa2a" +ora s1 ,)o2r10i2i1(o2a+iira/,i +a21ri/al (ao 82o /1 1r<a/,i 51li( ili 214lo.

−

Lic1 (o/1 ,-or(,/1 +ora osi2i *,+11 r,(avic1 da 0i s1 s)r15ila(o2a+iaci/a ,-or(a.− V1drica s1 s),82a )ola(o , 0,ar )ri 51+, )o(lo)ac os2a/1 o2vor1 i voda

)rola-i (ro- v1dric,.− Na ž1l/1o/ d,0ii" v1drica s1 -a,s2avi.− T1žia vod1 ,,2ar v1dric1 -a2vara )o(lo)ac.− U-ora( s1 -a2i+ )r10ac,/1 , od*ovara/,, 0oc,.

UZORKOVANJE VODE ZA PI2E U-or(ova/1 vod1 -a )i1 i- 0,ara

Kada s1 ,-or(,/1 voda -a )i1 i- s2a+01i!" )riva2i! 0,ara" voda s1 +orais),+)a2i (a(o /1 o)isao (od ,-or(ova/a )od-1+1 vod1. U(oli(o /1 (a)aci212

0,ara 1)o-a2" voda s1 is),+)ava o(o %& do #$ +i,2a. Na(o 2o*a" )ro2o( s1s+a/i a &$$ +l+i. Boc1 -a ,-or(1 s1 is)1r, ,-or(o+ vod1" osi+ a(o )r12!odois, (o-1rvisa1 7-a odr1<iva/1 ,l/a i +as2i" ,(,)i! ,*l/ovodoi(a i- a421" VO;si TOs9. Boc1 s1 a),1 s(oro do vr!a" i-,-1v -a VO;s i TOs. Pravilo sa(,)l/a/1 i(o-1rvisa/1 ,-ora(a o)isao /1 -a ,-or(1 )od-1+1 vod1. Na(o 2o*a ,-orci s1o-a51 i )odaci ,1s, , sv1s(, -a 21r1. Boc1 sa ,-orci+a s1 s2avl/a/, , )las2i51(,2i/1" , l1d ili s1 2ras)or2,/, 01- !la<1/a i s(ladi821.



U-or(ova/1 vod1 -a )i1 i- dis2ri0,cioo* sis21+a

Proc1d,ra /1 is2a (ao (od ,-or(ova/a vod1 i- 0,ara" i-,-1v ,(oli(o /1 )ris,2ar1-id,ali !lor. N/1*ovo )ris,s2vo , ,-orci+a +ož1 da i-a-ov1 s+12/1 )rili(o+odr1<iva/a 0i2i! (o+)o12i. Doda2(o+ a2ri/,+ 2ios,l4a2a 7Na#S#O9 s)r15ava

s1 d1/s2vo !lora. U-or(, s1 +ora doda2i $"$$ ili %$$ +*l Na#S#O od+a! a(o,-or(ova/a. Boc1 s1 -a2vor1" o-a51 i 2ras)or2,/, (a(o /1 o)isao *or1. A(o s1,-orci ,-i+a/, i- slavi1" oa +ora 0i2i 5is2a i 1 s+i/1 sadržava2i +o*,1(o2a+ia21. U-orci s1 +ora/, ,-i+a2i , sr1dii , (o/o/ 1+a )ra8i1" (i81" si/1*aili dr,*i! i-vora (o2a+iaci/1. Kada s1 ,-orci ,-i+a/, i- slavi1" oa +ora 0i2i)o2),o o2vor1a i voda 2r10a da is2i51 #= +i,2a" a 1(ada i d,ž1" ,(oli(o /1dis2ri0,cioa ci/1v od olova. Na(o 2o*a s1 )od1si )ro2o( 2a(o da voda 1 )rs(a i,-+, s1 ,-orci. 'a v1i, ,-ora(a" 0oc1 s1 a),1 do %=# c+ od vr!a" (o-1rvi8, s1 i2ras)or2,/,.

Sli(a ?. Ko+0iovai sis21+ *raa i )12l/i. M/1s2o ,-or(ova/a QAQ /1 ,la- ,dis2ri0,cioi sis21+. M/1s2o ,-or(ova/a QBQ /1 *lava ci/1v" +/1s2o Q;Q /1 Q+r2va2a5(aQ *lav1 ci/1vi" +/1s2a QDQ i QEQ s, , *raa+a i Q+r2vo/ 2a5(iQ *raa. U-orci ,-12isa +/1s2a QBQ i QEQ -a!2/1va/, (o+)l12, aali-,. M/1s2o C )od ,2ica/1+ vod1 i-r1-v1roara. M1s2o +r2va 2a5(a. Bro/1vi+a s, o-a51a +/1s2a -a ,-or(ova/1 i-dis2ri0,cioo* sis21+a.



U'ORKOVANJE VODE 'A PIE PREMA NA>IM PROPISIMA

U-or(ova/1 vod1 -a )i1 /1 d14iisao Pravili(o+ o a5i, ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a i+12oda+a -a la0ora2ori/s(, aali-, vod1 -a )i1" Sl. lis2 SCRJ 0r. F. Ovi+)ravili(o+ )ro)is,/, s1 a5ii ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a i +12od1 0a(21riolo8(i!" 0iolo8(i!"

4i-i5(i!" 4i-i5(o=!1+i/s(i!" !1+i/s(i! i radiolo8(i! aali-a i s,)1r aali-a vod1 -a)i1.

UZORKOVANJE POVR3IN4KE VODE Ti)ovi )ovr8is(i! voda s,3 /1-1ra" 0a-1i" )o2oci" ri/1(1" +ors(i r,(avci 7,8a9.Povr8is(1 vod1 s, )od ,2ica/1+ )adavia" s1di+12a" o)21r11/a ,2ri/12i+a"o2)adi! voda i dr,*i!. Osovi ra-lo-i -a )rov/1r, (vali212a )ovr8is(i! voda s,3

%. Odr1<iva/1 +o*,os2i )ri+/11 )o/1dia5i! )ovr8is(i! voda (o/1-adovol/ava/, *raic1 (vali212a -a vod,"

#. Proc/1a )o*or8a/a (vali212a vod1 i s+a/1/a ra-ovrsos2i vod1o*živo2i/s(o* svi/12a" ,-ro(ovai! )ris,s2vo+ )adavia" ,2ri/1a2a"o)21r11/a )ol,2a2i+a i 2alož1/1+"

. Odr1<iva/1 141(a2a s)1ci4i5i! is),82a/a , odr1<1o+ di/1l, vodo2o(a.?. I-0or +/1s2a ,-or(ova/a -avisi od )rirod1 )ro/1(2a" )ara+12ara" 2i)a ,-ora(a.

Pro*ra+ -a i-0or +/1s2a -a +oi2ori*3 Kl/,51 lo(aci/1" (ada s1 voda (oris2i -a sa0di/1va/1 do+ais2ava"

r1(r1aci/," ra-+ožava/1 i is!ra, ri0a i dr,*i! živo2i/a6 lavi 2o(" ,-vodo i i-vodo od ,li/1va/a *lavi! )ri2o(a6 Por1d ,8a *lavi! ri/1(a 2/. *d/1 s1 ,li/1va/, , +ors(i r,(avac6

Lo(aci/1 *lavi! vod1i! 2o(ova , (o/1 s, dos)/1li (o2a+ia2i i- ra-li5i2i!i-vora" i- ,r0a1" id,s2ri/s(1 ili )ol/o)rivr1d1 sr1di16 Kl/,51 lo(aci/1 vod1i! 2o(ova v1io+ 1dir,21 od s2ra1 l/,ds(1

a(2ivos2i.

Osova )ravila o ,-or(ova/, )ovr8is(1 vod1

%. A(o s1 ,-or(,/1 i- 5a+ca" ,-orci s1 +ora/, ,-i+a2i dal/1 od +o2ora a 01-i.#. U-orci vod1 i s1di+12a s1 ,vi/1( ,-i+a/, )o51v8i od i-vodo* 2o(a (a

,-vodo+.. Mora s1 vodi2i ra5,a da s1 )rili(o+ ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a vod1 1 -a!va2i

s1di+12.?. Kada s1 ,-i+a/, ,-orci vod1 i s1d+12a i- is21 o0las2i" ,-orci vod1 s1 +ora/,,-i+a2i )rvi.

&. U-orci s1 1 s+i/, ,-i+a2i )or1d 0raa" )ris2ai82a ili +os2ova /1r s1 ,sl/1d v/182a5(i! vod1i! 2o(ova +o*, ,-12i ,-orci (o/i is, r1)r1-12a2ivi.

. U ,-or(, s1 1 s+i/, ai ra-ovrs1 (r,)i/1 51s2ic1 (ao )r. li81. Prili(o+,-i+a/a ,-ora(a i-0/1*ava/, s1 a421 +rl/1" drv1i o2)aci i dr,*a lo(ala-a*a<1/a.

F. Pri -a!va2/, ,-or(a 1 s+i/1 da do<1 do )ro+/11 sadrža/a , odos, a vod1, +as,.

Ti)ovi ,-ora(a i o)r1+a -a ,-or(ova/1 )ovr8is(1 vod1



%. Po/1dia5i ,-orci

Po/1dia5i ,-orci s1 ,-i+a/, , s,dov1 (o/i s1 1 (o-1rvi8, i )r1ds2avl/a/, ,-or(1,-121 a odr1<1o+ +/1s2," d,0ii i vr1+1,. U-i+a/1 )o/1dia5i! ,-ora(a /1

/1dos2ava i )ri!va2l/iva +12oda s o0-iro+ da i/1 )o2r10a doda2a o)r1+a.

Ko-1rvisa/1 /1 1o)!odo a(o ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a 7, o(vir, %& +i,2a9.Po/1dia5i ,-orci )ovr8is(1 vod1 s1 ,-i+a/, a sl/1d1i a5i3 ,roi2i s,d is)od )ovr8i1 vod1" o(r1,2i 0oc," 2a(o da /1 vra2 0oc1 ,s+/1r1 (a vod1o+ 2o(, i i-vadi2i a),/1,

0oc, 0r-o a )ovr8i," odli2i 1(oli(o +ilili2ara ,-or(a da 0i s1 oslo0odio )ros2or -a doda2a( (o-1rvasa" s2avi2i 51) i -ali/1)i2i al/1)ic, a 0oc,.Dr,*a 21!i(a ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a /1 )o+o, s,da (o/i /1 )ri5vr81 -a d,ž, 8i)(,(a(o 0i s1 ,-orci +o*li ,-i+a2i sa o0al1" i- 5a+ca ili sa +os2a. Ova vrs2a o)r1+1+ora 0i2i od +a21ri/ala (o/i 11 ,2ica2i a odr1<iva/1 )ara+12ara , ,-orci+a.7U(oli(o /1 8i)(a od al,+ii/,+a" ,-orci is, )ri!va2l/ivi -a odr1<iva/1

al,+ii/,+a9. 'a!va1 i21*risa ,-ora( )o d,0ii /1 ,-12 a ,a)r1d odr1<1o+di/1l, ili )o ci/1lo/ visii vod1o* s2,0a" a d14iisao+ +/1s2, i vr1+1,

#. Ko+)o-i2i ,-orci

Ko+)o-i2i ,-orci s1 ,-i+a/, (ada /1 da2a d,0ia -a ,-i+a/1 ,-ora(aod*ovara/,a. U-ora( /1 sas2avl/1 (o2i,ali+ )ri(,)l/a/1+ vod1 ili +i/18a/1+

/1da(i!ili ra-li5i2i! -a)r1+ia vod1 )ri(,)l/1i! , /1da(i+ vr1+1s(i+i21rvali+a. Ova/ ,-ora( o+o*,,/1 oc/1, )ros/15o* (vali212a vod1 , vri/1+1-a!va2a/a. Pos2o/1 dva osova 2i)a (o+)o-i2i! ,-ora(a3

%. S1(v1ci/ali ili ,-ora( sa(,)l/1 , 1(o+ vr1+1s(o+ )1riod," a o0ra-,/1s1 )os2,)ci+a3 (o2i,alo" (os2a2i+ cr)l/1/1+ ,-or(a" +i/18a/1+ 1(vival12i! -a)r1+ia vod1" sa(,)l/1i! , )ravili+

vr1+1s(i+ i21rvali+a.#. Ko+)o-i2 )ro)orcioala 0r-ii vod1" (o/i s1 o0ra-,/13 (o2i,ali+ cr)l/1/1+ )ro)orcioali+ )ro2ica/," +i/18a/1+ ali(vo2a vod1 )ro)orcioali! )ro2ica/, sa(,)l/1i! , )ravili+

vr1+1s(i+ i21rvali+a.

O)r1+a -a -a!va2a/1 ,-ora(a



U-orci )ovr8is(i! voda s1 +o*,-a!va2i2i ,- )o+o )o-a2i! ,r1<a/a -a,-or(ova/1 (ao 82o s,3

+12ali ,r1<a/i -a ,-or(ova/1

sa )o*odo+ 0oco+" Va Dorova 0oca" Ka+1rov 7K1++1rr1r9

,-or(iva5" ,-or(iva5 ),+)o* 2i)a" vi81)ro0i ,-or(iva5" ili s1 (oris21 ,ro/11 0oc1" (o/1

s1 o2vara/, a ivo, -a!va2a/a,-or(a is)od )ovr8i1 vod1 -a+a/1 vodo2o(1 +a/i! d,0ia.



Sli(a &. K1++1r1r=ov ,-or(iva5

UZORKOVANJE O)PADNE VODE

O2)ad1 vod1 s, sv1 )o21ci/alo o15i811 21!olo8(1" (,as(1" o0oris(1 i dr,*1 vod1. Nas2a/, ,)ora0o+ vod1 i- 0ro/i! vodoo)s(r0i! sis21+a -a odr1<11a+/11" )ri 51+, dola-i do )ro+/1a /1i! )rvo2i! -a5a/(i3 4i-i(ali!" !1+i/s(i!i +i(ro0iolo8(i!. O1 2a(o<1r s,d/1l,/, , !idrolo8(o+ ci(l,s," odoso" voda ,-12a-a o)s(r0, s2aovi82va" i-*rad/o+ vodoo)s(r0o* s,s2ava" a(o ,)o2r101(aali-aci/s(i+ s,s2avo+ odvodi s1 a )ro5i8ava/1 i vraa , )rirodi o(oli8. Uo2)ad1 vod1 svrs2ava/, s13

kućanske otpadne vode- o2)ad1 vod1 as2al1 ,)ora0o+ sai2ari! 2ro8ila vod1, (,as2v," !o21li+a" ,r1di+a" (ii+a i , o0/1(2i+a id,s2ri/s(i! )o*oa (o/i

2a(o<1r i+a/, i-*ra<11 sai2ar1 5vorov1 -a radi(1 industrijske otpadne vode- as2al1 s, ,)o2r10o+ vod1 , )roc1s, rada i

)roi-vod/1" , id,s2ri/s(i+ i dr,*i+ )roi-vodi+ )o*oi+a" 21 ras!lad1 vod1o15i811 21+)1ra2,ro+

oborinske otpadne vode- as2al1 od o0oria (o/1 s1 vi81 ili +a/1 o15i8,/, ,do2ica/, s iži+ slo/1vi+a a2+os41r1" )ovr8ia+a 2la" (rovovi+a i sli5o.

Ov1 2ri *r,)1 o2)adi! voda ,o0i5a/1i s, sas2av (o+,ali! o2)adi! voda" a /i+as1 +o*, )ri(l/,5i2i i o2)ad1 vod1 od )ra/a /av! )ro+12i! )ovr8ia i 1v12,alo)roc/1d1 vod1 s odla*ali82a 1o)aso* o2)ada.

Pol,2a2i (o/i s1 is),82a/, i- id,s2ri/a , vod11 2o(ov1 ili (aali-acio1 sis21+1+ora/, )roi )r12!odi 2r12+a da 0i s1 sis21+i -a82i2ili od )ris,s2va 2o(si5i!s,)s2aci. V1o+a /1 važo" )rili(o+ ,-or(ova/a o2)ad1 vod1 -a aali-,"o01-0i/1di2i od*ovara/,i (vali212 14l,12a , sa*lasos2i sa do-vol/1i+ (vali212o+"2a(o da 1 ,*rožava )od-1+1 ili )ovr8is(1 vod1. Aali2i5(i r1-,l2a2i do0i/1iaali-ira/1+ 14l,1a2a s, od -a5a/a -a ,s)/18a 2r12+a o2)adi! voda.U-or(ova/1 o2)adi! voda s1 radi , cil/, /i!ov1 (ara(21ri-aci/1" (ao i -a )ra1/1rada )os2ro/1/a -a )r15i8ava/1 o2)adi! voda. Sas2av o2)adi! voda 0i 2r10alo das1 is)i2,/1 s1 -a sva(i i-liv o2)ad1 vod1 i )ri/1+i(" i 2o )ri/1 +i/18a/a o2)adi!

voda sa voda+a )ri/1+i(a. U-or(ova/1 2r10a )laira2i a osov, )r1*l1da lo(aci/1.Po82o s1 sas2av o2)adi! voda +i/1/a , vr1+1, i )ros2or," lo(aci/a ,-or(ova/a"

vri/1+1 i vr1+1s(i )1riod s1 +ora/, )ažl/ivo oda0ra2i. Po2r10o /1 -a2i (a(v1 s1o2)ad1 vod1 o51(,/, 7odr1<,/1 s1 a osov, ,2vr<1i! )oda2a(a o -a*a<iva5,9.

Pri ,-or(ova/, +ora s1 vodi2i ra5,a o sl/1d11+3 da s1 )ri ,-or(ova/, ,-+, , o0-ir svi 4a(2ori (o/i a 2o ,2i5," da (oli5ia ,-or(a 0,d1 dovol/a -a aali-," i da s1 ,-or(ova/1" (o-1rvisa/1" 2ras)or2 i aali-a rad1 2a(o da 1 do<1 do)ro+/11 (o+)o1a2a (o/1 s1 aali-ira/,.Prili(o+ ,-or(ova/a )o2r10o /1 -a0il/1ži2i i i-+/1ri2i 1(1 od sl/1d1i! )ara+12ara ,-avisos2i od svr!1 ,-or(ova/a3

)ro+/1, +,2o1 i 0o/16

)r1li/1va/1 0o/1 a )ovr8ii -0o* )ris,s2va ,l/a6



i-*l1d3 )ris,s2vo (r,)i! +a21ri/a (o/1 voda so0o+ osi i ,(oli(o /1 +o*,1/i!ova )riroda 7(a)l/ic1 ,l/a" (r)1" dla(1" a/lo i2d.96

+iris6 21+)1ra2,ra vod16 21+)1ra2,ra va-d,!a6

0aro+12ars(i )ri2isa(6 )rovidos26 s1di+121 +a21ri/16 )H vri/1dos26 )rovodl/ivos26 r1do(s=)o21ci/al6 ;l#" ;lO#" O#" O" ;O#" H#S" C1#W" M#W6 (ra2(oživ11 radio,(lid16 0ioidi(a2or1.

O2)ad1 vod1 s1 +o*, ,-or(ova2i a 1(oli(o a5ia , -avisos2i od 2raž11

2a5os2i3

%. Pro)orcioalo vr1+1,. U-i+a/, s1 /1da(1 (oli5i1 ,-or(a 7XY(os2a2a9 ,is2i+ i21rvali+a vr1+1a 7X2(os2a2a9 i o0ra-,/1 s1 -0iri ,-ora( ,odr1<1o+ i21rval, vr1+1a.

#. Pro)orcioala )ro2o(,. Pos2o/1 dva a5ia3a9 ,-i+a/, s1 ra-li5i21 (oli5i1 ,-or(a )ro)orcioal1 (oli5ii )ro21(l1

o2)ad1 vod1 7XY( ⋅:9 , odr1<1i+ i21rvali+a vr1+1a 7X2(os2a2a9"i

09 ,-i+a/, s1 is21 (oli5i1 ,-or(a 7XY(os2a2a9 , ra-li5i2i+ i21rvali+a vr1+1a , -avisos2i od (oli5i1 )ro21(l1 o2)ad1 vod1 7X2( ⋅:9.

Ta01la #. rai51 vri/1dos2i *lavi! )o(a-a21l/a i do),8211 (oc12raci/1 2vari ,21!olo8(i+ o2)adi+ voda+a

Po(a-a21l/i i 2vari -a is),82a/1 ,)ovr8is(1 vod1

-a is),82a/1 , s,s2av /av1 odvod/1

)H=vri/1dos2 "& ="$ "& "&BPK & +* O# L #& =

KPK +* O# L %#& =

U(,)i 4os4or +* P L # 7 % -a /1-1ra 9 =U(,)i d,8i( +* N L %$ =

U(,)a s,s)1diraa 2var+*L

& =

U(,)a ,l/a i +aso1 +* L

#$ %$$



Sli(a . Pla ,-or(ova/a o2)adi! voda 7Dal+aci/a i sar." #$$$9

Ta01la . Mii+ala 0ro/ ,-ora(a o2)adi! voda



%5 ODRE6IVANJE KON0EN)RA0IJE 7 JONA /ODRE6IVANJE p VRIJEDNO4)I1

Z HRN ISO %$&#3% 1 7ISO %$&#3%?9

)H vri/1dos2 s1 +ož1 odr1di2i )o+o, ,iv1r-alo* idi(a2ors(o* )a)ira. Na(o+adi idi(a2ors(o* )a)ira sa s2a(l1i+ 82a)i1+ a1s1 s1 ,-ora( vod1" a as2ala

0o/a ,)or1di sa 0o/a+a a s(ali.

Koc12raci/a vodi(ovi! ioa i )H" odr1<,/, s1 +/1r1/1+ 1l1(2ro+o2or1 sil1 ,5la(, (o/i sadrži idi(a2ors(, 1l1(2rod, 71l1(2roda (o/a r1a*ira a vodi(ov1 io1"s2a(l1a 1l1(2roda9" (o/a s1 s2avl/a , is)i2ivai ,-ora(" i r141r12, 1l1(2rod,.

Ko2a(2 i-+1<, is)i2iva1 i r141r121 1l1(2rod1 )os2iž1 s1 s)a/a/1+ 21(,ia (o/1s, sas2avi dio r141r121 1l1(2rod1. Ra-li(a od /1d1 )H /1diic1 s2vara )o21ci/al,)ro+/1, od &"% +V a #$ @; ili &"% +V a #& @;. El1(2ro+o2ora sila +/1ri s1)H=+12ro+" odoso vol2+12ro+ viso(o* o2)ora )od181i+ a )H vri/1dos2. Voda-a )i1 +ora r1a*ira2i 1,2ralo do sla0o al(alo 7 )H F"$ F"? 9 /1r (is1l1 vod1a*ri-a/, vodovod1 ci/1vi" do( al(al1 vod1 s2vara/, 2alo*. )H vri/1dos2 s1 +ož1

0r-o +i/1/a2i (ao r1-,l2a2 !1+i/s(i!" 4i-i(ali! ili 0iolo8(i! r1a(ci/a , ,-or(, vod1"21 odr1<iva/1 2r10a o0avi2i , 82o (ra1+ ro(," a a/(asi/1 #? sa2i a(o ,-i+a/a,-or(a.

)H vri/1dos2 /1 lo*ari2a+s(a 4,(ci/a (oc12raci/1 vodi(ovi! /oa" 82o -a5i dasva(, )ro+/1, -a /1d, )H /1diic, a )H s(ali )ra2i d1s12oros2r,(a )ro+/1a a(oc12raci/s(o/ s(ali" a)ri+/1r )H o2o)ia /1 d1s12 ),2a (is1li/a od o2o)i1 )H ?.Priroda 1-a*a<1a (i8ica i+a )H i-+1<, & i " )a /1 2a(o i (i8ica" ,(oli(o i/1-a*a<1a" 0la*o (is1la. Ta (is1los2 )o2i51 od o2o)l/1o* ;O# i- -ra(a , (a)l/ica+a(i81. Is2i )H i+a i d1s2iliraa voda (o/a /1 , (o2a(2, sa -ra(o+. [Kis1la (i8a i+a )Ho(o ?. V1ia /1-1ra i 21(,ica i+a )H i-+1<, "& i "&" a 2o s, ,/1do i a/o)2i+ali/i,v/12i -a živo2 v1i1 0il/i! i živo2i/s(i! vrs2a. )H ,2i51 a v1i, !1+i/s(i! )roc1sa, vodi i odr1<,/1 s2r,(2,r, živo2i! -a/1dica. )H vri/1dos2i is)od ? i i-ad %$ s,

1)ovol/1 -a živo2 , vod1o/ -a/1dici.

M12oda /1 )ri+/1/iva , svi+ vrs2a+a voda3 )od-1+o/" )ovr8is(o/ i o2)ado/ vodi.Podr,5/1 +/1r1/a /1 od )H do )H %$" ,- s2adard, d1vi/aci/, +/1r1/a od $"$& iliiž,.



Sli(a F. )H s(ala i )H vr1dos2i 1(i! )o-a2i! /1di/1/a

Sli(a . )H=+12ar

A)ara2,ra3%. S2a(l1a 5a8a vol,+1a &$$ +l#. T1r+o+12ar s )od/1lo+ s(al1 od $"& @;

. )H +12ar s +o*,o8, odr1<iva/a od $"$% )H /1diic1



?. S2a(l1a i r141r12a 1l1(2roda6 ,+/1s2o 2i! dvi/, 1l1(2roda +ož1 s1 (oris2i2i(o+0iiraa )H 1l1(2roda

R1a*1si3%. D1(ar0oi-iraa voda" )ro(,!aa d1s2iliraa ili d1ioi-iraa voda -a

ra-r/1<iva/1 ),41rs(i! o2o)ia#. S2adarda ),41rs(a o2o)ia. Koris2i2i )ri+ar, ),41rs(, o2o)i, ili o2o)i1(ali/1va !idro*12ar2ara2a" KH;?H?O6 (ali/1va !idro*142ala2a";H?7;OOH97;OOK96 4os4a2a 7Na#HPO W KH#PO?96 0ora(sa"Na#B?OF\%$H#O6 a2ri/1va (ar0oa2a 7Na#;O9 i a2ri/1va!idro*1(ar0oa2a 7NaH;O9

. R141r12i 1l1(2roli2i" 1l1(2roli21 o2o)i1 (o/1 od*ovara/, r141r12o/1l1(2rodi

Pos2,)a(3

M/1r1/, )H vri/1dos2i )r12!odi (ali0raci/a ,r1<a/a ),41ro+ )o-a21 )H vri/1dos2i.I-a0ra2i s2adard, ),41rs(, o2o)i, s )H vri/1do8, )ri0ližo/ vri/1dos2i )H,-or(a vod1" 21 i-+/1ri2i 21+)1ra2,r, ),41ra. I-vr8i2i (or1(ci/, 21+)1ra2,r1 a )H=+12r," 21 )o+o, ),41ra r1*,lira2i )H=+12ar a )H ),41ra a 2o/ 21+)1ra2,ri.U-ora( s1 ,-i+a i- )os,d1 , 5a8, )o+o, *,+11 ci/1vi ili ,- )r12!odo is)ira/15a81 ,-or(o+ vod1. Pri ,-i+a/, ,-or(a )o2r10o /1 i-0/1*ava2i vr2lož1/1 ,-or(a" a+/1!,ri1 -ra(a ,(loi2i la*ai+ )ro2r1sa/1+ 5a81. Pri/1 +/1r1/a )H vri/1dos2iis)i2ivao* ,-or(a" 1l1(2rod, 2r10a )ažl/ivo is)ra2i d1s2ilirao+ vodo+" a -a2i+,-or(o+. I-+/1ri2i 21+)1ra2,r, ,-or(a i )od1si2i )H=+12ar )r1+a i-+/1r1o/21+)1ra2,ri. Uroi2i 1l1(2rod, , ,-ora( i la*ao vr2i2i 5a8, o(o 1l1(2rod1. S,s2av s12r10a s2a0ili-ira2i )ri/1 )o512(a o5i2ava/a" a +/1r1/1 2r10a o0avi2i a/+a/1 dva

),2a. I-+1<, +/1r1/a 1l1(2rod1 2r10a drža2i , d1s2ilirao/ vodi.

)H=vri/1dos2 s1 i-ražava a dvi/1 d1ci+al1" ,- o0v1-a2o a-a5iva/1 21+)1ra2,r1)ri (o/o/ /1 i-vr81o odr1<iva/1.

Pri+/1r 3 )H "?& +/1r1o a %$"# @; ili )H F"# +/1r1o a %"? @; ,la0ora2ori/, #! a(o ,-or(ova/a.

O)is rada i r1-,l2a2i



85 MU)NO2A VODE

M,2oa vod1 )o2i51 od )ris,2i! (oloidi! i s,s)1dovai! *r,0o dis)1r-i!

)ri+/1sa 7)r15i(a v11* od %$$ ]+9.M,2oa vod1 )o2i51 od3• S,s)1dovai! 51s2ica *li1"• Č1s2ica +,l/a"• Cii!" si2i! or*as(i! i 1or*as(i! +a21ri/a"• Ras2vor1i!" o0o/1i! or*as(i! +a21ri/a (o/1 )o2i5, i- o2)ad1 vod1"• Mi(ros(o)s(i si2i! živi! or*ai-a+a" )la(2oa.

M,2oa s1 odr1<,/1 ,)or1d/iva/1+ ,-or(a vod1 sa s2adardi+a sili(a21 -1+l/1(o/i s1 drž1 , 0oca+a od 01-0o/o* s2a(la. S2adard s1 )ravi 2a(o 82o s1 li2r, vod1

doda % * di/a2o+1/s(1 -1+l/1 i 2a(va s,s)1-i/a i+a +,2o, %$$$ s21)1i. Bi2o /1da s1 )ri/1 ,)or1<iva/a i ,-ora( i s2adard do0ro )ro+,(a/,. Voda -a )i1 1 s+i/1 da i+a +,2o, v1, od o1 (o/, 0i )ro,-ro(ovalo %$ +*sili(a21 *li1 , %l vod1. M,2oa s1 +/1ri i )or1<1/1+ sv/12losi! 141(a2a (o/i s1odvi/a/, )rolas(o+ sv/12los2i (ro- ,-ora( i (ro- s2adard. >2o /1 v1i i21-i212s(r12a/a sv/12la" 82o /1 v1a i21r41r1ci/a" v1a /1 i +,2oa ,-or(a.I-ražava s1 , 141lo+12ri/s(i+ /1diica+a +,2o1" 71*. 1)!1lo+12ric 2,r0idi2^ ,i2s 7NTU99Do-vol/1a vri/1dos2 2,r0idi212a -a )i/a, vod, /1 %"$ NTU.

%NTU $"% +* SiO#lPos2o/1 dvi/1 +12od1 -a +/1r1/1 +,2o1 vod13 2,r0idi+12ri/s(a i 141lo+12ri/s(a.

Sli(a . La0ora2ori/s(o +/1r1/1 +,2o1 vod1

Odr1<iva/1 +,2o1 2r10a vr8i2i is2o* daa (ada /1 ,-ora( ,-12 ili a/(asi/1 #?! )o,-i+a/," )ri 51+, *a 2r10a 5,va2i , 2a+o+ ili (o-1rvira2i doda2(o+ %* H*;l# a%l. A)ara2 s1 (ali0rira )r1+a ,),2a+a )roi-vo<a5a. A(o a)ara2 1+a (ali0racio,s(al," )ri)r1+i s1 s2adarda (riva -a sva(i +/1ri o)s1*.

Pri odr1<iva/, +,2o1 ,-ora( s1 do0ro )ro+,(a" )ri51(a da 1s2a, +/1!,2ii-ra(a i )r11s1 s1 , 2,r0idi+12ri/s(, (iv12,. M,2oa , 141lo+12ri/s(i+ /1diica+ao5i2a s1 dir1(2o sa s(al1 a)ara2a ili od*ovara/,1 s2adard1 (riv1.

Na slici s, )ri(a-ai 21r1s(i 2,r0idi+12ri" (o/i s1 (ali0ri8, s2adardi+aod*ovara/,1 +,2o1" (o/1 i-da/1 )roi-vo<a5.



Sli(a %$. T1r1s(i 2,r0idi+12ri

U2ica/ +,2o1 vod1

Viso(a (oc12raci/a s,s)1dovai! +a21ri/a s+a/,/1 )rodira/1 sv/12los2i (rovod," ,s)orava ras2 +a(ro4i2a" ,2i51 a živo2 dr,*i! or*ai-a+a (o/i (oris21+a(ro4i21 (ao !ra,.S+a/1/1+ (oli5i1 sv/12los2i , vodi = )roc1s 4o2osi21-1 s1 ,s)orava" (oli5ia O# s1s+a/,/1. S,s)1dova1 51s2ic1 a)sor0,/, 2o)lo2, s,51v1 sv/12los2i i voda s1-a*ri/ava" (oli5ia O# s1 s+a/,/1.


$5 )EMPERA)URA VODE

T1+)1ra2,ra vod1 ,(a-,/1 a (oli5i, 2o)li1 a)sor0ova1 , vodi. lav1 )osl/1dic1)oras2a 21+)1ra2,r1 )rirodi! voda s, )ov1a/1 0r-i1 !1+i/s(i! r1a(ci/a io)ada/1 2o)ivos2i )liova" )r. (isi(a. T1+)1ra2,ra vod1 ,2i51 i a 2o(si5os2 +12ala, vodi i 2o 2a(o da 2o(si5os2 o)1i2o ras21 sa )oras2o+ 21+)1ra2,r1. Poras221+)1ra2,r1 i-ad or+al1 ,(a-,/1 a )ris,s2vo id,s2ri/s(i! o2)adi! voda")os10o vod1 (ori8211 -a !la<1/1. Pad 21+)1ra2,r1 o2(riva )ris,s2vo i-vorad,0is(1 )od-1+1 vod1. Do( 21+)1ra2,ra )ovr8is(i! voda varira od $ do $@;")od-1+1 vod1 i+a/, s2al, 21+)1ra2,r, o(o %$@;.



Odr1<iva/1 21+)1ra2,r1 21r+o+12ro+

M/1r1/1 s1 vr8i 2a(o da s1 21r+o+12ar dir1(2o s2avi , vodi" a 21+)1ra2,ra o5i2a 21( a(o vr1+1s(o* )1rioda (ada s1 ,s)os2avi (os2a2a vri/1dos2. U is2o vri/1+1

+/1ri s1 i 21+)1ra2,ra -ra(a , 0li-ii +/1s2a +/1r1/a.

Sli(a %%. Di*i2ali 21r+o+12ar

(5 ODRE6IVANJE E9EK)ROVOD9JIVO4)IZ ISO F3%&

El1(2ro)rovodl/ivos2 7(od,(2ivi2129 /1 idir1(i2a +/1ra -a ,(,), (oli5i,o2o)l/1i! 2vari , vodi. Odr1<iva/1+ 1l1(2ro)rovodl/ivos2i , ,-or(, vod1 +/1ri+os)oso0os2 )rovo<1/a s2r,/1 , a81+ ,-or(,.

Ova +12oda o0,!vaa +/1r1/1 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2i vod1 i /1-i1 r1ci)ro51 vri/1dos2i 1l1(2ri5o* o2)ora. El1(2rovodl/ivos2 /1 r1ci)ro5a vri/1dos2 o2)ora ,o+i+a" +/1r1a i-+1<, dvi/, s,)ro2i! s2raa (oc(1 /1do*a (,0i5o* c12i+12ra

vod11 o2o)i1 )ri odr1<1o/ 21+)1ra2,ri. S2adarda /1diica 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2i /1si+1s )o +12r, _S+` ili +ilisi+1s )o +12r, _+S+`. El1(2rovodl/ivos2 -ad1s2ilira, vod, /1 od $"# do $"% +S+. Vri/1dos2 s1 )ov1ava i do dva ),2aa)sor)ci/o+ a2+os41rs(o* ,*l/i(ovo* dio(sida. V1ia sla2(i! i )ro5i81i! voda i+a1l1(2rovodl/ivos2 od & do &$ +S+" viso(o +i1rali-ira1 vod1 dos1ž, vri/1dos2 %$$i vi81" a (od 1(i! id,s2ri/s(i! o2)adi! voda vri/1dos2 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2i +ož1)ri/1i i %$$$ +S+. T1+)1ra2,ra ,2/151 a 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2 (o/a varira o(o # a%@;. S2adarda 21+)1ra2,ra -a odr1<iva/1 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2i /1 #&@;. Odr1<iva/12r10a 0i2i a av1d1o/ ili 82o 0ližo/ 21+)1ra2,ri. O2o)l/1i ,*l/i5i dio(sid )ov1ava

vodl/ivos2" +1<,2i+ /1*ov ,2/1ca/ i/1 v1li(" a /1*ovo o2(la/a/1 i- 2vrd1 vod1 1+ož1 s1 )os2ii 01- 2alož1/a (alci/1va (ar0oa2a. '0o* 2o*a s1 ,2/1ca/ ,*l/i5o*

dio(sida -a1+ar,/1 )ri aali-i vod1. U-orci s is(o+ )H vri/1do8, 2a(o<1r)o(a-,/, v1li(, 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2 -0o* viso(1 1(vival121 vodl/ivos2i vodi(ovi! ioa.



El1(2ro)rovodl/ivos2 s1 +/1ri (od,(2o+12ro+. Provodl/ivos2 5is21 vod1 /1 vrlo is(a"ali a(o voda sadrži /o1 o2o)l/1i! soli (o/i vod1 s2r,/, )rovodl/ivos2 /1 -a2o v1a.'0o* 2o*a" 1l1(2ri5a )rovodl/ivos2 +ož1 )osl,ži2i (ao )o(a-a21l/ ,(,)1(oc12raci/1 soli , vodi. '0o* )ris,s2va /oi-irai! o2o)l/1i! 2vari" (ao i -0o*

/oi-aci/1 sa+1 vod1" voda )os/1d,/1 s)oso0os2 )rovo<1/a 1l1(2ri51 s2r,/1.

S2adarda 21+)1ra2,ra -a odr1<iva/1 1l1(2ro)rovodl/ivos2i /1 #&@;. O2o)l/1i,*l/i5i dio(sid )ov1ava vodl/ivos2" ali /1*ov ,2ica/ i/1 v1li( i /1*ovo o2(la/a/1 i-2vrd1 vod1 1 +ož1 s1 )os2ii 01- 2alož1/a (alci/(ar0oa2a. '0o* 2o*a s1 ,2ica/ ;O#-a1+ar,/1 )ri aali-i vod1.

U-orci sa is(o+ )H vri/1do8, )o(a-,/, v1li(, 1l1(2ro)rovodl/ivos2 -0o* viso(11(vival121 vodl/ivos2i vodi(ovi! /oa.

Ta01la ?. I-+/1r1a 1l1(2ro)rovodl/ivos2 , 512iri ra-li5i2a ,-or(a vod1

Ti) ,-or(a El1(2ro)rovodl/ivos2 T1+)1ra2,ra%. D1+i1rali-iraa voda " ]Sc+ #%" @;

#. D1s2iliraa voda " ]Sc+ #%"& @;

. R1d1s2iliraa voda #"$ ]Sc+ #"$ @; "

?. Vodovoda voda ?? ]Sc+ %" @;

D1+iarili-iraa voda = viso(o(vali212a voda do0iv1a (o+0iaci/o+a/+od1ri/i! )os2,)a(a , o0radi vod1" (o/i+a s1 i- vod1 ,(la/a/, or*as(i s)o/1vi"

+i1rali" 0a(21ri/1 i vir,si. Do0iv1a d1+i1rali-iraa voda 1 sadrži ;a #W" M*#W" NaW

i 218(1 +12al1" (ao i aio1 H;$=" ;l=" S$?#=" N$=" or*as(1 2vari i+i(roor*ai-+1.D1s2iliraa voda = s1 do0iva (od1-aci/o+ vod11 )ar1 2a(o da 1 sadrži o2o)l/115vrs21 2vari. U)o2r10l/ava s1 (ao o2a)alo.R1d1s2iliraa voda = /1 dva ),2a d1s2iliraa voda.

Vodovoda voda = )o2i51 i- )od-1+i! ili )ovr8is(i! vodo2o(ova i /1a 4i-i(alo!1+i/s(a svo/s2va ovis1 o va/s(i+ ,2ica/i+a. Sadrži (alci/1v1 s)o/1v1.



Sli(a %#. Kod,(2o+12ar

A)ara2,ra3%. Is2r,+12 -a +/1r1/1 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2i =KONDUKTOMETAR#. El1(2rod1" )la2is(1 1l1(2rod16 dr,*1 vrs21 1l1(2roda do),8211 s, -a r,2is(1

la0ora2ori/s(1 aali-1.. T1r+o+12ar" )r1ci-os2i W $"% @;" -a r,2is(a +/1r1/a )r1ci-os2i W $"& @;.?. Vod1a (,)1l/" sa +o*,o8, održava/a 21+)1ra2,r1 #&"$ @; W $"% @;" -a

r,2is(1 aali-1 #&"$ @; W $"& @;.

R1a*1si3%. Voda -a )ri)rav, o2o)ia i ra-r/1<1/a" dvos2r,(o d1s2iliraa ili d1ioi-iraa

voda6 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2i #& b $"% +S+.#. Kali/1v !lorid" s2adarda o2o)ia 7A9" c7K;l9 $"% +oll6 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2o2o)i1 a #& @; #&%#$+S+.

. Kali/1v !lorid" s2adarda o2o)ia 7B9" c7K;l9 $"$% +oll6 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2o2o)i1 a #& @; #&%?%+S+.

?. Kali/1v !lorid" s2adarda o2o)ia 7;9" c7K;l9 $"$$% +oll6 o2o)i, )rir1di2ira-r/1<iva/1+ o2o)i1 B )ri/1 sa+o* +/1r1/a. El1(2rovodl/ivos2 o2o)i1 a#& @; #&%?"F +S+.

&. Pla2ia" o2o)ia. O2o)i2i %"& * !idro*1 !1(sa!loro)la2i17IV9 !1(sa!idra2a7H#P2;l\ H#O9 , &$ +l vod11 o2o)i1 (o/a sadrži $"$%#& * olovo*ac12a2a _P07;#HO#9#`.

Pos2,)a(3Kod,(2o+12ar s1 +ora (ali0rira2i prije sva(1 upotre:e5 Pri/1 )rv1 ,)o2r101 (aosva(i! +/1s1ci 2r10a s1 )rov/1ri2i 21+)1ra2,ra (o+)1-aci/a. S2adarda o2o)ia+ora 0i2i do0ro -a2vor1a i 5,va2i s1 , 4rižid1r,.

I-+/1r11 vri/1dos2i 2r10a/, 0i2i , *raici W= ?$ ]Sc+ od vri/1dos2i a #&"$ @;.

A)ara2,r, )ri)r1+i2i )r1+a ,),2i )roi-vo<a5a. Po2r10o /1 -a2i (os2a2, 1l1(2rod1(o/, o0i5o da/1 )roi-vo<a5. U(oli(o (os2a2a 1l1(2rod1 i/1 )o-a2a" )o2r10o /, /1

odr1di2i )o+o, s2adardi! o2o)ia (ali/1va !lorida" , 5i/, svr!, s1 )ri)r1+a/,o2o)i1 K;l ra-li5i2i! (oc12raci/a.



Odr1<iva/1 1l1(2rovodl/ivos2i )rovodi s1 ,ra/a/1+ 1l1(2rod1 , ,-ora( vod1 io5i2ava/1+ do0iv11 vri/1dos2i sa s(al1 is2r,+12a. 'a )r1ci-o odr1<iva/1"+/1r1/1 s1 )rovodi (ada ,-ora( i 1l1(2roda )ri +/1r1/, i+a/, 21+)1ra2,r, od #&"$@; W $"% @;.

R1-,l2a2 s1 i-ražava (ao #& , +S+ ili Sc+.

Ta01la &. S)1ci4i5a 1l1(2ro)rovodl/ivos2 o2o)i1 (ali/=!lorida 7K;l9 a #$ @;Koc12raci/a K;l Mas1a (oc12raci/a Ks,

7+ol d+9 ras2vora K;I S)1ci4i5a 1l1(2ri5a7*L9 )rovodl/ivos2

7]S c+9%"$ F?"&$$$ %$#$$$$"& F"#&$$ &$$$$"# %?"$$$ ###$$

$"% F"?&$$ %%F$$$"$& "F#&$ &$$$"$# %"?$$ #&$$$"$% $"F?&$ %#$

$"$$& $"F#$ &$$"$$# $"%?$ #&

$"$$% $"$F?& %?




;5 ODRE6IVANJE UKUPNO O)OP9JENI 4O9I

U(,)o o2o)l/11 2vari ili TDS 71*l. Total Dissolved Solids9 s, , vodi o2o)l/11aor*as(1 soli. M/1ra /1diica /1 +*l. lavi, soli 5i1 /oi (alci/a" +a*1-i/a"

a2ri/a i (ali/a" 21 aioi (ar0oa2a" !idro*1(ar0oa2a" !lorida" s,l4a2a i i2ra2a.O2o)l/11 2vari , vodi +o*, ,2ica2i a /1 o(,s. Na 21+1l/, i-+/1r1i! vri/1dos2ioc/1/,/1 s1 ,(,sos2 vod1 -a )i1.

U(,)1 o2o)l/11 2vari , vodi odr1<,/, s1 is)arava/1+ do s,!a )ro4il2rirao*,-or(a 74il21r $"?&]+9 i va*a/1+ 2alo*a os,81o* a %$&@;.U(,)a s,!a 2var )r1ds2avl/a ,(,)a sadrža/ 5vrs2i! 2vari , ,-or(, vod1" (o/a s1)o/avl/,/1 , s,s)1dirao+ o0li(," (oloido+ ili o2o)l/1o+ o0li(,. D14iira s1 (aoos2a2a( a(o s,81/a ,-or(a a %$ %$&@;.

Ukusnost vo.e Ukupne otopljene

tvari<)D4 /m+<l1Odli5a $$Do0ra $$ $$Dovol/a $$ $$Lo8a $$ %#$$N1)ri!va2l/iva e %#$$

)ip uzorka )D4 )emperaturaD1+i1rali-iraa voda # +*l #& @;D1s2iliraa voda +*l #& @;R1d1s2iliraa voda % +*l #& @;

Vodovoda voda # +*l #& @;

;5% O.re!ivanje ukupno+ ostatka

Pri0or3= li/1va( -a 4il2rira/1= Pos,da od )la2i1" (varca ili )orc,laa" #$$+l= Vod1o (,)a2ilo= S,8ioi( -a rad )ri %$ %$&@;

= P1 -a žar1/1= E(si(a2or= Aali2i5(a va*a= Cil21r )a)ir 70i/1la 2ra(a9

Pos2,)a(3

U )r12!odo os,81o/ i i-va*ao/ )orc,las(o/ )os,di ,)ari s1 %$ +l ,-or(a vod1 -aaali-, (o/a /1 )r12!odo do0ro )ro+,(aa. U)ar1i os2a2a( s1 s,8i , s,8ioi(, #!a %$&@;. Na(o 2o*a s1 !ladi , 1(si(a2or, i važ1. A(o /1 (oli5ia os2a2(a +a/a od&$ +*l" odr1<iva/1 s1 )oovi sa v1o+ (oli5io+ vod1.

U(,)i os2a2a( 7+*l9 s1 ra5,a )o sl/1d1o/ 4or+,li3

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleski_jezik

http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleski_jezik



U(,)i os2a2a( 7a 09 G %$$$ O(

" *d/1 /13 a= +asa )os,d1 sa os2a2(o+ 7*9 0 +asa )os,d1 7*9

O( od+/1r1a (oli5ia ,-or(a 7+l9

;58 O.re!ivanje isparno+ ostatka

Is)ari os2a2a( )r1ds2avl/a (oli5i, o2o)l/1i! 2vari" a os2a2a( a(o žar1/a)r1ds2avl/a (oli5i, +i1rali! 2vari (o/1 1 +o*, 0i2i ,(lo/11 žar1/1+.

Pos2,)a(3

Od+a! a(o ,-i+a/a ,-or(a vod1 -a aali-," )ro4il2rira s1 i-v/1sa (oli5ia (ro-

4il2ar )a)ir 70i/1la 2ra(a9 i %$$+l 4il2ra2a (oris2i -a odr1<iva/1. Odr1<iva/1 s1 vr8i aa5i (o/i /1 o)isa (od odr1<iva/a ,(,)o* os2a2(a. R1-,l2a2i s1 i-ražava/, , +ll.

Is)ari os2a2a( 7a 09 G %$$$ O(

" *d/1 /13 a +asa )os,d1 sa os2a2(o+ 7*9 0 +asa )ra-1 )os,d1 7*9 O( od+/1r1a (oli5ia ,-or(a 7+l9

;5$ O.re!ivanje ostatka nakon =arenja

Do0iv1i is)ari os2a2a( s1 žari %! a 21+)1ra2,ri $$=F$$@;. Na(o !la<1/aos2a2a( avlaži2i sa 1(oli(o (a)i -asi11 o2o)i1 a+oi/=i2ra2a" ).a. 7NH?NO9")oovo žari2i (ra1 vri/1+1" o!ladi2i i va*a2i. I-ra5,a s1 os2a2a( a(o žar1/a (ao ,)r12!odo+ )os2,)(,. R1-,l2a2i s1 i-ražava/, , +*l.

Ra-li(a , +asi s,!o* os2a2(a i žar1o* os2a2(a )r1ds2avl/a *,0i2a( žar1/1+. ,0i2a( žar1/1+ )r1ds2avl/a or*as(, 4ra(ci/, ,(,)1 s,!1 2vari.

;5( 4uspen.irane tvari

U(,)1 s,s)1dira1 2vari s, 2vari (o/1 -aos2a/, a 4il2r, )osi/1 4il2rira/a. Os2a2a( s1s,8i a %$ %$&@; , s,8ioi(, do (os2a21 +as1.

Pri0or3= 4il2ri od s2a(l1i! vla(aa ili *,5 lo5i sa do+ od si21rovao* s2a(la= va(,+ 0oca od &$$ +l= Vod1o (,)a2ilo= S,8ioi( sa 21r+os2a2s(o+ r1*,laci/o+= E(si(a2or

Pos2,)a(3



'a aali-, ,-12i vol,+1 od %$$ +l do0ro i-+i/18ao* ,-or(a. Na(o 2o*a ,-ora( 4il2rira2i )r1(o va(,+s(o* ili 2la5o* ,r1<a/a -a 4il2rira/1 7va(,+ ),+)19. Is)ra2i4il2ar sa d1s2ilirao+ vodo+" )ažl/ivo ,(loi2i 4il2ar )a)ir ili *,5 sa ,r1<a/a -a4il2rira/1 i s,8i2i , s,8ioi(, a %$&@; do (os2a21 21ži1. R1-,l2a2i s1 i-ražava/, ,+*l.

Na(o s,81/a (oli5ia s,s)1dira1 2vari i-ra5,a s1 a sl/1d1i a5i3

S,s)1dira1 2vari 7a 09 G %$$$ V

" *d/1 /13 a +asa 4il2ra ili *,5a sa os2a2(o+ 7*9 0 +asa 4il2ra ili *,5a 7*9 V Vol,+1 ,-or(a 7+l9




&5 ODRE6IVANJE A9KA9I)E)AODREfIVANJE UKUPNO I DJELOMIČNO ALKALITETAZ HRN EN ISO =%3% 1 7ISO =%3%?9

Al(ali212 5i1 !idro(sidi" (ar0oa2i i 0i(ar0oa2i al(ali/s(i! i -1+oal(ali/s(i!+12ala" ,*lavo+ a2ri/a" (ali/a" (alci/a i +a*1-i/a. Ovo+ +12odo+ al(ali212 s1odr1<,/1 2i2ri+12ri/s(i" a +12oda /1 )o*oda -a vod1 (o/1 i+a/, al(ali212 od $"?++oll do #$ ++oll.S+12/1 )ri odr1<iva/, +o*, ,-ro(ova2i s,s)1dira1 2vari , o0li(, (ar0oa2a" (o/1s1 +o*, s+a/i2i )r12!odo+ 4il2raci/o+. 'a )r1ci-i/1 odr1<iva/1 2o5(11(vival1ci/1 )ri 2i2raci/i" ,+/1s2o idi(a2ora +o*,1 /1 (oris2i2i )H=+12ar.

Al(ali212 )r1ds2avl/a (va2i2a2iv, s)oso0os2 vod1o* +1di/a da r1a*ira s vodi(ovi+ioi+a. Al(ali212 s1 odr1<,/1 (ao al(ali212 )r1+a 41ol42al1i, 7AP9 (o/i )r1ds2avl/ad/1lo+i5i al(ali212 7,dio svi! !idro(sida i )olovica ,d/1la (ar0oa2a , vodi9 i

al(ali212 )r1+a +12il crv1o+ 7AT9 (o/i )r1ds2avl/a ,(,)i al(ali212 7,dio svi!(ar0oa2a" !idro*1(ar0oa2a i !idro(sida , vodi9. S,82ia +12od1 -a odr1<iva/1al(ali212a /1 , )os2,)o/ 1,2rali-aci/i al(ali! soli )o+o, (is1lia" , )ris,2os2iidi(a2ora 41ol42al1ia i +12il crv1o*. N1,2rali-aci/a al(ali212a )rovodi s1!lorido+ (is1lio+. A(o s1 voda s v1i+ )H od )os2,)o 1,2rali-ira ,)ris,2os2i 41ol42al1ia" (od )H " o 1 )ro+i/1i2i 0o/,. A(o s1 1,2rali-aci/aas2avl/a dal/1 , )ris,2os2i +12il crv1o*" o2o)ia 1 )ro+i/1i2i 0o/, (od )H ?"&.'avr8a 2o5(a 2i2raci/1 +ož1 s1 odr1di2i vi-,alo )ro+/1o+ 0o/1 idi(a2ora. Naosovi 2o*a +ož1 s1 )o+o, dva idi(a2ora odr1di2i vrs2a al(ali212a.

OH- , CO3

2-

pH

0

4,4

8,3

9,4

14

Jake, mineralnekiseline

HCl, HNO3

HCO3

- alkalitet

CO2 aciditet

HCO3-, CO

32-

p r i r o d n e v o d e

m i n e r a

l n e v o d e

m

a l k a l i t e t

p

a l k a l i t e t

METIL-ORANZ

FENOLFTALEIN

pH > 8,3ljubicasta

pH < 8,3 bezbojna

pH > 4,4 zuta

pH ~ 4,4narandzasta

pH < 4,4 crvena



Sli(a %. Al(ali212 vod1 , -avisos2i od )H

A)ara2,ra3%. Ma*12a +i/18alica" s +a*12i+ +/18a51+#. )H=+12ar" sa od*ovara/,o+ 1l1(2rodo+ -a +/1r1/1 )H vri/1dos2i ,

)odr,5/, od ? do %$" s ods2,)a/1+ )H W $"$&. Ur1<a/ 2r10a )ri)r1+i2i i(ali0rira2i ),41ri+a s )H ?"F i .. Bir12a" vol,+1a %$ +l" s )od/1lo+ s(al1 od $"$# +l

R1a*1si3%. Na2ri/1v (ar0oa2" s2adarda o2o)ia" c 7Na#;O9 $"$#& +oll. O2o)i2i

#"&$$ * W $"#$$$ * a2ri/1va (ar0oa2a , vodi i do),i2i do %$$$ +l.O2o)ia /1 s2a0ila o(o +/1s1c daa a 21+). ?@ do @;.

#. Hlorida (is1lia" c7H;l9 $"%$ +oll" ra-ri/1di2i "$ +l W $"%$ +l 7g %"%*+l9 !lorid1 (is1li1 s d1s2ilirao+ vodo+ do %$$$ +l. O2o)i,

s2adardi-ira2i.. . Hlorida (is1lia" c7H;l9 $"$# +oll. O2o)i, )rir1di2i sa %$$ +l W % +l!lorid1 (is1li1 c $"%$ +oll i ra-ri/1di2i do &$$ +l. O2o)i, )ri)r1+i2i,vi/1( sv/1ž,.

?. C1ol42al1i" idi(a2ors(a o2o)ia. O2o)i2i %"$$$$ * W $"%$$$ * 41ol42al1ia ,%$$ +l W # +l 12aola _e$ 7VV9 12aol` i ra-ri/1di2i vodo+ do #$$ +l W ?+l.

&. Bro+(r1-ol -1l1o = +12il crv1o" idi(a2ors(a o2o)ia. O2o)i2i $"#$$$ * W$"$$&$ * 0ro+(r1-ol -1l1o* i $"$%&$ * W $"$$#$ * +12il crv1o* , %$$ +l W ?+l 12aola _e $ 7VV9 12aol`.

;5%ODRE6IVANJE DJE9OMI>NO? A9KA9I)E)A )I)RA0IJOM DOp @,$

Pos2,)a(3

Pi)12ira2i %$$ +l W % +l ,-or(a 7V?9 , Erl1+a^1rov1 2i(vic, od #&$ +l i doda2i $"%+l W $"$# +l idi(a2ors(1 o2o)i1 41ol42al1ia. U(oli(o s1 1 )o/avi r,ži5as2a 0o/a"-a0il/1ži2i d/1lo+i5i al(ali212 do " (ao ,l,. U(oli(o /1 )ris,2a r,ži5as2a 0o/a"

,-ora( 2i2rira2i od*ovara/,o+ (is1lio+ do 1s2a(a 0o/1. 'a )odr,5/1 al(ali212a od? ++oll do #$ ++oll" -a 2i2raci/, (oris2i2i !lorid, (is1li, (oc12raci/1 c $"%+oll" a -a )odr,5/1 al(ali212a od $"? ++oll do ? ++oll" (oris2i2i !lorid, (is1li,(oc12raci/1 c $"$# +oll. 'a0il/1ži2i ,2ro81, (oli5i, (is1li1 -a 2i2raci/, 7V&9.Is2i ,-ora( (oris2i2i -a odr1<iva/1 ,(,)o* al(ali212a.

;58 ODRE6IVANJE UKUPNO? A9KA9I)E)A

Pos2,)a(3

U o2o)i, doda2i $"% +l W $"$# +l idi(a2ors(1 o2o)i1 0ro+(r1-ol -1l1o*= +12ilcrv1o*.



Nas2avi2i 2i2raci/, sv1 do( 0o/a i- -1l1o=)lav1 1 )ri/1<1 , siv,. 'a0il/1ži2i ,2ro81,(oli5i, (is1li1 -a 2i2raci/, 7V9. D/1lo+i5i i ,(,)i al(ali212 i-ra5,a2i i- -ada1

/1dadž013

►D/1lo+i5i al(ali212 741ol42al1is(i al(ali21293

A p=c ( HCl ) ∙V

5∙1000

V 4

A P s)oso0os2 r1a(ci/1 sa vodi(ovi+ ioi+a , ++oll i-raž1a (ao d/1lo+i5ial(ali212 2i2rira do )H "c7H;l9 (oc12raci/a !lorid1 (is1li1 (ori8211 -a 2i2raci/, , +oll

V? vol,+1 ,-or(a , +l V& vol,+1 !lorid1 (is1li1 (ori8211 -a 2i2raci/, do )H "

►U(,)i al(ali2123 A

T =c ( HCl ) ∙V

6∙1000

V 4

AT s)oso0os2 r1a(ci/1 sa vodi(ovi+ ioi+a , ++oll i-raž1o (ao ,(,)ial(ali212

2i2rira do )H ?"&c7H;l9 (oc12raci/a (lorid1 (is1li1 (ori8211 -a 2i2raci/, , +oll

V? vol,+1 ,-or(a , +l V vol,+1 (lorid1 (is1li1 (ori8211 -a 2i2raci/, do )H ?"&.




&5 ODRE6IVANJE )VRDO2E

&5% ODRE6IVANJE UKUPNE )VRDO2E

Tvrdoa vod1 /1da /1 od važi! )ara+12ara *l1d/,i sa as)1(2a (vali212a vod1.Tvrdoa vod1 )o2i51 od o2ol/1i! soli (alci/a 7;a#W9 i +a*1-i/a 7M*#W9" (o/1 s1 ,)rirodo+ voda+a ala-1 , ravo21ži sa 0i(ar0oa2i+a" s,l4a2i+a i !loridi+a.Tvrdoa s1 i-ražava s21)1i+a 2vrdo1 7/1+a5(i" 4rac,s(i" a+1ri5(i" ili (ao ,dio))+ ;a;O9.Sva(i /1+a5(i s21)1 2vrdo1 7@/9 od*ovara (oli5ii od %$ +* ;aOL" 4rac,s(i 7@C9%$ +* ;a;OL" a a+1ri5(i %+* ;a;OL.Dia2ri/1va sol 12il1dia+i212raoc21a (is1lia 7EDTA9" (o/a /o8 dola-i )od(o+1rci/ali+ a-ivi+a (o+)l1(so III" 2i2ri)l1(s" a2ri/1v v1rs1a2 i sl." s (alci/1vi+i +a*1-i/1vi+ ioi+a da/1 s2a0il1 !1la21 (o+)l1(s1 , al(alo/ sr1dii.

Na#H#=(o+)l1(so W ;a#W ↔ Na#;a=(o+)l1(so W #HW

Na#H#=(o+)l1(so W M*#W ↔ Na#M*=(o+)l1(so W #HW

Odr1<iva/1 ,(,)1 2vrdo1 vr8i s1 (o+)l1(so+12ri/s(o+ +12odo+" 2i2raci/o+ ,-EDTA i 1rio(ro+=cro T (ao idi(a2or" /1do /1 od a/2a5i/i! i a/0rži! )os2,)a(a.

S o0-iro+ a ,(,), 2vrdo, vod1 s1 +o*, )odi/1li2i a3%. +1(1 vod1 @/#. ,+/1r1o 2vrd1 =% @/

. 2vrd1 vod1 %=# @/?. vrlo 2vrd1 vod1 e#$ @/

Ta01la . Tvrdoa vod1O;JENA TVRDOE VODE TVRDOA" +* ;a;OL

+1(a F$

,+/1r1o 2vrda F$=%&$

2vrda %&$=#$$

vrlo 2vrda e#$$

Ta01la F. Pr12vara/1 s21)1a 2vrdo1 I Z N O 4 I

MJERATVRDOE

+*;a;Od+

1*l1s(is21)1i

4rasc,s(is21)1i

/1+a5(is21)1i7dH9

+* ;a;Od+ %"$$ $"$F $"%$ $"$&%° 1*l1s(i %?"$ %"$$ %"? $"$

%° 4rac,s(i %$"$$ $"F$ %"$$ $"&



%° /1+a5(i %F"$ %"#& %"F %"$$

A)ara2,ra3%. Erl1+a^1rova 2i(vica" vol,+1a &$$ +l#. Bir12a

. Os2alo la0ora2ori/s(o )os,<1

R1a*1si3%. Erio(ro+ cro T" idi(a2ors(a o2o)ia" $"&$$$ * 1rio(ro+ cro* T o2o)i2i ,

%$$ +l =2o* i-o)ro)ilo* al(o!ola.U+/1s2o o2o)i1 +ož1 s1 (oris2i2i i s,!i idi(a2or 2a(o da s1 )o+i/18a s Na;l).a. , o+/1r, %3%$$" 21 s1 ova s+/1sa doda/1 a vr!, oža.

#. P,41rs(a o2o)ia" &? * a+oi/1vo* (lorida 7NH?;l9 o2o)i2i , #$$ +ld1s2ilira1 vod1" doda2i &$ +l (oc12rira1 o2o)i1 a+oi/a(a i do),i2i

vodo+ do %$$$ +l. EDTA" s2adarda vol,+12ri/s(a o2o)ia" c7EDTA9 h $"$% M. Os,8i2i

odr1<1, (oli5i, dia2ri/1v1 soli EDTA di!idra2a 7;%$H%?N#ONa#\#H#O9a $ @;" dva sa2a" 21 "F#&$ * os,811 soli o2o)i2i , vodi i ra-ri/1di2i do %$$$+l.

?. O2o)i, EDTA 5,va2i , )oli12il1s(o/ 0oci.

Pos2,)a(3

%$$ +l ,-or(a vod1 )r1i/12i )i)12o+ , Erl1+a^1rov, 2i(vic, od &$$ +l" doda2i #+l o2o)i1 ),41ra" ? (a)i idi(a2ors(1 o2o)i1 ili a vr!, oža )ra8(as2o*idi(a2ora" 21 od+a! 2i2rira2i sa $"$% M o2o)io+ EDTA do )ro+/11 0o/1 i-

vis(ocrv11 , )lav, 0o/,. A(o voda 1 sadrži +a*1-i/1v1 soli" )ri/1 2i2raci/1

)o2r10o /1 doda2i +alo +a*1-i/1vo* (o+)l1(soa2a , )ra!," da 0i s1 0ol/1 ,o5ila)ro+/1a 0o/1.

U(,)a 2vrdoa vod1 i-ražava s1 , /1+a5(i+ s2,)/1vi+a" a ra5,a s1 i- sl/1d11 /1da5i13

UT $"& V _@/` "

V vol,+1 EDTA , +l ,2ro81 -a 2i2raci/,.




&58 ODRE6IVANJE KA90IJA KOMP9EK4OME)RIJ4KOODRE6IVANJE

Kalci/1v, 2vrdo, 5i1 sv1 , vodi 2o)iv1 (alci/1v1 soli. U al(alo/ sr1dii" )ri )H %$"#"+ož1 s1 odr1di2i (alci/=/o , )ris,s2v, +a*1-i/=/oa 2i2raci/o+ sa Ko+)l1(soo+ III,- +,r1(sid=idi(a2or.Udio (alci/a , vodi +ož1 s1 odr1di2i 2i2raci/o+ s EDTA ,- idi(a2or +,r1(sid=K ili

2i2raci/o+ o2o)io+ (ali/1va )1r+a*aa2a" /1r s1 )ri2o+ 2aloži , o0li(, (alci/1vao(sala2a.

R1a*1si3%. EDTA" s2adarda vol,+12ri/s(a o2o)ia" c7EDTA9 h $"$% +oll. Os,8i2i

odr1<1, (oli5i, dia2ri/1v1 soli EDTA di!idra2a 7;%$H%?N#ONa#\#H#O9a $ @;" dva sa2a" 21 "F#&$ * os,811 soli o2o)i2i , vodi i ra-ri/1di2i do %$$$ +l.

#. M,r1(sid=K 7(ali/1v ),r),ra29 )o+i/18a s Na;l ).a. , o+/1r, %3%$$. O2o)ia a2ri/1va !idro(sida6 o2o)i2i $ * a2ri/1vo* !idro(sida 7NaOH9 ,

od+/1ro/ 2i(vici od %$$$ +l d1s2ilirao+ vodo+ i do),i2i do o-a(1.



Pos2,)a(3

%$$ +l ,-or(a vod1 )r1i/12i )i)12o+ , 2i(vic," doda2i % +l o2o)i1 ),41ra 7r..9 i a vr!, oža idi(a2ora 7r.#.9. Ti2rira2i o2o)io+ EDTA 7r.%.9 do )ro+/11 0o/1 i-crv11 , ),r),r,. Ti2raci/a s1 )rovodi a(o & +i,2a od dodava/a ),41rs(1

o2o)i1.Udio (alci/a i-ražava s1 , +*;aOl" a ra5,a s1 i- sl/1d11 /1dadž013

CaO(mgl )=560 ∙ V EDTA

mluzorka

&5$ ODRE6IVANJE MA?NEZIJA

Ma*1-i/1v, 2vrdo, 5i1 sv1 , vodi 2o)iv1 +a*1-i/1v1 soli.Udio +a*1-i/a odr1<,/1 s1 ra5,s(i" 2a(o da s1 od ,(,)1 2vrdo1" i-raž11 ,/1+a5(i+ s21)1i+a" od,-+1 ,dio (alci/a i-raž1 , /1+a5(i+ s2,)/1vi+a" 21 s1ra-li(a )o+oži s %$ M*O;aO F"%

Pri+/1r3 A(o /1 ,(,)a 2vrdoa vod1 %" @/" ,dio ;aO +*l" ,dio +a*1-i/a i-raž1o* (aoM*O ra5,a s1 )r1+a sl/1d1o/ /1da5ii3

MgO(mgl )=(13,6−96

10 ) ∙7,19=4,0 ∙7,19=28,76




B5 ODRE6IVANJE O)OP9JENO? KI4IKA

ODREfIVANJE OTOPLJENO KISIKA JODOMETRIJSKOM METODOMZ HRN EN #&%3% 1 7ISO &%3%6 EN #&%3%#9

Kisi( , vod, dos)i/1va a)sor)ci/o+ i- a2+os41r1 ili (ao )roi-vod 4o2osi21-1 vod1i!al*i. Ras)ada/1+ or*as(i! 2vari , vodi (oc12raci/a (isi(a o)ada" a 82o /1 ,/1do i)o(a-a21l/ -a*a<1os2i vod1. Ova +12oda )ri+/1/iva /1 -a odr1<iva/1 o2o)l/1o*(isi(a , svi+ voda+a , (oc12raci/s(o+ )odr,5/, od $"# +*O#l do #$ +*O#l.La(o o(sidira/,1 or*as(1 s,)s2ac1" (ao 82o s, 2aii" !,+is(1 (is1li1 i li*i" 21s,l4idi i 2io,r1a ,-ro(,/, s+12/1 )ri odr1<iva/, (isi(a ovo+ +12odo+.

N1(1 s,s)1dira1 2vari (o/1 i+a/, s)oso0os2 v1-a/a /oda" 2a(o<1r +o*, i-a-va2is+12/1 )ri odr1<iva/,. U 2o+ sl,5a/, /1 )o*odi/1 -a odr1<iva/1 o2o)l/1o* (isi(a(oris2i2i 1l1(2ro(1+i/s(, +12od,. U-or(, s1 doda/1 o2o)ia a2ri/1v1 ili (ali/1v1

l,ži1 s (ali/1vi+ /odido+ i o2o)ia +a*aova7II9s,l4a2a. Talož1/1++a*aova7II9!idro(sida i- dodai! !1+i(ali/a" v1ž1 s1 o2o)l/1i (isi( i- ,-or(a

vod1. 'a(is1l/ava/1+" +a*aovi ioi vi81 val1ci/1 o(sidira/, /odid1 io1" 21 s1oslo0a<a (oli5ia /oda 1(vival12a (oli5ii (isi(a o2o)l/1o* , ,-or(, vod1. Sadrža/oslo0o<1o* /oda odr1<,/1 s1 2i2raci/o+ sa s2adardo+ o2o)io+ a2ri/1va2ios,l4a2a ,- 8(ro0 (ao idi(a2or" (o/i s oslo0o<1i+ /odo+ da/1 )lav, 0o/,. 'avr8,2o5(, 2i2raci/1 o-a5,/1 o01-0o/1/1 ,-or(a.

M;l# W #KOH↔ M7OH9# W #K;l

#M7OH9# W O# ↔ #MO7OH9#

MO7OH9# W #KI W ?H;l↔ M;l# W #K;l W I# W H#O



I# W Na#S#O↔ #NaI W Na#S?O

A)ara2,ra3%. Boca )o ji(l1r," vol,+1a i-+1<, %$ i &$ +l#. Pi)121

. Erl1+a^1rova 2i(vica od &$$ +l?. Bir12a

Sli(a %?. Boca )o ji(l1r,

R1a*1si3%. MSO?" ?$ *l#. O2o)ia KOH W KI 7?$* KOH W %$* KI9. H#SO?" (oc12riraa?. Na#S#O $"$% +oll&. o2o)ia 8(ro0a

Pos2,)a(3

U Vi(l1rov,[ 0oc," (o/a /1 )ri(a-aa a slici ? i sl,ži -a odr1<iva/1 ras2vor1o*(isi(a" si)a2i ,-ora( vod1 7$$ +L9 i doda2i # +L MSO? i # +L al(alo* ras2vora(ali/,+=/odida 7KIWKOH9. U )ris,s2v, (isi(a s2vara s1 +a*a=!idro(sid" (o/i s1i-dva/a , o0li(, 2a+o 0rao 2alo*a" (o/i )r1ds2avl/a 2alo* !idra2isao* o(sida+a*aa 7MO# #H#O9.

Kada (oli5ia 2alo*a dos2i*1 )ola visi1 0oc1 doda2i # +L (oc12rova1 H #SO?.Do0ro )ro+i/18a2i ,-ora(. U-12i %$$ +L )ri)r1+l/1o* ,-or(a i )r1i/12i ,1rl1+a/1r. Doda2i 1(oli(o (a)i Na#S#O i ?=& (a)i ras2vora s(ro0a (a(o 0i s1 ras2voro0o/io , )lavo. Ti2risa2i ,-ora( ras2voro+ Na#S#O do o01-0o/1/a. U2ro81,-a)r1+i, ras2vora Na#S#O ,i/12i , 2a01l,

R1-,l2a2

Ta01la . R1-,l2a2i odr1<iva/a sadrža/a (is1oi(a , vodi Vi(l1rovo+ +12odo+U-ora( 'a)r1+ia V Na

2S2O

3

"+L

Koc12raci/a O#"+*L



Voda i- ri/1(1 Voda -a )i1U-ora( 0ro/ kkkk

Pr1ra5,ava/1 (oc12raci/1 (isi(a3 % +L Na#S#O $"# +* O#

0,2∙V Na2S2O3(ml)

V uzorka(ml) ∙1000 kkkkkkkkkk +*l


@5 ODRE6IVANJE CIOEMIJ4KE PO)RO3NJE KI4IKA



METODA RA'RJEfIVANJA I NA;JEPLJIVANJAHRN ISO &%&3% 1 7ISO &%&3%9

H1+i/s(a )o2ro8/a (isi(a )r1ds2avl/a ,2ro8a( K#;r#OF )o2r10a -a o(sidaci/,or*as(1 2vari , vodi i-raž1 (ao +*O#l. 'a v1i, or*as(i! s)o/1va o(sidaci/a

i-osi & = %$$ 21ori/s(1 vri/1dos2i. Piridi s1 1 o(sidira. B1-1 i dr,*1 vola2il1or*as(1 2vari o(sidira/, s1 a(o s, , dovol/o d,*o+ (o2a(2, s o(sidaso+. Do( s1,*l/i5i di/1lovi or*as(i! 2vari (o/1 sadrž1 d,8i( o(sidira/," slo0odi ili i- or*as(12vari" oslo0o<1i a+oi/a( s1 1 o(sidira.U-or(, vod1 doda/1 s1 živa7II9s,l4a2" )o-a2a (oli5ia (ali/0i(ro+a2a i (oc12riraas,l4a2a (is1lia (o/a sadrži sr10ro7II9s,l4a2" A*#S$?" (ao (a2ali-a2or o(sidaci/1or*as(i! s)o/1va (o/i s1 21ž1 o(sidira/, 7)r. al(o!ol" a+io(is1li1" oc21a(is1lia9.Sadrža/ s1 -a*ri/ava # sa2a ,- )ovra2o !ladilo. Na(o !la<1/a" )r1os2ali1r1d,cirai (ali/0i(ro+a2 2i2rira s1 41roa+oi/s,l4a2o+ 7C17NH?9#7S$?9# G H#$7CAS9" odr1di s1 (oli5ia )o2ro81o* K#;r#OF i (oli5ia o(sidira1 or*as(1 2vari

i-ra5,a s1 (ao (isi(ov 1(vival12.'avr8, 2a5(, 2i2raci/1 odr1<,/1 )ro+/1a 0o/1 i- +odro-1l11 , s+1<,. '0o*1s2a0ilos2i 41roa+oi/s,l4a2a )o2r10o /1 odr1di2i 4a(2or o2o)i1 2i2raci/o+s2adard1 o2o)i1 (ali/0i(ro+a2a s 41roa+oi/s,l4a2o+ )ri/1 odr1<iva/a !1+i/s(1)o2ro8/1 (isi(a 7HPK9. Kali/ di(ro+a2 s1 r1d,cira )o sl/1d1o/ /1dadž0i3

C1#W W ;r#OF#= W %?HW ⇄ C1W W #;rW W FH#O

Pri0or3= ri/a 2i/1la 7 1l1(2ri5i r18o 9= Erl1+a^1r=ova 2i(vica od $$ +l sa )ovra2i+ !ladilo+= Bir12a= S2a(l11 (,*lic1 -a vr1/1" )ro+/1ra #= ++

Po2r101 !1+i(ali/13

%. S2adarda o2o)ia (ali/ = 0i!ro+a2a" ;7 K";r"$F9 $"$?%F+ollL3 O2o)i2i%#"#&* K#;r#$F" )r12!odo os,81o* a %&$@; , 2o(, #!" , d1s2ilirao/ vodii ra-ri/1di2i do %l.

#. O2o)ia A*#S$? W H#S$?3 doda2i lO* A*#S$? , & +l d1s2ilira1 vod1" 21 la*aododava2i & +l (oc12rira1 H#S$?. S+/1s, )ro+i/18a2i i os2avi2i l do #daa da s1 A*#S$? o2o)i.

. S,l4a2a (is1lia" (oc12riraa?. ?.S2adarda o2o)ia 41ra+oi/ = s,l4a2a 7 C AS 9" (oc12raci/1

c7C17NH?9#7S$?9#G H#O9" c N 0,25 mol/L. O2o)i2i * C17NH?9#7S$?9# H#O , d1s2ilirao/ vodi ,- doda2a( #$ +l (oc. H#SO?" o!ladi2i i ra-ri/1di2id1s2ilirao+ vodo+ do % li2r1. Ova o2o)ia s1 s2adardi-ira )r1+as2adardo/ o2o)ii K#;r#OF sva(od1vo (ao 82o sli/1di3 ra-ri/1di2i #& +ls2adard1 o2o)i1 K#;r#OF do o(o %$$ +l" doda2i $ +l (oc. H#SO? io!ladi2i" 2i2rira2i sa CAS ,)o2r10l/ava/,i # = (a)i 7 $"%$=$"%& +l 9 41roi

idi(a2ora" do )ro+/11 0o/1. Odr1di2i +olari212 o2o)i1. $"$#& M o2o)iado0i/1 s1 ra-r/1<iva/1+ $"#& M o2o)i1.



&. O2o)ia 41roi idi(a2ora3 o2o)i2i %"?& * %"%=41a2roli+oo!idra2a i $"& *C1SO? G FH#O , d1s2ilirao/ vodi i i ra-ri/1di2i do %$$ +l.

. iva7II9s,l4a2 7H*SO?96 (ris2ali ili , )ra!,.

Pos2,)a(

Od)i)12ira2i %$+l ,-or(a vod1 , Er%1+a^1r=ov, 2i(vic, od $$ +l s 0r,81i+*rlo+. Doda2i & +l o2o)i1 (ali/di!ro+a2a" c7 K#;r#OF9 $"$?% +olL" i a vr!oža H*SO? i %& +l o2o)i1 A*#S$? W H#SO?" s2a(l11 (,*lic1. O2o)i, -a2i+-a*ri/ava2i ,- )ovra2o !la<1/1 # sa2a. Na(o 2o*a o!ladi2i i is)ra2i !ladilo s +ali+

vol,+1o+ d1s2ilira1 vod1. O2o)i, ra-ri/1di2i do F& +l" 21 o!ladi2i sadrža/ 2i(vic1a so0, 21+)1ra2,r," doda2i # = (a)i 41roi idi(a2ora i 2i2rira2i sa o2o)io+41roa+oi/s,l4a2a 7c$"#& +olL9 do )rvo* )r1las(a 0o/1 )lavo-1l11 ,crv1(as2os+1<,. Plavo-1l1a 0o/a +ož1 s1 vra2i2i.

Odr1di2i ,2ro8a( 41roa+oi/s,l4a2a -a sli/1), )ro0, a is2i a5i -a+i/1iv8i ,-ora( is2i vol,+1o+ d1s2ilira1 vod1. Po2r10o /1 odr1di2i 4a(2or o2o)i141roa+oi/s,l4a2a d1vo.

R1-,l2a2 aali-1

HPK 7 +*O#L 9 N 7A = B 9 ; CAS 4 CAS $$$ V,-or(a

HPK 7 +*O#L 9 N

" *d/1 /13

A = vol,+1 7 +l 9 41roa+oi/s,l4a2a )o2ro81 -a 2i2raci/, sli/1)1 )ro01B = vol,+1 7 +l 9 41roa+oi/s,l4a2a )o2ro81 -a 2i2raci/, ,-or(a V,-or(a = +lc = (oc12raci/a 41roa+oi/s,l4a2a4 = 4a(2or 41roa+oi/s,l4a2a




5 ODRE6IVANJE UKUPNO? 4ADRAJA OR?AN4KI MA)ERIJA /U)RO3AK KMNO(1

U(,)1 or*as(1 +a21ri/1 , vodi odr1<,/, s1 o(sidaci/o+ )o+o, KMO ? , /a(o

(is1lo/ sr1dii. Sadrža/ ,(,)i! or*as(i! +a21ri/a i-ražava s1 (ao +* KMO? (o/is1 ,2ro81 -a o(sidaci/, is2i!" )ris,2i! , /1do+ li2r, vod1.'aviso od ,v/12a odr1<iva/a" )or1d or*as(i! 2vari +o*, s1 o(sidira2i i )o/1di1

aor*as(1 2vari )ris,21 , vodi 7C1II=/oi" s,l4idi" i2ri2i" !loridi i2d.9. Ra-*rad/o+(ali/)1r+a*aa2a , vodi oslo0a<a s1 (isi(" a oslo0o<1i (isi( o(sidira )ris,2v,or*as(, 2var. Na osov, (oli5i1 ,2ro81o* (ali/)1r+a*aa2a" odoso (oli5i1(isi(a )o2r101 -a o(sidaci/, or*as(1 2vari i-ra5,a2i 1 s1 (oli5ia or*as(1 2vari.Kali/)1r+a*aa2 s1 r1d,cira , (is1lo/ sr1dii 2i2raci/o+ )o K,01l=Ti1+a," sor*as(i+ i aor*as(i+ 2vari+a" a )o2ro8/a (ali/)1r+a*aa2a +ož1 s1 sa+o,v/12o ,-12i (ao +/1rilo sadrža/a or*as(1 2vari , vodi.Od or*as(i! 2vari sa (ali/)1r+a*aa2o+ 1 r1a*ira/, ili sla0o r1a*ira/, )o/1dii

)ara4ii i !alo*1i d1riva2i )ara4ia" aro+a2s(i ,*l/i(ovodici" 1(i (12oi" -asi11o+o= i di(ar0os(1 (is1li1 7osi+ o(sal19" a+io(is1li1" 21rci/ari aro+a2s(ia+ii i 1(i al(o!oli.B,d,i da /1 o(sala (is1lia 1s2a0ila /1a (oc12raci/a s1 sa vr1+1o+ +i/1/a.'0o* 2o*a /1 )o2r10o 2i2raci/o+ odr1di2i odos o(sal1 (is1li1 i K+O? )rili(o+sva(o* odr1<iva/a.

#KMO? W &7;OOH9# W H#SO? #MSO? W H#O W %$;O# W K#SO?

Pos2,)a(3

U )o2),o 5is2, Erl1+a/1r 2i(vic, od &$$ +L o2)i)12ira s1 %$$ +L 0is2ro* ,-or(a vod1 7ili od*ovara/,i ali(vo29" doda &+L rs2vora H#SO? 7%39 i -a*ri/1 do vr1/a.



Po2o+ s1 od+a! doda %& +L s2adardo* ras2vora KMO? 7c $"$$# +olL9 i (,!a2a5o %$ +i,2a. Pro0a +ora 2o(o+ ci/1lo* vr1+1a (,!a/a os2a2i i21-ivol/,0i5as2a" /1r , )ro2ivo+ /1 dodaa 1dovol/a (oli5ia KMO?" )a 2r10a i-vr8i2ira-r/1<1/1 ,-or(a 7)os2,)a( )oovi2i sa ra-r/1<1i+ ,-or(o+ &$" #& ili %$+l" (o/as1 ra-ri/1di vodo+ do %$$+l9.

Na(o %$ +i,2a (,!a/a" , vr1li ,-ora( vod1" i- 0ir121 s1 doda %& +L s2adardo*ras2vora H#;#O? 7c $"$$& +olL9. Na(o 1(oli(o s1(,di )ro0a 1 s1 o01-0o/i2i i2ada s1 2i2rira ras2voro+ KMO? 7c $"$$# +olL9 do sla0o l/,0i5as21 0o/1.

A(o /1 )o2ro8/a o2o)i1 )1r+a*aa-a )ri ovo/ 2i2raci/i v1a od %$+l 2r10a ,-12i+a/i vol,+1 ,-or(a" a a(o /1 +a/a od +l 2r10a radi2i sa v1i+ vol,+1o+ vod1.Na (ra/, 2i2raci/1 2r10a )rov/1ri2i (oc12raci/, o2o)i1 KMO? i odr1di2i(oc12raci/s(i 4a(2or 74 KMO?9. Radi 2o*a s1 /1do+ 2i2rirao+ ,-or(, 7vr1lao2o)ia9" (o/i /1 sla0o r,ži5as21 0o/1 doda od/1do+ )i)12o+ %$+l s2adard1o2o)i1 o(sal1 (is1li1" 5i/a /1 (oc12raci/a $"$$& +oll i 2i2rira o2o)io+ (ali/)1r+a*aa2a (oc12raci/1 $"$$# +oll. Odos i-+1<, doda2i! +l o2o)i1 o(sal1

(is1li1 7%$+l9 i ,2ro81i+ž! +l o2o)i1 KMO? /1 /1da( 4a(2or, 74 KMO?9. Prora5,3

Or*. +a21ri/1 7+*KMO?L9 +L G c G %&"$

c $"$$# G C KMO?ili

* KMO?l %"$ G V KMO? V ,-or(a

" *d/1 /1 %"$ 4a(2or )r12vara/a *ra+a , +l -a (ali/1v )1r+a*aa2 V KMO? vol,+1 s2adard1 $"$$#+oll KMO? , +l ,2ro81 -a 2i2raci/,,-or(a.

V vol,+1 ,-or(a , +l




%'5 ODRE6IVANJE 9ORIDA

S(oro sv1 vod1 , )rirodi sadrž1 i-v/1s, (oli5i, !lorida , o0li(, Na;l" ;a;l #" M*;l#"i2d. V1ia voda -a )i1 sadrži do $ +*d+ !lorida i 1 s+i/1 i+a2i vi81 od #&$+*d+ !lorida" /1r , 2o+ sl,5a/, i+a sla o(,s. Hloridi s1 , 1,2rali+ ili sla0o

0a-i+ o2o)ia+a 7)H /1 od .& do 9 odr1<,/, Mo!rovo+ +12odo+. Kada /1 vodao0o/1a ili -a+,1a" a/0ol/1 /1 !lorid1 odr1di2i )o21cio+12ri/s(o+ 2i2raci/o+.

Pri)r1+a vod1 -a aali-,3

Odr1<iva/1 !lorida o+12a3 )ris,2os2 (is1lia" l,žia" ž1l/1-a" s,l4i2a" s,l4ida"slo0odo* H#S i v11 (oli5i1 or*as(i! 2vari. U(oli(o s1 ov1 2vari ala-1 , vodi"2r10a i! )r12!odo ,(loi2i. Kis1li1 s1 1,2rali-ira/, a2ri/1vi+ (ar0oa2o+" al,ži1 ra-ri/1<1o+ (is1lio+. S,l4i2i i s,l4idi s1 o(sidira/, dodava/1+ (a) )o (a)$.$% +old+ KMO?. Or*as(1 2vari" a(o i! i+a )r1(o %$$ +*d+" ,(la/a/, s1+,(a/1+ sa sv/1ž1 )ri)r1+l/1o+ o2o)io+ al,+ii/1va !idro(sida. 1l/1-o s1,(la/a doda2(o+ % * ci(ova o(sida a %$$ c+ vod1. Is2alož1o ž1l/1-o s1 od4il2rira.

A(o voda sadrži vi81 od $.#& +*d+ +a*aa +,(a s1 sa o2o)io+ a2ri/1va!idro(sida )ri)ravl/1o+ o2a)a/1+ $.#& * NaOH , %$$ c+ vod1.



Pos2,)a(3

A(o is)i2ivaa voda 1 sadrži +o*o !lorida" -a aali-, s1 ,-+1 %$$ c+ ,-or(a. 'a v11 (oc12raci/1 ,-i+a s1 ra-+/1ro +a/1 vod1 i doli/1 d1s2ilirao+ vodo+ do%$$ c+" a a(o /1 (oc12raci/a !lorida vrlo +ala" ,-+1 s1 #&$ c+ ili vi81 vod1 21

,)ari a %$$ c+. O2)i)12ira s1 %$$ c+ vod1 7)r12!odo o0ra<11 a(o /1 0ilo)o2r10o9 , 2i(vic, od $$ c+" doda % c+ %$ o2o)i1 K #;rO? i 2i2rira s2adardo2o)io+ sr10rova i2ra2a" c7A*NO9 $.% +old+" do )o/av1 sla0ocrv1(as21 0o/1.Sadrža/ !lorida" , +*d+" s1 i-ra5,a (oris21i i-ra-3


%%5 4POJEVI DU3IKA %%5%5 AMONIJAK /N$1

A+oi/a( )ri)ada *r,)i d,8i5i!" a-o2i! s)o/1va. Por1d a+oi/a(a" od s)o/1va

d,8i(a" , vodi s1 ala-1 i2ri2i i i2ra2i" (o/i , (lasi5o/ !i*i/1s(o=!1+i/s(o/ aali-i vod1 -a )i1 sl,ž1 (ao idi(a2ori !1+i/s(o* -a*a<1/a vod1. Pori/1(lo d,8i5i!s)o/1va , vodi +ož1 0i2i i- 1(oli(o i-vora3 a2+os41r1" (ao )roi-vod ras)ada/aor*as(i! s)o/1va ili i- d,8i5i! ,+/12i! *o/iva.

Po )r1)or,ci EU 7EU Dir1c2iv1 od .%%.%9 *rai5a vri/1dos2 -a i2ra21 i-osi&$+*L" a -a i2ra21 $"% +*l.



%%5%5% 4pektro*otometrijsko o.re!ivanje amonijaka NesslerFovimrea+ensom

A+oi/=/o 7NH?W9 , al(alo/ o2o)ii sa N1ssl1rovi+ r1a*1so+ da/1 ž,2o=s+1<, ili

crv1(as2o=s+1<, 0o/, od +1r(,ri=a+ido/odida" NH#H*I. I21-i212 0o/1)ro)orcioala /1 (oc12raci/i a+oi/ /oa i +/1ri s1 s)1(2ro4o2o+12ri/s(i a ?#&+ 2alas1 d,-i1. Vod1 /1 )o2r10o )r12!odo 2r12ira2i sa (ali/=a2ri/=2ar2ara2=212ra!idra2o+ da 0i s1 s)ri/15ilo 2alož1/1 (alci/a i +a*1-i/a. M12oda /1 )o*oda -a1-a*a<11 vod1 -a )i1 i )ovr8is(1 vod1. U sl,5a/, v1i! -a*a<1/a +ora s1)ri+i/1i2i +12oda sa N1ssl1rovi+ r1a*1so+ ,- )r12!od, d1s2ilaci/, vod1.

R1a*1si3= Kali/=a2ri/ 2ar2ara23 o2o)i s1 &$* (ali/=a2ri/ 2ar2ara2a 7Ka;?H?OG?H#O9 ,

%$$+l vod1= 1ssl1rov r1a*1s3 o2o)i s1 %$$* živa=/odida 7H*I#9 i F$* (ali/ /odida 7KI9 ,

+alo vod1" o!ladi i ,- la*ao +i/18a/1 s+/1s, dodava2i o2o)ii od %$*NaOH , &$$+l vod1. Ra-ri/1di2i do %l. Č,va2i , s2a(l1o/ 0oci sa *,+1i+51)o+" 01- )ris,s2va s,51v1 sv/12los2i.

= ci( s,l4a23 o2o)i s1 %$$* ci( s,l4a2a 7'SO?GFH#O9 , vodi i ra-r/1di do %l= NaOH3 o2o)i s1 #?$* NaOH , vodi i ra-ri/1di do %l= Osova o2o)ia a+oi/ d,8i(a3 o2o)i s1 "%* a+oi/ !lorida 7NH?;l9 ili

?"F%F* a+oi/ s,l4a2a 7NH?9#SO? os,81o* a %$$@; i ra-ri/1di do %l% +l % +* N %"# +* NH?W

= S2adarda o2o)ia a+oi/=d,8i(a3 ra-ri/1di2i %$ +l osov1 o2o)i1 sa vodo+ do %l

% +l %$]* N %#"]* NH?W.

= d1s2iliraa voda" 01- a+oi/a(a'a (ai0racio, (riv, a)ravi2i +ii+,+ & ra-ri/1<1/a s2adard1 o2o)i1.

Pos2,)a(3

Vol,+1, od &$+l 0is2ro* ,-or(a" ili +a1+ ali(vo2, ra-0laž1o+ do &$ +l doda/,s1 # (a)i o2o)i1 (ali/=a2ri/=2ar2ara2a i )ro+i/18a. Doda s1 %+l N1ssl1rovo* r1a*1sai o)12 )ro+i/18a. Posli/1 a/+a/1 %$ +i,2a s2a/a/a s+/1ri s1 a)sor0aci/a a?#&+ )r1+a [sli/1)o/ )ro0i. I- s2adard1 )rav1 do0i/1 s1 sadrža/ a+oi/a(a ,,-or(,.

'a (oc12raci/1 is)od %$$]* Nl 2r10a sa51(a2i $ +i,2a da s1 ra-vi/1 0o/a" a+/1r1/1 i-v1s2i , (iv12a+a od &$+l.

R1-,l2a2i3

+* a+oi/a5o* d,8i(a Nl ]* N 7)r1+a di/a*ra+,9 +l ,-or(a+* a+oi/a5o* d,8i(a Nl kkkkkkkkk

+* NH kkkkkkk+* NH?W +* a+oi/a5o* N G %"#

+* NH?W kkkkkkkk




%%585 NI)RI)I /NFNO8F1

S,l4aila (is1lia r1a*,/1 sa i2ri2o+ (is1lio+ , dia-oi/1v, sol (o/a s1 a )H #"$do #"& (,)l,/1 sa a42il=a+io+ da/,i crv1o=l/,0i5as2, a-o=0o/,. Ja5ia 0o/1)ro)orcioala (oc12raci/i i2ri2a" odr1<,/1 s1 s)1(2ro4o2o+12ro+ a &#$ +.S+12/1 )ri odr1<iva/, +o*, as2a2i a(o s, )ris,21 s,s)1dira1 i (oloid1 2vari7 ,-ro5ici +,2o1 vod19" 21 0a(ar 7II9 io (o/i +ož1 dov1s2i do is(i! r1-,l2a2a -0o*(a2ali2i5(o* ra-la*a/a dia-oi/ = soli.

A)ara2,ra3= S)1(2ro4o2o+12ar" sa ,)o2r10o+ val1 d,ži1 od &#$ + i (iv12a+a od %$ i &$++= La0ora2ori/s(o )os,<1

R1a*1si%. EDTA3 o2o)i2i , vodi $"&$$ * dia2ri/ 1v1 soli 1lil1dia+i212raoc211 (is1li1

7Na#H#;%$H%#ON# G #H#O9 i ra-0laži2i do %$$ +l.#. S,l4aiia (is1lia3 )o2),o s1 o2o)i $"$$* s,l4ail1 (is1li1

7NH#"SH?.SOH.. H#O9 , F$ +l vr,1 d1s2ilira1 vod1" o!ladi i doda #$ +l(oc. H;I" ra-0laži d1s2ilirao+ vodo+ do %$$ +l i do0ro )ro+i/18a.



. l=a42ila+i=!idro(lorid3 )o+i/18a2i $"$$ * l=a42ila+i=!idro!lorida7;IOHFNH#.H;I9 sa %"$ +l (oc. H;l" ra-0laži2i do %$$ +l d1s2ilirao+ vodo+i do0ro )ro+i/18a2i. Posli/1 s1da+ daa r1a*1s +i/1/a 0o/, i +ož1 s1 ,/1+, i-dvo/i2i 2alo*" ali /1 /o8 ,vi/1( ,)o2r10l/iv. Č,va s1 , 4rižid1r,.

PANJA Ovi+ r1a*1so+ 2r10a r,(ova2i o)r1-o. Pri dodava/, i(ad 1 2r10a)i)12ira2i ,s2i+a" v1 (oris2i2i a,2o+a2s(, )i)12,. Tra0a i-0/1*ava2i ,disa/1 )ara idodir s (ožo+6 )o21ci/alo (arcio*1a 2var.

?. Na2ri/=ac12a2 ),41r 7c#+oll9 3 o2o)i2i %"? * ;H;OONa ili #F"# *;H;OONa⋅H#$ , d1s2ilirao/ vodi i ra-0laži2i do %$$ +l.

&. Osova o2o)ia i2ri2a3 o2o)i2i %"## * a2ri/=i2ri2a 7NaN$#9 , d1s2ilirao/ vodi i ra-0laži2i do l li2r1. l +l sadrži #&$ ]* i2ri2o* d,8i(a. O2o)i,s2adardi-ira2i )r1+a )ro)is,. Ko-1rvira2i sa l +l !loro4or+a.

. I21r+1di/ara o2o)ia NaNO#. Ova o2o)ia 2r10a da sadrži &$ ]*+l

i2ri2o* d,8i(a. Do0i/1 s1 a(o s1 &$ +l osov1 o2o)i1 i2ri2a ra-0laži do#&$ +l. Ta5a (oc12raci/a ov1 o2o)i1 do0i/1 s1 i-ra5,ava/1 a osov,)o-a21 (oc12raci/1 osov1 o2o)i1 NaN$. O2o)ia s1 ,vi/1( )ravi sv/1ža.

F. Rada s2adarda o2o)ia i2ri2a3 ra-0laži2i lO +l i21r+1di/ar1 o2o)i1 do lL. Ova o2o)ia sadrži o(o $"& ]*+l i2ri2o* d,8i(a. Ta5a (oc. do0i/1 s1ra5,s(i. Pravi s1 ,vi/1( sv/1ža o2o)ia.

. S,s)1-i/a al,+ii/=!idro(sida. O2o)i2i %#&* AlK7SO?9# G %#H#$ ili AlNH?7S$?9# G %#H#$ , l li2ri d1s2ilira1 vod1. 'a*ri/a2i do $@; i la*ao ,-+i/18a/1 doda2i && +l (oc. a+oi/a(a. Na(o /1do* sa2a" )r1i/12i s+/1s, ,

0oc, i 2alo* is)ira2i ai-+/1i5i+ dodava/1+ d1s2ilira1 vod1 id1(a2ira/1+ 7,- sažo +i/18a/19" do( s1 1 oslo0od1 a+oi/a(" !loridi"

i2ra2i i i2ri2i. Kada s1 s+/1sa sl1*1" d1(a2ira2i 0is2r, o2o)i," 2a(o daos2a1 sa+o (oc12riraa s,s)1-i/a.

. D1s2iliraa vda" 01- i2ri2a.

Pos2,)a(

Kali0racioa (riva = Nao81/1+ a)sor0aci/a )r1+a od*ovara/,i+(oc12raci/a+a i2ri2o* d,8i(a do0i/1 s1 s2adarda (riva. A(o ,-ora( sadržis,s)1dira1 2vari" )o2r10o i! /1 ,(loi2i. S,s)1dira1 2vari" -a/1do sa 0o/o+",(la/a/, s1 2a(o da s1 , %$$ +l ,-or(a doda # +l s,s)1-i/1 al,+ii/!idro(sida"do0ro )ro+i/18a" os2avi da s2o/i la +i,2a i )roci/1di od0ac,/,i )rvi dio 4il2ra2a.U &$ +l 0is2ro* ,-or(a 7)H o(o F9" ili ali(vo2, ra-0laž1o+ do &$ +l" doda2i l +lo2o)i1 EDTA i % +l s,l4ail1 (is1li1 i do0ro )ro+i/18a2i. Posli/1 = %$ +i,2adoda2i %"$ +l a42il=a+ia i %"$ +l ac12a2o* ),41ra i o)12 do0ro )ro+i/18a2i.;rv1(as2o = l/,0i5as2, 0o/, +/1ri2i a &#$ + )r1+a msli/1)o/ )ro0in" (o/a /1)ri)r1+l/1a a is2i a5i od &$"$ +l d1s2ilira1 vod1 01- sadrža/a i2ri2a.

Koc12raci/1 is)od %$ ]*d+ N 2r10a +/1ri2i (iv12o+ od &$ ++.

I-ra5,ava/1

+* i2ri2o* N+l ]* i2ri2o* N +l ,-or(a+* i2ri2o* N+l N kkkkkkkkkkkkkk



+* NO#= +* i2ri2o* N G "#&+* NO#= N kkkkkkk

+* N#O +* i2ra2o* d,8i(a G #"F%+* N#O kkkkkkkkk

Na)o+1a

Odr1<iva/1 2r10a i-v1s2i 82o )ri/1 )osli/1 ,-i+a/a ,-ora(a radi s)r/15ava/a)r12vara/a i2ri2a , i2ra21 ili a+oi/a( d/1lova/1+ 1v12,alo )ris,2i! 0a(21ri/a.Kra2(o (o-1rvira/1" /1da do dva daa" )os2iž1 s1 doda2(o+ ?$ +* H*;l# i5,va/1+ a ?;. U-ora( s1 +ož1 (o-1rvira2i i doda2(o+ &+l !loro4or+a a %l,-or(a.


%%5$5 NI)RA)I /NFNO$F1

Ni2ra2i /oi da/, s a2ri/ = salicila2o+ , (oc12rirao/ H#SO? soli i2rosalicili!(is1lia (o/1 , al(alo/ sr1dii da/, ž,2, 0o/,. I21-i212 0o/1 s1 +/1ri a ?#$ + 7ili?%$9. Koloid1 or*as(1 2vari" /oi 218(i! +12ala s+12a/, odr1<iva/,. U2ica/ C1#W"C1W i M?W , (oc12raci/a+a % +*d+ /1 1-a2a.

A)ara2,ra= S)1(2ro4o2o+12ar sa )ri+/1o+ val1 d,l/i1 od ?#$ + i ,)o2r10o+ (iv12a

od %$++.



R1a*1si

%. Na2ri/ = salicila23 o2o)i2i $"& * a2ri/=salicila2a 7HO;H?;OONa9 , d1s2ilirao/ vodi ra-ri/1di2ii do %$$ +l. Pravi s1 sv/1ž" sva(o* daa.

#. S,l4a2a (is1lia 7H#SO?9" (oc12riraa.

. O2o)ia a2ri/ = !idro(sida = S1i*122=ova so3 o2o)i2i ?$$ * NaOH i $ *S1i*122=ov1 soli 7a2ri/ = (ali/ 2ar2ara2a" ;?H?KNaO G ?H#$9 , d1s2ilirao/ vodi i ra-ri/1di2i do l li2r1.

?. Osova o2o)ia i2ra2a3 o2o)i2i $"F#% * (ali/ = i2ra2a 7KN$9 ili $"$ *a2ri/= i2ra2a 7NaN$9" os,81i! a %$&@;" , d1s2ilirao/ vodi" doda2i % +l!loro4or+a 7radi (o-1rvira/a9 i do),i2i vodo+ do % li2r1. O2o)ia sadrži%$$ ]* i2ra2o* d,8i(a+l.

&. S2adarda o2o)ia i2ra2a3 ra-ri/1di2 &"$$ +l osov1 o2o)i1 i2ra2a do #&$+l. O2o)ia sadrži # ]* i2ra2o* d,8i(a+l. Pravi s1 sv/1ža o2o)ia" )r1d,)o2r10,.

. Al,+ii/=s,l4a23 o2o)i2i %#$ * al,+ii/=s,l4a2a 7Al7SO?9 G %H#$9 , % li2ri

d1s2ilira1 vod1.F. O2o)ia a2ri/ = (ar0oa2a = a2ri/=!idro(sida3 o2o)i2i &$ * Na#;O i &$ *NaOH , $$ +l d1s2ilira1 vod1

Kali0racioa (riva = Nao81/1+ a)sor0aci/a )r1+a od*ovara (oc12raci/a+ai2ra2o* d,8i(a do0i/1 s1 s2adarda (riva.

U )orc,las(, )os,d, -a is)arava/1 )i)12o+ od+/1ri2i #$ +l 0is2ro* ,-or(a 7a(o /1sadrža/ i2ra2a i-ad %$ ]* N+l" )r12!odo s1 ra-0laži9. Doda2i %"$ +l o2o)i1 a2ri/=salicila2a. A(o ,-ora( sadrži vi8a( od $"& +* C1L doda2i #"$ +l o2o)i1 salicila2a.

Is)ari2i do s,!a i do0ro os,8i2i a vod1o+ (,)a2il, 7os2a2a( s1 +ož1 os2avi2i )r1(ooi ,s,8ioi(, a l$$ @; 9.

O!la<1o+ os2a2(, doda2i #"$ +l (oc. H#S$? )a-1i da s1 sadrža/ )os,d1 )o2),oovlaži.Posli/1 %$ +i,2a doda2i %&"$ +l d1s2ilira1 vod1 i %&"$ +l o2o)i1 a2ri/=!idro(sida =S1i*122=ov1 soli" )ri 51+, s1 ra-vi/a ž,2a 0o/a. Posli/1 %$ +i,2a /a5ia 0o/1 /1(os2a2a.

I-+/1ri2i a)sor0aci/, a ?#$ +. mSli/1)a )ro0an s1 do0i/1 2r12ira/,i #$"$ +ld1s2ilira1 vod1 a is2i a5i (ao ,-ora(. Koc12raci/a i2ra2o* d,8i(a , ,-or(,

do0i/1 s1 i- s2adard1 (riv1.








CIK'IČKA" CI'IČKO = HEMIJSKA I HEMIJSKA SVOJSTVA PITKE VODE

Na/v11 +o*,1 do),8211 vri/1dos2i

ili (oc12racii1R1di Ci-i5(a i 4i-i5(o=!1+i/s(a 4la8iraa os2al1 vod1 i-var1d1 Pri+/1d0a

Bro/ svo/s2va )=r1dov1 )rili(1

)rili(1roda voda

)ro5i81a 1)ro5i81a voda voda

% T1+)1ra2,ra=K #%"%= #%"%= #%"%= #%"%= 7=l#@;9#&.% #& % #& % #& %

#. Mirs 01- 01- 01- 01-

. O(,s 01- 01- 01- 01-

?. M,2oa (o/, ,-ro(,/1 do #"& do & do %$ do #&sili= (a2

-1+l/a , l l

d1s2ilira1 vod1" +*

M,2oa , 141lo+12ri/s(i+ do %"# do #"? do "$

/1diica+a 7NTU9 do $"

&. Bo/a= s2,)/1vi (o0al2o= %$@ #$@ &$@

)la2is(1 l/1s2vic1 1 s+i/1 s1=voda (o/a sadrži !i+is(1 %$@ 7 =9q do ?$@ do &$@ !lorira2i2vari ma/vi81 do #$ +*KM$?9

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MAKSIMALNO DO'VOLJENE KON;ENTRA;IJE 7MDK9 VANIJIHSASTOJAKA U PITKOJ VODI PREMA NORMATIVIMA KOJI SE

PRIMJENJUJU U SVIJETU

Para+12ar J1dii U.S. EPA jHO INT EUR. ;OM+ 1r1 r1. MDK r1 . MDK r1. MDK Al,+ii/ +*I = = = = $"$& $"# Ars1 +*I = $"$& = $"$& = $"$&Kloridi +*I #&$ = #$$ $$ #& e#$$Ba(ar +*I I = $"$& %"& O" l =Cl,oridi +*I = %"?=#"? $"=%"F = $"F=%"&1l/1-o +*I $" = $"% %"$ $"$& $"#Olovo +*I = $"$& = $"% = $"$&Ma*1-i/ +*I = = = ISO $ $"$$%Ma*a +*l $"$& = $"$& $"& $"$# %%

iva +*I = $"$$# = $"$$% = #Ni2ra2i +*l = %$ = = %F&Cos4or +*I = = = = $"%& #&$Na2ri/ +*% #$ = = = #$ &S,l4a2i +*I #&$ = #$$ ?$$ #& %&$$;i( +*I & = & %& $"% =

O2o)l/1a +*I &$$ = &$$ %&$$ = $"$%(r,2a 2varU(,)a +*I = = %$$ &$$ = #$2vrdoa7;a;$9

OP2 $"$% $"$% ?= = =Bo a TU IS = $ IM,2oa l & #& $"? l

=)H "&="& = F"$="& "&="# "&="&

l l;oli4or+1 0a(21ri/1

(o+ = = =

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U. S. EPAjHO INT

= Država a*1ci/a -a -a82i2, o(oli8a SADS / 2 ( d 2 i i/

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Skripta _ Analitika Prirodnih i Otpadnih Voda 2015