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7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slide-mgt407-slide09 1/22
Ekonomi Manajerial
dalam Perekonomian GlobalBab 9:
Oligopoli dan Arsitektur Perusahaan
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/slide-mgt407-slide09 2/22
Pokok
Bahasan•
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Oligopoli dan Konsentrasi Pasar
Model Oligopoli
Implikasi Efisiensi OligopoliModel
Maksimisasi Penjualan
PerkembanganOligopoli Internasional
Arsitektur
Perusahaan Ideal
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Oligopoli
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Sedikit Penjual
Persaingan BukanHarga
Penghalang untuk
Masuk
uopoli ! ua
Penjual
Oligopoli Murni !
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Sumber-SumberOligopoli•
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Skala Ekonomi
ibutuhkan In#estasiModal Besar
Proses Produksi $g
ipatenkan
%oyalitas Merk
Mengendalikan Bahan Baku
&o#ernment fran'hise
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Pengukuran
Oligopoli
Rasio Konsentrasi
– () *) or +, Perusahaan "erbesar -Kasus
Herfindahl Index (H)
•
./,0
•
– H 1 2umlah Kuadrat Pangsa Pasar dari
SEM3A
Perusahaan yang ada di Industri
heor! of "ontestable#arkets
– 2ika masuk pasar adalah bebas dankeluar pasar tanpa biaya kemudian
•
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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#odel
"ournot•
•igagas oleh Augustin 4ournot
Asumsi "ingkahlaku
– Perusahaan memaksimumkankeuntungan diba5ah asumsi bah5apesaing mereka tidak merubahtingkat produksi6
Model Bertrand
aka
n•
– Perusahaan berasumsi bah5a pesaing
mereka
tidak akan merubah harga6
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Model 4ournot
•"onto
h –
–
–
–
Hanya ada dua perusahaan
-duopoly0
Produknya Identik
Biaya Marjinal 1 7
Mula/mula Perusahaan Amempunyai
kekuata
nmonopoli) kemudian Perusahaan B
memasuki
pasar6
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Model 4ournot
Proses Adjustment•
–Masuknya Perusahaan B mengurangi
permintaan terhadap produk
Perusahaan
Perusahaan A berekasi dengan'ara mengurangi output) yang
meningkatkan permintaanterhadap produk Perusahaanyang menurunkan permintaanterhadap produk Perusahaan A6
A –
B)
–Perusahaan A selanjutnya mengurangi
output
lbh lanjut6
–
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Model 4ournot
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Model 4ournot
Keseimbangan
– Perusahaan
memaksimumkan
keuntungan se'ara
simultan6 – Pasar dibagi se'ara merata
diantara perusahaan6
– Harga di atas harga
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7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Model Kur#a Permintaan
Patah
igagas oleh Paul S5ee8y
2ika satu perusahaan oligopolimenaikkan harga) perusahaan laintidak akan mengikutinya) olehkarenanya kur#a permintaan elastik6
2ika satu perusahaan oligopolimenurunkan harga) perusahaan lainakan mengikutinya) sehingga kur#a
permintaan tidak elastik6
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7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Model Kur#a Permintaan
Patah
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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4artel
s• 4ollusion
– 4ooperation among ;rms torestri't 'ompetition in order to
in'rease pro;ts
Market/Sharing 4artel
– 4ollusion to di#ide up markets
4entrali8ed 4artel – <ormal agreement amongmember ;rms
a monopoly pri'e and restri't output
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•
to
set
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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4entrali8ed
4artel
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Pri'e
%eadership•
•Impli'it 4ollusion
Pri'e %eader -Barometri'
<irm0 – %argest) dominant) or lo5est
'ost ;rm industry
in the
– emand 'ur#e is de;ned as the
market
demand 'ur#e less supply by the
follo5ers
•
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Pri'e
%eadership
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Ef;'ien'y of Oligopoly
Pri'e is usually greater thenlong/run a#erage 'ost -%A40
=uantity produ'ed usuallydoes 'orrespond to minimum%A4
Pri'e is usually greater thanlong/run
marginal 'ost
-%M40
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7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Sales Ma?imi8ation
Model•
•Proposed by >illiam Baumol
Managers seek to ma?imi8e
sales) after ensuring that anade@uate rate of return has beenearned) rather than to ma?imi8e
pro;tsSales -or total re#enue) ":0 5illbe at a ma?imum 5hen the ;rmprodu'es a @uantity that setsmar inal re#enue e ual to 8ero
•
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Sale
s
Ma?imi8atio
n
Model
MR = 0
where
Q = 50
MR = MC
where
Q = 40
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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&lobal
Oligopolists•Impetus to5ard globali8ation
–Ad#an'es intele'ommuni'ationstransportation
– &lobali8ation of tastes
and
– :edu'tion of barriers to
international
trade
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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Ar'hite'ture of the Ideal
<irm
4ore 4ompeten'ies
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Outsour'ing of on/
4ore
%earning
Organi8ation
Ef;'ient and
<le?ibile
"ask
s
Integrates Physi'al
and
:eal/"ime
irtual
7/26/2019 Slide MGT407 Slide09
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E?tending the <irm
irtual 4orporation
– "emporary net5ork of independent
'ompanies 5orking together toe?ploit a business opportunity
:elationship Enterprise
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Strategi' allian'es
4omplementary 'apabilities andresour'es
Stable longer/term relationships