SOCRATESComenius 1- School Partnership

3nd project meeting inKATOWICE

Zespół Szkół Zawodowych i Ogólnokształcących nr 5im. rtm. Witolda Pileckiego

Közgazdasági Politechnikum, Budapest

Four Elements of EnvironmentFEE

History of Hungary

Settle down in Carpatian Basin

The Hungarians came across the Carpatian Mountains and conquer the basin in 896. They had came from the Ural during a couple of century. After the settling the Hungarians changed their lifestyle. It was the period of challanging and the Hungarians initiate campaigns to Europe caused fear among the Western countries (German Roman Empire).

The Hungarians’ way to the basin

Establish of the StateLord Géza changed his belief, he became christian at the end of the 10th century. His son, St. Stephen was the first king of Hungary. The christian religion was spread by his direction in the country and he played an important role in creating the feudalism. The country prospered controlled by Stephen and the kings after him. Hungary became an important country in Eastern Europe.

Fear from the Tartars (the Mongols) and the

Ottomans This improvoing period was interrupted by the campaing of the Tartars. The Tartars coming from Asia defeated the Hungarian armies and get the country in trouble (1241). By the next year they had left the Carpatian Basin and during IV. Béla’s reign the dameges were restored. In the middle of the 15th century the Ottomans turned up in the South and the Hungarians couldn’t ease them to 1686. Hungary was able to stop them for sometime but they completely defeated the Hungarian armies in Mohács in 1526. II. King Lajos died in the battle and the Turkish Empire conquered Buda in 1541.

The diveded country• The country divided

into three parts: The Habsburg family reigned in the North. The South belonged to Turkey in the same time there was Hungarian control in Transylvania. The state of Transylvania depended on relationship between Austria and Turkey. The ottomans controlled the southern areas for 150 years causing a lot of conflicts in this region. We conquered Buda in 1686 and it was the beginning of getting back our independence. The ottomans left Hungary in 1700 once and for all.

Figth for freedom (Rákóczi)

The Emperor of Austria took over the conrol in Hungary after Ottoman occupation. The new emperor ignored the Hungarians’ interests and kept them away from controlling of the country. He linked Hungary to the Habsburg Empire in 1703. Hungary started to fight for freedom in 1703 (Rákóczi Ferenc played an important role in the fights). Our armies couldn’t defeat the Habsburg Empire that’s why the fights were finished by an agreement in 1711.

Fight for freedom in 1848-49

The next revolution began on 15th of March in 1848 in Budapest. The Hungarians tried to interrupt the Habsburg’s reign. They wanted to create republic. Initially the Austrians couldn’t defeat the Hungarian armies. In 1849 Hungary was defeated by Austrian armies and Russian intervention. .

The Austrian Hungarian Monarchy and Trianon

AThe state was getting wrong to 1867 when Hungary and Austria signed an agreement about a more equal control. Hungary cooperated with the central powers in I World War and we lost the war. The winner powers took the big part of the Hungarian terorrities in Versailles (1920) . The Austrian Hungarian Monarchy was abolished because of lack of cooperation. Former Hungarian terrorities linked to Czechoslovakia, Romania, Serbia (later Yugoslavia).

II World War and the Soviet occupation

• In II world War Hungary focused on getting back the lost terrorities and we enter the war on the German’s side. The world had terrible influence on Hungary and whole Europe. After the German occupation the Soviet Union’s army occupied Hungary (1945). It is the beginning of the dictatorship, we became the member of an union in Eastern Europe. We had to meet Soviet requirement to 1990.

The revolution in 1956 and changing in 1989

• Revolution outbroke in 1956 against the communist regime. The Soviets defeated the opposite and make the socialism stronger. Hungary were under Soviet control to 1989. The Union of Soviet Socialism Republics ended to be alive and Hungary refused the Soviet reign. The poltical system changed and we became and it became a real democracy. We entered the consumer society and we have had to meet economical conditions since 1990.

BUDAPEST

Bridges of Budapest

The bridges provide crossing points over the River Danube, one of the most well known rivers of the world.

The Liberty BridgeBuilt in 1894, the bridge spans the Danube and was opened in 1896 by the Emperor Franz Joseph. When driving on to the bridge two large pillars are seen and on top of each is a mythical Turul bird. These can also be seen on the Hungarian coat of arms. The bridge is a steel construction and at first site looks like a suspension bridge. However, the construction is a combination of a steel arch (seen under the roadway) with extra strength provided by triangulation.

The Chain BridgeBridge began in 1839

and it was designed by the English engineer T.W.Clark. The bridge took over ten years to build and it was the first bridge to span the Danube connecting the two halves of the city Buda and Pest. (Hence, the Capital City is called Budapest). This is an unusual suspension bridge as cables have not been used. A large chain was used to span the river. The chain has links that are very similar to the ones seen on a bicycle chain. The road way is suspended from the chain. The diagram below shows the chain and how it has been used. The bridge is 380 metres in length.

The Elizabeth Bridge

The suspension bridge, called the Elizabeth Bridge also crosses the Danube and was the longest suspension bridge in the world when constructed in 1903. Construction took place between 1897 to 1903 and its total span is 290 metres.

The History of Budapest

The beginningThe area is known for its celtic settlements from the 3rd century BC. In the first decades BC Transdanubia was conquered by the Romans who incorporated it into the Roman empire under the name of Pannonia. Aquincum, the now Óbuda district, developed to Pannonia's capital. After Roman withdrawal, it was first controlled by Huns then by Eastern Goths, Longobards and Avars. From the 8th century it was inhabited by Slavs, vassals of the Franks.

Budapest in the late 9th centuryThe Hungarians appeared here late

9th century. The area of the capital has been inhabited for thousands of years.ey established their first settlements on the island of Csepel and in Aquincum. After the Mongol invasion in 1241-42 the Buda castle was fortified. Aquincum was given the name Óbuda (i.e. old Buda), in contrast to reconstructed (=new) Buda. On the left bank Pest emerged. In the 13th century Buda took over the role of Székesfehérvár as regal seat, thus becoming the country's leading town. The castle was enlarged and reshaped and churches were erected (Matthias Church, Maria Magdalena Church). It was under King Matthias that the Buda castle had its golden age. It was in this period, too, that Pest equalled Buda after it had recieved privileges from the king. Óbuda, that was in possession of the queen, remained less developed.

Budapest from 1500Round 1500, followed by a rapid increase in population in the outskirts of Pest and in the Castle area, the town was enclosed with new ramparts. After the defeat at Mohács in 1526, and especially after Buda was captured by the Turks in 1541, the town started deteriorating, doing so until 1686, when it was recaptured.Except for some baths, chapels and bastions hardly anything remained from those times.

In the 18th centuryIn the 18th century large-scale reconstruction works started both in Buda and in Pest. Soon the historical inner town was surrounded by fast growing outer districts.Baroque churches, palaces and dwelling houses existing even in our days are the legacy of this period. Late 18th and early 19th century the classicism gained currency, a style that was to dominate Pest-Buda's architectural character for the century to come.It was then, that Pest-Buda resumed being the centre of the country's economic, political and spiritual life. In 1838, floods caused considerable demage. The Settlement with the Austrian Habsburgs in 1867 created political stability, which gave new impetus to the economy. Private ownership gained ground.

The Chain Bridgebuilt in the year 1832

In 1873

The formerly separate but interdependent towns Buda, Pest and Óbuda were integrated into one administrative unit : Budapest. Due concentration of capital and workforce and Budapest's pivotal position in the country's railway system, brought about a prosperity never seen before. Big industry was enjoying a boom. Most public buildings were erected at that time. Due to the - sometimes excessive - development of Budapest provincial towns were pushed in background.

After 1870Following a modern concept of town planning, new main roads were designated, and a triple ring of boulevards together with a system of avenues were formed. During the Second World War many buildings were destroyed or seriously demaged, most of which were reconstructed in subsequent years.Heavy artillery fire in the 1956 revolution did a lot of damage to the buildings, too.The Great Boulevard and Octogon square in 1890

1950 – ‘60

The suburbs were incorporated into the capital to form Great-Budapest. In the 60's new construction technologies gave a fresh impetus to the modernization of Budapest : large housing estates were built and metro lines established.