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eZRvneba akad. qeTevan lomTaTiZis xsovnas

2009 wlis 24 Tebervals soxumis universitetSi wakiTxuli moxseneba

tariel futkaraZe

saxelis formamawarmoebeli afiqsebis istoriuli mimarTebisaTvis qarTveluri qvesistemebis monacemebis mixedviT

qarTveluri TanxmovanTSesatyvisobebis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi warmodgenili debulebis Sejerebis, saxeluri Tu zmnuri morfemebis istoriisa(moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis, x- piris niSnis...) da qarTveluridan sxva enebSi Tu sxva enebidan qarTvelurSi nasesxebi leqsikis analizis Semdeg adre ga-movTqviT mosazreba:

saerToqarTvelurisgan svanurisa Tu zanuris gamoyofa ar momxdara Su-merebis xanaSi; ufro sarwmunoa msjeloba, rom saerToqarTveluri enis mod-elidan zanur-svanuri kilouri jgufis formireba xdeba samwignobro enis Ca-moyalibebis paralelurad; Sesabamisad, CvenTvis cnobili qarTveluri qvesiste-mebis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi qronologiurad ver gascildeba arqaul sam-wignobro enas1. garda amisa, qarTveluri masala mxars ar uWers saerToqarT-veluri enis divergenciis deetersiseul sqemas.

am mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad Tu uarsayofad damatebiT argumentebad unda gamoviyenoT saxeluri da zmnuri sxva morfemebis istoria; Sesabamisad, qarT-veluri enobrivi samyaros istoriis realuri suraTis warmosadgenad, am etapze Cveni mizania qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi sinqronul doneze mocemul msgavs morfemaTa warmomavlobasa da relatiur qronologiaze msjeloba.

qvemoT ganvixilavT qarTveluri (svanur-zanur-mesxur-fxouri...) kiloe-bisTvis damaxasiaTebel ramdenime iseT e.w. arqaul morfologiur erTeuls (-n, -Ji, -d[e]/-Te...), romelTa istoria, Cveni azriT, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sam-wignobro qarTulis faqtebTan da romelTac ver CavTvliT am samwignobro enidan nasesxebad.

1. -n segmentis sakiTxi man/amnem formebSi.

n.maris azriT, man formaSi -a(+n) Zveli micemiTis niSania; man formis -n seg-ments Tavdapirvel brunvis niSnad miiCneven h.Suxardti da ak.SaniZe; sainteresoaak.SaniZis msjeloba (1980, gv. 619-621): moTxrobiTis niSani Tavdapirvelad unda yo-filiyo n, romelic aqamomde Semonaxuli gvaqvs ma-n-Si. gansazRvrul moTxrobiTs undahxleboda "man" nawevari: ganusazRvreli moTxrobiTi: kac-n da gansazRvruli moTxro-biTi: kacn man... sakuTar saxelebs marto erTi forma unda hqonodaT: daviT-n, luka-n...

arn.Ciqobavas azriT, -n aris nacvalsaxeluri Zirisgan (savaraudod: *ga/*da/*na?)momdinare sufiqsi, romelic brunvis niSnad gaazrianda (arn.Ciqobava, 1929, gv. 173-178); "-T- WanurSi da -n- megrulSi erTi da imave Rirebulebis morfologiuri odeno-ba unda iyos" (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 77).

-n-s determinantad Tvlis g.maWavariani (2002, gv. 79).b.kikviZe fiqrobs, rom -n ar aris ergativis niSani: na determinanti elementis

naSTia (b.kikviZe, 1960, gv. 62).-an determinantad miaCnia d.meliqiSvilsac, oRond, misi azriT, -n elementi sin-

qroniul WrilSi brunvis niSnadaa gasaazrebeli (d.meliqiSvili, 1980, gv. 56;d.meliqiSvilma Tavisi mosazreba daazusta zepir saubarSi).

1 vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005

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sainteresoa g.maWavarianis msjeloba: n sufiqsis moTxrobiTidan saxelobiTSigadasvla inovaciad unda miviCnioT megrul-WanurSi. aseTi inovacia unda iyos n-s mom-devnod -em sufiqsis gaCena svanur nacvalsaxelebSic (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv.99-101; sxvaliteraturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., d.meliqiSvili, 1980; k.gabunia, 1998; am ukanaskne-lis azriTac, n warmoSobiT fuZis mawarmoebeli derivaciuli sufiqsia da ara ergati-vis arqauli niSani; 1998, gv.37-38).

zanur kiloebSi man-s Seesatyviseba *mun "is" (TviTon; munefi "isini"; Sdr.: mu"ra" - mudomu "raebi") da *muT (muTefi): saxelobiTi brunva: mu/mun (megr.) "is",mu(q)/muT (laz.) "is" (Sdr., Zveli qarTuli mun "iq": rogorc cnobilia, araiSviaTianacvalsaxeluri da zmnisarTuli fuZeebis saerTo warmomavloba: igi - iq, agi - aq; Sdr.,agreTve, n.mariseuli mun-d > mun-T (sadac -d mimarTulebiTis niSania). zog sxva qarT-velur kiloSi saxelobiTSi igi-s paralelurad (winadadebaSi igis nacvlad!) man for-mac gvaqvs; mag.; aWar.: "man midis", "man ambobs".

Cveni azriTac, istoriulad man formaSi unda gamoiyos fuZis mawarmoebeli -an sufiqsi (brunvis -n niSnis gamoyofas bevri dabrkoleba axlavs): Tavdapirveli manerTian fuZedaa gasaazrebeli; am mosazrebas mxars uWers isic, rom zog qvesistemaSi mansaxelobiT-moTxrobiTis saziaro formad gvevlineba (aseve, vin nacvalsaxeli) da amJa-mindeli saxelobiTi da moTxrobiTi wrfelobiTi brunvisgan gvian yalibdebian2.

sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samwignobro qarTulisa daqarTveluri "sisina" kiloebis moTxrobiTis -ma/-m sufiqsi momdinareobs nawevrad qceuli man III piris nacvalsaxelisagan (arn.Ciqobava, 1939, gv. 168,173; g.klimovi, 1962,gv.55; g. deetersi, 1930, gv.95).

bes. kikviZem da g.maWavarianma damajereblad aCvenes, rom svanurSi man/aman nawe-varigan miRebulia ergativis -em/-m niSani; kerZod, Zveli qarTulis moTxrobi-TisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aman nacvalsaxeli unda aRdges svanur-i amnem "aman" formisfuZisTvisac: *aman > *aman-em > amn-Lm; sadac -Lm meoreuli danarTia (bes.kikviZe, 1958,gv. 91: "m-iani bruneba svanurSi nacvalsaxeluri, gansazRvruli tipis brunebaa. saxelsdaerTvis nacvalsaxeli ama Tu im brunvis formiT...).

svanuri kiloebis ala nacvalsaxelis moTxrobiTis amnLm formis msgavsad(amnLm < aman-em) xom ar SeiZleba ejnLm formaSic fuZed *ejan- aRvadginoT (Sdr., ejn-oS"imiT"; amn-oS "amiT")? Sdr.: agi - magi/mag-an; ega - mega/*meg-an; Sdr., svan eja/*ejan(<*ega/*egan) > ejn-Lm. ar gamoiricxeba aseve ejnLm formis warmoqmna analogiiT: amnLm:eja - *ej-em > ej-n-em.

Sdr., agreTve, sakamaToa -n-s kvalifikacia imn@r "ratom?" (sityvasityviT "rad",amn@r "amitom?" (sityvasityviT "amad?); ejn@r "imitom?" (sityvasityviT: "imad") for-mebSi; vfiqrobT, aq amosavalia *am-nair-d/*eg-nair-d formebi, romelic saerToqarT-velurSia savaraudo: *am-nair-d > *amn@rd > amn@r; *eg-nair-d > *ej-@r-d > *ej-@r (gaq-vavebulma formam ganicada cveTa).

Sdr.: amn@r(d) formas aRadgens, magram -n- segments micemiTis niSnad miiCnevsT.SaraZeniZe (1955, gv. 130); am-n-@r formaSi -n- da -@r- segmentebs orgvari viTare-biTi brunvis niSnebad Tvlis g.maWavariani (1985, gv. 237-238); l.palmaiti samarTlia-nad fiqrobs, rom amn@rd formaSi -n- segmenti nairi sityvis nawilia, oRond, misiazriT, amnairi, imnairi qarTulidanaa nasesxebi (ase SemTxvevaSi bundovani rCeba ejn@r

2 Zvel qarTulSi aqtiurad dasturdeba magan: ege, magan, magas, magis, magiT, magad; egeni, magaT…(i.imnaiSvili, 1957, gv. 498; i.abulaZe, 1973). al.focxiSvilis varaudiT (1985, gv. 119), maga+man > maga-n(agreTve: ma+man>ma-n); n.CarTolanis azriT, ma+ag(a): ma- piris nacvalsaxelis Ziria (ma-n), "-g Tanxmovnu-ri Ziri ki agi, eg(e), igi CvenebiT nacvalsaxelSi gvxvdeba; Serwymis gziT miRebuli maga fuZis II pirTandakavSireba gvian moxda orwevrovani sistemidan samwevrovanze gadasvlisas, iseve rogorc eg nacvalsax-eli gvian daukavSirda II pirs" (1985, gv. 82). d.meliqiSvilis varaudiT, magan miRebuli Cans ege da man fuZeTa kontaminaciiT (1980, gv. 54). ori nacvalsaxeluri fuZis Serwymis daSveba met dasabuTebas iT-xovs. vfiqrobT, mag-an formaSi gamosayofia -an sufiqsi (Sdr.: meg/mag da mag-an; Sdr.: m-an).

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formis "nasesxoba"); -n-s micemiTobas (Tu viTarebiTobas) ar iziarebs a.oniani (1989,gv. 164-165, 214); misi azriT, rom amn@r, imn@r, ejn@r formebSi gamosayofia -n@r mor-fologiuri erTeuli (1998, gv. 85; Sdr., iqve, gv. 150: safuZvliania varaudi, rom amn@r,imn@r, ejn@r qarTulis gavleniT miRebuli formebia da aq -n- da -@r- morfologiurerTeulTa gamoyofis safuZveli ar arsebobs).

Cveni azriT, aqac da sxva SemTxvevebSic e.w. -n-iani (Tu -n@r-iani) brunvis ga-moyofa saeWvo masalas emyareba: svanur masalaSi -n zogan deterninanti sufiqsis naSTiCans, zogan - fonetikuri procesis Sedegi.

g.maWavarianis azriT, qarTvelur enaTa diferenciaciis periodSi moTxrobi-Ti brunva gaformebuli ar iyo. qarTvelur enebSi es brunva saerTo principis mixed-viT - nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis elementebis gamoyenebiT - gaformda (g.maWavariani,1960, gv. 98-104; g.maWavariani, 2002, gv.79). misi azriT, svanuri -m uSualod ar momdi-nareobs qarTuli -man nawevarisgan; svanurSic arsebobda Zveli qarTulis tipis "gan-sazRvruli bruneba" (msazRvreli/determinanti - iyo *-aman - CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis-gan momdinare nawevari); substantivisa da postpoziciuri nawevaris erTad brunebisgamo, enklitikurad darTuli nawilaki Seerwya substantivs: *mKr-ad a-ma-n(a)/e-ma-n(a) > *mKrKman/*mKrLman > *mKrKm/mKrLm (1960, gv. 102-103).

Sdr., g.maWavarianis es msjeloba Taviseburad esmis a.onians; a.oniani Tvlis, romg.maWavarianis azriT, Zveli qarTulis man nawevari da svanuri -em saSualebas ar iZlevasaerToqarTveluri arqetipis rekonstruqciisTvis (a.oniani, 1989, gv. 148); arada,aSkaraa, rom g.maWavarianis mtkicebiT svanuri -m -aman/iman nawevarisgan modis, romelicigivea, rac Zveli qarTulis aman (gv. 100); e.i g.maWavarianisTvis aman nawevari ufrosaerToqarTveluri monacemia.

vfiqrobT, logikuria, rom saerToqarTveluri -man/-aman/-iman determinati na-wilaki (momdinare CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisgan) davsaxoT amosavlad rogorc samwigno-bro enis -ma/-m, ise svanuri kiloebis -m/-Lm morfebisTvis (am ukanasknelSi L Cvenebi-Ti/dieqturi da fuZiseuli xmovnebis SerwymiTaa miRebuli).

g. maWavarianis azriT, svanuri man-iani bruneba Zveli qarTulis tipis gan-sazRvruli brunebidan unda momdinareobdes, kerZod, svanurisTvis amosavalia ZveliqarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wyoba: "keTili igi kaci"; swored aseTi wyobis piro-bebSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo nawevaris Serwyma atributivTan svanurSi: *xoCa-d i-man(a) mKra-d > *xoCLman mKra-d > xoCLm mKrad (g.maWavariani, 1960, gv. 97-104); am mosa-zrebas gaamyarebs nacvalsaxel ala-s moTxrobiTi varianti: amnem, maremnem tipis for-mebi. g.maWavarianis mosazrebaSi bundovania msazRvreliseulad navaraudevi d-s sakiT-xi; ufro logikuri gveCveneba, *xoCa-d i-man(a) mKra-d konstruqciis nacvlad aRvadgi-noT *xoCa i-man mKra-d, romlisganac, -iman nawevaris bolokiduri -an segmentis dakarg-viT, gacilebiT martivi gziT (bunebrivad) miiReba sintagma: *xoCLm mKrad; saerTod,logikuria msazRvrelSi daculi iyos ergativis ufro arqauli varianti; Sdr.,agreTve, ormagi sufiqsaciis dros fuZes uerTdeba ZirTan ufro axlosaa arqauli va-rianti; mag.: laSxur kiloSi gvaqvs mKrLm-d da ara mKre-d-Lm.

amrigad, vfiqrobT, ufro sarwmunoa svanur kiloebSi gamovlenili man-iani er-gativis -m niSnis qarTveluroba (vidre misi adiRuri warmomavloba):

svanuri ergativis -m/-em warmoiqmna saerToqarTveluri (dasturdeba arqaulqarTulSic) *man/-iman nawevaris cveTis gziT (rogorc samwignobro qarTulsa da qarT-velur e.w. sisina kiloebSi): mara-iman > mareiman > marLman > marLm; Sdr., g.maWavariani:*aman > *aman-Lm > amn-Lm; am SemTxvevaSi -Lm sufiqsis darTva sazogado saxelTa analo-giiT gvian moxda (sazogado saxelebTan Camoyalibebuli brunvis formis ganzogade-biT)3.

3 qarTveluri ergativis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis variantTa istoriisaTvis qarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis mona-cemebis mixedviT, akademikos qeTevan lomTaTiZes, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sax-elmwifo universitetis saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 2008, gv. 112-127.

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Sesabamisad, Cveni azriTac, svanuri e.w. orfuZianoba warmoqmnilia fonetikurniadagze, rogorc amas varaudobda v.Tofuria; kerZod, misi azriT, svanuris orfuZia-noba (mare - mara) fonetikuri xasiaTisaa da ara morfologiuri, rogorc adiReursaTu xunZurSi; svanuri da gurul-imeruli orfuZianoba (baRana~ > baRane) erTi daigive movlenaa (v.Tofuria, 1979, gv. 451). v.Tofurias msgavsad fiqrobs m.qaldanic dab.jorbenaZec; Sdr., mag., b.jorbenaZe (1995, gv. 125, 342): bicola~ - bicole da mara~ >mare, Jaxa~ > J@xe erTi rigis movlenebia; Sdr, agreTve, nasesxebi sityvis transforma-cia: bamba > svan. bamb@~ da megr. bambe...

Sdr.:svanuri da xunZuri orfuZianobis igiveobas uSvebs arn. Ciqobava (1941,

gv. 56). svanuri da mTis kavkasiuri enebis orfuZianobis sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb ix., g.Tofuria, 2001, gv. 65.

m.qaldanis azriT (1974, gv. 151-164): "fuZis bolokiduri a xmovnis e-d qceva saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis -i-s gavleniT svanuri enis erTi damaxasiaTe-beli fonetikuri movlena iyo: muryvama-i > muryvame > muryvam; *RvaJ-ar-a-i > RvaJare > RvaJ@r)4. Sesabamisad, saxelobiTis niSnad svanurSi -e ar unda viva-raudoT; svanurSi savaraudo -i saerToqarTveluria (da ara *iji-sgan momdi-nare; Sdr., m.qaldani, 1974, gv. 151).

sxva qarTvelur kiloSi - lazurSi - saxelobiTSi a+i > e~ > e foneti-kur process varaudobs g.kartoziac: kuCxai > kuCxe, qoTume > qaTamai, dian-Tili > damTire "dedamTili" (g.kartozia, 2005, gv. 62-63); Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000, gv. 183: -e saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis alomorfia, romel-sac Sesatyvisi ara aqvs qarTulSi.

Cvenc vfiqrobT, rom -e warmoqmnilia qarTvelurisTvis bunebrivi ai > eprocesiT (Tanac, arc Tu ise didi xnis win). rig SemTxvevebSi -e analogiiT gadasuli Cans sxva poziciebSi; -e ganzogadda mravlobiT ricxvSic. Sdr.: a. oniani a/e Senacvlebis safuZvlad miiCnevs Zireuli morfemis variantulobas: sax. J@xe, mic. Jaxa Zireuli morfemis ori sxvadasxva variantia, msgavsad JeR -JaRE, WiSx - WHSx... formebisa (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 78).

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom v.Tofurias, T.SaraZeniZis, m.qaldanis da sxvaTa sa-fuZvliani mtkicemis miuxedavad, a.onianisTvis sarwmuno ar aris svanur-gurul-imerul-megruli movlenebis erTgvarobis aRiareba (ix. agreTve, i.CantlaZe, 1973, gv. 272: "mKreØs tipis masalaSic dasazustebelia saxelobiTSi -i sufiqsi imsgavsebs -aØs, Tu odindeli e sufiqss"); Sdr. misi msjeloba (a.oniani. 1989, gv. 176-177): qvemoimerul-zemogurul-leCxumurSi gamoiyofa ori jgufi; erTSi e-s cvlis a, meoreSi - ara. "svanurSi viTareba ki sruliad sxvagvaria, araviTari msgavsi jgufebis gamoyofa aq ar xerxdeba... erTnairi age-bulebis sityvaTagan zogi a-Ti bolovdeba, zogi e-Ti... amis gareSec, savalde-bulo srulebiT ar aris or enaSi damoukideblad momxdari cvlilebebi au-cileblad erTnairi xasiaTisa iyos - erTnairi hqondeT mizezica da Sedegic... arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom svanurSi moipoveba saxelebi, romelTa boloki-durSic amosavali xmovania ara a, aramed e, saTanado irib brunvebSi ki sax-elobiTis formaSi warmodgenil fuZiseul e-s mainc a enacvleba. sanimuSod SeiZleba davasaxeloT lHje "rZe" (mic. làja) da mesme "mesame" (mic., mesma)".

Cveni azriT, dasavlur kiloebSic sakamaToa e.w. jgufebis gamoyofis si-zuste; mag., aWarulSi zogi sazogado saxeli dairTavs ~-s (mela~, kverna~, ana~, babo~, pawa~...), zogi ki - ara (erTmarcvliani da zogi sxva saxeli: da, Zma, deda, kata, Zroxa...); aWarulis swored es ~-darTuli saxelebi gvaZlevs -e-s zemogurul-imerul-leCxumurSi (t.futkaraZe, 1986). iSviaTi lHje > làja,

4 m.qaldanis azriT, bolo magaliTSi -a sufiqsi mr.r. gamomxatvelia; igi iwvevs umlauts. Cve-ni azriT, -a -an formantis fardia da warmomavlobas awarmoebs.

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mesme > mesma tipis faqtebi ki SeiZleba aixsnas analogiiT, paradigmis gaswo-rebiT.

vfiqrobT, ufro argumentirebulia bicola~ - bicole da mara~ > mareprocesTa erTgvaroba; miT umetes, erTmarcvlian saxelTa msgavsi Tavisebureba svanurSic Cans (sakvlevia am TaviseburebaTa saerTo safuZveli); Sdr., mag. a.onianis mier dadgenili wesi (a.oniani, 1998, gv. 58-69): I tipis brunebaSi saxelis erTmarcvliani fuZe Tu a-sa da e-ze bolovdeba, erTze metmarcvlian-Ta msgavsad, ergativSi mxolod -d-s dairTavs (sxva erTmarcvlian saxelebTan -em/-d paralelurad vlindeba).

i.CantlaZis azriT, sxva qarTvelur enobriv erTeulTa msgavsad, svanurSic Tav-dapirvelad gvqonda erTfuZiani bruneba (misi samarTliani SeniSvniT [1998, gv. 88],mTis kavkasiur enaTa e.w. morfologiuri warmoSobis orfuZianobac diaqronuladSeiZleba fonetikur procesamde davides); svanuris auslautSi mimdinare procesebisgamo (bolokiduri segmentis gauCinareba da daxuruli marcvlis warmoqmnis tenden-cia) miviReT orfuZiani (da samfuZiani) bruneba, "romlis saTave saxelis fuZis ma-warmoebel determinant -E, -em sufiqsebSi unda veZioT". Semdeg etapze gaZlierdaenobriv formaTa gaerTmniSvnelianebis tendencia da analogiisken swrafvam kvlav gaa-martiva saqme; dRes isev yalibdeba erTfuZiani sistema; Sdr. s.q. *sax-/*Zax- da svan. *Jax-em+i >*Jax-em > *Jax-e > Jaxe; Sdr., agreTve: s.q. *ZaR-l- da svan. *JaR-E+em+i > *JaREmi >*JaRmi *JeRmi > *Jerm > JeR (i.CantlaZe, 1998, gv. 106-107, 122-123; aqve, ix. sakiTxis is-toria).

Cveni azriT, svanuri kiloebis Jaxe da JeR tipis saxelebi gacilebiT martivigziT miiReba saerToqarTveluri fuZeebidan; vfiqrobT, aq sakamaToa agreTve -em su-fiqsis determinantoba da raRac etapze e.w. morfologiuri orfuZianobis daSveba(amis Sesaxeb vrclad calke gveqneba msjeloba). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom zog SemTxvevaSifuZes mirTul ergativniSnian meoreul fuZed SeiZleba miviCnioT svanuris micemiTda naTesaobiT brunvebSi gamovlenili formebi (mKram-s > mKrKm > mKra; mKrLm-iS), Tu arCavTvliT, rom isini warmoiqmnen nawevaris Serwymis gziT: maras amas > maraams > mKrKm >mKra; mKre-iS amiS > mKrLmiS); sakiTxi Semdgom dakvirvebas, mosazrebebi ki damatebiTargumentebs iTxovs.

amrigad, svanuris e.w. orfuZianoba meoreuli fonetikuri movlenaa; am fonze da kvlevis am etapze Cven dasabuTebulad gveCveneba svanuri -m-s momdi-nareoba saerToqarTveluri man/aman nawevarisgan: arqauli samwignobro qarTu-lis (/saerToqarTveluris) man > -m > svanuri -m/-em; garda amisa, man morfema unda vivaraudoT amnem formis fuZed (aman-em > amnem); Sesabamisad, kidev erTi argumenti gvaqvs, vTqvaT:

Tanamedrove svanuri kiloebis bevri movlena, maT Soris -m/-em morfemis warmoqmna Tanadroulia samwignobro enaSi mimdinare man > -ma/-m procesisa.

2. -ze/-Ji formamawarmoebeli morfema.

arqaul qarTul samwignobro teqstebSi ze morfema dasturdeba, ro-gorc leqsikuri morfemac (zmnisarTi) da rogorc Tandebulic; magaliTad (ma-sala mogvyavs il. abulaZis "Zveli qarTuli enis" leqsikonidan):

ze (zmnisarTi): "iyo vinme ze da CamoiWra que";ze (sakuTari maxvilis mqone calke mdgomi Tandebuli): "abiaTar

mRvdel moZRuarisa ze (= dros)" - am tipis magaliTebSi "ze" morfemas da-karguli aqvs amosavali leqsikuri mniSvneloba da aRniSnavs dros.

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-ze, rogorc formamawarmoebeli morfema (sakuTari maxvilis armqone da sxva sityva-formaSi Semavali sufiqsi)5 saero mwerlobis adreul teqstebSive dasturdeba. savaraudoa, rom zepir metyvelebaSi calke mdgomi Tandebuli ufro adre iqca brunvis formas mirTul formamawarmoebel morfemad; Sdr., -ze morfema gamoxatavs: obieqts ("maka Seyvarebulia kaxaze"), mimarTulebas qve-modan zemoT (mTaze avida), adgils (veraze cxovrobs), Sedareba-dapirispirebas (Senze ukeTesi), mizezs ("mdinaris xmaze visveneb")...

Sdr., ze fuZe aris warmodgenili ramdenime sxva formaSi (masala mog-vyavs qarTuli samwignobro enis leqsikonebidan):

zena, zenaari (saba: zeviT myofi6), zenake (saba) - "zeviTken";zed, zeda (Sdr.: qveda), zedaSe, zedeTi, zednadebi;zeviT/zeiT (saba; Sdr.: qveviT), zevidgan (maRlidan dabla)- zevidanzeviTken...zemo (Sdr.: qvemo), zemodan (Sdr.: qvemodan);zegani, zegardmo;zere (Sdr.: quere - saba); zesTa ("umetes-umaRlesi"; Sdr.: damxv "umdablesi") - zeSTa, zeskneli

(Sdr.: qveskneli);Sdr., agreTve: zeze, zeca, zecieri, zewari "gadasafarebeli" (saba)...logikuria, gamovyoT: ze, zen-, zed-, zev-, zem-, zeg-, zes- segmentebi. *zev- fuZe xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT Zev-s/dev-s zmnur formaSic?

zanur-svanur kiloebSi ze/-ze morfemis nacvlad gvaqvs Ji/-Ji; kerZod, megrul-WanurSi daculia arqauli samwignobro qarTulis ze zmnisarTis ka-nonzomieri Sesatyvisi Ji, xolo svanurSi - -ze formamawarmoebeli sufiqsis Sesabamisi -Ji; Sdr., masala:

megruli7:Ji - zmnizeda "zeviT", "maRla"; Sdr. laz.: Ji, Jile, jin zeviT (n.mari)Sdr.:Jido - "zeviT", "zemoT"; Sdr.: Jido-Tudo "zeviT-qveviT"; JidoSe -

"zevidan"; Jidole - "zemo mxares", "zemoT"; JidoleSe - "zemoT", "zemo mxares", "zemodan", "zemo mxridan"; JidoxuSe (/JidoxiSe,JidoxuSe,JidoxHSe) -"zemoT", "zemo mxares", "zemodan", "zemo mxridan"; Jidon-i (Jidons) - "zemo-Ta", "zemouri"; JidoJi - "zeviT da zeviT"; Jido-Jido - "zeviT-zeviT" (sapi-risp. Tudo-Tudo "qveviT-qveviT").

Sdr.: JiTo - "zeviT", "zevidan"; JiTuo - "zezeurad", "pirdapir"...vfiqrobT, logikuria, rom saerToqarTvelur erT-erT formad aRvadgi-

noT *zed(a):*zed(a) > *Jedo > Jido (megr.).

Jile (p.War)- "zemoT", "zeviT"; Sdr. imer.,raW., leCx. zere "zeviT", "ze-moT" (a.Rl.); Jile formisgan Cans miRebuli Jii "zeviT"; JileSe "zemodan"...

am SemTxvevaSi saerToqarTvelur formad unda aRvadginoT *zer(e)/*zele:*zer(e) > *Jele > Jile (megr.).

5 formamawarmoebeli morfemisa da Tandebulis gamijvnisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, bruneba ro-gorc saxelis formawarmoebis erT-erTi aspeqti, giorgi rogavas, saiubuleo krebuli, Tb., 19976 m. andronikaSvilis azriT, es forma saSual sparsuli zīnhār-isgan momdinarea da amosavali formaa: *zīvār (m. andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 326). sparsulidan momdinareobis daSvebis SemTxve-vaSi auxsnelia i > e procesi.7 mogvyavs o. qajaias leqsikonidan.

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Jimole - "zemoT", "zemo mxares", "zemore" (sapirisp. Tudole); Jimon-i/Jimolen-i - "zemouri" (sapirisp. Tudoleni "qvemouri"); JimoleSe/JimoleSes/JimoleSeSe - "zemodan", "zevidan", "zemoTken" (sapirisp.TudoleSe "qvevidan"); Jimoxo - "zemoT"; Jimoxon-i - "zemouri" (Sdr.:dikoxoni "qvemouri")...

am zmnisarTebisTvis amosavali saerToqarTveluri fuZea *zemo: *zemo > *Jemo > Jimo (megr.).

Jin-i - zena, zemo; zeda, zeviTa; Jini-anTari - "ciuri anTari" (saqonlis mfarveli RvTaeba); Jin(i)boria - "zena qari"; Jin(i) qar-i - igivea, rac Jin-boria; Jini RoronT-i - "maRali RmerTi"; JiniS-i - "zeviTa", "zenaaris salo-cavi" (b.kilanava); JiniSi lexi - "zeciuri avadmyofi"; Jinmalu - "zemavali"; Jino - igivea, rac JinanTari; JinoTa - toponimi sof. salxinoSi (martvilis raioni), sadac JinanTarze loculobdnen winaT (g. eliava); Jinosqua - "az-nauri"8...

Jin- momdinareobs saerToqarTveluri *zena formisgan: zena > *Jeno > Jino (megr.)9.

zanur-svanur kiloebSi saerToqarTveluri z fonemis transformacia J-d sxva mraval SemTxvevaSic dasturdeba; Ziriseuli e-s i-d daviwrovebac bune-brivia qarTveluri enobrivi qvesistemebisTvis; Sdr (masala mogvyavs h. fenrix-isa da z. sarjvelaZis leqsikonidan).:

z > J: saerT. qarTv. zezva - megr. JaJua; saerT. qarTv. da-zar-eb-a -svan. li-J@r "mowyena"; saerT. qarTv. mze - megr.Wan. mJa/bJa, svan. miJ; saerT. qarTv. lezvi - megr.Wan. leJva...e > i: saerT. qarTv. Zewna - megr. ziWoni; saerT. qarTv. wes- (uwess/eZaxis)- megr. wis- wis-afa (dapatiJeba); saerT. qarTv. wnexi - megr. Winax- (oWi-naxu, bWinaxi...); saerT. qarTv. dawreda "dawreta" - megr. wiridua "wre-ta"10...

svanuri masala11:-Ji - -ze; asrulebs ze, zed, -Si Tandebulebis funqciebsac; mag.: "eCeJi Jixaskur wHrni d@E "imaze zed azis wiTeli devi"...Ji- gvxdeba windebulad aR- zmniswinis funqciiT: dinad lMc Ji anBid "qaliS-vilma wyali amoitana"...Sdr., Ji gvxvdeba sxvadasxva formis zmnisarTTa funqciiT:Jib/JMb - "zemoT", "zeda"; JibaE, JiboE - "aRma", "maRla", "zeviTken"; Jib@lid/JiSalid - "zeviTobisas"; Jib@~Cu - "zemoT-qvemoT"; JibCu (zs) - "ze- 8 Sdr., Jinafa (o-Jin-uans) - "gamzeureba", "mzeze gafena", "Wknoba"; Jinafil-i - "gamzeurebu-li" (o. qajaia); aqac fuZed gvaqvs Jin (<zena); Sesabamisad, xom ar sjobs sawyisis ganmarteba, rogorc "gamozeveba"? an: xom ar unda veZioT am formaSi bJa/J Ziri: o-J-in-uan-s? aqve davs-vamT kiTxvas: mze/bJa xom ar ukavSirdeba ze fuZes? *m-ze > mze: mJa (megr.) > miJ (svan); m-SeiZleba iyos arqauli prefiqsi (Sdr.: m-ded-r-i); Sdr., i. javaxiSvili, 1979, gv. 164-169. sa-kiTxi Semdgom dakvirvebas moiTxovs.9 Sdr.: m. Cuxua: "megruli Jino sityvis msgavseba Jin- "zeda" sityvasTan SemTxveviTad gveCvene-ba. vfiqrobT, megruli Jino iseve miemarTeba qarTul a-zan-s rogorc xolo - a-xal-s". m. Cuxuas azriT, saerToqarTveluri *zan- "azani" (eTnonimi) > qarT., a-zan-i, zan-i "aznauri" (< azanuri) : zan., Jino (< JHno < Jono) : svan. zan (< *Jan: z@nar, mzan "megreli", lu-zn-u "megruli" (m. Cuxua, 2003, gv. 100-101). Cveni azriT, qarTvelTa erT-erTi Temis saxeli (Te-monimi) "zani" ukavSirdeba san-, svan- fuZeebs da ara "aznauris", "didgvarovanis" aRmniSvnel *azan-/*Jono/Jino-s (vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv. 182-185).10 masala mogvyavs h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZis "qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni-dan" (Tb., 2000).11 ZiriTadi masala mogvyavs m. qaldanisa da v. Tofurias "svanuri leqsikonidan".

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dac"; Jib@Cu (bq.) - "aRma-daRma"; JibaE i CubaE - "zemoT da qvemoT"; Jibe -"zeda", "zemo"; JibaEnaRald - "zemoT-zemoT", "zeviT-zeviT"; JibeWiSx - "zeda fexi" (idiomi: sixaruliT zeda fexze dgas); Jib@lid (bq.,) - "zeviTobisas";JibKr - zemo" (adgilis saxelwodebaa); JMbe RerbeT - "zeciuri (didi) Rmer-Ti"; JibebEasd - "zeskneli"; JibreSia (bq.) - "zeciuri" (jgHr@g JibreSia _ zeciuro wminda giorgi); JibS@r/JibiS@r/JibKral - "zemoelebi"/"zemourebi"...

savaraudoa: saerToqarTveluri *zev- > *zeb- >Jib (svan.).

Jiq@n - "zemoT", "zeviT"; savaraudoa: saerToqarTveluri *zeg- > *zeq- >Jiq (svan.).

JiS@lid (bz.,) - "zeviTobisas"; savaraudoa: saerToqarTveluri *zes- > *JeS- >JiS (svan.).

Sdr.: Jixi (lent.,) - "zeviT", "zemoT", "zemoTken"...

maSasadame, saerToqarTvelurSi aRdgeba ze, zed(a), zen(a), zer(e), zev(e), zeg(a)12... zmnisarTebi. am fonze vsvamT kiTxvas:

saerToqarTvelur doneze unda vivaraudoT ze/-ze morfemoidi (Tande-buli, afiqsi), romelmac zanur-svanurSi transformaciiT mogvca Ji/-Ji, Tu unda davuSvaT, rom ze > -ze procesi (zmnisarTisgan formamawarmoebeli afiq-sis warmoqmna) da Ji > -Ji procesi (zmnisarTisgan formamawarmoebeli afiq-sis warmoqmna) damoukideblad ganviTarda monaTesave enobriv sistemeb-Si/qvesistemebSi?

saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drois Sesaxeb ori mkveTrad gansxvave-buli mosazreba arsebobs:

- saerToqarTveluri ena arsebobda Zv. w. aRricxvis me-2 aTaswleulamde; - saerToqarTveluri ena arsebobda ax. w. aRricxvis dasawyisamde, romel-

sac daefuZna arqauli samwignobro qarTuli13.Tu gaviziarebT e.w. qarTulisa da svanuris daSorebis 4000-wlian hipo-

Tezas, bevri pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva Cndeba; maT Soris erT-erTi ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:

didi xnis win daSorebul sxvadasxva enobriv sistemebSi (Tu qvesistemeb-Si) - svanursa da qarTulSi - zed/Jib zmnisarTebi zustad erTnairi gziT ratom iqcnen -ze/-Ji sufiqsebad?

Sdr., aseve 4000-wliani daSorebis pirobebSi auxsneli rCeba, brunvis niSnebis, x- zmnuri prefiqsis, zmnuri yalibebis... sruli identuroba. Sdr., 1000-wliani daSorebis istoriis mqone enebSic ki mkveTri Tvisobrivi fonema-tur-morfologiuri sxvaobebia.

Cveni pozicia aseTia: arqaul samwignobro enaSi asaxuli ze/zeda > -ze procesis14 ganxorcie-

lebis paralelurad, saerToqarTvelur (zogadqarTul) enobriv sistemaSi war-moqmnilma -ze morfemam axali welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaswleulis SemdegsvanurSi mogvca kanonzomieri Sesatyvisoba -Ji-s saxiT; amave periodSi formi-rebulma zanurma kiloebma ki SeinarCunes Zveli qarTulisebri viTareba: ze > Ji transformaciiT warmoqmnili forma darCa zmnisarTis funqciiT.

12 albaT am formas ukavSirdeba drois zmnizeda: zeg.13 sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv. 280-297.14 saxlisa zeda > saxlsa zeda > saxlsze > saxlze; samwignobro enaSi dadasturebuli am procesis paralelurad, ar aris gamoricxuli xalxur metyvelebaSi ze zmnisarTs uSualod moeca -ze formamawarmoebeli afiqsi.

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3. e.w. Tandebuli -Te svanurSi.

svanurSi -Te aris mimarTulebis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi (arn. Ciqobava 1956, 22). specialistebi Tvlian, rom svanur kiloebSi gamovlenil -Te seg-ments kavSiri ara aqvs saerToqarTvelur mimarTulebiT-gardaqceviTobis gamom-xatvel -ad/-d brunvis niSanTan; Tumca mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT, ueW-velia -Te-s kavSiri e.w. -de TandebulTan15. zogi mklevris mier Tandebuladaa CaTvlili -da (Cemd-da) segmentic; Sdr.:n. mari: -da aris Tandebuli (msjelobisaTvis ix.: SaniZe 1980, 70-71, 601-602: "amis-da kvalad"); Sdr., aseve, jorbenaZe 1988, 100: "-da - Tandebul-morfemoidi, gamoxatavs gankuTvnebas, daniSnulebas" (Cem-da, Senda... kacisda > kacizda > kaciza). arn. Ciqobava (1956, 20-21): -da sufiqsSi -d- arqauli mimarTulebiTis niSania, xolo -a emfatikuri xmovania.

warmodgenil am or mosazrebaTagan ufro meti argumenti eZebneba arn. Ciqobavas mosazrebas (1956, 20-21); kerZod, b. gigineiSvilisa da z. sarjvelaZis azriT, Sen-da-mde tipis formebSi gverdigverd or Tandebuls ver davuS-vebT: “qarTul enaSi ori Tandebuli erTmaneTis momdevnod ar dasturdeba” (1978, 133). garda amisa, qarTveluri ena-kiloebis TandebulTa warmomavloba gamWvirvalea; isini momdinareoben damoukidebeli sityvebisgan. damoukidebeli maxvilisa da leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone morfemis afiqsebad (Tu e.w. Tan-debulebad) transformirebis safexurebi naTladaa warmodgenili samwignobro enis istoriaSic. -da morfemis analogiuri istoria ar Cans. vfiqrobT, -d(a) morfemis fonetikuri variantia -de (Cqim-de) 16.

v.Tofuriasa da m.qaldanis "svanuri leqsikonis" mixedviT, svanuri ki-loebis -Te-s udasturdeba: -ze, -Si, -Tan, -ken Tandebulebis funqciebi.

semantikur mniSvnelobaTa aseTi speqtri ar SeiZleba hqondes Tandebuls:rogorc wesi, Tandebuli momdinareobs leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone erTeu-lisgan; Sesabamisad, igi erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobis mqone morfemaa; Sdr.:brunvis niSans SeuZlia bevri semantika SeiTavsos. Te-s funqciuri gantot-va -d/-ad/-da mimarTulebiT-gardaqceviTi brunvis niSnisas ufro emsgavseba. ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom svanuri -Te momdinareobs saerToqarTvelurSi navaraudevi -da/-de segmentisgan, romelic emfatikurxmovniani mimarTulebiTiufroa, vidre Tandebuli: -d/-d(a) > de > Te. sayuradReboa, rom kuTvnilo-biTobis semantikis mqone formebTan, -Te-s nacvlad, mesame piris saxelebTan Cans -d:

miSgEa-Te “Cemken, isgEa-Te “Senken, eCMS-Te “misken (Sdr., miSgu “"Ce-mi", miSgNE-d„“"CemTvis;“isgu “"Seni", isgNE-d "SenTvis"; eCMS "misi", eCMS-d “"misken"..); Sdr., mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli igive -d Cans aWarul, maWaxlur, livanur, imerxeul kiloebSi dadasturebul ZirT (<*Zir-d) ‘"Zirs"’ zmni-sarTSi (“ZirT devs” = Zirs devs); mogvianebiT formamawarmoebeli sufiqsi (-d) fuZiseuladaa gaazrebuli, amitomac gvaqvs: ZirT-ul-i (iatakidan, miwidan aRebuli raime nivTis Sesaxeb ityvian).

mosazreba, rom xmovanTan mezoblobaSi svanurSi ar xdeba -d-s dayrueba, myar argumentad ar gamodgeba, vinaidan, Cveni azriT, -d-s yru varianti sava-

15 Sdr., a. lomTaZe 1987, 91-92: megrul-Wanuris -da (Cqim-da) -ad brunvis niSnis alomorfia, xolo -de (Cqim-de) aris Tandebuli; megrul amave -de Tandebulis saxesxvaobebia Wanuri -iS-e formantis -e segmenti da svanuri -Te ("ken”) Tandebuli.16 am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili sagangebo werili ibeWdeba "enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebis" 2009. wlis nomerSi, romelic eZRvneba prof. zurab sarjvelaZis 70 wlisTavs.

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raudoa saerToqarTvelurSi; kerZod, saerToqarTvelurSive savaraudoa -d/T17, -d(a)/-T(a) > -d(e) > -T(e), -ad/-aT (>oT) variantebis arseboba; sityvis bolos d > T procesi, an TanxmovanTa erTi jgufis mezoblad warmoqmnili alomor-fis ganzogadeba (sxva poziciebSi analogiiT gadasvla) bunebrivia mTeli qarT-veluri samyarosTvis.

saerToqarTveluri Tu zogadqarTuli dialeqturi movlena Cans emfati-kuri a-s e-d qcevac; Sdr.: qarTvelur kiloebSi (imerulSi, leCxumurSi, Tu-SurSi...) Cveulebrivia bolokiduri -a segmentis e-d qceva; Sdr.: emfatikuri -a > -e: Zirsa > Zirse, kaciskena > kaciskene; sufiqsiseuli -a > -e: *Zira > Zire; nacvalsaxeliseuli -a > -e: Sena > Sene, Cvena > Cvene... (masalisaTvis ix., jor-benaZe, kobaiZe, beriZe 1988, 113-114).

amrigad, -n, man/amnem; -ze, ze, zed(a), zen(a), zer(e), zev(e), zeg(a); -Te morfemaTa istoria mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom Tanamedrove qarTveluri kiloebis (svanuris, zanuris, fxouris...) ZiriTadi enobrivi Taviseburebebi ya-libdeba axali welTaRricxvis pirvel aTaswleulSi.

damowmebuli literatura:

i.abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,1973.

k.gabunia, brunvaTa sistemebi qarTvelur enebSi (diaqroniuli analizi), avtoreferati filologiismecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili naSromisa, Tb., 1998.

b. gigineiSvili, z. sarjvelaZe, nanaTesaobiTari mimarTulebiTisa da nanaTesaobiTari daniSnu-lebiTis adgili Zv. qarTulisa da qarTveluri enebis brunvaTa sistemaSi: mravalTavi, VI, Tb., 1978.

k.dondua, adiReuri tipis moTxrobiTi brunva svanurSi, ike, I, 1946.

g.Tofuria, orfuZiani brunebis sakiTxisaTvis svanurSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #2, 2001.

v.Tofuria, brunebis sistemisaTvis svanurSi sxva qarTveur enaTa brunebasTan SedarebiT, saq. ssr. mecn. akademiis moambe, t. V, #3, 1944 w.

v.Tofuria, Sromebi, III, Tb., 1979.

v. Tofuria, zogierTi brunvis genezisisaTvis megrul-WanurSi: Sromebi, t. II, Tb., 2002[1937].

imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t.I, naw. II, Tb., 1971.i.imnaiSvili, saxelTa brunva da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tb., 1957.

g.kartozia, lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi, Tb., 2005.

b.kikviZe, zedsarTavi saxeli iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, t.71, 1958

b.kikviZe, moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi, komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 1960, #2.

Г.А.Κлимов, Очерк общей теории эргативности, М., 1973.

Г. Климов, Склонение в картвельских языках в сравнительно-историческом аспекте, Москва, 1962.Г. Климов, Этимологический словарь картвельслих языков, Москва, 1964.a. lomTaZe, saxelTa brunebis Taviseburebani megrulSi qarTulTan SedarebiT: macne, I, 1969.a. lomTaZe, saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis megrulSi, Tb., 1987.Н. Марр, Грамматика чанского (лазского) языка, С.-Пб., 1910.Н. Марр, Грамматика древнелитературного грузинского языка, 1925.a.martirosovi, Cemda, Senda... tipis nacvalsaxelTa warmoeba da funqciebi qarTvelur enebSi,

ike, t. XI, 1959a.martirosovi, nacvalsaxeli qarTvelur enebSi, 1964.

g.maWavariani, brunebis erTi tipis genezisisaTvis svanurSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 93, 1960.

g.maWavariani, brunebis zogierTi sakiTxi svanurSi, ike, XXIII, 1985.

g.maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebviTi gramatika, Tb., 2002.

d.meliqiSvili, piris nacvalsaxelTa fuZis agebulebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi, narkvevebiiberiul-kavkasiur enaTa morfologiidan, Tb., 1980.

al. oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi, 1989, 50-51

17 mJReri varianti (-d) dResac dasturdeba svanur kiloebSi rTuli formantis Semadgenel nawilad (-iS-d).

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a.oniani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis sakiTxebi (saxelTa morfologia), 1989.

a.oniani, svanuri ena, Tb., 1998.

l.palmaiti, SeniSvnebi svanuri brunebis Sesaxeb, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 3, 1979.

z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1975.T.uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi, Tb., 1986

h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.

al.focxiSvili, 1985 - al.focxiSvili, pirisa da kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis brunebis sakiTxebi Taname-drove qarTulSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1985, # 4.

t.futkaraZe, saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi,sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad,Tb.,1986.

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Тариел Путкарадзе (Институт картвельской диалектологии КГУ имени Акакия Церетели)

К историческому отношению формообразующих аффиксов именипо данным картвельских диалектов

История морфем: -n, man/amnem; -ze, ze, zed(a), zen(a), zer(e), zev(e), zeg(a); -Teподдерживает мнению, что основные языковие свойства картвельских диалектов формируетя в первом тысячилетие нашей эры.