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Relationship Between Anatomy & PhysiologyBy Denise M. Covert, R.N., eHow Contributor

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Relationship Between Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy and physiology are the sciences that most closely relate to the human body, enabling us tounderstand ourselves and why our bodies work the way they do. Anatomy is the study of the form of thehuman body--the shapes of the muscles, the number of bones, the cells that sustain life. Physiology is thestudy of the function of these parts, such as how the muscles in your face work together to make a smile,

or how parts of cells turn sugar into energy. As form follows function, so the two sciences are intertwinedand usually studied together.Have a question? Get an answer from a Medical Professional now!

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How Are Anatomy & Physiology Related?

1. Anatomy

o The two subsets of the study of anatomy are gross anatomy, meaning whatcan be seen by the naked eye, and histology, the study of tissues, alsocalled microscopic anatomy. In addition to viewing the body either in total orthrough dissection, there are three other ways to examine gross anatomy:palpation, or touching (such as feeling swollen lymph nodes); auscultation, orlistening (as a doctor may listen to the lungs using a stethoscope); andpercussion, or tapping (such as hitting the knee to check for reflexes).Imaging techniques such as x-rays or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

can also aid in anatomical examination.
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Physiology

o Physiology is the study of how the parts of the anatomy function together tocreate and sustain life. There are numerous subdisciplines of physiologysuch as neurophysiology (physiology of the nervous system), endocrinology(physiology of hormones) and pathophysiology (how diseases work). Someaspects of physiology can be observed and tested on the human body, butwhen that is not possible, studies of other species lend information on thebody. This is called comparative physiology, and it is the basis for new drugsand procedures that must first be tested on animals before being deemedsafe for humans.

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Applications

o Anatomy and physiology are required classes for nursing and medicaldegrees. They are also either required or helpful for such health care fieldsas physical therapy, chiropractic and veterinary medicine. In most schools itis one class stretched out over two semesters, and typically includesmemorizing every bone, muscle, joint and major blood vessel in the body.

Hierarchy

o Part of the study of anatomy and physiology involves the hierarchy ofcomplexity. This shows how a human being can be broken down into smallerand smaller levels of complexity. The whole person is an organism. Theorganism is made up of organ systems, such as the respiratory system ordigestive system. Organ systems are made up of organs--for example, threeorgans of the digestive system are the stomach, small intestine and largeintestine. Organs are composed of tissues. For example, skin (which is an

organ of the integumentary system) contains epithelial, connective andnervous tissue. Tissues are made up of different types and sizes of cells,which in turn contain organelles that perform various functions within cells.Organelles are made up of molecules such as protein and DNA, which arecomposed of atoms, the smallest particle with a unique chemical identity.

Life Processes

o Anatomy and physiology are the study of living organisms. Organisms thatare alive have several properties. These properties often form the basis of

anatomical and physiological study. Some of those properties are:organization; metabolism and excretion; movement and response to stimuli;
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development (by differentiation or growth); reproduction; and homeostasis,or the organism's ability to maintain internal stability

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Long Bones

Long bones are some of the longest bones in the body, such as the Femur, Humerus and Tibia but are also some of the smallest

including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals and Phalanges. The classification of a long bone includes having a body which is longer than it

is wide, with growth plates (epiphysis) at either end, having a hard outer surface of compact bone and a spongy inner known an

cancellous bone containing bone marrow. Both ends of the bone are covered in hyaline cartilage to help protect the bone and aid shock

absorbtion.

The femur - a long bone

Short BonesShort bones are defined as being approximately as wide as they are long and have a primary function of providing support and stability

with little movement. Examples of short bones are the Carpals and Tarsals - the wrist and foot bones. They consist of only a thin layer of

compact, hard bone with cancellous bone on the inside along with relatively large amounts of bone marrow.

The carpals - short bones

Flat Bones

Flat bones are as they sound, strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodies vital organs and

being a base for muscular attachment. The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast bone),

Cranium (skull), os coxae (hip bone) Pelvis and Ribs are also classified as flat bones. Anterior and posterior surfaces are formed of

compact bone to provide strength for protection with the centre consisiting of cancellous (spongy) bone and varying amounts of bone

marrow. In adults, the highest number of red blood cells are formed in flat bones.


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The scapula - a flat bone

Irregular Bones

These are bones in the body which do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape. Good examples of these are the Vertebrae,

Sacrum and Mandible (lower jaw). They primarily consist of cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

Vertebrae - irregular bones

Sesamoid Bones

Sesamoid bones are usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap)

which sits within the Patella or Quadriceps tendon. Other sesamoid bones are the Pisiform (smallest of the Carpals) and the two small

bones at the base of the 1st Metatarsal. Sesamoid bones are usually present in a tendon where it passes over a joint which serves to

protect the tendon.

The patella - a sesamoid bone


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