166

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

12

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw

A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

Fs¥√mw Zpcn-X-ßfpw Zpc-¥-ß-fp-amWv a\p-jy-cm-in°v t\cn-tS≠nhcp∂-Xv! bp≤-߃, `oI-c]h¿Ø-\-߃, ]Ir-Xnt£m`-߃, Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\w, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ, hn`-h-tim-jWw XpSßn FX]iv\-߃. CsX√mw GsX-¶nepw Hcp a\p-jy-s\sbm Hcp kaq-l-sØsbm Hcp cmPysØsbm amXw _m[n°p∂hb-√. ]e-t∏mgpansX√mw temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap≈ a\p-jys‚ kam-[m\]q¿Æ-ambPohn-X-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw oj-Wn-bm-Ip-∂nt√? Hcp cmPy-Øn\vamX-ambn Cu ]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw tXSm-\mIn-√.

BtKmfXe-Øn-ep≈ Xocp-am-\-ßfpw ]cn-i-a-ßfpw sImt≠ CØcw]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. cmPy-߃ tN¿∂p≈HutZym-KnIkwL-S-\-Ifpw Kh¨sa-‚-nXc A\u-tZym-KnIkwL-S-\-Ifpw

167

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

CXn-\mbn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. hnhn[ cmPy-߃tN¿∂v HutZym -Kn -I -ambn A¥¿tZ -iobA¥¿Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S -\ -Iƒ°v(International Inter Government Organisations)cq]w \¬Ip-∂p. sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S\ (UnitedNations Organization), bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b≥(European Union), sXs° G-jy≥ cmPy-ßfpsSkwLS\ (South Asian Association for RegionalCo-operation-SAARC) XpS-ßn-bh A¥mcmjvSA¥¿ Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Cu kwL-S-\-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃ cmjvS-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kulr-Zhpw sFIyhpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw hyXykvX Xc-Øn-ep≈ _‘-߃i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw.

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃, ]cn-ÿnXn ]iv\-߃,kpÿnchnI-k\w XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn_‘-s∏- mWv Kh¨sa-‚n-Xc kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]wsIm≈p-∂-Xv. Chbv°v ]mtZ-in-Ihpw tZio-bhpwA¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb ]h¿Ø\taJ-e-Iƒ D≠v.Cu kwL-S-\-I-fpsS A¥¿tZ-iob Iq´m-bva-IfmWvA¥¿tZ-iob Kh¨sa-t‚-Xc kwL-S-\-Iƒ(International Non Governmental Organisations).Cu c≠p-Xcw kwL-S-\-Ifpw temIkam-[m-\-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂p.

imkvX-Øn-t‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-tSbpwhf¿® a\p-jy-cm-inbpsS Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-߃h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w \ne-\n¬∏n\v \nc-h[n`oj-Wn-Iƒ Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. kam-[m\-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw D≠m-Ip∂ oj-Wn-Ifpw Ah ]cn -l-cn -°p-hm≥ \S-°p∂iaßfpw ]ÿm-\-ßfpw temI-k-am-[m-\sØi‡n-s∏-Sp-Øpw.

hnb∂mtIm¨Kkv (1815) BWv A¥m-cm-jvS-XeØn¬ HutZym-KnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v XpS°wIpdn®-Xv. ^m≥kv, _n´¨, HmkvSnb XpS-ßnbcmPy-ß-fmWv Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv.s]mXp-hmbn hcp∂ ]iv\-ßfpw X¿°-ßfpw\bX¥ N¿®-I-fn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\vhnb∂mtIm¨Kkv cmjvS-ßsf t]cn-∏n-®p.bqWn -th-g vk¬ t]mì bqWn -b≥,C‚¿\mjW¬ sSe-Km v bqWn-b≥ XpS-ßn-bh1860˛¬ Xs∂ cq]w-sIm≠ HutZym-KnI kwLS\-I-fm-Wv.

k¿∆-cm-jvS-kJyw(League of Nations)H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1919˛¬ \S∂ thgvkmbv k‘n-bmWv k¿∆-cm-jvS-k-Jy-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-®Xv. Cu A¥m-cm-jvS-th-Zn-bn¬ 42 AwK-cm-jvS-ß-fmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. cmjvS-ß-fpsS kzbw\n¿Æbmh-Imiw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v cmjvS-߃ XΩn¬ kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpwt]m’m-ln-∏n -°p∂Xn\p-th-≠n-bmWv CukJyw \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. F√m cmPyßfpw HmtcmcmPy -Øn\pth-≠nbpw Hmtcm cmPyhpwF√mcmPy-߃°pth≠nbpw F∂-X-c-Øn¬Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS kpc-£n-XXzw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\p≈ ia-amWv kwL-S\ e£y-am-°n-b-Xv. HcpcmPy-Øn-\v- F-Xn-cm-bp≈ bp≤w F√m cmPy-߃°pw FXn-cm-bp≈ bp≤-ambn IW-°m-°W-sa∂v kwL-S\ Blzm\w sNbvXp. temI-P-\-X-bpsS BtcmKyw kwc-£n-°p-I, temI-Øm-I-am\-ap≈ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Xmev]cyßsf ]cn-c£n-°pI XpS-ßn-b-hbpw k¿∆-cmjvS kwJy-Øns‚e£y-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.

$ k¿∆-cmjvS kJy-Øns‚ XI¿®-bv°n-S-bm-°nb kml-N -cy -ß-sf -°p -dn® v Ipdn∏ vXømdm°n ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p N¿®sNøp.

$ F¥p-sIm-≠mImw temI kam-[m-\-Øn-\mbn\ne-hn¬ h∂ k¿∆-cmjvS kJyw temI-P\-X-bpsS Btcm-Kyw, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsSXmev]cyw XpS -ßnb e£y-ß-sf-°qSn]cnKWn-®Xv?

$ bp≤-߃ Hgn-hm-°nbXpsIm≠v amXw temI-P-\-X-bpsS kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏m-°p-hm-\m-Iptam? N¿® sNøp-I.

bp≤ß-fn-√m-Xm-Ip∂Xn\p-th≠n cq]w sIm≠kJy-Øn\v bp≤sØ XS-bm-\m-bn√ F∂p amX-a√ A∂p-hsc D≠mb F√m bp≤-ßsf°mfpw

168

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

henb bp≤-Øn\pw˛sImSnb \mi-߃°pwZpcnX-߃°pw km£yw h-ln-t°≠nbpw h-∂p.Iq´mb kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw kam-[m-\-Øn\pwIqSp-X¬ ^e-]-Z-amb kwL-S-\-bv°m-bp≈iasØØpS¿∂v sFIy-cm -jvS -kw-L-S -\(United Nations Organisation) cq]o-I-cn®p.k¿∆-cm-jvSkJyw 1946˛¬ ]ncn-®p-hn-SpIbpwsNbvXp-. k¿∆cmjvS-k-Jy-Øns‚ e£y-ß-fpsSXpS¿® Xs∂-bmWv sFIy-cmjvS kwL-S-\-bpsS]h¿Ø-\-߃.

sFIy-cmjvSkwL-S\temI-bp-≤-ß-tf¬∏n® t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hm¿Ω-I-fn¬ \n∂v kam-[m-\-Øns‚ kzÿ-X-bn-te°v

sFIycmjvSkw-L-S-\-bpsSe£y߃

$ `mhn Xe-ap-dsb bp≤-`oXn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-I.

$ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpw sNdp-Xpw hep-Xp-sa∂hyXym -k-an -√msX cmPy -ß-fp -sS Ah-Imißfpw Du´n Dd-∏n-°p-I.

$ kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn°pw Db¿∂ Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-w B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn\pw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Icm-dp-I-sfbpw A¥¿tZiob \nb-a-ß-sfbpw_lp-am-\n-°p∂ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°p-I.

$ Ab¬cmPy-߃ XΩn¬ kln-jvWp-X-bnepwkam-[m-\-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb _‘whf¿Øp-I.

$ temI-k-am-[m-\-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\p-ambn Hcp-an-°pI.

$ temI-P-\-X-bpsS s]mXpXm¬∏-cy -Øn -\mb√msX kmbp[tk\sb D]-tbm-Kn-°n√F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI.

$ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h≥ kmº-Øn-Ihpwkmaq -ln -I -hp -amb ]ptcm -K -Xn -°mbnA¥¿tZiob kwhn-[m-\-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-°pI.

c≠mw temI-bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ h¿j-ß-fn¬Øs∂ Cu kwL-S-\-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈iahpw \S-∂ncp-∂p. sNdp-sXt∂m hep-sXt∂mkº-∂-sat∂m Zcn-Z-sat∂m t`Z-an-√msX F√mcmPy-sØbpw F√m-a-\p-jy-cp-tSbpw t£ahpwsFiz-cyhpw Bbn-cp∂p CXns‚ e£yw. bp≤-ß-fn-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bv°p-]pdsa kaq-l-sØ_m[n-°p∂ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃, Btcm-Kyw,ZmcnZyw, sXmgn¬, hnZym-`ym-kw, imkvX-km-t¶Xn-I-hnZy, ]cn-ÿnXn XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fnse]iv\-߃ Iq´mbvabneqsS ]cn-lcn°pI F∂]Xo-£bpw CXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

$ GsX√mw cmjvS-ß-fmWv sFIy-cmjvSkwL-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ][m\]¶ph-ln-®Xv?

$ ][m-\-ambn ]s¶-SpØ cmjvS-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿Bsc-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?

bp.-F≥. Bÿm-\-a-µncw

a\p-jy-a-\- n-s\ -am‰nsbSp-t°≠ Hcp BtKmfkml-N-cy-Øn-emWv sFIy-cmjvS kwL-S-\ -cq]-s∏-´-Xv. kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xn-\m-bp≈ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h≥s]mXp-]m-Xn-\n-[y-thZn F∂ temI-Øns‚]Xo£-bmWv sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\.

169

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

kwL-S\ cq]w sIm≈p∂p

cmjvS-߃ XΩn¬ \S∂ kpZo¿L-amb N¿®-I-fp-sSbpw Btem-N-\-I-fp-sSbpw e-am-bn- mWv sFIy-cmjvSkwL-S\ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. kwL-S\m cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ \mƒh-gn-Iƒ i≤n-°p.

1941 Pq¨ 12Xni‡n kulm¿± cmPy-ßfpsS (Triple Entente) ktΩ-f\w

temIsØ kzX-¥-cmb a‰v P\-X-tbmSv bp≤-Ønepw kam-[m-\-ØnepwHcp-an®p ]h¿Øn-°pI F∂p ]Jym-]n®p.

1941 BKÃv 14

1942 P\phcn 1

1943 Unkw-_¿ 1

1944 sk]v‰w-_¿ 21

Ata-cn-°≥ ]kn-U‚ v ^m¶vfn≥ -Un.-dq-kvh¬‰pw _n´ojv][m-\-a¥n hn≥è N¿®nepw kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ A¥m-cm-jvS-k-l-h¿ØnXzw F∂ e£yw ap≥\n¿Øn

"A‰v-em‚nIv Nm¿´¿' H∏ph®p.

26 cmPy-ß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ hmjn-wKv-S-Wn¬ ktΩ-fn-°p-IbpwA‰vem‚nIv Nm¿´-dn\v ]n¥pW ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ktΩ-f\ØnemWv Ata-cn-°≥ ]kn-U‚ v dqkvh¬‰v sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S\

(United Nations) F∂ t]cv BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

kam-[m-\-Øn-\mbn A¥m-cmjvS kwL-S\ F∂ e£y-tØmsStkmhnb‰v bqWn-b≥, _n´¨, Ata-cn-°, ssN\ F∂o cmPy-ß-fpsS

tamkvtIm tIm¨ -d≥kv.

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥, Ata-cn-°, _n´¨ F∂o cmPy-ß-fpsSsXl-dm≥ tIm¨^-d≥kv.

1943 HIvtSm-_¿ 30

tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥, Ata-cn-°, _n´¨, ssN\ F∂o cmPy-ß-fpsS]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Ata-cn-°-bnse Uw_¿´¨ HmIvkn¬ ktΩ-fn®v

sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\-bpsS e£y-߃, LS-\, ]h¿Ø\w F∂nhkw_-‘n® tcJ-bpsS IcSv Xøm-dm°n.

1945 G]n¬ 11Ata-cn-°≥ ]kn-U‚ v dqkvh¬‰v, _n´ojv ][m-\-a¥n hn≥èN¿®n¬, djy≥ ]kn-U‚ v tPmk^v Ãmen≥ F∂n-h¿ bmƒ´-bn¬ktΩ-fn®v kam-[m-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ A¥m-cmjvS kwL-S-\-tb-°p-dn-®p≈Ah-cpsS \n¿tZ-i-߃ ]Jym-]n-®p.

1945 Pq¨ 25 km≥^m≥kn-sIm-bn¬ tN¿∂ 50 cmPy-ß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ 111A\pt—Z-ß-fp≈ sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\-bpsS Nm¿´¿ AwKo-I-cn-®p.

1945 HIvtSm-_¿ 24sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S\ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂p. C¥y AS°w

51 ÿm]I AwK-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

170

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

Is≠-ØpI$ sFIy-cm-jvS- kw-L-S-\-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ FX

AwK-cm-Py-ß-fp≠v?

$ Ah-km-\-ambn AwKXzw t\Snb cmPywGXmWv?

$ sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\-bn¬ AwK-ß-f-√mØcmPy-ß-fpsS t]cv.

sFIy-cm-jvS -kw-L-S-\-bpsS LS\

s]mXpk` (The General Assembly)cmjvS-ß-fpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂s]mXp-k` h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°-se-¶nepw ktΩ-fn-t°-≠Xp-≠v. AwK-cm-jvS-߃°v k -bn-te°v

C¥y°m-cmb Bsc-¶nepw s]mXp-k-`-bpsSA≤y£]Z-hn-bn-te°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´n-´pt≠m?

kpc-£m-k-anXn(The Security Council)temI-k-am-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw ]cn-]m-en-°m≥ th≠nhcp∂ \b-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw kpc-£m-k-an-Xn-°mWv. \yqtbm¿°v BWv CXns‚ Bÿm-\w.]Xn-\©v AwK-ß-fp≈ Cu kan-Xn-bn¬ 10Xm¬°m-enI AwK-ßfpw 5 ÿncmwK-ß-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv. ssN\, _n´¨, ^m≥kv, djy, Ata-cn°F∂o cmjvS-ß-fmWv ÿncmw-K-߃. c≠ph¿jImem-h-[n-bn-te°v s]mXp-k- -bmWv Xm¬°m-enIAwK-ßsf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn\v s]mXpk -bpsS aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn-]£w Bh-iy-am-Wv. 2010HIvtSm-_¿ amkw tN¿∂ bp.F≥. s]mXp-k`C¥ysb XmXv°m-enI AwK-ambn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn´p-≠v. \b]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ ÿncmwK-߃°vhot‰m A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

hot‰m A[n-Imcw (Veto Power)

kpc-£-mk-an -Xn -bpsS Xocp -am -\ -߃°vÿncmwK-ß-fpsSsb√mw ]q¿Æ-amb ]n¥pWBh-iy-amWv. Xocp-am-\-ß-tfmSv hntbm-Pn®v\ntj-[-thm v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imc-sØ-bmWv "hot‰m' A[n-Imcw F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv . GsX-¶nepw ÿncmwKw hot‰mA[nImcw D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ kan-Xn°v Xocp-am\w FSp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√.

s]mXp-k`

kpc-£m-k-anXn skIt- -dn-b‰v

SÃo-jn∏vIu¨kn¬

kmºØnIkmaqly

Iu¨kn¬

A¥m-cmjvS\oXn-\ymbtImSXn

bp.-F≥. P\-d¬ Akwªn

A©v t]c-S -ßp∂ ]Xn -\n[n kwLsØAbbv°mw. F∂m¬ Hcp AwK-cm-Py-Øn\v Hcpthm´v amXta k -m\-S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-≠m-Ip∂ thms´-Sp∏v thf-I-fn¬ hn\n-tbm-Kn -°m-\mIp. F√m ktΩ-f-\-ß-fnepw k`AXns‚ A≤y-£-t\bpw D]m-≤y-£-t\bpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-dp-≠v.

171

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

$ sFIy-cm -jv S -k-` -bpsS skI-´dnP\d¬amcmbn Xnc -s™-Sp -°-s∏-´ -h¿Bsc√m-am-sW-∂-t\z-jn-°p. Ah-cpsS t]cv,cmPyw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ h¿jw F∂n-h-bpsS Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

kmº-ØnI kmaql-nI- Iu¨kn¬(Economic and Social Council-ECOSOC)sFIy-cmjvSkwL-S-\-bpsS Iogn¬h-cp∂BtcmKyw, sXmgn¬, a\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃XpSßnb kmº-ØnI kmaq-lnI ]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS GIo-I-c-W-amWv CXns‚ apJy Npa-X-e. s]mXpk`-bpsS\nb-¥-W-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ kmº-ØnIkmaq-lnI Iu¨kn-en¬ 54 AwK-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.\yqtbm¿°n-emWv CXns‚ Bÿm-\w.

SÃo-jn∏v Iu¨kn¬ (TrusteeshipCouncil)k¿∆-cm-jvS-k-Jy-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw kJyw - ]n -cn -®p -hn -´ -Xn -\p -tijwsFIycmjvS k -bpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn¬ BIp-Ibpw sNbvX SÃv ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ta¬t\m´hpw

skIyq-cn‰n Iu¨knse ÿncmwKcmPy-߃

apI-fn¬ sImSpØ `q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v X∂n-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Ipdn∏pXømdm°p.

skI-t´-dn-b‰v (The Secretariat)sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\-bpsS ssZ\wZn\ `cWw\n¿∆-ln-°pI F∂XmWv skI-t´-dn-b-‰ns‚NpaX-e-. \yqtbm¿°mWv CXns‚ Bÿm-\w.s]mXp-k- ,- kpc-£m-k-anXn, a‰v LS-I-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Xocp-am-\-ß-fp-amWvssZ\wZn\-`cWw F∂ \nebv°v skIt-´-dn-b‰v\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xv. skI- dn P\-d-emWv skI-t -dn-b-‰ns‚ Xe-h≥. c£m-k-an-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS s]mXp-k` \mep-h¿j Imem-h-[n-bn-te-°mWv skI- dn P\-d-ens\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv.

bp.-F≥. skI- dn P\-d¬ _m≥In aq¨

Nne cmPy-ßsf amXw ÿncmwK-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy-k-¶¬∏-Øn\p tN¿∂-XmtWm? F¥p-sIm≠v?

GsX√mw `qJ-fi-ß-fnse P\-߃°mWv ÿncmwK-ßfpsS ]´n-I-bn¬]mXn-\n[yw t\Sm≥ Ign-bm-ØXv?

172

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

Ahsb kzbw`c-W-Øn-\mbn ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øep-am-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ Npa-X-e. c£m-k-an-Xn-bnse A©vÿncmwK-ß-fmWv SÃo-jn∏v Iu¨kn-ense Ct∏m-gsØ AwK-߃. ]k-^n°v kap-Z-Øn-ep≈"]emhv' F∂ Zzo]-n-s\-bmWv SÃo-jn∏v Iu¨kn-en¬ G‰hpw Ah-km\w kzbw`c-W-Øn-\mbn Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. \yqtbm¿°mWv CXns‚ Bÿm-\w. SÃojn∏v Iu¨kn¬ 1994˛¬ \hw-_¿ H∂papX¬ kkvs]‚ v sNbvXn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

A¥m-cm-jvS\o-Xn-\ymbt°mSXn(International Court of Justice)s\X¿e‚nse tlKv Bÿm-\-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ A¥m-cm-jvS-\o-Xn-\ymb tImS-Xn-bn¬ 15\ymbm-[n-]-∑m-cm-Wp-≈-Xv. s]mXp-k- bpw c£m-k-an-Xnbpw tN¿∂v H≥]Xv h¿j-tØbv-°mWvChsc Xnc -s™-Sp -°p -∂-Xv . Cu A¥¿-tZiobtImS-Xn°p ap≥]msI ]cn-K-W-\-bv°mbn

hcp∂, cm-jvS-߃ XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ß-fnt∑¬Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm≥ tImS-Xn°v A[nIm-c-ap-≠v.sFIy-cmjvSkwL-S-\-bpsS LS-I-ßfpw ]tXyIGP≥kn-Ifpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂]£w -A-h¿°v D]-tZ-i-߃ \¬Iphm\pw A[n-Imcw D≠v.

$ AwK-cm-jvS-߃ XΩn-ep≈ GsX-¶nepw HcpX¿°-Øn¬ A¥¿tZ-iob \oXn -\ym -b-tImSXn CS-s]´Xns\ Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃tiJ-cn-°pI.

\mw N¿® sNbvX LS-I-߃°p]pdsa temI-t£-ahpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw ap≥\n¿Øn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]Xn-s\´v GP≥kn-Iƒ sFIy-cm-jvS-kwL-S-\bv°p Iogn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ah]tXyI GP≥kn-Iƒ (Specialised Agencies)F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXn¬ ][m-\-s∏´Nne GP≥kn-I-fpsS hnh-c-ß-fmWv ]´n-I-bn¬\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

bp.F≥. ]tXyI GP≥kn-IƒkwL-S-\-bpsS t]cv ÿm]n-X-amb Bÿm\w ]h¿Ø-\-߃

h¿jw

Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn]h¿Øn-°p-I, Zpc¥ka-b-ß-fnepw a‰vASn -b-¥nckµ¿`-ß-fnepw AwK-cm -Py -߃°v `£y-k-lmbw FØn-°p-I.AwK-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ hnZym-`ym-kkmwkvIm-cnIimkvX-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn\n¿t±-i-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw klmbw FØn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

AwK-cm-Py-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS BtcmKywDd∏m-°p-I, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Ifpw a‰v amcI-tcmKßfpw XS-bp-I. Cu taJ-e-I-fnseKth-jWw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.temI-k-ºZvhyh-ÿbv°v kpÿn-cXssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ k¶o¿Æ-X-I-fn¬ CS-s]-SpI.hnI-kzc cmjvS-߃°v kmº-ØnI kmt¶-XnIklmbw FØn-°p-I.sXmgn¬ kwc-£Ww, tPmen \ne-hmcw,sXmgn¬ kabw F∂n-hbpambn _‘-s∏ vA\p-k-cn-t°≠ Imcy-߃ \n¿t±in-°p-I.AwK-cm-Py-ß-fnse BWhDu¿÷ D¬]m-Z\w, D]-tbm-Kw, hnI-k\w F∂o taJ-e-bnse ]h¿Ø-\-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n°pI.

tdmw

]mcokv

P\oh

hmjn-wKvS¨Un.kn.

hmjn-wKvS¨Un.kn.

P\oh

hnb∂

1945

1946

1946

1945

1944

1946

1957

`£y-˛-Im¿jnI kwL-S\(Food and AgriculturalOrganisation-FAO)

hnZym-`ymkim-kvX-˛-kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S\(United Nations EducationalScientific and CulturalOrganisation-UNESCO)

temImtcmKy kwL-S\(World Health Organisation-WHO)

A¥m-cmjvS \mW-b-\n[n(International MonitoryFund-IMF)

temI-_m¶v (World Bank)

A¥¿tZ-iob sXmgn¬kwL-S\ (InternationalLabour Organisation-ILO)A¥m-cmjvS BWhDu¿÷ kwL-S\(International Atomic EnergyAgency-IAEA)

173

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

AwK-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®, ]ptcm-KXn,Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bnse I¿Ω ]≤-XnIƒ XpS-ßnbtaJ-e-I-fn¬ sFIy-cmjvSkwL-S\ i≤n-°p-Ibpw CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNøm-dp-s≠∂v \mw a\- n-em-°n-. CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ klm-bhpw kwc-£-Whpw Bh-iy-ap≈ cmPy-ßsf kwL-S\klm-bn-°p-∂p. AXn-\mbn ]Xn-\m-temfw ]≤Xn-Ifpw \n[n-Ifpw kwL-S\ Bkq-XWw sNbvXv\S-∏n-em-°p-∂p. sFIy-cm-jvS-hn-I-k\ ]≤Xn(United Nations Development Programme-UNDP), sFIy-cmjvS ]cn-ÿnXn ]≤Xn (UnitedNations Environment Programme-UNEP),sFIy-cmjvS inip-\n[n (UNICEF) XpS-ßn-bhAXn¬ ][m-\-s∏- -h-bm-Wv.

N¿® sNøp$ ]tXyI GP≥kn-Iƒ, hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-emWv sFIycmjvS-kw-L-S\ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv?

$ sFIycmjvS-kw-L-S\ AwK-cm-Py-ß-fpsSASn-ÿm-\-]-iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm\pw]cnlmcw \n¿t±-in-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ ia-߃\S-Øp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-Wv?

$ "kam -[m\w F∂Xv bp≤-an -√mØAhÿamX-a√ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS kzÿ-Xbpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw IqSn -bmWv'˛ Cu]kvXm-h-\-sb bp.F≥.H.bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

Imem-h-ÿ- hy-Xn-bm-\-hp-ambn_‘s∏´v Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsSA¥¿tZ-iob thZn(Inter Governmental Panel onClimate Change)sFIy-cmjvS kwL-S\ Ime-h-ÿmhyXnbm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]iv\-߃ ]cn-lcn°m\p≈]h¿Ø-\-߃°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p - .Imemhÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw AXv kaq-l-Ønepw

kº-ZvL-S-\-bn-ep-ap-≠m-°p∂ ]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\v 1988˛¬ Imem-h-ÿ-mhy-Xn-bm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ v Kh¨sa‚-pI -fpsSA¥¿tZiobthZn cq]o-I-cn-®p. ]Ir-Xn-bpsStaep≈ a\p-jys‚ A\n-b-¥n-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ hym]-I-amb ]cn-ÿnXn \mi-Øn\v CS-bm-°p-∂p. Ata-cn-°-sb-t∏msebp≈ hnI-knXcmjvS-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI, hymh-km-bn-I,ssk\nI ]h¿Ø-\-߃ h≥tXmXn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-iv\-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂p. πmÃnIv Ah-in-jvS-߃, hymh-km-bnI˛ssPh˛BWh˛Ce-IvtSm-WnIv amen-\y-߃, lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-ß-fpsS A\n-b-¥nX _ln-¿Ka\w XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-ÿn-Xn-l-Xybv°v (Ecocide) Xs∂ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. CXns‚ BLmXw h≥tXm-Xn¬ _m[n-°p-∂Xv hnI-kzc cmjvS-ß-sf-bm-Wv.

BtKmf s]mXp-kzØv (Global commons)

Cu `qan-bnepw AXns‚ A¥-co-£-ØnepwcmPy-ß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imc \nb-¥W]cn-[n°vA∏p-d-Øp≈ Nne-sX-√m-ap-≠v. AsX-√m-amWvBtKmf s]mXpkzØmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.A¥m-cm-jvS-k-ap-Z-ta-J-e, kap-Z-X´v, A¥-co-£-Øns‚ D]-cn -a -fiew (outer space),A‚m¿´n° XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv C°q-´-Øn¬][m -\ -am -b -h. cmjvS -߃ \S -Øp∂amen\y\nt£-]-߃ CXn\v h≥tXmXn¬`ojWn krjvSn-°p-∂p.

]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-I-cWw F∂Xv temI-cm-jvS-߃ cmjvSobXocp-am-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-t°≠hnjbamWv. B \nebv°v Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm\-hp -ambn _‘-s∏´v Kh¨sa‚p -I -fpsSA¥¿tZiobthZn°pw AXns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw AXo-h-]m-[m-\y-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v 2007˛se kam-[m-\-Øn-\p≈ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n-®-n´p-≠v. C¥y-°m-c-\mb tUm. kptcjv ]Nucn CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]cn -ÿnXn imkvX-⁄\mWv.

1987˛¬ \nb-an® "]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\pwhnI-k-\-Øn-\p -am -bp≈ temI IΩo-j≥'(Brundtland Commission) AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬Cßs\ FgpXn "`qan GI-amWv F∂m¬ temIw

174

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

Aß-s\-b√' (The earth is one but the world isnot) `qan-bnse apgp-h≥ Pohn-h¿§-߃°pw]pe¿∂p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ kml-Ncyw \ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xpw F√m-a-\p-jy\pw hnth-N-\-ß-fn-√msX Pohn-°p-hm≥ Ign-tb-≠-Xp-ap-≠v. F√mPohn-h¿§-ß-tfbpw kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ sFIy-cmjvS-kw-L-S\ 2010 ssPh sshhn-≤y-h¿j-ambn

(The year of Biodiversity) BN-cn-°p-∂p. t]mbXe-ap-d-Iƒ Cu `qanbpw AXnse hn`-h-ßfpw\ap-°mbn°qSn Icp-Xn-h-®-Xp-sIm-≠mWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hcpwXe-ap-dbv°vAsX√mw \in -°msX XncnsI \¬Ip -I -Xs∂bmWv \ΩpsS IS-a.

temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ (World TradeOrganisation)a‰pcmPy-ß-fn¬ \n¿Ωn® Fs¥√mw km[-\-ß-fmWv \ΩpsS Itºm-f-ß-fn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv? Ch\ΩpsS cmPyØv Fßs\ FØp-∂p. CXn-\mbnFs¥-¶nepw Iao-I-c-W-ß-fpt≠m? temI-hym-]mc-kw-L-S-\-bmWv AwK-cm-Py-߃°n-S-bnsehmWn-PysØ Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. hmWn-PyhpwXocp-hbpw kw_-‘n® s]mXp-I-cm-dn¬ (GeneralAgreement on Trade and Tariff-GATT)\n∂mWv temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ cq]w sIm≠Xv.A¥¿tZ-iob hym]mc hmWn-Py-ta-J-e-I-fn¬

]cn-ÿnXn \mi-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p∂ πmÃnIv D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°p-hm-\pw lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI _ln¿K-a\w \nb-¥n-°p-hm\pw \ap-s°-s¥√mw sNøm-\mIpw?

\nb-¥nXAfhv (Quota), Xocph XpS-ßnb cq]-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ XS- ßsf Hgn-hm°nkzX-¥-amb Hc-hÿ krjvSn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂pIcm-dns‚ e£yw. CXn-\mbn 1947˛¬ Km v cq]s∏-´Xp apX¬ 1994 hsc kpZo¿L-amb N¿®Iƒ\S-∂p. Ddp-tKz-bn¬ 1994˛¬ \S∂ N¿®-Iƒ Km´v]Inb Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v 1995˛¬ P\o-h-bn¬ h®v temIhym]m-c-kw-L-S-\bv°v cq]w\¬In. temI-hym-]m-c-Øn\v Db¿∂ hf¿®ssIh-cn-°p-I, AwK-cm-Py-߃ XΩn-ep-≠m-Ip∂hmWn-Py-X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°pI XpS-ßnbNpaX-e-Iƒ kwL-S\ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂p.

\ΩpsS Itºm-f-Øn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ GsX-¶nepw A©v hntZi DXv]-∂-߃ FSpØvAh GsX√mw cmPy-ßfnemWv DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®-sX∂v Is≠Øn enÃv sNøp.

sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S\bpsS kam-[m\]cn-i-aßfpw CS-s]-S-ep-IfpwtemIcmPy-߃ XΩn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ X¿°-ß-fn¬kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw \ne-\n¿ØpI, BcmPy-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kulrZw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI XpS-ßnb e£y-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S\ CS-s]-Sm-dp-≠v. kam-[m\ kwL-߃, \b-X¥ Iq´m -b va -Iƒ, kam[m\ZuXytk\ F∂o \ne-I-fn-emWv CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ\S-Øm-dp-≈-Xv. AwK-cm-Py-ß-fpsS ssk\y-ßfmWv kam-[m-\-ZuXy tk\-bn¬ D≠m-hp-I.C¥y-b-S-°-ap≈ AwK-cm-Py-ß-fpsS ssk\ywtImwtKm-bn¬ Ct∏m-gp≈ kam-[m\ ZuXy-tk-\-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ 64

Uªyp.-Sn.-H. Bÿm-\-a-µncw

CSs]-S-ep-Iƒ bp.F≥. ZuXytk\ CXp-hsc\SØn-bn-´p≠v.

175

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

$ Xmsg- sIm-SpØ `q]Sw i≤n-®v sFIy-cm-jvS-k-am-[m\ tk\ CS-s]´ ]tZ-i-߃°v DZm-l-c-Ww Is≠-Øp.

h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-temIw `b-tØm-sSbpw PmK-X-tbm-sSbpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ H∂m-Wt√m oIc-hm-Zw. `oI-c-hm-Z-hn-cp≤ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbnsFIy-cmjvSkwL-S\ oI-c-hm-Z-hn-cp-≤- ]tbmK-tk-\bv°v (Counter Terrorism ImplementationTask Force) 2006˛¬ cq]w \¬In. temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap≈ oI-c-hmZ ]Xn-tcm[ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°pt\XrXzw \¬Ip-I-bmWv CXns‚ e£yw.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v sFIy-cmjvSkwLS\ \nc-h[n CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \S-Øn-bn- p-≠v. sFIy-cm-jvS- ]-cn-ÿnXnI¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ta¬t\m -Øn¬ BkvtSen-b-bn¬ h®v kwL-Sn-∏n® Ko≥ s^Ãpw 2007˛¬Hmt…m-bn¬ h®v BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-s\-XnsckwL-Sn-∏n® Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw 2007˛¬ Xs∂_ ¬kn¬ \S∂ "B¿ vs^Ãpw' DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv. sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\-bpsS t\ -ßsfhne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ AsXmcp ssk\nIÿm]-\-a-s√∂pw kam-[m-\w, kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn,- kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w Chbv°v Du∂¬ \¬Inam\-h-kp-c-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\mbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂s]mXpthZn amX-am-sW∂pw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

A -bm¿∞n-ta-J-e-Iƒ, Zpcn-Xm-izm-k-]-h¿Ø-\-߃, ]cn-ÿn-Xnkw-c-£W ]h¿Ø-\-߃XpSßnbhbn¬ sFIy-cmjvSkwL-S\ CS-s]-Sp-∂p.

BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ kwL¿jw \ne-\n¬°p∂]tZ-i-ß-fpsS kam-[m-\w, hnI-k-\w, ]ptcm-KXnXpS-ßn-bh Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 2005˛¬ kam-[m\kwc -£W IΩo -j≥ (Peace BuildingCommission) cq]-oI-cn-®p.

`£-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ ImØn-cn-∏v˛A -bm¿∞n Iymºv Zriyw

176

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S\: ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒt]mcm-bva-Iƒamdp∂ ImeØv cmPy-߃ XΩn-ep≈ -X¿°-߃s°m∏w kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw hgn-bn¬ sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\bv°v]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p.h¿§ob hwiob Iem-]-߃, `oI-c-]-h¿Ø-\w,Imem-h-ÿm- hy-Xn-bm\w, kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\wXpSßnbh ]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ kpc-£m-sh-√p-hn-fn-I-fm-Wv. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p∂kam-[m\ ]h¿Ø\߃ sIm≠v ]pXnb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºmƒ ]pXnbkam[m\-]-≤XnIƒ Bh-iy-am -bn -h-cp -∂p.AXn\mbn A[n -I -km -º-ØnI sNehpwssk\nI kmt¶-XnI ]cn-⁄m-\hpw \ho-IcWhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

Imcy -£-a -X-bp≈ DtZym -Kÿhrµ-Øns‚A`mhw, Bh-iy-amb kº-Øns‚ e`y-X-Ipdhv,sNe-th-dnb DtZym-K-ÿ- - -c-W-co-Xn, AwK-cm-Py-߃ \¬tI≠ kmº-ØnI hnlnXw IrXy-ambn\¬ImXncn -°¬ apX-em-bh sFIy-cmjvSkwLS-\-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-fm-Wv.

sFIycmjvS-kwL-S-\bv°v AXns‚ apJy-[-\-tim-X- p-I-fmb ]m›m-Xy-hn-I-knX cmPy-ß-fpsSXm¬∏cy -߃°v hgtß≠n hcp -∂-p≠v .AXpt]mse ]e-ta-Je-I-fn¬ hnI-knXcmPy-ßfpw hnI-k-zccmPy-ßfpw XΩn¬ X¿°-߃Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p. AwK-_-e-Øn¬ A[n-I-ap≈hnI-kzccmP-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sFI-y-cmjvS kwL-S-\-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ kmº-ØnIkw`m-h-\-I-fp-≠m-I-W-sa∂v hnI-knXcmjvS-߃Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. CsX√mw sFI-y -cm -jvS -kwLS\ t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fm-Wv.

bp.-F≥. kam-[m\ ZuXy-tk\ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ°v Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃

sse_o-cn-b-bnse A -bm¿∞n Iymºn¬ bp.-F≥.Blmcw FØn-°p∂p

tImwtKm-bn¬ bp.-F≥.- s‚sshZyklmbw

N¿® sNøpIsFI-y-cmjvSkwL-S-\-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ t]mcm-bva-IƒFs¥-√m-amWv?sFI-y-cmjvS kwL-S-\sb IqSp-X¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy]c-am°p-∂-Xn\pw]cnanXnIsf AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ \n¿t±-i-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-Wv.

177

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

tNcn-tNcm]ÿm\w (NAM)c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn\ptijw temI-Øn\pkm£yw hln-t°-≠n-h∂ Ccp-[p-h-tem-IhpwioX-k-a-chpw "c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤hpw kmam-P-y-Xz-Øns‚ XI¿®bpw' F∂ A[-ym-b-Øn¬ \mw]cn-N-b-s∏-´p-h-t√m. bp≤m-\-¥ctemIw Ata-cn-°≥ sFI-y-\m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚bpw t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ c≠v iXp-tN-cn-I-fmbnXncn™ncp∂p F∂pw \ap-°-dn-bmw. AXm-Is´Bbp-[-a-’-c-tØm-sSm∏w c≠v Bi-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ a’cw IqSn Bbn-cp-∂p. c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ oXn hns´m-gn-™n- n-√mØ temIØvCu kml-c-y-߃ ho≠pw Hcp bp≤-Øns‚ A¥-co£w krjvSn-®p. bp≤m-\-¥-c-Imew Gjy-bnepwB^n-°-bnepw sX°-\ta-cn-°-bn-ep-ap≈ bqtdm-]-y≥ cmP-y-ß-fpsS tImf-\n-Iƒ kz-X-¥- ]-c-am-[n-Imc cmjvS -ß-fmbn amdp∂ Imew IqSn

Bbncp∂p. \h- k-z-X-¥-cm-jvS-߃ Ah-bpsSB`y¥chf¿®bv°pw temI-k-am-[-m\-Øn\pw]m[m-\yw \¬In-s°m≠v Ata-cn-°≥- -tkm-hn-b‰va’-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgn™p \n¬°pI F∂ Bib-amWv kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Cu Bib-amWv tNcn-tNcm]ÿm-\-Øn-te°v \bn-®-Xv. GsX√mw A¥m-cmjvS ktΩ-f-\-ß-fmWv tNcn-tNcm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°v \bn-®-sX∂pwBsc√m-am-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ in¬∏n-I-sf∂pw \mwa\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v.

A¥¿tZ-iob _‘-ß-fn¬ kz -X - ¥-amb\ne]mSv kzo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw kam-[m-\-Ønepwkl-h¿Øn -Xz -Ønepw A[n -jvSn -X -ambhntZi\bw cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm\pw AwK-cm-P-y-߃°v tNcn -tNcm]ÿm\w kzm -X-¥yw\¬Ip∂p. F√mØc-Øn-ep-ap≈ h¿Æ-hw-i-hnth-N-\-ß-tfbpw CXv \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Is≠-Ømtam$ GXv cmP-y-amWv Ct∏mƒ tNcn-tNcm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ A≤-y-£-]-Zhn

hln-°p-∂Xv?

$ CcptNcn a’-c-߃ Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw BtKm-fo-I-c-Whpw `oI-c-hm-Z-hpw Imem-hÿm hy-Xn-bm-\hpw cmjvSm¥c ]iv\-ß-fm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX]pXnb ImeØv tNcn-tNcm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡n- N¿® sNøp-I.

A¥m-cmjvS A¥¿Kh¨sa‚ vkwL-S-\-Iƒ (International InterGovernment Organisations)

cmjvS-߃ XΩn¬ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ _‘-߃\ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂v \ap°v Adn-bmw. imkvXw,kmt¶-XnIhnZy, kwkvIm-cw, hmWnPyw, hym]mcwXpS-ßnb ]e taJ-e-I-fnepw cmjvS-߃ ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°p-∂p. CØcw _‘-߃ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn cmjvS-߃ tN¿∂v cq]o-I-cn -°p∂ kwL-S -\ -I-fmWv A¥m-cmjvSA¥¿Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S-\-Iƒ. sFIy-cmjvSkwL-S\, tNcntNcm ]ÿm\w XpS-ßnb kwL-S-\-Ifpw A¥m-cmjvS A¥¿ Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S-\-I-fm-Wv. a‰pNne ][m-\-s∏´ kwL-S-\-I-fpsShnh-c-߃ ]´n-I-bn¬ (t]Pv 178) \¬In-bn-cn°p-∂p.

A¥mcmjvS Kh¨sa‚ v CXckwLS-\-Iƒ (InternationalNonGovernmental Organisations)\ap°v Np‰pw Nne hy‡n-Ifpw Iq´m-bva-Ifpw a\p-jym-h-Im-iw, ]cn-ÿnXn XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬]Xn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv\n߃ i≤n-®n-cn-°p-a-s√m. sske‚ vhmen kwc-£W kan-Xn, s]cn-bm¿ kwc-£W kan-Xn,πm®n-a-S-bnse ]t£m`w XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm -Wv . CXp -t]mse a\p -jym -h -Im -i -kwc£Ww, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kam-[m-\w, kmaq-ly-ku-lrZ- hn-I-k-\w, ]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-߃°p-ta¬]mtZ-in-I-P-\-X-bpsS AhImiw \ne-\n¿Ø¬,BhmkhyhÿbpsSbpw- hn`-h-ß-fpsSbpwkwc£Ww XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hy‡n-Ifpw Iq´m-bva-Ifpw ]mtZ-in-I-amtbm tZio-b-

178

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179

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A¥¿-tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IfneqsS

amtbm Bcw -`n -°p∂ ]ÿm-\ -ß-fmWvKh¨sa‚ v CXc kwL-S-\-Iƒ. Kh¨sa‚p-ambnkl-I-cnt®m A√m-sXtbm CØcw kwL-S-\-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°m-dp-≠v. Ch-bpsS ]h¿Ø\wcmPy-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn-°-∏p-d-tØ°p hf-cp-Ibpw cmPym-¥c Iq´m-bva-I-fmbnØocp-IbpwsNøm-dp-≠v. A¥¿tZiob Kh¨sa‚nXc kwL-S-\-Iƒ A\u-]-Nm-cnI kwL-S-\-Ifpw A¥¿tZ-iob A¥¿Kh¨sa‚ v kwL-S-\Iƒ Hu]-Nm-cnI kwL-S-\-IfpamWv. Nne ][m-\-s∏´A¥mcmjvS Kh¨sa‚nXc kwL-S-\-I-sfIpdn®v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

Ko≥]okv"]cn -ÿn -Xn -I -amt‚mkv' (EnvironmentalCommandos) F∂p-IqSn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CukwL-S\ 1960 apX-emWv ]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßn-bXv. Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS kwc-£-Ww, kap-Z-߃, \Zn-Iƒ, `uam-¥-co£w F∂n-h-bpsSaen\o-I-cWw XS-b¬ XpS-ßnb e£y-߃ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv Ko≥]okv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv.

tem_-bm≥hr£-ßsfbpw Xcp-e-Xm-Zn-I-sfbpw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn C¥y-bn¬ Bcw-`n-® ]ÿm-\-amWvtem_-bm≥. CXns‚ ]h¿Ø\w bqtdm-∏n-te°pw hym]n-®n-´p-≠v.

Nn]vtIm ]ÿm\w (Chipko)

lnam-e-b≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse hr£-ßsf kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbmWv Nn]vtIm- ]-ÿm\w Bcw-`n-®Xv. kpµ¿em¬ _lp-Kp -W-bmWv CXn\vt\XrXz-w \¬Ip∂Xv.

Bw\Ãn C‚¿\m-j-W¬

bp≤-ßfpw ]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßfpw \miw hnX-bv°p-Ibpw A\n-b-¥n-X-ambn ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fp-≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v Bw\ÃnC‚¿\m-j-W¬ ASn-b-¥n-c-k-lmbw FØn-°p∂p. hwio-b-I-em-]-ßfpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ewL\-ßfpw \S-°p∂ CS-ßfn¬ Ch¿ ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\p≈ kml-N-cy-߃ Hcp-°m≥ian°pIbpw sNøm-dp≠v.

C‚¿\mj-W¬ IΩn‰n Hm^v sdUvtImkv

temIØmI-am\w 100˛¬ A[nIw sdUv tImkvskmssk-‰n-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. bp≤-ßfpw ]IrXn-Zp-c-¥-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ip∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Cu kwL-S\ klmbhpw km¥z-\hpw FØn-°p-∂p. kam-[m-\-Øn-\p≈ t\m_¬k-Ωm\w 1914, 1963 F∂oh¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu kwL-S-\-bv°mWv e`n-®Xv.

Ko≥_¬‰v ]ÿm\w

sI\n-b-bnse ]IrXn kwc-£W ]h¿Ø-I-bmb hm¶mcn amØmbv F∂ h\n-X-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv Cu ]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-®-Xv. `qan-bp-tSbpw hr£-ß-fp-tSbpw kwc-£Ww ap≥\n¿Øn]h¿Øn-°p∂ Cu kwL-S\ kvXoIsf kwL-Sn-∏n®v 80 e£w hr£-߃ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

C‚¿\mj-W¬ In°‰v Iu¨kn¬ (ICC),s^U-td-j≥ Hm^v ^pUvt_mƒ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ (FIFA) F∂n-hbpw Kh¨sa‚nX-c-kw-L-S-\-I-fm-Wv.

$ Cu kwL-S-\-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w kam-[m-\-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw FX-amXwklm-b-I-am-sW∂v N¿®- sN-øp-I.

$ CXn-te-sX-¶nepw kwL-S-\-I-tfm A\p-_‘kwL-S-\-Itfm \nß-fpsS ]tZ-itØm hnZym-e-b-Øntem ]h¿Øn-°p-∂pt≠m? Ah-cpsS]h¿Ø\߃ Fs¥m-s°-?

temI tkmjy¬ t^mdwBtKm-fo-I-cWw krjvSn-°p∂ ]Xym-Lm-X-ßsfsNdp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp temIIaw krjvSn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS 2001˛¬ _ko-en-emWvtemI -tkm-jy¬ t^mdw BZy-ambn ktΩ-fn-®Xv.hwi, h¿Æ, enwK- hn-th-N-\-߃°-Xo-Xamb Hcp\h-tem-I-amWv ]ÿm\w e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xv.kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw cmjvSo-b-hp-ambXpeyX Dd-∏m-°p-∂-XneqsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ]p\¿\n¿Ωn -°p -hm\mIpw (Reinventingdemocracy) F∂mWv Cu ]ÿm\w Icp-Xp-∂Xv._koense t]m¿t´m Ae-sKbn¬ 2010 P\phcn-bn¬ AXns‚ ]Øm-aXv ktΩ-f\w tN¿∂p.

180

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

]h¿Ø-\-߃

D®-tIm-Sn-Ifpw ktΩ-f-\-ßfpwsFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S\ kam-[m-\-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\p-ambn hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \b-ßfpw]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂

D®-tIm-Sn-I-fneqsSbpw ktΩ-f-\-ß-fneqsSbp-amWv. cmjvS-Ø-e-h-∑m¿, D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ¿,\b-X-¥-⁄¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ta¬]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂v Nne ][m\D®tIm-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Smw.

Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v 2010 BK-kv‰n¬ \S∂ bp.-F≥. tIm¨ -d≥kv

D®-tImSn/ktΩf\w thZn \S∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃h¿jw

`ua-D-®-tImSn (Earth-Summit)

tIymt´m DS-ºSn(Kyoto protocol)

kpÿn-c-hn -I-k-\-Øn-\m-bp≈D®tImSn (World summit forsustainable development)

Imemhÿ hyXn -bm -\-hp -ambn_‘-s∏´p tIm∏≥ tlK≥DSºSn (Copen HeganProtocol on climate change)

dntbmUn P\osdm(_ko¬)

tIymt´m(P∏m≥)

tPml-\mkv _¿Kv(Z£n-Wm-^n-°)

tIm∏≥ tlK≥(sU≥am¿°v)

1992

1997

2002

2009

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Ww, BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm\w a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS s]mXp]iv\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I, hymh-km-bn-I, Im¿jn-I,hml-\, Km¿lnI timX-kp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂lcn-X-KrlhmX-I-_-ln¿K-a\w \nb-¥n-°p-I.

lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS _ln¿K-a\w 2012 BIp-tºm -tg°pw 1990˛se \ne-bn -¬ \n∂pw 5%Xmtgbv°v sIm≠phcn-I.

]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Zhpw kmaq-ly-ku-lr-Z-hp-ambhnIk\w˛Zmcn-Zy -\n¿Ωm¿÷-\w, ip≤-P-e-kw-c-£Ww, ipNn-Xzw, ssPh-Irjn.

A¥-co£ Dujvam-hns‚ h¿≤-\hv Ipd®v BtKm-f-Xm-]-\sØ XS-bp-I. lcn-X-Krl hmXI _ln¿K-a\wIpd-bv°p-I.

$ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øv kam-[m-\-Øn\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw `ojWnDb¿Øp∂ LS-I-ß-sf-s¥√mw? kwL-S-\-Ifpw Iq´m-bva-Ifpw CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw CXn\p ]cn-lm-c-am-Ip-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNbvXv ¢mkn-semcp skan-\m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

$ A¥¿tZiob ktΩ-f\ßfp-sSbpw D®-tIm-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw NnX-ßfpw hnh-c-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v Hcp B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p-I.