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States of Matter Notes
Created in 2006/2010 by Tim F. Rowbotham
States of Matter Notes
• Journal #4• Describe what you see when
manipulating the Cartesian Diver.• On your own time research why the
Cartesian Diver works. Record in your journal.
Important Measurements
Mass – the amount of matter that makes up an object
Volume – the amount ofspace an object occupies
Density – a ratio of mass to volume (D = m / V)
Important Definitions
Matter – anything that has mass and volume
Energy – ability to do work or cause changeKinetic Energy – the energy an object has due to its motion
State of Matter
Materials are classified in different states (or phases) of matter based on composition and temperature.
There are currently 5 accepted states of matter:
solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensates.
Kinetic Theory
The kinetic theory states that all matter is made of tiny particles that are in constant motion.
It explains the characteristics (or properties) of matter in terms of the energy of these particles
Kinetic Theory & Solids
• The atoms in a solid are held close together by strong forces of attraction
• The atoms have very low kinetic energy
• The atoms seem to vibrate, but do not move around
Solids
• Solids have a definite shape
• Solids have a definite volume
Learning Checks
• READY YOUR REMOTE
Scientists currently categorize matter into how many states?
0%
50%
0%
50% 1. 3
2. 4
3. 5
4. 10
“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
79%
4%
7%
11% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The theory of relativity
4. The kinetic theory
Atoms in a solid are
4%
12%
85% 1. Close to one another
2. Far away from other atoms
3. Always the same distance apart
Atoms in a solid move
8%
85%
8% 1. A lot
2. Very little
3. According to the theory of relativity
Crystalline Solids
• Atoms are arranged in repeating geometric patterns
• Considered “true” solids & tend to hold their shape
• Examples: salt, ice, diamonds, sugar, aluminum, graphite
Draw atoms of a Crystalline Solid
Draw atoms of a Crystalline Solid
Amorphous Solids
• Atoms have no repeating pattern• Amorphous means “without form”• Same properties as crystalline
solids, but have no distinct melting point
• Examples: glass, wax, plastic, styrofoam, coal, rubber
Draw atoms of an Amorphous Solid
Draw atoms of an Amorphous Solid
Examples of Crystalline & Amorphous Solids
Examples of Crystalline & Amorphous Solids
Examples of Crystalline Solids
Carbon nanotube
Examples of Crystalline Solids
Table Salt
Examples of Crystalline Solids
Examples of Crystalline Solids
Examples of Crystalline Solids
Learning Checks
• READY YOUR REMOTE
A crystalline solid has atoms that
3%
7%
83%
7% 1. Move a lot
2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern
3. Are randomly arranged
4. Do not move
An amorphous solid has atoms that
10%
76%
7%
7% 1. Move a lot
2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern
3. Are randomly arranged
4. Do not move
“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
8%
75%
17%
0% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The kinetic theory
4. The theory of relativity
Crystalline or Amorphous?
• Create a table with 3 columns:
Material, Drawing, & Crystalline or Amorphous
• Draw what you see under the microscope & classify it as crystalline or amorphous
Material Drawing Crystalline or Amorphous?
Classwork/Homework
• TURN IN YOUR Crystalline/Amorphous TABLE
• CW/HW: P.8-9 “Solids, Liquids, & Gases”• RETURN YOUR REMOTE
JOURNAL # 5
• Use a Venn Diagram to show the difference between crystalline & amorphous solids.
Entrance Questions
• READY YOUR REMOTE
A crystalline solid has atoms that
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Move a lot
2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern
3. Are randomly arranged
4. Do not move
“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The kinetic theory
4. The theory of relativity
Kinetic Theory & Liquids
• The forces of attraction between atoms in a liquid are not strong enough to hold them together
• Atoms in a liquid are close, but have enough kinetic energy to roll over and around each other
Liquids
• Because its atoms move over and around each other, a liquid has the ability to flow.
• Liquids do not have definite shape; liquids take the shape of their container
• Liquids have a definite volume.
Draw Atoms in a Liquid
Kinetic Theory & Gases
• Atoms in a gas have high enough kinetic energy that they are not held by the attractive forces of other atoms
• Atoms in a gas may be spread far apart and may collide with each other with great force
Gases
• Because atoms in a gas move around a lot, gases have no definite shape or volume
• Gases take the shape of their container but also can be compressed
Draw Atoms in a Gas
Learning Checks
• READY YOUR REMOTE
“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The kinetic theory
4. The theory of relativity
Which of the following has atoms that are still close together but have enough energy to roll over and around each other?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gases
4. Plasma
Which of the following has atoms that are far apart and move rapidly?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Solids
2. Liquids
3. Gases
4. Bose-Einstein condensates
Which of the following has atoms that are close together and vibrate in place?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gases
4. Plasma
States of Matter
• States of Matter Video Clip• States of Matter Song
JOURNAL #6
• USE THE KINETIC THEORY to explain what happens to
the T1000.
Kinetic Theory & Plasmas
• Atoms in a plasma have extremely high kinetic energy
• Atoms in a plasma collide with such great force that the electrons are knocked out of the atoms
Plasmas
• Plasmas have the same properties as gases, except that they are electrically charged
• Plasma makes up 90% of the matter in the universe
• Plasma is found in stars, neon & fluorescent lights, & lightning
Plasmas
• Plasma the Fourth State• Plasma video clip 2• Plasma video clip 3• Plasma video clip 4• Plasma in everyday life
Bose-Einstein Condensates
• Scientists in 1995 decided to classify matter into a fifth state - Bose-Einstein Condensates.
• This state of matter only exists at very low temperatures (near absolute zero).
Bose-Einstein Condensates
• BEC Video clip 1• BEC Video clip 2• BEC simulation
States of Matter
State Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Shape
Volume
Particle Spacing
Particle Motion
Kinetic Energy
States of Matter
State Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
Shape Definite Varies Varies Varies
Volume Definite Definite Varies Varies
Particle Spacing
Packed tight Close Spread out Spread
out
Particle Motion
Vibrate in place
Roll over each other
Bounce off each other
Violent collisions
Kinetic Energy Very low Low High Very high
Learning Checks
• READY YOUR REMOTE
“All matter is made out of tiny particles that are in constant motion.” This is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Newton’s Law
2. Particle theory
3. The kinetic theory
4. The theory of relativity
How is a plasma different from a gas?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Plasma atoms are moving slower
2. A plasma has free electrons
3. Atoms of a plasma are larger
4. Atoms of a plasma are smaller
What conditions are necessary for a Bose-Einstein condensate?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Nuclear fusion
2. Extremely high temperatures
3. Extremely low temperatures
4. The presence of anti-matter
JOURNAL # 3
Try to use the kinetic theory to explain why the bimetallic strip
works the way it does.
Thermal Expansion
Notes p. 4
Thermal Expansion
• The atoms that make up matter are in constant motion
• Atoms with more kinetic energy move faster and move more
• As these atoms spread further apart, the entire substance gets larger
Thermal Expansion
• When a substance gets larger due to heating, it is known as thermal expansion.
• When a substance gets smaller due to cooling, it is known as thermal contraction.
Thermal Expansion
• Thermal Expansion Clip 1• Thermal Expansion Clip 2• Expansion Joint commercial• Expansion Joint Mets CitiField
Temperature
• Notes p. 5
Temperature
• Temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the atoms in a substance
• A higher temperature means higher kinetic energy
• A lower temperature means lower kinetic energy
Temperature
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature
Kinetic Energy of
AtomsLower Higher
Motion of Atoms Lower Higher
Temperature Scales
• Fahrenheit oF
• Celsius oC
• Kelvin K
Temperature Scales
Temperature Scales
Temperature
• Temperature clip 1• Measuring Temperature • Temperature Scales clip 1• Temperature Scales clip 2• Eureka - Temperature vs. Heat
Learning Checks
• Ready your remote
A substance at a higher temperature means that
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster
2. Its atoms are moving slower
3. Its atoms are larger
4. Its atoms are smaller
A substance contracts at a lower temperature because
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster
2. Its atoms are moving slower
3. Its atoms are larger
4. Its atoms are smaller
What do scientists think would happen at the theoretical temperature of absolute zero?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Atoms stop moving
2. Nuclear fusion
3. Atoms explode
4. Atoms change into ant-matter
What temperature scale begins at absolute zero?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Fahrenheit
2. Celsius
3. Kelvin
4. Newton’s
What temperature scale begins at the freezing point of water?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Fahrenheit
2. Celsius
3. Kelvin
4. Newton’s
Temperature
• RETURN YOUR REMOTES
Entrance Questions
• READY YOUR REMOTES
A substance contracts at a lower temperature because
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Its atoms are moving faster
2. Its atoms are moving slower
3. Its atoms are larger
4. Its atoms are smaller
What do scientists think would happen at the theoretical temperature of absolute zero?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Atoms stop moving
2. Nuclear fusion
3. Atoms explode
4. Atoms change into ant-matter
An amorphous solid has atoms that
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Move a lot
2. Are arranged in a repeating pattern
3. Are randomly arranged
4. Do not move
Changes in State
• If the atoms that make up a substance gain enough kinetic energy, they can overcome the forces of attraction and change to a new state. This usually occurs at a specific temperature.
Changes in State
• If the atoms that make up a substance lose enough kinetic energy, they will be attracted to other atoms and change state. This also usually occurs at a specific temperature.
Names for State Changes
• Melting – change from a solid to a liquid; occurs at a substance’s melting point (m.p.)
• Freezing – change from liquid to a solid; occurs at a substance’s freezing point (f.p.)
• (Melting Point = Freezing Point)
Names for State Changes
• Condensation – change from a gas to a liquid
• Vaporization – all types of changes from liquid to a gas
Types of Vaporization
• Boiling – a change from liquid to gas due to heating– Occurs at the boiling point
• Evaporation – a change from liquid to gas due to escape of surface atoms of a liquid– Occurs at any temperature (that it
remains a liquid)
Names for State Changes
• Sublimation – change from a solid straight to a gas
• Deposition – change from a gas to a solid without first becoming a liquid
Phase Changes Video Clips
• Sublimation of Iodine• Eureka: Evaporation & Condensation• Change of State• Phase Changes• Bangalore Iron Pour
Exit Questions
• Ready your remote
Entrance Questions
• Ready your remote
A change in state from liquid to solid is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Melting
2. Freezing
3. Vaporizing
4. Condensing
A change in state from gas to liquid is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Melting
2. Freezing
3. Vaporizing
4. Condensing
A change in state from gas to solid is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Sublimation
2. Deposition
3. Vaporization
4. Condensation
A change in state from liquid to gas that only occurs at the surface of a liquid is called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Melting
2. Freezing
3. Boiling
4. Evaporation
Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?
• A substance remains a solid until its temperature reaches its m.p.
WATER’s m.p. = 0°C
Below 0°C WATER is a SOLID
Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?
• A substance is a liquid so long as its temperature is between its m.p. and its b.p.
WATER’s m.p. = 0°C
Above 0°C WATER has melted and become liquid
Tables - Solid, Liquid, or Gas?
• A substance will be a gas as long as its temperature is above its b.p.
WATER’s b.p. = 100°C
Above 100°C WATER has boiled and become a gas
Melting Point Table
Material m.p.Aluminum 660°C
At which of the following temperatures would aluminum be a solid?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 600°C
2. 700°C
3. 800°C
4. 900°C
Material m.p.Aluminum 660°C
Melting & Boiling Point Table
Material m.p. b.p.Aluminum 660°C 2327°C
At which of the following temperatures would aluminum be a liquid?
0%
0%
0%
0%
Material m.p. b.p.Aluminum 660°C 2327°C
1. 400°C
2. 600°C
3. 800°C
4. 2400°C
At which of the following temperatures would aluminum be a gas?
0%
0%
0%
0%
Material m.p. b.p.Aluminum 660°C 2327°C
1. 400°C
2. 600°C
3. 800°C
4. 2400°C
Melting & Boiling Point Table
Material m.p. b.p.Tin 232°C 2260°C
Silver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C
At which of the following temperatures would tin be a solid?
0%
0%
0%
0%Material m.p. b.p.
Tin 232°C 2260°CSilver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C
1. 200°C
2. 600°C
3. 1000°C
4. 2000°C
At which of the following temperatures would silver be a liquid?
0%
0%
0%
0%Material m.p. b.p.
Tin 232°C 2260°CSilver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C
1. 400°C
2. 800°C
3. 1000°C
4. 2000°C
At which of the following temperatures would tin be a gas?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 400°C
2. 600°C
3. 800°C
4. 2400°C
Material m.p. b.p.Tin 232°C 2260°C
Silver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C
At which of the following temperatures would iron be a liquid?
0%
0%
0%
0%Material m.p. b.p.
Tin 232°C 2260°CSilver 961°C 1950°CIron 1535°C 3000°C
1. 500°C
2. 1000°C
3. 2000°C
4. 4000°C
Classwork Assignments
• Packet p. 15 – 17• Read text p.84 – 91• Complete Reading Strategy Table (on
p.84)• Complete p. 91 Assessment
Questions 1 – 8• Return Remotes
