8

Click here to load reader

Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

������� �� ������ ������� ������ �� ������� �� � ���� � �������

�������� ��� �� �� ���������� �� �������������� ������������ ������ �� ��� ������ �� � ��������� ����������� ������

������� ����� ����� � ������ ���� ��������� ������� �� ������� ���� ���� �� ��������� �������� ��������������������� �� � ������ ������������ ������� ������� ������� ����������� ��������� ������ ��� ����� ���� �� �!"#$!!� ������ ��� �%�$���%& �������'���(������%���)���������% *�������+ ,���� ��������� - *�������+� .��� ���+ ��������+ - �����%� �� ���� �� �� "'�� �/0���������� �� .�1������ *�*�*2� ����������� �� ������ *����� ������������ ������� � 03�!$�#0 ������ ��� �%"��������� *���%+�� �� ������������� *'��4�'��*��'� 5 �� �� ��������% 6��� �"!7!*�� *���8� 9����

� � !!"#�$%& '&%(()$ * !"# +�,-$ ��. /%( (0,1$"1 ,($*' 1$22"#"*0 ��� 0"�3*$4,"(� � %*1 5�(0#%6)7"&1 $!%'$*' +�����. /"#" ,("1 0 ! *$0 # 03" �,#$*' 8$*"0$�( 2 03" �"!"*0 %*1 0/ 9# �"(("( /"#" 1$(0$*',$(3"1: 03" '"&%0$ * %*1 !%0,#%0$ * 93%("(� �3%#%�0"#$;%0$ * 2 03"%&,!$*$,! %*1 ($&$� * (9"�$"( 9#"("*0 $* 03" '&%(( � !9 *"*0 %*1 �"!"*0 /%( 9"#2 #!"1<6 � *="*0$ *%& �>�& %*1 �5$ �� %*1 0/ )1$!"*($ *%& �>�& 0#$9&" 4,%*0,! �� ���+�?��. 0"�3*$4,"(� ?,%*0$7�%0$ * 2 03" %&,!$*$,! $* 03" '&%(( � !9 *"*0 %*1 $* 03"�"!"*0 $*1$�%0"( 03" &"%�3$*' 2 %< ,0 ��@ 2 03" �)� #1$*%0" %&,!$*$,!� %< ,0 AA@ 203" B)� #1$*%0" %&,!$*$,! %*1 %< ,0 �@ 2 03" C)� #1$*%0" %&,!$*$,!� 1,#$*' 03"("00$*' #"%�0$ *� �0 $( %&( (3 /* 03%0 03" B)� #1$*%0" %&,!$*$,! $( *&6 9#"("*0 $* 03"(,#2%�" &%6"# �#"%0"1 <6 03" %�$1 %00%�8 1,#$*' 03" �"!"*0 2 #!%0$ * 9# �"((� �* 03" �"!"*0�($&$� * !%$*0%$*( (9"�$"( /$03 2 ,# <#$1'$*' D6'"*( %20"# 03" &"%�3$*' 2 0"0#%3"1#%&+�)� #1$*%0". %&,!$*$,!� �3" ($&$� * %*%&6($( � ##"&%0"( /"&& /$03 03" %&,!$*$,!1"0"#!$*%0$ *(�� )!!" /%�:�� �������� ��%������

�� ������������������� �!"# $"!" %�& '"�$#�("' () *���� � ' +" %

,�- �#" .�'"�) /�"' � #"�%�#�%�0" '" %�� %#"�%!" %& � '

%1" $1"!��%#) �2 %1" �"%%� 3 4#�$"�� 1�� ("" #"0�"."'

#"$" %�) ,�& 5-6 1" 3���� $�!4� " % �� "�%1"# � $��$�/!

�# �%#� %�/! 7/�#���/!� �����$�%" !�%"#��� 3#�/ ' %� �

8 " 4�.'"# � ' #"�$%"' .�%1 � �9/"�/� 4��)��:" ��%"

���/%�� & %� 2�#! %1" $"!" %6 ��/#�"# %#� �2�#! � 2#�#"'

�4"$%#��$�4) 1�� ("" /�"' ,��;- %� '"!� �%#�%" %1�% %1"

� �%��� #"�$%�� �3"��%�� � �% %1" 3���� 4�#%�$�" �/#2�$"

#"�"��"� $��$�/! �� �& .1�$1 !�) $��#'� �%" � ' %1/�

$#����� : $�#(�<)��%" 3#�/4� � %1" 4��)!"# $1�� �6 1��

��6"6 $#����� :� 3 () $��$�/!� �� 2����."' () 2�#!�%�� �2

��/!� �/! $�#(�<)��%" $#����� :�& .1�$1 2�#! !�#"

���.�) � ' �44"�# %� (" ����$��%"' .�%1 !�%/#�%�� 6 1"

%�!" �$��"� 2�# %1"�" %.� �%�3"� �#" !� /%"� � ' 1�/#�&

#"�4"$%�0"�) ,5-6 ���: ,=- �1�."' %1�% ��/!� �/! #"�"��"

2#�! %1" 3���� �$$/#� � %1" 3"��%�� 41��"& .1�$1

$� 8#!� %1�% %1" �/(�"9/" % #"�$%�� �2 ��/!� �/! %�

2�#! $#����� :� �� ���."# %1� %1�% �2 $��$�/!6 >"#) �� 3�

%"#! $1� 3"� �."":�?!� %1�� � %1" $�!4#"���0"

�%#" 3%1 �2 � $"!" % ,�- !�) (" '/" %� %1" ���. �4��%%� 3

�2 ����$�%" / �%� 2#�! %1" 3���� �%#/$%/#" � %� %1" $"!" %

!�%#�< ,@-6

���'��%�%" �=�� ��4� A?�� � ' �@ � ��4� �?�� �3�$

� 3�" 4� � 3 �� � �/$�"�# �3 "%�$ �"�� � $"

���� �4"$%#��$�4) 1�0" ("" .�'"�) /�"' %� �%/')

��/!� �����$�%"� � 3���� �)�%"!� ,"636 ����5-6 B�."0"#&

�% �� � �) � 2�0�/#�(�" ��%/�%�� � %1�% � "�'�!" ��� ��

���� �=�� �4"$%#�� '�%� " �(�" %1" �'" %�8$�%�� � '

9/� %�8$�%�� �2 �4"$�"� .�%1 '�22"#" % ��/!� �/!

$��#'� �%�� /!("#�6 1" �� �=�� %#�4�"�9/� %/!

� %"$1 �9/" �C� � 1�� 4#�0"' %� (" � �" ��%�0"

%"�% 2�# %1" 4#"�" $" �2 ���A � ' ���; �4"$�"� � 3����"�

'�!� �%"' () ����& �/$1 �� � !�3 "��/! ��/!� �(��

#�%" 3����"� ,��-D !�#" #"$" %�)& %1" 8#�% '�#"$% "0�'" $"

2�# %1" 4#"�" $" �2 � A�$��#'� �%" �� �4"$�"� �

����� ���� .�� #"4�#%"' ,�5-6 � '"# $� '�%�� � �2

���. � & %1" �=�� ���%#�4�$ #"�� � $" � ' �%� �4� � 3

��'"(� '� /�/���) �0"#��4 � ' � �) 9/���%�%�0" '�%� !�)

F�/%1�# %� .1�! ��� $�##"�4� '" $" �1�/�' (" �''#"��"'6

�@A=��A5� � ���� ������ �������� ����� ��� �A

Page 2: Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

(" "<%#�$%"' 2#�! %1" �4"$%#�D %1�� .�� %1" $��" 2�# %1"�=�� !"��/#"!" %� � 3������� �!"# $"!" %� 4"#2�#!"'

() �%�/)� � ��6 ,;-6 1"�" �/%1�#� #"4�#%"' %1�%& '/#� 3%1" $"!" % 2�#!�%�� 4#�$"��& 4�#% �2 %1" ��$��#'� �%"

��/!� �/! $1� 3"� %� � ;�$��#'� �%" " 0�#� !" %6

�%�/)� � ��6 ,;- ���� /�"' �@ � � �� %� !� �%�#

%1" ����$� " 0�#� !" % � 3������� �!"#� � ' �1�."'

%1�% %1" 1)'#�%"' ����$��3"� �/#2�$" ��)"# #"$� '" �"�

(�$: %� � ����$� $1�� �2%"# %1" 3"��%�� 41��"6

�3 "%�$ #"�� � $" �%#�)�8"�' � ����� �!�3� 3

.�� 8#�% � %#�'/$"' () �!���" :� � ��6 ,��- � ' �% .��

/�"' � %1" �%/') �2 %1" $/#� 3 �2 E�#%�� ' $"!" % ,�A-6

1" /�" �2 ���� �!�3� 3 1�� ���� ("" #"4�#%"' � %1"

$��" �2 '" %�� !�%"#����6 1�� %"$1 �9/" 1�� 4#�0"' �%�

#"���(���%) � %1" �%/') �2 %1" 41�%�4��)!"#�G�%�� �2

#"�� �(��"' '" %�� !�%"#���� ,�;& �=- � ' %1" 4#�%� � '

7/�#� " '��%#�(/%�� � '" %�� $"!" %� ,��-6

*" #"4�#% 1"#" �/# �(�"#0�%�� � � %1" �"%%� 3 �2 3�����

�� �!"# $"!" % /�� 3 � $�!(� �%�� �2 �B � ' �@�

����& �=�� � ' �@ � � � ' �� �=�� C�

�� �4"$%#��$�4)6

�� �������� �� ������1" 3������� �!"# �/H� �� �(�%$1 �A�5@�� .�� �(%�� "'

2#�! %1" �� ��#4�#�%�� 6 1" ����' $�!4� " % $� %�� �

� 7/�#���/!� �����$�%" 3���� .�%1 $��$�/! #"4��$"' ()

�%#� %�/!& 2�# 3#"�%"# #�'��4�$�%)& � ' 4��)�$#)��$ �$�'6

1" ��9/�' $�!4� " % $� %�� � .�%"#& 4��)�$#)��$ �$�'

� ' %�#%�#�$ �$�'6 1" $"!" % .�� 4#"4�#"' () !�<� 3 %1"

%.� $�!4� " %� �%1" ����' � ' %1" ��9/�'�& 2����.� 3 %1"

� �%#/$%�� � �2 %1" !� /2�$%/#"#�6

���� �� !"��/#"!" %� ."#" 4"#2�#!"' ��

4#"0��/��) '"�$#�("' ,����;-& /�� 3 � I#/:"# � 5��

E �� �4"$%#�!"%"# .�%1 � �@!! '��!"%"# (�#"

�/4"#$� '/$%� 3 ���" ��' !�3 "%& .1�$1 3" "#�%"� �

!�3 "%�$ 8"�' 3#�'�" % �2 5=�A!�� "�# %1" "'3"� �2

%1" $���6 1" ���� 4#�(" .�� %/ "' %� ��56�BG&

.1�$1 3�0"� �B � ' �@� #"�� � $" �% �6@ � ' 56� &

#"�4"$%�0"�)D %1"�" 8"�' �%#" 3%1� ."#" �(%�� "' H/�%

�/%��'" %1" (�#" �2 %1" !�3 "% ��"" ��36 ��6 1" �4�%���

�"4�#�%�� �2 %1" %.� #"�� � $"� .�� �6@!!6 1"

��!4�"� ."#" $� %�� "' � $)�� '#�$�� 3���� 0����& .�%1

�6�!! �" 3%1 � ' ;6A!! � "# '��!"%"#6 1" ��3 �� �2

� 4���%�$ '��$ 4��$"' �/%��'" %1" 0���& � $� %�$% .�%1 %1"

(�%%�!& .�� /�"' �� � #"2"#" $"6 � �4�$"# �� $)�� '#�$��

4�"$" �2 �#'� �#) 3���� �% $� %�� � 3 1)'#�3" �#

7/�#� " �%�!�� .�� � %#�'/$"' ("%."" %1" $"!" %

��!4�" � ' %1" 4���%�$ #"2"#" $" � �#'"# %� �0��' �0"#��4

�2 %1" �@� ��!4�" � ' �B #"2"#" $" 4#�8�"�6

1" �@ � � �� �4"$%#� ."#" !"��/#"' �%

A@6;BG& /�� 3 %1" I#/:"# � 5�� E �= � �4"$%#��

!"%"#& .�%1 � �4� � 3 �4""' �2 A :BG6 � "�'�!" ��� ��

� � ' %.��'�!" ��� �� %#�4�"�9/� %/! C� �=�� �� �4"$%#� ."#" #"$�#'"' �% ���65BG& /�� 3

� I#/:"# �>���� ��� �@ � �4"$%#�!"%"#& .�%1 �

�4� � 3 �4""' �2 �A :BGD �=�� �� �4"$%#� �% =�6�BG

."#" ���� #"$�#'"' /�� 3 %1" = �4"$%#�!"%"# .�%1 �

�% �� :BG6 �!4�"� ."#" $� %�� "' � G�#$� �� #�%�#�

.�%1 �!! �# �6A!! �6'6 2�# �4� � 3 �% A ��# �� :BG� �#

�A :BG& #"�4"$%�0"�)6 ���%#�4�$ $1"!�$�� �1�2%� ������."#" #"2"#" $"' %� "<%"# �� �9/"�/� ��/!� �/! �%#�%"

���/%�� ��=��� � ' %� "<%"# �� %"%#�!"%1)����� " ��@ ��6

�"$� 0��/%�� �2 %1" �0"#��44� 3 #"�� � $"� .��

4"#2�#!"' /�� 3 %1" ��2%.�#" 4#�3#�!�& � �� ,�@-

� ' ��� ,��-6

�� ������ �� ������������ 0#%6)7"&1 $!%'$*'�B � ' �@� ���� 4#�8�"� �2 %1" 3���� � ' �2 %1"

$"!" % $/#"' �0"# ; ."":� �#" �1�. � ��36 �6 � 0"#)

."�: �B ��3 �� �� '"%"$%"' 2�# %1" 3����& .1�$1 4#�(�(�)

�#��"� 2#�! �'��#("' !���%/#" � ' � �!��� �!�/ % �2

4��)�$#)��$ �$�'& %�3"%1"# .�%1 � $�"�# 4#�8�" �2 %1" �@�

!�3 "%�G�%�� 6 1" �%#� 3"�% ��3 �� �� �(�"#0"' 2�# �B �

%1" $"!" %& ��#3"�) '/" %� %1" .�%"# $� %" %6 � �#'"# %�

�(%�� %1" �4�%����) #"���0"' :� "%�$� 2�# %1" �"%%� 3 �2 %1"

$"!" %& 4#�8�"� ."#" �$9/�#"' "0"#) ��!� '/#� 3 %1"

8#�% � 1 �2%"# !�<� 3 %1" $"!" % $�!4� " %�& � '

�/(�"9/" %�)& "�$1 1�/# /4 %� � %�%�� "��4�"' %�!" �2

;A 16 �% �� �(�"#0"' %1�% %1" �B ��3 �� � %" ��%) '"$#"��"�

.�%1 %�!" �� �1�. � ��36 5���6 1" ���� ��

������ � ��!4�#��� ("%."" �� �4"$%#��$�4) � ' ���� �� � � = !�3 "%6

������ � �B � ' �@� ���� 4#�8�"� �(%�� "' 2#�! �/H� �� ����'

$�!4� " % � ' 2#�! %1" $"!" % $/#"' �0"# ; ."":�6 1" �1�#4 ��3 ��

�1�. � %1" #�31% ��'" �2 "�$1 4#�8�"& ���� %1" (�%%�! �2 %1" 0���& .��

�(%�� "' 2#�! � 4���%�$ '��$ /�"' �� � #"2"#" $" 2�# � %" ��%�"� ��#(�%#�#)

/ �%�� � ' 2�# '��%� $"� �!!�6

�A�

Page 3: Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

%"$1 �9/" ����.� %1" �(�"#0�%�� �2 (�%1 ����'� �3���� � '

$"!" %� � ' ��9/�' $�!4� " %� �.�%"#�D %1" ��3 ��

� %" ��%) '"4" '� � 1)'#�3" $� $" %#�%�� & (/% ��

���� �%#� 3�) �22"$%"' () #"��<�%�� 6 1" #"��<�%��

4#�$"��"� �#" !�� �) �4� ��4� � ' �4� ���%%�$" #�%�%� 3

2#�!" #"��<�%�� & .1�$1 �#" $�##"��%"' .�%1 !��"$/��#

!�(���%) � %1" :BG #� 3"6 1") 1�0" %�!" $� �%� %� �� ' ��& .1�$1 �#" 0"#) �1�#% 2�# #�3�' ����'�& �� 3"# 2�#

��9/�' $�!4� " %�6 *1" %1" %�%�� $� $" %#�%�� ��

�44#�<�!�%"�) $� �%� %& �� '/#� 3 %1" �"%%� 3 �2 $"!" %&

%1" '"$#"��" �2 %1" ��3 �� �� %1/� '"%"#!� "' () %1" 3"��

����' 41��" %#� ��%�� 6 �� %1" �"%%� 3 4#�3#"��"� � ' %1"

!�%"#��� ("$�!"� !�#" #�3�'& �% �� %1" "<4"$%"' %1�% %1"

�0"#�3" �B � '"$#"��"�& %1"#"() '"$#"��� 3 %1"

� %" ��%) �2 %1" 4#�8�" ,�A-6 1" %�!" '"4" '" $" �2

%1" � %" ��%) �% %1#"" '�22"#" % 4���%�� � %1#�/31 %1"

4#�8�" ���36 5�(�� .�� 8%%"' .�%1 � '�/(�" "<4� " %���

2/ $%�� 6 1" � � ' � %�!" $� �%� %� #"�/�%� 3 2#�!

%1"�" 8%� �#" 3�0" � �(�" �6 1" �0"#�3" �1�#%� � '

�� 3�%�!" $� �%� %�& �@!� � ' �A 1& #"�4"$%�0"�)& .�/�'

�44"�# %� $�##"��%" ."�� .�%1 %1" � �%��� 3"��%�� 41��"&

2����."' () %1" !�%/#�%�� 41��"6 *" �#" / �(�" %� 2/��)

"<4��� %1" 0�#��%�� � %�!" $� �%� %� .�%1 4���%�� &

1�."0"#& �% !/�% (" 4�� %"' �/% %1�% �"'�!" %�%�� � '

.�%"# "0�4�#�%�� �#" "<4"$%"' %� $� %#�(/%" %� %1"

�4�%��� 0�#��%�� �2 %1" :� "%�$�& "�4"$����) '/#� 3 %1"

"�#�) #"�$%�� 4"#��'6

���� �>�& �� ��� (9"�0#%1" $" %#�� %#� ��%�� ��� 2#"9/" $) �2 %1" �4"$%#/! �2

� 9/�'#/4���# /$�"/� �2 1��2 � %"3"# �4� & �/$1 �� �=��

�!� A?��& '"4" '� � %1" �#�" %�%�� �2 "�$1 $#)�%����%" � %1" �%�%�$ !�3 "%�$ 8"�'& %� �"$� ' �#'"# � 4"#%/#(�%��

%1"�#)6 1" 9/�'#/4���# � %"#�$%�� ("%."" %1" /$�"�#

"�"$%#�$ 9/�'#/4��" !�!" % ��"� � ' %1" "�"$%#�$ 8"�'

3#�'�" % �% %1" /$�"/� ��#�& �#��� 3 2#�! � ) ��$: �2

�)!!"%#) � %1" ��$�� "�"$%#� '��%#�(/%�� & �� '"�$#�("'

() %1" 9/�'#/4���# $�/4�� 3 $� �%� % $9���#"��� � '

%1" ��)!!"%#) 4�#�!"%"# �6 �% !/�% (" �%�$"' %1�%

'���#'"#"' !�%"#����& �/$1 �� 3����"� � ' $"!" %�& 1�0" �

������ % ��� ��#�% � ' 8 �� ���� 4#�8�"� �(%�� "' '/#� 3 %1" $/#� 3

�2 �/H� �� $"!" % �0"# ;A 16

������ % �(� ��/(�" "<4� " %��� '"$�) 8%%� 3� �2 %1" !�3 "%�G�%��

� %" ��%) 0�#��%�� � %1#"" '�22"#" % ���$"� � %1" $"!" % �% %1" � '�$�%"'

'��%� $"� 2#�! %1" 4���%�$ '��$ /�"' �� � #"2"#" $" ��"" ��36 ��� ��� %�4

���$" �% @6�!!D ��� !�''�" ���$" �% �6A!!D �5� (�%%�! ���$" �% =6�!!6

� I � � � �!" $� �%� %� �2 %1" '�/(�" "<4� " %��� 2/ $%�� � %1�%

("�% 8% %1" � '�$�%"' ���$" � %" ��%) '"$�) �2 %1" �B ���� ��

4#�8�"� �$9/�#"' �0"# ;A 1

��$"& � �!!� � �!� � �J� � �1� �J�

�4& @6� �A� � ��� �

�''�"& �6A 5;� � �=� �

I�%%�!& =6� �A� � �@� �

� �� %1" '��%� $" �2 %1" ���$" %� %1" 4���%�$ '��$ /�"' �� � #"2"#" $" ��""

��36 ��6

�A�

Page 4: Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

.�'" #� 3" �2 � %"#�%�!�$ '��%� $"� � '& $� �"9/" %�)&

� �� " (#��'" � 3 �$$/#� '/" %� %1" '��%#�(/%�� �2 ����� ' 9/�'#/4���# � %"#�$%�� �6 � "�'�!" ��� �� �=��

� �= � �� �4"$%#� �2 %1" 3���� � ' %1" $"!" %

�$/#"' �0"# �= !� %1�� �#" �1�. � ��36 ���� � ' �(�&

#"�4"$%�0"�)6 ��36 � �1�.� � /!("# �2 �0"#��44� 3

#"�� � $"� � ' � $�##"$% '"$� 0��/%�� �2 %1" � �� "�

#"9/�#"� � 4#��# : �.�"'3" �2 ���� � ' $9 '��%#�(/%�� 2�#

"�$1 �2 %1" �� "�6 I) #"$�#'� 3 �� C� �@ �

�4"$%#�& 2#�! %1" 3���� � ' 2#�! %1" $"!" %& ." �#" �(�"

%� �(%�� %1" /!("# �2 '�22"#" % ��/!� �/! �4"$�"� � '

� "�%�!�%�� �2 %1" $�##"�4� '� 3 ����& 9/�'#/4���#

4�#�!"%"#� � ' '��%#�(/%�� 6 1" #"�/�%� �#" � �3#""!" %

.�%1 �% �"��% %1#"" '�22"#" % ��/!� �/! ��%"� � %1" 3����

���36 A����� � ' 2�/# � %1" $"!" % ���36 A�����6 � �(%��

%1" �� 4�#�!"%"#� �2 "�$1 ��/!� �/! �4"$�"�& ." 1�0"

/�"' � ��& � 1�!"!�'" ��!/��%�� 4#�3#�! ,�@-&

.1�$1 ���/!"� � ��/���� '��%#�(/%�� �2 ���� � ' �2 %1"

4#� $�4�� $�!4� " %� �2 %1" "�"$%#�$ 8"�' 3#�'�" % %" ��#&

� �#'"# %� ��!/��%" �� � ' �� �4"$%#� #/ �% @ 6 1"

�(�"� �� � ' ��� �1�. %1" #"�/�%� �(%�� "' /�� 3 %1"

4#�3#�! � �� 2�# %1" 3���� � ' 2�# %1" $"!" %&

#"�4"$%�0"�)D ��36 A�(� �1�.� %1" �� � �4"$%#� � '

%1" ��!/��%"' �� "�6 �% �� ."�� : �. %1�% %1" ���%#�4�$

$1"!�$�� �1�2%� '"4" ' � %1" ��/!� �/! $��#'� �%��

/!("#D � $#)�%���� " ��/!� �����$�%" !�%"#����&

;�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! ��:" ���;& 1�� ���� �(�/%

���A 44! �$9 ("%."" � � ' ��BG�& ��$��#'� �%"

��/!� �/! ����& 1�� ���� � %1" #� 3" AA��� 44!

�%)4�$���) $9 ���� ("%."" � � ' ��BG� � ' ���� ��

�(�/% 5���� 44! 2�# A�$��#'� �%" �4"$�"� ���A �$9

("%."" 5 � ' ��BG� ,��-6 � %1�� (����& %1" $1� 3"�

� ��/!� �/! " 0�#� !" % �#" $�"�#�) �(�"#0"' ()

$�!4�#� 3 %1" C� �4"$%#� �2 (�%1 %1" 3���� � '

%1" $"!" %6 1" �� '�%� 3�0" � �(�"� �� � ' ��� �#"

$� ���%" % .�%1 %1" 4#"�" $" �2 =�J �2 ��/!� �/! � %1"

%"%#�1"'#�� " 0�#� !" % ���$��#'� �%"� � %1" 3����&

.1�$1 �� #"'/$"' %� � �0"#��� �2 �(�/% A�J � %1"

$"!" %6 �% �� ���� �%"' %1�% � �%"�' �2 � �) � " 1�31�)

'��%#�(/%"' ��$��#'� �%" �4"$�"� � �%����) 4#"�" % � %1"

3���� ������A@ 44!& ��36 A�����& %.� '��%� $% ��%"� �#"

4#"�" % � %1" $"!" % 4�#%�$�"� ������;� � ' A= 44!&

��36 A�����6 1"#" �� �AJ �2 %1" A�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/!

�4"$�"� � %1" 3���� %1�% �� �% '"%"$%"' � %1" $"!" %6

���/!� 3 %1�% ��� ��/!� �/! �� '"%"$%"'& %1" '"$#"��"�

�(�"#0"' 2�# (�%1 �� � ' A�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �4"$�"�

�� $�!4" ��%"' () � � $#"��" � %1" �!�/ % �2

;�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �4"$�"� %1�% $1� 3"� 2#�! �

�0"#��� ���A�J6 *" �%" %1�% %.� ;�$��#'� �%"' �� ��%"�

�#" 4#"�" % � %1" 8 �� $"!" % ���3�6 A���� � ' �(���&

� �%"�' �2 � �) � " �� � %1" 4#"$/#��# 3���� ���3�6 A����

� ' �(���6 �����#'� �%" ��/!� �/!& .�%1 "22"$%�0"�)

%"%#�1"'#�� $��#'� �%�� 3"�!"%#) �� ��:"�) %� �$% ��

"%.�#: 2�#!"# � %1" ��/!� �����$�%" 3����& .1"#"��

A� � ' ;�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �4"$�"� �#" ��:"�) %� �$% ��

"%.�#: !�'�8"#�6

�/# � %"#4#"%�%�� �2 %1"�" �� '�%� $� ��'"#� %1"

3���� 4�#%�$�"� �&� %� $�!4#��" � #"�$%�0" �/#2�$" ��)"#

� �� � ' � � "#% $�#" ����6 �"!" % 2�#!�%�� �$$/#� ()

#"�$%�� ("%."" %1" ��9/�' $�!4� " % �2 �/H� �� �%1"

�9/"�/� 4��)�$�'� � ' %1" 3���� 4�#%�$�"�K �/#2�$" ��)"#6

1" $"!" % !�%#�< �� '"8 "' 1"#" �� %1" � %"#�%�%���

!�%"#��� �� :� 3 %1" #"��'/�� 3���� 4�#%�$�"�6

1" 3���� 4�#%�$�" �/#2�$" ��)"# �� $#"�%"' '/#� 3 %1"

�"%%� 3 �2 %1" $"!" %& .1�$1 �� � �%����) � 3"�6 � %1�� ��)"#

�% �� "<4"$%"' %1�% A� �������� 44!� � ' ;�$��#'� �%"

������� 44!� ��/!� �/! �4"$�"� �#" �"�$1"' �/% � %� %1"

$"!" % !�%#�< ���& (/% %1" ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/!

�4"$�"�& .1�$1 �� !�#" $�0��" %�) (�/ ' � ' �"��

�/�$"4%�(�" %� %1" �$�' �%%�$: �� �"�$1"' �/% %� � �"��"#

"<%" %6 �% �� %1/� "<4"$%"' %1�% � $"#%�� �!�/ % �2 %1��

��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! � %1" � .��� �% (" �"�$1"' %�

%1" �6

�� .�#:� 3 1)4�%1"���& ." 4#�4��" %1�% %1" �� � '

������ � ��� =�6�BG �=�� � �� �4"$%#/! �2 %1" ����' 3����

$�!4� " %6 �(� =�6�BG �=�� � �� �4"$%#/! �2 %1" $"!" %6

� I � � � � �� $" %#�%�� � ' �� 4�#�!"%"#� 2�# %1" �=�� �4"$�"�

� %1" �/H� �� 3����& �(%�� "' () 8%%� 3 %1" "<4"#�!" %�� �� �4"$%#�

#"$�#'"' �% @ /�� 3 %1" ��2%.�#" 4#�3#�! � ��� ,�@-

4"$�"� �� $" %#�%�� �J� ���� � 44!� $9 �BG�

� =� A@� ; ;6A� �65

� �A ��65� ;6� A6;� �6�

5 �� � �6A� �6� �6�� �6=

�1�� 4#�3#�! ���� /�"� C� �4"$%#� 2�# %1" 8%%� 36

� I � � � � � �� $" %#�%�� � ' �� 4�#�!"%"#� 2�# %1" �=��

�4"$�"� � %1" �/H� �� $"!" %& �(%�� "' () 8%%� 3 %1" "<4"#�!" %�� ��

�4"$%#� #"$�#'"' �% @ /�� 3 %1" ��2%.�#" 4#�3#�! � ��� ,�@-

4"$�"� �� $" %#�%�� �J� ���� � 44!� $9 �BG�

� �A6A ;�6�� A6� ;6A� �65

� �6A A=65� �6� 5� �

5 �A6A A65� �6@ �6�� �6�

� �6A � �6�� �6A 5� �

�1�� 4#�3#�! ���� /�"� C� �4"$%#� 2�# %1" 8%%� 36

�A�

Page 5: Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

;�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �4"$�"� �#" '��%#�(/%"' 1�!��

3" "�/��) ("%."" %1" �/#2�$" � ' %1" $�#" �2 %1"

3���� 4�#%�$�"6 B�."0"#& %1" $�!4�"%" �(�" $" �2 %1"

A�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! ��3 �� 2#�! %1" $"!" % ��!4�"

� '�$�%"� %1�� �4"$�"� %� (" 4#"�" % � �) � %1" #"�$%�0" �

�2 %1" 3���� 4�#%�$�"�6 �$%�1"'#�� �;�$��#'� �%"� ��/!��

�/! � %1" � ����$%���� �� '"#�0"' 2#�! %1#""

��/#$"�� ��� %1" A�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! � %1" � �2 %1"

3���� ���4" %�� ���D � 4#�4�#%�� �'� �2 %1" ��$��#'� �%"

��/!� �/! � %1" �#�3� �� / #"�$%"' 3���� ���%"%#��&��D �4#�4�#%�� �(� �2 %1" ;�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! � %1"

�#�3� �� / #"�$%"' 3���� ����$%��&��6

���$%���� � ��4" %�� ��� '��%"%#��&� � (���$%��&����

1" %�%�� ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! � %1" .1��" $"!" %

�!�/ %� %� $�6 A�J& .1�$1 �� %1" �/! �2 %1" %.�

" 0�#� !" %� ��A6A � ' �6AJ 2�# �4"$�"� � � ' � �

�(�" ����6 1" !�#" �(/ '� % �2 %1"�" %.� " 0�#� !" %�

1�� %1" !/$1 ��#3"# 9/�'#/4���# $�/4�� 3 �$9 $�6

;6ABG� � ' �� ����3 "' %� ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �

%1" / #"�$%"' $�#" �2 %1" 3���� 4�#%�$�"6 ��##"�4� '� 3�)

%1" ��."# �(/ '� % " 0�#� !" % ��4"$�"� � � �(�" ����

�� ����3 "' %� #"��'/�� ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! � %1"

3���� 4�#%�$�" � �2%"# $"!" % 2�#!�%�� 6

1" �A6AJ $�#" ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! � %1" .1��"

$"!" % $�##"�4� '� %� %1" $� %" % �2 %1" / #"�$%"' 3����6

1"#"2�#"& ��6AJ �2 %1" ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! � %1"

� �%��� 3���� �#�3� �%"� � %1" � � ' ��J �� �"�$1"' �/%

'/#� 3 %1" $"!" %�%�� #"�$%�� ��"" $1"!" ��6 � %1��

(���� � 4#�4�#%�� ��6A?=� �2 %1" ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/!

#"��'"� � %1" � �2 %1" 4#"$/#��# 3���� 4�#%�$�"�6 *�%1 %1"

4#"!��" �2 %1" 1�!�3" "�/� '��%#�(/%�� �2 %1" �� � ' ;�

$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/!& %1" ��J ;�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/!

� %1" / #"�$%"' 3���� �1�/�' (" '��%#�(/%"' ��

�44#�<�!�%"�) ;6�J $�#" � ' �6�J �6 ��3�6 A���� � '

�(�� � '�$�%"� %1" 4#"�" $" �2 %.� ;�$��#'� �%" �=��

��3 ���& � ' %� (" $� ���%" % .�%1 %1" �(�0" �#3/!" %& %1"

�"�� � %" �" ��3 �� ��4"$�"� �& �6AJ& �"" �(�" ���� �� 2#�!

%1" �/#2�$" ��)"# �2 %1" 3���� 4�#%�$�"� .1��" �4"$�"� 5&

!�#" �(/ '� %& �� 2#�! %1" � ��A6AJ�6 � �/!!�#�G"&

%1" ��J ;�$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! � %1" / #"�$%"' 3���� ��

'��%#�(/%"' �� �44#�<�!�%"�) ;6AJ $�#" � ' �6AJ �

������ ) ��� ���65BG �=�� C� �� �4"$%#/! �2 %1" ����' 3���� $�!4� " % � ' �2 %1" $"!" %& �1�.� 3 %1" ����3 !" % �2 %1" '�22"#" %

��/!� �/! �4"$�"�� ��� �<4"#�!" %�� �#�31% ��'"� � ' ��!/��%"' �4"$%#� �2 %1" 3����D ��� �<4"#�!" %�� �#�31% ��'"� � ' ��!/��%"' �4"$%#� �2 %1" $"!" %6

1" ��!/��%"' �4"$%#� ."#" �(%�� "' .�%1 %1" ��2%.�#" 4#�3#�! � �� ,�@-6

�AB

Page 6: Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

��4"$�"� 5 � ' � � �(�" ����6 *�%1 %1"�" '�%� %1" 0��/"�

��9/�%�� �� �#" '"#�0"' '� �65� � ' (� �6��D �6"6 �(�/%

5�J �2 %1" ��$��#'� �%" � ' ��J �2 %1" ;�$��#'� �%"

��/!� �/! �4"$�"� �#" �"�$1"' �/% �2 %1" 3���� /4�

#"�$%�� 6

1" #"�$%�� � �2 %1" 0�#��/� ��/!� �/! �4"$�"� �#"

�/!!�#�G"' � $1"!" �6

���� �5$ �� ��� (9"�0#%1" �@ � � �� �4"$%#� �2 %1" 3���� � ' %1" $"!" %

$�"�#�) $�!4#��" �0"#��44� 3 #"�� � $"�& � ' '"$� 0��

�/%�� 3�0" %1" !�H�# $�!4� " % #"�� � $"� � �(�"� �>

� ' >6 ��3�6 ;��� � ' �(� �1�. %1" '"$� 0��/%�� �2 %1"

�4"$%#� 4"#2�#!"' .�%1 %1" ��� ��2%.�#" 4#�3#�! ,��-

2�# %1" 3���� � ' $"!" %& #"�4"$%�0"�)6 � %1" 8%%� 3

4#�$"'/#" � ��/���� �� "�1�4" .�� ����3 "' %� ��� %1"

!�H�# �@ � #"�� � $"�6 1" #"�� � $"� �#" ����3 "'

/�� 3 %1" "� �!" $��%/#"& .1"#" � �� %1" /!("# �2

(#�'3� 3 �<)3" � (�/ ' %� ����$� & � ' %1" /!("# �2

"�#"�% "�31(�/# ��/!� �/! �%�!� �� 3�0" � 4�#�

" %1"�"�6 1/� "��5 ��� ���

I"$�/�" %1" #"4�#%"' ,��- $1"!�$�� �1�2% #� 3"�

�0"#��4& %1" #"�� � $"� �% � @5 � ' � @� 44! 2�# %1"

3���� $� (" '/" %� "�%1"# "��� ��� �# "��5 ���6 1"

#"�� � $"� �% � �= 44! �#" ����3 "' � �(�"� �> � ' >

%� "��� ��� �# "��5 ���& (/% ." $� ��'"# %1" �''�%�� ��

4����(���%) %1�% %1�� $1"!�$�� �1�2% !�) ���� �#��" 2#�!

"5�5 ����

������ ) �(� �<4"#�!" %�� � ' ��!/��%"' ���65BG �=�� � ��

�4"$%#� �2� ��� %1" ����' 3���� $�!4� " %& �1�.� 3 %1" �� "� ��5 %1�%

$�##"�4� ' %� %1" %1#"" ��/!� �/! ��%"�D ��� %1" $"!" %& �1�.� 3 %1"

�� "� ��� %1�% $�##"�4� ' %� %1" 2�/# ��/!� �/! ��%"�6 1" ��!/��%"'

�4"$%#� ."#" �(%�� "' .�%1 %1" ��2%.�#" 4#�3#�! � �� ,�@-6

�AC

Page 7: Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

�#"�0"#& 2�# %1" $"!" %& %1" ��3 �� �(�"#0"' �%

� @� 44! $�/�' (" ����3 "' %� "5�� ���6 � �4�%" �2 %1"

/ $"#%�� %) � ����3 !" %& �% �� $�"�# 2#�! %1" '�%� �

�(�"� �> � ' > %1�% $"!" % 2�#!�%�� #"�/�%� � �

�0"#��� '"$#"��" � %1" /!("# �2 "�#"�% "�31(�/#

��/!� �/! �%�!�6

� �#'"# %� �(%�� � "�%�!�%" 2�# %1" 9/� %�%�%�0"

#�%�� �2 %"%#�1"'#�� � %� �� � %1" "%.�#: �%#/$%/#"&

." 1�0" $��$/��%"' %1" ��!�%� () /�� 3 %1" 2�#!/��

�?�� � �� !����������!���� .1"#" !��� �#" %1" � %" �

��%�"� �2 "������ / �%� � ' %1" �/!!�%�� #/ 2#�!

�� � %� �6 I) ����3 � 3 %� "�$1 �4"$�"� %1" / �% .�%1 %1"

1�31"�% �# %1" ��."�% /!("# �2 �� �%�!�& %1" ��."�% � '

%1" 1�31"�% �?�� #�%�� ."#" �(%�� "'� �65��6@ 2�# %1"

3���� � ' �6@��6A 2�# %1" $"!" %6 �44�)� 3 %1" #"�/�%�

�(%�� "' () �=�� � �� �;�J �2 %1" %"%#�1"'#��

��/!� �/! '�"� �% $1� 3" �%� $��#'� �%�� � %� %1"

$��$/��%"' %"%#�1"'#�� �?�� #�%�� � %1" 3����& �% ��

"<4"$%"' %1�% %1" �?�� #�%�� � %1" $"!" % �1�/�' (" �6@�

�6�& .1�$1 �� � �3#""!" % .�%1 %1" #� 3" �(%�� "' ()�@ � � ��6 1�� #"�/�% �� " %�#"�) $� ���%" % .�%1

%1" $� 0"#��� �2 4�#% �2 %1" ��$��#'� �%" �$�0��" %�

��/!� �/! � %1" 3���� "%.�#: %� ;�$��#'� �%" ��� �$�

��/!� �/! /4� $"!" % 2�#!�%�� & �� �1�. () %1" �=��

�4"$%#�6 � %1" 3���� "%.�#: �%#/$%/#" "�$1 ��/!� �/!

(#�'3"� "�#"�% "�31(�/# ����$� %"%#�1"'#�6 1"#"2�#"&

.1" %1�� ��/!� �/! �� #"!�0"' 2#�! %1" "%.�#:

�%#/$%/#"& %1" ����$� %"%#�1"'#� !/�% $� '" �" � �#'"# %�

4#"�"#0" %1" "� $� %" %�

1" �"�$1� 3 �2 ��/!� �/! �� � 2#�! %1" 3����

"%.�#: %1�% ." '"%"$% �� � �) 2#�! %1" ��$��#'� �%"'

�4"$�"� %1�% �#" 4#"�" % �� 3���� 2�#!"#� � ' � %1" �6 �%

�� �!4�#%� % %� 4�� % �/% %1�% %1" ����$� �4"$�"� 4#"�" % �

%1" 3���� �1�/�' ���� (" 4#"�" % � %1" $"!" % � %1" 3����

4�#%�$�" $�#"6 1" "��� ��� ����$� �� !�#" �/�$"4%�(�" %�

%1" �$�' �%%�$: ("$�/�" �2 %1" 1�31"# $� $" %#�%�� �2

��/!� �/! �%�!�6

�� ����������1"�" !�3 "%�$ #"�� � $" "<4"#�!" %� �#" $�!4�"!" �

%�#) � ' �#" $� ���%" % .�%1 #"$" % 4#�4����� � $"!" %

2�#!�%�� ,�& 5-6 1" � ��)��� �2 %1" ���� '�%� �1�.�

%.� 4#�$"��"� �$$/##� 3& � " $�##"�4� '� 3 %� %1" � �%���

3"��%�� 41��" �%�!" $� �%� % �A�5;!� �& � ' %1" �%1"#

%� %1" ���."# !�%/#�%�� 41��" �%�!" $� �%� % �@��� 1�6

� %1" 3"��%�� 41��" �0����(�" �� � �#" �"�$1"' �/% 2#�!

%1" 3����& � ' %1"�" $�%�� � �#" ��5� � �%����) 4#"�" % �

%1" 3���� � � A� � ' ;�$��#'� �%" " 0�#� !" % � ' #�� 6�/#� 3 %1" !�%/#�%�� 41��" 4�#% �2 %1" $�0��" % (�/ '

%"%#�1"'#�� ��/!� �/! � "%.�#: 2�#!� 3� �� �"�$1"' �/%6

1�� 4#�$"�� �� ���."# ("$�/�" %1" !�#" $�0��" %

��/!� �/!��<)3" (� '� !/�% (" (#�:" & � ' � %1"

� I � � � > ��!4� " %� �2 �@ � #"�� � $"� � �/H� �� 3���� �(%�� "'

() ��3 �� '"$� 0��/%�� /�� 3 %1" ��2%.�#" 4#�3#�! ��� ,��-

�3 �� � � 44!� �� $" %#�%�� �J� 4"$�"��

� � �= = "��5�� ���(� � @5 �; "����5 ���$5 � @� == "����5 ���$

�����3 !" %� !�'" () $�!4�#��� .�%1 %1" '�%� �2 ,��-6(1" $1"!�$�� �1�2%� $�/�' �#��" 2#�! "� ����$� .�%1 "�%1"# 5 �# �

"�#"�% "�31(�/# ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �%�!�6$1" $1"!�$�� �1�2%� $�/�' �#��" 2#�! "� ����$� .�%1 "�%1"# � �# 5

"�#"�% "�31(�/# ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �%�!�6

� I � � > �H�# $�!4� " %�� �2 �@ � #"�� � $"� � �/H� �� $"!" %

�(%�� "' () ��3 �� '"$� 0��/%�� /�� 3 %1" ��2%.�#" 4#�3#�! ��� ,��-

�3 �� � � 44!� �� $" %#�%�� �J� 4"$�"�(

� � �= �; "��5�� ���$� � @� �A "��5 ���5 � @@ 55 "����� ���'� � ��@ �� "��� ����� �# #"�� � $"� .�%1 � %"3#�� � �J �% � $�/'"'6(����3 !" %� !�'" () $�!4�#��� .�%1 %1" '�%� �2 ,��-6$1" $1"!�$�� �1�2%� $�/�' �#��" 2#�! "� ����$� .�%1 "�%1"# 5 �# �

"�#"�% "�31(�/# ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �%�!�6'1" $1"!�$�� �1�2%� $�/�' �#��" 2#�! "� ����$� .�%1 "�%1"# � �# �

"�#"�% "�31(�/# ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �%�!�6

������ * ��� ��%%� 3 �2 %1" �@ � � �� �2 %1" �/H� �� 3����

$�!4� " %& /�� 3 %1" 4#�3#�! ��� ,��-6 �(� ��%%� 3 �2 %1" �@ � �

�� �2 %1" �/H� �� $"!" %& /�� 3 %1" 4#�3#�! ��� ,��-6

�A>

Page 8: Stray-field imaging and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on the setting of a commercial glass-ionomer cement

4#�$"�� ��$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �� $� 0"#%"' %� ;�

$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/!6 ��� A� � ' ;�$��#'� �%" ��/!��

�/! 4#"�" % � %1" #� 3" �2 %1" 3���� 4�#%�$�" �& $#"�%"'

() %1" �$�' �%%�$:& �� �"�$1"' �/% �2 %1" 3����6

�''�%�� ���)& %1" � �'"%"$%�� �2 %1" A�$��#'� �%"

��/!� �/! � %1" $"!" % � '�$�%"� %1�% %1�� �4"$�"� ��

� �) 4#"�" % � %1" �6 �0"#���& �(�/% 5�J �2 %1" ��

$��#'� �%"& ���J �2 %1" A�$��#'� �%" � ' ��J �2 %1" ;�

$��#'� �%" ��/!� �/! �4"$�"� �#" �"�$1"' �/% �2 %1" 3����

'/#� 3 %1" $"!" % 2�#!�%�� 4#�$"��6 �#�! %1" �@ � �

�� �4"$%#� �2 %1" 3����& %1" %"%#�1"'#�� �?�� #�%��

�1�/�' (" �65��6@ � '& $� ��'"#� 3 %1�%& 2#�! %1" �=��

� ��& ;�J �2 %1" %"%#�1"'#�� ��/!� �/! �1�/�'

!�� %�� �%� $��#'� �%�� & �% �� "<4"$%"' %1�% %1" �?��

#�%�� $1� 3"� %� �6@��6�& .1�$1 �� � 3��' �3#""!" %

.�%1 %1" 0��/"� �(%�� "' () %1" � ��)��� �2 %1" �@ � �

�� �4"$%#� �2 %1" $"!" %& �6@��6A6 �#"�0"#& %�

4#"�"#0" %1" �(�"#0"' "� �4"$��%�� �% ����$� & 2����.� 3

�"�$1� 3 �/% �2 "%.�#: 2�#!� 3 ��/!� �/!& %1" ����$�

%"%#�1"'#� !/�% $� '" �" (�$: %� "�6

1" 4#"�" % �%/') �� �. ("� 3 "<%" '"' %� � 1)(#�'

�� �!"# ����� �� ��� � �#'"# %� "0��/�%" %1" � 7/" $" �

%1" $"!" % $�!4���%�� � ' �"%%� 3 :� "%�$� �2 %1" ��9/�'

$�!4� " %& .1�$1 $� %�� � !� �!"#� %1�% / '"#3� �

��31%�$/#" #"�$%�� 6

�� ��!� �����1�� �%/') .�� �/44�#%"' () %1" E�#%/3/"�" ��/ '�%��

2�# $�" $" � ' "$1 ���3)���� #"�"�#$1 4#�3#�!

�E#�H"$%� E���?55�@5?��I?�����6 �6E6 �$: �.�"'3"�

� E��L� LL� E1� #"�"�#$1 3#� % �I�?��A=�?@@�6

1� :� �#" '/" %� E#�26 ���M� ��$1� 2�# %1" 2�$���%�"� %�

4"#2�#! %1" � � ' %1" C� "<4"#�!" %� �% @ 6

�����������6 I 6 � 6 +�� � ' � 6 � 6 * �� �� & +�, -��, �, ��� ��@=5� 5��6

�6 � 6 *6 � ��B�� �� & +��������� �� ��@@�� ��A6

56 I 6 6 ���I�� �� & �����, ���(��� ���, �� ������ A==6

�6 6 �� � E& 6 � 6 E� ������ & � 6 *�����*��B � ' � 6 � 6

* �� �� & �, -��, .� , �� ��@=�� ����6

A6 � 6 *6 � ��B�� �� & E6 � 6 I���+��& � 6 6 ���N � ' � 6 � 6

* �� �� & ����, �� ��@��� ��A�6

;6 6 � �N� & 6 ���� � ' 6 �B� & ����, �� ��@@;�

�@��6

=6 *6 � 6 ���+ & �, +�����, ���, .� , �� ��@�5� ���A6

�6 � 6 � 6 *� �� � ' � 6 *6 � ��B�� �� & �, -��, .� , �� ��@@5�

���6

@6 � 6 � 6 * �� �� & �, ���, ���, /�, �� ��@@;� �=A6

��6 � 6 B 6 I�� � I����� & O 6 L� & � 6 �6 �II �� & 6 B 6 *���

� ' � 6 E ��� & �, ��, $���, ���, ��� ��@@;� =��@6

��6 6 �B��+�� & 6 �B�� ���� & + 6 � 6 � 6 ��+��O �� � '

6 �+��� & �, 0��, $����, ���, ����� ��@@@� @@6��6 �6 ����� � & � 6 � 6 ����N� & 6 �B��E�� ��� & � 6 � � 6 E� �&

� 6 �B���I � ' E6 ������ & $���, ��( , /�, �� ������

;��6

�56 � 6 �6 �II �� & 6 +���+�� & 6 + 6 ��� � ' 6 � 6

+ � �O�� + � & �, 1��2$�( , ����� ��� ������ �6

��6 � 6 � 6 �� ����+� & � 6 N6 ����> � ' � 6 � 6 �I�� � ��� &

�0 � /�, � ��@��� 5��6

�A6 6 ���� & � 6 *6 ������� & � 6 � 6 ������+� &

E6 I���� � ' � 6 �� �� & �, ��( , -� �33�, ��( , �� ��@@;�

��A6

�;6 6 � 6 ���� & � 6 E ��� & � 6 E��� ���M � & � 6 ��� � � ' 6

E�� ��� & ���(��� � ������ ��A�6

�=6 6 � 6 ���� & � 6 �� ����& 6 � 6 E��� ��� � ' � 6 E ��� &

�, ��( , -� �33�, ��( , �� ������ ��A�6

��6 � 6 B 6 ���N� & 6 � 6 �� ������ & � 6 B���� & � 6 � 6

�B���+ & � 6 6 ���� � ' E6 � 6 ������� & �, ���, �������, ��, � ��@@@� 5;@6

�@6 � 6 ��������O & � 6 � 6 C�� ������ & >6 ���� �����&

6 ��� ��� � ' 6 ����I� & ���, ����, ���, $���, ��������� ��56

��6 � 6 � ��& �6 ��N�� & 6 ��E��� & � 6 + ��� & 6 �� ���>�P &

I 6 ���� � & � 6 � 6 ������& I 6 I� ��� � & O 6 ��� � ' � 6

B�� �� & ���, .� ��, $���, ������ =�6

��6 � 6 �����B��� � ' B 6 +����� & � QQ ���'� %�%" �� ���

� �#3� �$ �%%"#KK& "'�%"' () E6 ��"1�& �6 ��/$:& B6 �/ %1"#&

�6 +��2"�2 � ' �6 ""��3 � 4#� 3"#�>"#��3& �@@�� 46 �A6

.����4�� %� �3������ ����3�� �5 ��3����� ���%

�AE