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ENGLISH FINAL EXAM
NAME: MUH. ICHSAN L
NIM : 10542021910
GRADUATE: 4th SEMESTER
MEDICAL FACULTY OF
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF
MAKASSAR
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SYRINGE NEEDLE
Syringes and needles are sterile devices used to inject solutions into or
withdraw secretions from the body. A syringe is a calibrated glass or plastic
cylinder with a plunger at one and an opening that attaches to a needle. The needle
is a hollow metal tube with a pointed tip. A syringe and needle assembly is used to
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administer drugs when a small amount of fluid is to be injected; when a person
cannot take the drug by mouth; or when the drug would be destroyed by digestive
secretions. A syringe and needle may also be used to withdraw various types of
body fluids, most commonly tissue fluid from swollen joints or blood from veins.
The modern hypodermic needle was invented in 1853 by Alexander
Wood, a Scottish physician, and independently in the same year by Charles
Pravaz, a French surgeon. As of 2003, there are many different types and sizes of
syringes used for a variety of purposes. Syringe sizes may vary from 0.25 mL to
450 mL, and can be made from glass or assorted plastics. Latex-free syringes
eliminate the exposure of health care professionals and patients to allergens to
which they may be sensitive. The most common type of syringe is the piston
syringe. Pen, cartridge, and dispensing syringes are also extensively used.
One common type of syringe consists of a hollow barrel with a piston at
one end and a nozzle at the other end that connects to a needle. Other syringes
have a needle already attached. These devices are often used for subcutaneous
injections of insulin and are single-use (i.e., disposable). Syringes have markings
etched or printed on their sides, showing the graduations (i.e., in milliliters) for
accurate dispensing of drugs or removal of body fluids. Cartridge syringes are
intended for multiple uses, and are often sold in kits containing a pre-filled drug
cartridge with a needle inserted into the piston syringe. Syringes may also have
anti-needlestick features, as well as positive stops that prevent accidental pullouts.
There are three types of nozzles:
Luer-lock, which locks the needle onto the nozzle of the syringe. Slip tip, which secures the needle by compressing the slightly tapered hub
onto the syringe nozzle.
Eccentric, which secures with a connection that is almost flush with theside of the syringe.
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A hypodermic needle is a hollow metal tube, usually made of stainless steel and
sharpened at one end. It has a female connection at one end that fits into the male
connection of a syringe or intravascular administration set. The size of the
diameter of the needle ranges from the largest gauge (13) to the smallest (27). The
length of the needle ranges from 3.5 inches (8 cm) for the 13-gauge to 0.25 inch
(0.6 cm) for the 27-gauge. The needle consists of a hub with a female connection
at one end that attaches to the syringe. The bevel, which is a slanted opening on
one side of the needle tip, is located at the other end. Needles are almost always
disposable. Reusable needle assemblies are available for home use.
Syringes and needles are used for injecting or withdrawing fluids from a
person. The most common procedure for removing fluids is venipuncture or
drawing blood from a vein. In this procedure, the syringe and a needle of the
proper size are used with a vacutainer. A vacutainer is a tube with a rubber top
from which air has been removed. Fluids enter the container without pressure
applied by the person withdrawing the blood. A vacutainer is used to collect blood
as it is drawn. The syringe and needle can be left in place while the health care
provider changes the vacutainer, allowing for multiple samples to be drawn during
a single procedure.
Fluids can be injected by intradermal injection, subcutaneous injection,
intramuscular injection, or Z-track injection. For all types of injections, the size of
syringe should be chosen based on the amount of fluid being delivered; the gauge
and length of needle should be chosen based on the size of the patient and type of
medication. A needle with a larger gauge may be chosen for drawing up the
medication into the syringe, and a smaller-gauge needle used to replace the larger
one for administering the injection. Proper procedures for infection control should
be strictly followed for all injections.
Syringes are generally classified as Luer-Lok or non-Luer-Lok syringes.
This classification is based on the type of syringe tip. Luer-Lok syringes have tips
that require needles that can be twisted and locked into place. This design
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prevents the needle from accidentally slipping off the syringe. Non-Luer-Lok
syringes have tips that require needles that can be pressed on to the tip of the
syringe without being twisted into place.
Insulin Syringe
Insulin syringes are small in size, they hold between 0.3 and 1 ml of
medication. These needles are not calibrated in milliliters, they are calibrated in
units. Most insulin syringes are calibrated up to 100 units. Insulin syringes are
designed for self-injection and are used to give subcutaneous injections.
Tuberculin Syringe
Tuberculin syringes are used for tuberculosis testing. The fluid they
contain is injected right into the skin. This syringe is small and is calibrated in
milliliters. It has a long, thin barrel with a preattached needle. The tuberculin
syringe can hold up to 1 ml of fluid. Even though this syringe is small, it cannot
be used to give insulin.
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Gather everything you need. When using a syringe, there are several thingsyou must have at your disposal: cotton balls, rubbing alcohol, a syringe
and a medically approved syringed disposal case. Gather all of these
products and have them ready prior to using the syringe. This will make
the process smoother.
2. Prep the area. When you inject medicine into your skin via a syringe, youare a creating a tiny open wound. In order to minimize the possibility of
infection, wash your hands with an antibacterial soap and use a towel to
dry your hands off. Soak a cotton ball with rubbing alcohol and rub it over
the intended injection area. Allow the alcohol to dry.
3. Prep the syringe. Once the area is sterilized, it's time to prep the syringe.Remove the cap from the end of the syringe and toss it in the garbage.
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Take the needle cap off the syringe and keep it close by. Once the cap is
removed, pull the loading piece of the syringe as far as you can without
removing it. This will fill the syringe reservoir up with air and prep the
syringe for the next step.
4. Load the syringe. Once the syringe is filled up with air you are ready tomove on. Insert the needle of the syringe into the foam part of the vial
containing the medicine you will be injecting. Once the needle is fully
inserted, slowly release the air that is stored inside the syringe into the vial.
You will notice this will create bubbles. Once you have fully released all
of the air, slowly pull the loading piece back and load the syringe with
medicine. It is important to do this slowly so you do not get air bubbles
inside the syringe. Once you have fully loaded the syringe, remove it from
the vial and continue to the next step.
5. Give yourself the injection. Take a deep breath and relax. Count to 10 andinsert the needle into your skin. Slowly release the medicine into your
body. Do not do this too fast or you will encounter burning and irritation at
the injection site. Once you have injected all of the medicine, remove the
syringe. Put the cap back on the syringe and immediately dispose of it in
the syringe disposal case.