T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt

8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt

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JIRIM DAN BAHAN

Che Ahamad Daud

Guru Cemerlang SainsSM Vokasional Kulim


2/54

Structure of an atom

Changes in states of matter

Periodic table

Substance

Element

Purification of substance


3/54

inetic !heor" of Matter

Matter is made up of tin" and discrete particles

!he mo#ing energ" is called the $inetic

energ" of %articles

The kinetic energy of particles depends on the tem%erature

of the matter and increases when the temperature increases

The particles are always moving in random motion


4/54

!he Im%ortance of

inetic !heor" of Matter

It e&%lains the mo#ements of %articles in the

' states (hich are )

Solids States*i+uids States

,aseous States

It e&%lains the basic structure of matter


5/54

-./) Perubahan eadaan Jirim

Sebarang benda "angmem%un"ai

0isim dan menem%ati ruang

JIRIM

(u0ud dlm $eadaan

Pe%e0al Cecair ,as


6/54


!E1RI INE!I JIRIM / Jirim terdiri dr% 2arah $ecil 3 dis$rit

- 4arah dlm 0irim sentiasa bergera$

5 bergetar secara ra(a$

'. !enaga $ineti$ dlm 2arahbergantung $%d suhu 0irim


7/54


Sifat Pepejal Cecair GasBentuk Tetap Ikut bekas Ikut bekas

Isipadu Tetap Tetap Isipadu ikut bekas

Susunan zarah Rapat dan teratur Kurang padat Berjauhan

Pergerakan zarah Bergetar Bergerak bebas Bergerak secararawak

Daa tarikan antarazarah

Sangat kuat Sederhana !e"ah

Kandungan tenagakinetik

Rendah Sederhana Tinggi

Ketu"patan Tinggi Sederhana Rendah

Keb#leh"a"patan Sukar di"a"patkan Sukar di"a"patkan $udah di"a"patkan


8/54

Changes in the Kinetic !nergy of particles in

Matter with "eat Change

HEA! and !EMPERA!6RE changed7 INE!IC ENER,8 andSPEED of %articles in matter also changed

HEA! Heat increased 9 :7 $inetic energ" of %articles in matter

increased 9 :. !he %articles mo#e and #ibrate at a fast s%eed 9:.

Heat decreased 9 :7 $inetic energ" of the %articles in matterdecreased 9 :. !he %articles mo#e and #ibrate at a slo(ers%eed 9 :.


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13/54

!6,ASAN /

*6IS ,AMBARAJAH

PER6BAHAN EADAAN JIRIM

8AN, !E*AH DI!6NJ6AN

SEBEN!AR !ADI


14/54

"eat can cause matter tochange from one state toanother#

The kinetic energy of particlesdepends on the HEA! and

!EMPERA!6RE of the matter#

The energy will determine themovement of particles in the

matter#

As the state of matterchanges$ there is a transfer ofenergy$

whether heat is either

a%sor%ed or released

Changes in the states ofmatter are reversi%leprocesses

M e l t i n

g

Sublimation

B o i l i n

g

; r e e 2 i n g

C o n d e n s a t i o

n


15/54

BP3MP > R! ? S1*ID S!A!E

The states of Matter at &oom Temperature

Matter e'ists in a solid statewhen %oth its %oiling point andmelting points are higher thanthe room temperature

Matter e'ists in a li(uid statewhen its %oiling point is higherthan the room temperature whileits melting point is lower thanthe room temperature

Matter e'ists in a gaseous statewhen %oth its %oiling point andmelting points are lower thanthe room temperature

MP @ R! @ BP ? *I6ID S!A!E

BP3MP @ R! ? ,AS S!A!E


16/54

STRUCTURES OF AN ATOM

A!1MIC M1DE*S

S6BA!1MIC PAR!IC*ESElectronNuetron

Nucleon Number

Proton Number

Isoto%eProton

Proton Number

Isoto%e


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18/54

-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M

Ramai saintis telah meng$a0i dengan

mendalam tentang atom. Antara saintis "ang

tera(al meng$a0in"a ialah John Dalton. Beliau

telah mengemu$a$an satu teori baha(a atomialah satu sfera $eras.

Setelah men0alan$an %en"iasatan7 saintis=

saintis lain telah mengubah teori ini

sehinggalah %ada masa se$arang7 model atom

moden telah di%er$enal$an.


19/54

Model atom moden men"ata$an

baha(a terda%at ' 0enis 2arah subatom

a. %roton = terda%at dalam nu$leus

atom dan bercas <

b. neutron = terda%at dalam nu$leus

atom dan !IADA cas.c. ele$tron = ber%utar=%utar di

se$eliling nu$leus dan bercas =



20/54

electron

orbit

n u c l e u s

proton

nucleus

KEY


21/54

S6BA!1MIC

PAR!IC*ES

PR1PER!IES

PR1!1NS NE6!R1NS E*EC!R1NS

S8MB1* % n e

P1SI!I1N nucleus nucleus Shell

CHAR,E


22/54


a. proton - terdapatdalam nukleus

atom dan bercas +

b. neutron - terdapat

dalam nukleus

atom dan TIADA

cas.c. elektron - berputar-

putar di sekeliling

nukleus dan

bercas -


23/54

onse% nombor %roton dan nombor nu$leon 0uga telah di%er$enal$an.

Nombor Proton ? bilangan %roton dalamunsur.

Nombor Nu$leon ? %roton < neutron.

Ji$a suatu unsur mengandungi ' %roton7 'ele$tron dan G neutron7 nombor %rotonunsur itu ialah ' dan nombor nu$leonn"aialah . 6nsur sama "ang mem%un"ainombor nu$leon "ang berbe2a disebutsebagai isoto%.



24/54

The atom consists of a dense central

N6C*E6S surrounded %y su%atomic particles

known as E*EC!R1NS

The E*EC!R1NS have a negative electrical

charge 9=/:

They circle the nucleus in paths called1RBI!S which is similar to the moon or%iting

round the !arth#

These or%its are located in layers around the

nucleus called SHE**S

Electrons or%iting the inner shells have lo(er

energ" content than electrons or%iting the

outer shells#


25/54

PR1!1N N6MBER ? number of %rotons

? number of electrons of a

neutral atom

N6C*E1N N6MBER ? number of %rotons

<

number of neutrons

N6E!R1N N6MBER ? number of nucleons

=

number of %rotons

PR1!1N N6MBER ? E*EC!R1N N6MBER

9in neutral atom:


26/54

)

*i +

S"mbol for *ithium

Proton Number Al(a"s the smaller number E+ual to the number of electrons

Nucleon Number

Al(a"s the bigger number !he total number of

%rotons and neutron


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Model Atom



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E*EMEN!S PR1!1N

N6MBER

N6C*E1N

N6MBER

N6MBER 1;

PR1!1NS

N6MBER 1;

E*EC!R1NS

N6MBER 1;

NE6!R1NS

%dr#gen % / / / /

%eliu" %e - G - - -

!ithiu" !i ' ' ' G

Berlliu" Be G G G K

B#r#n B K // K K F

Carb#n C F /- F F F

&itr#gen & /G

'(gen ' /F

)lu#rine ) / /

&e#n &e / - / / /


29/54

Isoto%

Atom,atom unsur yang mempunyai

%ilangan proton yang sama tetapi

%ilangan neutron yang %er%e-a

Sifat kimia sama

Sifat fi-ik %er%e-a Contoh C,./$C,.+$C,.0

1,.2$3,.)$3,.4


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31/54

5sotopes

5sotopes are atoms of the

same element which

contain the same num%er

of protons %ut differentnum%er of neutrons

!ach isotopes is named %y

inserting the nucleon

num%er after the name of

element


32/54

5sotopes of the sameelements have thesame chemical

properties

!'ample6 car%on,./and car%on,.+ %urn ino'ygen to form car%ondio'ide

5sotopes of the sameelements havedifferent physical

properties

!'ample6 hydrogen,/

and hydrogen,. havedifferent %oiling points

&adioactive isotopes are isotopes of theelements which are not sta%le and can %e easily%roken down into structures which are moresta%le

!'ample6 uranium,/+7 and uranium,/+4


33/54

.

" .

/

" .

+

" .

H8DR1,EN =/

A h"drogen atom (ith

/ %roton and neutron

H8DR1,EN =-


/ %roton and / neutron

H8DR1,EN ='


/ %roton and - neutron

8

8

8

,,

,

electron

%roton

neutron

,

8


34/54

E*EMEN!S IS1!1PES N6MBER 1;

PR1!1NS

N6MBER 1;

N6E!R1NS

PR1!1N

N6MBER

N6C*E1N

N6MBERCARB1N carbon=/- F F F /-

carbon=/' F F /'

carbon=/G F F /G

BR1MINE bromine= 'K GG 'K

bromine=/ 'K GF 'K /

1L8,EN o&"gen=/F /F

o&"gen=/ /

o&"gen=/ / /

6RANI6M uranium=-'K - /G' - -'K

uranium=-' - /GF - -'


35/54

'. 6NS6R=6NS6R DIS6S6N DA*AM

JAD6A* BERA*A

Dalam dunia kita terdapat %anyak unsur,unsur

yang mempunyai sifat,sifat yang %er%e-a#

Supaya tidak mengelirukan$ para saintis telah

%ersetu9u untuk menulis semua unsur,unsur ini

dalam satu 9adual secara sistematik# :adual ini

dinamakan ;:adual eriodic Ta%le?#

:adual %erkala amat penting kepada saintiskerana mereka %oleh meramalkan sifat,sifat

logam yang %elum diketahui dengan hanya

melihat kedudukannya dalam 9adual terse%ut#


36/54

Dalam 9adual %erkala 6

a# unsur disusun menaik mengi$ut no.

%roton.

%# um%ulan ialah turus menegak

c# ala ialah %aris melintang

-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M'. 6NS6R=6NS6R DIS6S6N DA*AM

JAD6A* BERA*A


37/54

Kumpulan 5 dan 55 terdiri dari logam reaktif#Kumpulan V55 ialah gas,gas adi#

-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M'. 6NS6R=6NS6R DIS6S6N DA*AM

JAD6A* BERA*A


38/54

@ PEN,E*ASAN 6NS6R DA*AM JAD6A* BERA*A

6nsur disusun mengi$ut %ertambahan nombor%roton


39/54

G. BAHAN Atom7Mole$ul7Ion

6nsur=unsur didunia %ula tida$

semestin"a (u0ud secara tulen.

6nsur=unsur ini mung$in bergabung

antara satu sama lain membentu$bahan.


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PROPERTIES OF

SUBSTANCES

A!1M

M1*EC6*E

I1N


41/54

Terdapat + 9enis %ahan 6

B*%*& K*&D+&G*& C'&T'% B*%*&

ATOMTerdiri dari satu

sejenis unsur sahaja.logam besi, logam

kuprum

MOL!"L

terdiri dari sejenisunsur #ang bergabungatau gabungan unsur

berlainan jenis.

air, sul$ur

IO%

terdiri dari gabunganunsur-unsur #ang

mempun#ai cas + dancas -.

garam-garam


42/54

Ketiga,tiga %ahan ini mempunyai sifat

fi-ikal yang %er%e-a dise%a%kantarikan antara -arah,-arah di

dalamnya#


43/54

*T'$ $'!,K+! I'&

Daa tarikan antara

zarah-zarahnaadalah kuat. Daatarikan ini disebut

/ikatan l#ga"/

Da#a tarikan antara

&arah-&arahn#aadalah lemah. Da#aikatan ini disebut'ikatan ko(alen'

Da#a tarikan antara

&arah-&arah adalahsangat kuat. Da#atarikan ini disebut

'ikatan ionik'

takat lebur tinggi takat lebur rendah takat lebur tinggi

Selaluna dala"keadaan pepejal

pada suhu bilik

)oleh berada dalambentuk pepejal, cecairatau gas dalam suhu

bilik

*elalun#a dalamkeadaan pepejal pada

suhu bilik

B#leh "engalirkanarus elektrik

Tidak boleh mengalirarus elektrik

an#a mengalirkanarus dalam keadaan

leburan sahaja


44/54

PR1PER!IES

S6BS!ANCESMADE 1;

A!1MS

S6BS!ANCES MADE 1;M1*EC6*ES

S6BS!ANCESMADE 1;

I1NS

;1RM Solid Solid$ li(uid$ gases Solid crystalline

ELAMP*ES Aluminium$ -inc$copper$ iron allmetals

Chlorine$ water$naphthalene

Sodium chloride$copper sulphate

-inc atomschlorine atoms

hydrogen atoms

o'ygen atoms

8 , 8 88 8 8

8 8 88 8 8

8 8 88 8 8

, ,, , ,

, , ,, , ,

, , ,, , ,

sodium ion chloride ion


45/54

PR1PER!IES

S6BS!ANCESMADE 1;

A!1MS

S6BS!ANCESMADE 1;

M1*EC6*ES

S6BS!ANCES MADE1;

I1NS!8PE 1; PAR!IC*ES Consist of atom Consist of

moleculesConsist of positive andnegative ions

ARRAN,EMEN! 1;PAR!IC*ES

Very close Solid 6 Very close

*i(uid 6 Close

Gas 6 Ear apart

Very close

C1NDI!I1N A! R11M!EMPERA!6RE

Solid e'ceptmercury li(uid

Solid$ li(uid or gas Solid

;1RCE 1;A!!RAC!I1NBE!EEN PAR!IC*ES

Very strong$through metallic%onding

Feak$ through vander Faals force

Strong$ through ionic%onding

B1I*IN, P1IN! ANDME*!IN, P1IN!

"igh *ow "igh

E*EC!RICA*C1ND6C!II!8

Conduct electricityunder soil andmolten conditions

Cannot conductelectricity

Cannot conductelectricity under solidcondition e'cept under

a(ueous moltencondition

& l ti hi % t th


46/54

&elationship %etween the

>roperties of Su%stances and the

Arrangement of >articlesSB


47/54

PR1PER!IES

S6BS!ANCES

PH8SICA*C1NDI!I1N A!

R11M!EMPERA!6RE

B1I*IN,P1IN!

ME*!IN,P1IN!

E*EC!RICA*C1ND6C!II!

8

5ron Ee Solid /433C H

.7+3C

Good

Iinc In Solid .333C H

0.JC

Good

Copper Cu Solid /+73C H

.34+C

Good


48/54

SB


49/54

PR1PER!IES

S6BS!ANCES

PH8SICA*S!A!E A!R11M

!EMPERA!6RE

B1I*IN!P1IN!

9OC:

ME*!IN,P1IN!

9OC:

E*EC!RICA*C1ND6C!II!8

Car%on dio'ide Gas ,)4 ,)4 >oor

Methane Gas ,.2. ,.4+ >oor

Fater *i(uid .33 3 >oor

Sulphur Gas 000 ..0 >oor

SB


50/54

SB


51/54

PR1PER!IES

S6BS!ANCES

PH8SICA*

S!A!E A!R11M

!EMPERA!6RE

B1I*IN!

P1IN!9OC:

ME*!IN,

P1IN!9OC:

E*EC!RICA*

C1ND6C!II!89HEN M1*!EN:

Calcium

chloride

Solid .233 ))4 Good

Sodium chloride Solid .0.+ 43. Good

Copper 55Chloride

Solid JJ3 2/3 Good

>otassium%romide

Solid .+)2 )/4 Good


52/54

Atom ) 2arah tida$

bercas Ion ) Atom bercas

Mole$ul ) terdiri lebihdari%ada satuatom

Sifat B*%*&


53/54

Ada dua perkataan Satu perkataan

atrium klorida

*t#" I#n $#lekul

0. 1enis zarah at#" i#n $#lekul

2. Keadaan bahan pada suhu

bilik

pepejal pepejal Pepejal3cecair dan

gas

4. Pergerakan zarah bergetar bergetar Pepejal-bergetarCecair- bergerak

bebasGas - bergerak

rawak

5. Daa tarikan antara zarah Daa tarikanl#ga" sangat kuat

Daaelektr#statikSangat kuat

Daa 6an der 7aalsle"ah

8. Takat lebur dan takat didih Tinggi Tinggi Rendah

9. Kek#nduksian elektrikPepejal!eburan*kues:larutan berair

B#lehB#leh--------

Tidak b#lehB#lehB#leh

Tidak b#lehTidak b#lehTidak b#leh

C#nt#h Se"ua jenis

l#ga"

Plu"bu"

br#"ida

&aftalena3 gluk#sa3

alk#h#l


54/54

*1,AM DAN B6AN *1,AM

SI)*T !'G*$ B+K*& !'G*$

0. Per"ukaan Berkilau Pudar

2. Ke"uluran ;tarik jadipanjang<

B#leh Tidak b#leh

4. Keb#lehte"paan; b#lehbentuk< B#leh Tidak b#leh

5. Kekuatan regangan Tinggi Rendah

8. Kek#nduksian haba Baik !e"ah

9. Kek#nduksian elektrik Baik !e"ah

=. Ketu"patan Tinggi Rendah

>. Takat lebur dan takat didih Tinggi Rendah

?. Keadaan pada suhu bilik Pepejal kecuali Pepejal3 cecair3 gas

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T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt