Chng 1:I. Dung dich

Dung dch v nng dung dch

- Khi nim: L hn hp ng nht gia dung mi v cht tan - Cht tan: cht rn, lng, kh. - Dung mi: nc, xng, du, cn... II. Dung dch bo ho L dung dch khng th ho tan thm cht tan mt nhit xc nh. III. tan (S) L s gam cht tan c th tan trong 100 gam dung mi to thnh dung dch bo ho. Hay: s mol cht tan c th tan trong 1 lit dung mi to thnh dung dch bo ho (SM). Ch : tan ca mt cht c xc nh mt nhit xc nh. IV. Nng phn trm (C%) Biu th s gam cht tan c trong 100 gam dung dch. V d: Dung dch CuSO4 15%, ngha l 100 gam dung dch CuSO4 c 15 gam CuSO4 v 85 gam H2O. V. Nng mol (CM) Biu th s mol cht tan c trong 1 lit dung dch. VD: Dung dch H2SO4 0,25 mol/lit, ngha l trong 1 lit dung dch H2SO4 c 0,25 mol H2SO4. VI. a. Mt s cng thc bin i Khi lng dung dch v th tch dung dch: m: khi lng dung dch, dung mi (gam) m = V.D b. V: th tch dung dch, dung mi (ml) D: khi lng ring dung dch, dung mi (g/ml) Nng phn trm (C%):C%= mct .100% mdd

mct: khi lng cht tan (gam) mdd: khi lng dung dch (gam) n: s mol cht tan V: th tch dung dch (lit) S: tan (gam) 1

c.

Nng mol (CM):CM = n V

d.

tan (S):100.C% S= 1-C%

C%: nng phn trm ca dung dch bo ho e. Mi lin quan gia nng mol v nng phn trm:C%= M.CM 10D

Chng II. Cc hp cht v cA. Phn loi cc hp cht v c

Chtn cht Kim loi Phi kim Hp cht hu c Axit axit axit c oxi khng c oxi Baz Baz Baz tan khng tan Mui trung ho Hp cht Hp cht v c

Oxit oxit baz oxit axit

Mui Mui axit

B. I. 1. 2. a.

nh ngha, phn loi v tn gi cc hp cht v c Oxit nh ngha: Oxit l hp cht ca oxi vi mt nguyn t khc. Cng thc tng qut: V d: Phn loi: Oxit baz: L oxit ca kim loi, tng ng vi mt baz. RxOy Na2O, CaO, SO2, CO2...

Ch : Ch c kim loi mi to thnh oxit baz, tuy nhin mt s oxit bc cao ca kim loi nh CrO3, Mn2O7... li l oxit axit. V d: b. V d: Na2O, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3... CO2, SO2, SO3, P2O5... Oxit axit: Thng l oxit ca phi kim, tng ng vi mt axit.

c. Oxit lng tnh: L oxit ca cc kim loi to thnh mui khi tc dng vi c axit v baz (hoc vi oxit axit v oxit baz). V d: d. e. ZnO, Al2O3, SnO... Oxit khng to mui (oxit trung tnh):CO, NO Oxit hn tp (oxit kp): Fe3O4, Mn3O4, Pb2O3... 2

V d:

Chng cng c th coi l cc mui: Fe3O4 = Fe(FeO2)2 Pb2O3 = PbPbO3 3. II. 1. Cch gi tn: Axit nh ngha st (II) ferit ch (II) metaplombat

L hp cht m phn t c mt hay nhiu nguyn t H lin kt vi gc axit. Cng thc tng qut: gc axit). V d: K hiu - Cl =S - NO3 = SO4 = SO3 - HSO4 - HSO3 = CO3 - HCO3 PO4 = HPO4 - H2PO4 - OOCCH3 - AlO2 2. 3. * Phn loi Axit khng c oxi: Axit c oxi: Tn gi Axit khng c oxi: Tn axit: axit + tn phi kim + hidric. V d: H2S HBr * Axit c oxi: 3 HCl axit clohidric axit sunfuhidric axit bromhidric HCl, HBr, H2S, HI... H2CO3, H2SO3, H2SO4, HNO2, HNO3... HnR (n: bng ho tr ca gc axit, R: HCl, H2S, H2SO4, H2SO3, HNO3... Tn gi Clorua Sunfua Nitrat Sunfat Sunfit Hidrosunfat Hidrosunfit Cacbonat Hidrocacbonat Photphat Hidrophotphat ihidropphotphat Axetat Aluminat Ho tr I II I II II I I II I III II I I I

Mt s gc axit thng thng

-

Tn axit: axit + tn phi kim + ic (). V d: H2SO3 HNO3 HNO2 H2SO4 axit nitric axit nitr axit sunfuric axit sunfur

III. Baz (hidroxit) 1. nh ngha Baz l hp cht m phn t gm c mt nguyn t kim loi (hay nhm -NH4) lin kt vi mt hay nhiu nhm hidroxit (-OH). Cng thc tng qut: -NH4). 2. 3. IV. 1. V d: Phn loi Baz tan (kim): Baz khng tan: Tn gi Mui nh ngha NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2... Cu(OH)2, Fe(OH)2, Al(OH)3... M(OH)n M: kim loi (hoc nhm

n: bng ho tr ca kim loi. Fe(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, NaOH, KOH...

Mui l hp cht m phn t gm nguyn t kim loi (hoc nhm NH4) lin kt vi gc axit. Cng thc tng qut: kim loi). 2. V d: Phn loi MnRm (n: ho tr gc axit, m: ho tr

Na2SO4, NaHSO4, CaCl2, KNO3, KNO2...

Theo thnh phn mui c phn thnh hai loi: Mui trung ho: l mui m trong thnh phn gc axit khng c nguyn t hidro c th thay th bng nguyn t kim loi. V d: Na2SO4, K2CO3, Ca3(PO4)2... Mui axit: l mui m trong gc axit cn nguyn t H cha c thay th bng nguyn t kim loi. V d: 3. Tn gi 4 NaHSO4, KHCO3, CaHPO4, Ca(H2PO4)2...

Tn mui: tn KL (km theo ho tr nu KL c nhiu ho tr) + tn gc axit. V d: KNO3 KNO2 Ca(H2PO4)2 Na2SO4 NaHSO4 natri sunfat natri hidrosunfat kali nitrat kali nitrit canxi dihidrophotphat

Chng 3: tnh cht ca cc hp cht v c I. 1. a. Oxit Oxit axit Tc dng vi nc: CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 SO2 + H2O -> H2SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4 NO2 + H2O HNO3 + NO NO2 + H2O + O2 HNO3 N2O5 + H2O HNO3 P2O5 + H2O H3PO4 b. Tc dng vi dung dch baz (kim): Ch : tu t l s mol oxit axit v s mol kim s xy ra phn ng (1) hoc (2) hay xy ra c hai phn ng. CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 nNaOH 2 xy ra phn ng (1) nCO nNaOH 1 xy ra phn ng (2) nCO n 1 NaOH 2 xy ra c hai phn ng nCO2 2 2

(1) (2)

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2

(1) (2) 5

nCO

2

1 xy ra phn ng (1) nCa(OH) nCO 1 2 xy ra c hai phn ng nCa(OH) SO2 + NaOH Na2SO3 + H2O2 2 2 2

nCa(OH) nCO

2 xy ra phn ng (2)

2

SO2 + NaOH NaHSO3 SO3 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O NO2 + NaOH NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O c. Tc dng vi oxit baz: Oxit baz phi tng ng vi baz tan: CO2 + CaO CaCO3 CO2 + Na2O Na2CO3 SO3 + K2O K2SO4 SO2 + BaO BaSO3 2. Oxit baz a. Tc dng vi nc: Oxit no m hidroxit tng ng tan trong nc th phn ng vi nc. Na2O + H2O 2NaOH CaO + H2O b. Tc dng vi axit: Na2O + HCl NaCl + H2O CuO + HCl CuCl2 + H2O Fe2O3 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O Fe3O4 + HCl FeCl2 + FeCl3 + H2O Ch : Nhng oxit ca kim loi c nhiuho tr khi phn ng vi axit mnh s c a ti kim loi c ho tr cao nht.t FeO + H2SO4 (c) Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2O 0

Ca(OH)2

t Cu2O + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O 0

c.

Tc dng vi oxit axit: Xem phn oxit axit

d. B kh bi cc cht kh mnh: Tr oxit ca kim loi mnh (t K Al).t Fe2O3 + CO Fe3O4 + CO2 0

t Fe3O4 + CO FeO + CO2 0

t FeO + CO Fe + CO2 0

6

Ch : Khi Fe2O3 ang b kh m CO b thiu th cht rn to thnh c 4 cht sau: Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeO. Fe (V cc phn ng xy ra ng thi). 3. a. Oxit lng tnh (Al2O3, ZnO) Tc dng vi axit: Al2O3 + HCl AlCl3 + H2O ZnO + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2O b. Tc dng vi kim: Al2O3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O ZnO + NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O 4. Oxit khng to mui (CO, N2O NO...) N2O khng tham gia phn ng. CO tham gia: + Phn ng chy trong oxi + Kh oxit kim loi + Tc dng thun nghch vi hemoglobin c trong mu, gy c. II. axit 1. Dung dch axit lm i mu cht ch th: Qu tm . 2. Tc dng vi baz: HCl + Cu(OH)2 CuCl2 + H2O H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O 3. Tc dng vi oxit baz, oxit lng tnh: HCl + CaO CaCl2 + H2O HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O HNO3 + MgO Mg(NO3)2 + H2O HCl + Al2O3 AlCl3 + H2O 4. Tc dng vi mui: HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3 H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + HCl HCl + Na2CO3 NaCl + H2O + CO2 HCl + NaCH3COO CH3COOH + NaCl(axit yu)

H2SO4(m c) + NaCl(rn) NaHSO4 + HCl(kh) 7

Ch : Sn phm phi to ra cht kt ta (cht kh tan), hoc cht bay hi hay to ra axit yu. 5. Tc dng vi phi kim: Xem phn phi kim. 6. Tc dng vi kim loi: (kim loi ng trc hidro trong dy hot ng ho hc). HCl + Fe FeCl2 + H2 H2SO4(long) + Zn ZnSO4 + H2 Ch : H2SO4 c v HNO3 c nhit thng khng phn ng vi Al v Fe (tnh cht th ng ho). Axit HNO3 phn ng vi hu ht kim loi (tr Au, Pt), khng gii phng hidro. Axit H2SO4 c, nng c kh nng phn ng vi nhiu kim loi, khng gii phng hidro. Cu + 2H2SO4 (c,nng) CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O IIi. 1. a. b. baz (hidroxit) Baz tan (kim) Dung dch kim lm thay i mu mt s cht ch th: Qu tm xanh. Dung dch phenolphtalein khng mu hng. Tc dng vi axit: (1) (2) KOH + H2SO4 KHSO4 + H2O

2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O

Ch : tu t l s mol axit v s mol baz s xy ra phn ng (1) hoc (2) hay xy ra c phn ng. c. d. Tc dng vi kim loi: Xem phn kim loi. Tc dng vi phi kim: Xem phn phi kim.

e. Tc dng vi oxit axit, oxit lng tnh: Xem phn oxit axit, oxit lng tnh. f. Tc dng vi hidroxit lng tnh (Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2) NaOH + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + H2O NaOH + Zn(OH)2 Na2ZnO2 + H2O g. Tc dng vi dung dch mui KOH + MgSO4 Mg(OH)2 + K2SO4 Ba(OH)2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaOH 8

Ch : Sn phm phn ng t nht phi c mt cht khng tan (kt ta). 2. a. Baz khng tan Tc dng vi axit: Mg(OH)2 + HCl MgCl2 + H2O Al(OH)3 + HCl AlCl3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O b. B nhit phn tich:t Fe(OH)2 FeO + H2O (khng c oxi) 0

t Fe(OH)2 + O2 + H2O Fe(OH)3 0

t Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + H2O 0

t Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + H2O 0

t Zn(OH)2 ZnO + H2O 0

t Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O 0

3. a. b. c. iV. 1.

Hidroxit lng tnh Tc dng vi axit: Xem phn axit. Tc dng vi kim: Xem phn kim. B nhit phn tch: Xem phn baz khng tan. Mui Tc dng vi dung dch axit: AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 Na2S + HCl NaCl + H2S NaHSO3 + HCl NaCl + SO2 + H2O Ba(HCO3)2 + HNO3 Ba(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O Na2HPO4 + HCl NaCl + H3PO4

2.

Dung dch mui tc dng vi dung dch baz: Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + NaOH FeCl3 + KOH KCl + Fe(OH)3

Ch : Mui axit tc dng vi kim to thnh mui trung ho v nc. NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + KOH Na2CO3 + K2CO3 + H2O KHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + KOH + H2O NaHSO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O 3. Dung dch mui tc dng vi dung dch mui: 9

Na2CO3 + CaCl2 CaCO3 + NaCl BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + NaCl Ba(HCO3)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + NaHCO3 Ba(HCO3)2 + ZnCl2 BaCl2 + Zn(OH)2 + CO2 Ba(HCO3)2 + NaHSO4 BaSO4 + Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O Ch : - Cc mui axit tc dng vi cc mui c tnh baz hoc lng tnh th phn ng xy ra theo chiu axit baz: Na2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 - Trong dung dch cha mui nitrat v mt axit thng th dung dch ny c coi l mt axit nitric long: Cu + NaNO3 + HCl Cu(NO3)2 + NaCl + NO + H2O * Khi nim phn ng trao i: Nhng phn ng gia mui v axit, mui v baz, mui v mui xy ra trong dung dch c gi l phn ng trao i. Trong cc phn ng ny cc thnh phn kim loi hoc hidro i ch cho nhau, cc thnh phn gc axit i ch cho nhau. iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i: Phn ng phi xy ra trong dung dch. To ra cht kt ta (cht kh tan), hoc cht bay hi hay to ra nc, axit yu, baz yu. V d: + To cht kt ta: + To cht d bay hi: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + NaCl Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 K2S + HCl KCl + H2S + To ra nc hay axit yu, baz yu: NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O NaCH3COO + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl(axit yu)

NH4Cl + NaOH NH4OH + NaCl(baz yu)

4.

Dung dch mui tc dng vi kim loi: V d: AgNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + Ag CuSO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + Cu

Ch : khng la chn kim loi c kh nng phn ng vi nc iu kin thng nh K, Na, Ca, Ba... 5. 6. Tc dng vi phi kim: Xem phn phi kim. Mt s mui b nhit phn: 10

a.

Nhit phn tch cc mui CO3, SO3:t 2M(HCO3)n M2(CO3)n + nCO2 + nH2O 0

t M2(CO3)n M2On + nCO2 0

Ch : Tr mui ca kim loi kim.b. Nhit phn mui nitrat: K Ca Na Mgt M(NO3)n 0

Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu M(NO3)nt 0

Hg Ag Pt Aut M(NO3)n M + nNO2 + 0

M(NO2)n +

n O2 20

M2On + 2nNO2 +

n O2 2

O2

n 2

t KNO3 KNO2 + O2 t Fe(NO3)2 Fe + NO2 + O2 0

t AgNO3 Ag + NO2 + O2 0

c.

Mt s tnh cht ring: 2FeCl3 + Fe

3FeCl2 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 CuSO4 + 2FeSO4

Chng III: Kim loi v phi kimA. I. II. Kim loi c im ca kim loi C nh kim, tnh do, tnh dn in v nhit tt. Dy hot ng ho ca cc kim loi Cn c vo mc hot ng ho ca cc kim loi ta c th xp cc kim loi trong mt dy gi l "Dy hot ng ho ca kim loi: K, Ca, Na, Mg, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au. Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb,

H, Cu,

Khi cu no may o gip st nhn sang ph Hu ca hng phi u* ngha dy hot ng ho ca cc kim loi: Theo chiu t K n Au: Mc hot ng ca cc kim loi gim dn. Kim loi ng trc H y c H2 ra khi dung dch axit. Kim loi ng trc y c kim loi ng sau ra khi dung dch mui (tr kim loi c kh nng phn ng vi nc iu kin thng,s phn ng vi nc ca dung dch). 11

Theo mc hot ng ca kim loi c th chia kim loi thnh 3 loi: + + + III. 1. Kim loi mnh: Kim loi yu: Tnh cht ho hc Tc dng vi phi kim t K n Al. nhng kim loi xp sau H. Kim loi trung bnh:t Zn n Pb.

a. Vi oxi: Hu ht cc kim loi tc dng vi oxi to thnh oxit (tr Ag, Pt, Au). K + O 2 K2 Ot Fe + O2 Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3) 0

Mg + O2 MgO Al + O2 Al2O3t Cu + O2 CuO 0

b. -

Vi phi kim khc:

Tc dng vi lu hunh: Hu ht cc KL u tc dng vi S to thnh sunfua kim loi (tr Ag, Pt, Au).t Fe + S FeS 0

t Na + S Na2S 0

t Cu + S CuS 0

-

Tc dng vi H2 (Na, Ca, K, Ba):t Na + H2 NaH 0

t Ca + H2 CaH2 0

- Tc dng vi C:2000 C Ca + C CaC2 lodien0

-

Tc dng vi halogen (Cl2, Br2, I2): Hu ht cc KL u tc dng vi halogen to thnh mui ca kim loi c ho tr cao nht (nu kim loi c nhiu ho tr, tr Pt, Au).t Na + Cl2 NaCl 0

t Fe + Cl2 FeCl3 0

t Al + Cl2 AlCl3 0

t Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 0

2.

Tc dng vi dung dch axit: 12

a.

Axit thng: HCl, H2SO4 long.

Cc Kl ng trc hidro trong dy hot ng ho hc tc dng vi cc axit thng to thnh mui c ho tr trung gian (nu kim loi c nhiu ho tr) v gii phng kh H2. Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 Fe + H2SO4(long) FeSO4 + H2 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2 * Ch : Cu khng tc dng vi axit thng nhng khi c ln O2 th phn ng li xy ra: Cu + HCl + O2 CuCl2 + H2O b. Axit mnh: HNO3, H2SO4 c, nng. Hu ht cc KL u tc dng vi cc axit mnh to thnh mui c ho tr cao nht v khng gii phng kh H2. Vi HNO3: sn phm to thnh mui c ho tr cao + nc + mt trong s cc cht sau: NH4NO3, N2, N2O, NO, NO2. NH4NO3, N2, N2O, NO, NO2Nng axit tng, hot ng ca kim loi gim

V d:

Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O + NH4NO3 Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O + N2 Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O + N2O Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O + NO Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O + NO2

Vi H2SO4 c, nng: to thnh mui c ho tr cao nht + nc + mt trong s cc cht sau: H2S, S, SO2. H2S, S, SO2Nng axit tng, hot ng ca kim loi gim

V d:

Fe + H2SO4(c, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + H2S Fe + H2SO4(c, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + S Fe + H2SO4(c, nng) Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + SO2 Ag + H2SO4(c, nng) Ag2SO4 + H2O + SO2

* Ch : - Khi cho kim loi tc dng vi HNO3: + Phn ng khng sinh ra kh th sn phm to ra phi l NH4NO3 + Phn ng to ra kh khng mu, sau ho mu nu th sn phm to ra l NO v axit phn ng l axit long. 13

+ Phn ng to ra kh mu nu th sn phm to ra l NO2 v axit phn ng l axit c. - Khi cho kim loi tc dng vi H2SO4: + Kh H2S c mi trng thi. + Lu hunh c mu vng trng thi rn. + SO2 l kh c mi sc. 3. Tc dng vi baz tan ( Al, Zn): Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 + H2 Al + Ba(OH)2 + H2O Ba(AlO2)2 + H2 Zn + NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2 Zn + Ba(OH)2 BaZnO2 + H2 4. Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Kim loi ng trc y c kim loi ng sau ra khi mui ca n trong dung dch. Cc kim loi cng xa nhau trong dy HHH (c mt trong phn ng) th phn ng xy ra cng mnh. V d: Al + Pb(NO3)2 Al(NO3)3 + Pb Fe + AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + Ag (Ch : Tr nhng kim loi phn ng c vi nc iu kin thng nh: Na, K, Ca, Ba...). 5. * Tc dng vi nc: nhit thng: Na + H2O NaOH + H2 Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 iu kin: Kim loi phi tng ng vi baz kim. * nhit cao (tc dng vi hi nc):100 C Mg + H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2 0

t 570 C Fe + H2O FeO + H2 0 0

6.

Tc dng vi oxit baz (phn ng nhit nhm):

Kim loi ng trc trong dy HHH y lim loi ng sau ra khi oxit ca n nhit cao (tr oxit ca cc kim loi t K n Al).t 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe 0

B. I.

Phi kim c im 14

-

Khng c nh kim, khng c tnh do; dn in, dn nhit km.

Cc phi kim: C, Si, N, P, O, S, Cl, Br... to thnh hp cht kh vi hidro. II. 1. 2. a. Tnh cht ho hc Tc dng vi kim loi: Xem phn kim loi Tc dng vi phi kim Vi oxi:t H2 + O2 H2O 0 0 0

t 400 C C + O2 CO2 t 900 C C + O2 CO2 0 0

t S + O2 SO2 0

V O ,450 C SO2 + O2 SO32 5 0

t P + O2 P2O5 0

tialua dien N2 + O2 NO

b.

Vi hidro:Ni,500 C C + H2 CH4 0

Fe,450 C N2 + H2 NH3 0

t S + H2 H2S 0

t P + H2 PH3 0

t O2 + 2H2 2H2O 0

Phi kim no cng d phn ng vi hidro th tnh phi kim cng mnh. 3. Tc dng vi axit Vi HX (X: Cl, Br, I):

Cc halogen mnh y cc halogen yu hn ra khi dung dch axit ca n. Cl2 + HBr HCl + Br2 Br2 + HI HBr + I2 Vi cc axit mnh: C, S, P tc dng vi cc axit mnh to oxit v a v s oxi ho cao nht c th c. C + HNO3 CO2 + NO2 + H2O S + HNO3 H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O P + HNO3 H3PO4 + NO2 + H2O 15

C + H2SO4 CO2 + SO2 + H2O S + H2SO4 SO2 + H2O P + H2SO4 H3PO4 + SO2 + H2O 4. Tc dng vi kim (X2: Cl2, Br2, I2) Cl2 + NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2OJavent Cl2 + NaOH NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + H2O0

Clorua vit Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + Ca(ClO3)2 + H2O Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 (bt) CaOCl2 + H2O0

5.

Tc dng vi mui (X2: Cl2, Br2, I2)

Halogen mnh y halogen yu hn ra khi dung dch mui ca n (tr F2). Cl2 + NaBr NaCl + Br2 Cc halogen c th y mui Fe (II) Fe(III), Cu(I) Cu(II), t nhit cao. Cl2 + FeCl2 FeCl3 0

t Cl2 + CuCl CuCl2 0

6.

Tc dng vi oxit baz Cc oxit kim loi t K Al trong dy HHH khng b kh bi C, H2, CO, kim loi.t CuO + C Cu + CO2 0

t CuO + C Cu + CO 0

t Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O 0

7.

Tc dng vi nc F chy trong nc gii phng oxi nguyn t. F + H2O HF + O Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO

Mt s dng cu hi v bi tp l thuytDng 1: Cu hi trnh by, so snh, gii thch hin tng v vit phng trnh phn ng

1.

Cho nhm cc cht ho hc c cng thc sau: 16

Na, S, C, N2, O2, O3, P, Al, Fe, K2O, N2O5, CO2, SO3, P2O5, Fe2O3, H2S, SiO2, CaO, Cu2O, Al2O3, SO2, NaOH, Fe(OH)3, Fe(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, HNO3, CaCO3, CuSO4, NaCl, Ca3(PO4)2, Ca(NO3)2, CaSO4, FeS, Na2CO3, CuO, NO, Fe3O4, CH3COOH, CO, NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Ca(H2PO4)2. Hy phn loi v gi tn cc cht trn. 2. Vit cc PHHH ca phn ng gia S,C, Cu, Zn vi O2. Cho bit cc oxit to thnh thuc loi no. Vit cc cng thc ho hc ca cc axit v baz tng ng vi mi oxit . 3. Cc cht sau y: CaC2, CaCO3, Al2O3, Na2O, Fe2O3, NaCl, SO3, CO2, Cu, Na, CO. Cht no tc dng vi nc, cht no tc dng vi dd KOH. Vit PTHH. 4. Axit HCl c th phn ng vi nhng cht no? Vit PTHH (nu c) v ghi r iu kin phn ng: CuO, Ag, AgNO3, Zn, C, MnO2, Fe(OH)3, Fe3O4. 5. H2SO4 c th ho tan nhng cht no? Vit PTHH (nu c) v ghi r iu kin phn ng: CO2, MgO, Cu, SO3, Fe(OH)3, Ca3(PO4)2, BaCO3. 6. Dung dch NaOH c th ho tan nhng cht no? Vit PTHH (nu c) v ghi r iu kin phn ng: H2O, CO2, MgO, H2S, Cu, Al2O3, SO3. 7. Cho nhng cht sau y: Cu, K, Al, CuO, Al(OH)3, Ba(OH)2, CO2, P2O5, SO3, Na2CO3, AgNO3, Fe2O3, CO, SO2, Ba(NO3)2, CaO, CaCO3, N2O5, Al2O3, ZnO. a. Nhng cht no tc dng vi nc? B. Nhng cht no tc dng vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4? c. Nhng cht no tc dng vi NaOH? d. Nhng cht no tc dng vi dd CuSO4? 8. Cho cc tp hp cht sau, nhng cp cht no trong mi tp hp c phn ng vi nhau. Nu r iu kin phn ng v vit PTHH nu c. a. NaOH, H2SO4, BaCl2, MgCO3, CuSO4, CO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Cu, Fe. b. CuO, MnO2, HCl, NaOH. c. H2O, HCl, MgCl2, CO2, CaO, Fe(OH)3, Ba(OH)2, Fe. d. Cu, Fe2O3, Cl2, CO, Al, HCl, NaOH. 9. Cc cht sau y: dd NaOH, Fe2O3, dd K2SO4, dd CuCl2, CO2, Al v dd NH4Cl. Cc cp cht no phn ng c vi nhau. Nu r iu kin v vit phng trnh phn ng. 10. Vit PTPU nu c gia: Cu + H2O ? MgCO3 + H2O ? CaO + H2O ? 17

Na2O + H2O ? H2O ? SO3 + H2O ?

Al2O3 + H2O ? CO2 + H2O ?

H2SO4 +

P2O5 + H2O ?

11. Hy cho bit trong cc dung dch c th tn ti ng thi cc cp cht sau y c khng? Gii thch ti sao? a. NaOH v HBr b. H2SO4 v CaCl2 c. Ca(OH)2 v H3PO4 d. KOH v NaCl

12. Hy chn cc cht sau y: H2SO4(), P2O5, CaO, KOHrn, CuSO4 khan lm kh mt trong nhng kh O2, CO, CO2, Cl2. Gii thch? 13. Mt s oxit c dng lm cht ht m( cht lm kh) trong phng th nghim hy cho bit nhng oxit no sau y c th dng lm cht ht m: CuO, BaO; CaO; P2O5 ; Al2O3 ; Fe3O4 gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng minh ha. 14. cho cc kh sau y b ln hi nc ( kh m): N2;; O2; CO2; SO2; NH3. Bit NH3 c tnh cht ha hc ca ba z tan. Kh no c th lm kh bng : a) H2SO4; b) CaO 15. Hn hp A gm: Fe3O4; Al; Al2O3; Fe. Cho A tan trong dung dch NaOH d c hn hp cht rn A1, dung dch B1, v kh C1. Kh C1(d) cho tc dng vi A nung nng c hn hp cht rn A2. Cht rn A2 cho tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nguiddwowcj dung dch B2. Cho B2 tc dng vi dd BaCl2 ddwowcj keets tuar B3. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc. 16 . C th dng dd HCl hoc dd H2SO4 long ha tan mt mu gang thp c khng? v sao? 17. Nhit phn mt lng MgCO3, sau mt thi gian thu c cht rn A v kh B. Hp th ht kh B bng dung dch NaOH c dd C. Dung dch C va tc dng vi BaCl2 va tc dng vi KOH. Ho tan cht rn A bng HCl d thu c kh B v dung dch D. C cn dung dch D c mui khan E. in phn nng chy E thu c kim loi M Xc nh thnh phn A, B, C, D, E, M. Vit phng trnh phn ng. 18. Trn ln cc dung dch sau: - Kali clorua + bc nitrat - Nhm sunfat + bari nitrat - Kalicacbonat + axit sunfuric - St(II) sunfat + natri clorua - Natri nitrat + ng(II) sunfat - Natri sunfua + axit clohidric Nu hin tng xy ra. Gii thch bng PTP. 18

19. Nu, gii thch hin tng v vit PTHH xy ra trong hai th nghim sau: a. Cho inh st nh sch vo dung dch CuSO4 b. Cho mu Na kim loi vo dung dch CuSO4 20. Nu hin tng xy ra trong mi trng hp sau v gii thch. a. Cho CO2 li chm qua nc vi trong n d, sau cho thm nc vi trong vo dung dch thu c. b. Ho tan Fe bng HCl v sc kh Cl2 i qua hoc cho KOH vo dung dch v lu ngoi khng kh. c. Cho AgNO3 vo dung dch AlCl3 v ngoi nh sng. 21. D on hin tng xy, gii thch v vit PTHH xy ra khi: a. t dy st trong kh clo. b. Cho mt inh st vo ng nghim ng dung dch CuCl2 c. Cho Na vo dung dch CuSO4 22. Nu hin tng xy ra v vit PTHH khi: a. Sc CO2 t t vo dung dch nc vi trong b. Cho t t dung dch HCl vo Na2CO3 c. Thm t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch AlCl3 23. Dung dch A cha NaOH, dung dch B cha HCl v AlCl3. Nu v gii thch hin tng, vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong hai th nghim sau: a. Cho t t dung dch A v dung dch B. b. Cho t t dung dch B vo dung dch A. 24. Nu, gii thch hin tng v vit PTHH xy ra trong hai th nghim sau: a. Nh dung dch it vo mt lt chui xanh b. Cho Na kim loi vo dung dch CuSO4 c. Cho inh st vo ng nghim ng dung dch H2SO4 long, sau thm vi git dung dch CuSO4 25. C 4 kim loi A, B, C, D ng sau Mg trong dy hot ng ho hc. Bit rng: - A v B tc dng c vi dd HCl, gii phng H2 - C v D khng phn ng c vi dung dch HCl - B tc dng c vi dung dch mui A. gii phng A - D tc dng c vi dung dch mui C, gii phng C

19

Hy sp xp dy cc kim loi trn theo chiu hot ng ho hc gim dn. Ly v d kim loi c th v vit cc PTHH ca phn ng th nghim trn. 26. C 4 kim loi A, B, C, D trong dy hot ng ho hc. Bit rng: ch c B, C, D tc dng c vi dung dch HCl gii phng kh H2. C tc dng c vi nc iu kin thng gii phng kh H2, D tc dng c vi dung dch mui ca B gii phng B, tc dng c vi NaOH gii phng H2. Hy gii thch v sp xp cc kim loi theo chiu hot ng ho hc tng dn. Ly v d cc kim loi c th v vit PTHH minh ho 27. Trnh by nhng hin tng c th xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc gii thch cho tng trng hp sau y: a. Cho natri kim loi vo dd AlCl3. b. Nh dn tng git dd KOH long vo dd Al2(SO4)3 c. Nh n tng git dd Al2(SO4)3 vo dd KOH long. Dng 2: Cu hi iu ch I. S phn ng Cu 1. Vit phng trnh phn ng hon thnh s sau: Ca CaO Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 CaCl2 CaCO3. CaSO3 Cu 2. S SO2 Na2SO3 SO2 H2SO3 Na2SO3 SO2 Cu 3. S SO2 SO3 H2SO4 Na2SO3 FeCl3 Cu 4. Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2O3 Cu 5. Fe(NO3)3 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 Fe FeCl2 Fe(OH)2. CuO Cu 6. Cu CuCl2 20 Fe(OH)3 Na2SO4 BaSO4 H2SO3 Na2SO3 SO2

Cu(OH)2 Cu 7. Al Al2O3 AlCl3 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 Al AlCl3 Al2O3 Al2(SO4)3 Na AlO2 Cu 8. Al Al(OH)3 AlCl3 Al(NO3)3 Al2O3

ZnO Na2ZnO2 Cu 9. Zn Zn(NO3)2 ZnCO3 CO2 KHCO3 CaCO3 Cu 10. Tm cht thch hp in vo A, B, C... v hon thnh s bng phn ng. 1. FeS2 A B C CuSO4 2. CuSO4 B C D Cu A 3. Fe2O3 B Kh D + dd E 4.+O + HCl + Na A B C 2

FeCl2

t + D,t Kt ta F G M 0 0

A l hn hp gm Mg v Cu. Cu 11. Vit phng trnh phn ng thc hin s bin ho saut +E +G +H +I CaCO3 CaO A B C CaCO3 o

+K

+L

D Cu 12. Hon thnh s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin nu c). Vit phng trnh phn ng.(1) (2) +G (4) S SO2 A H2SO4 BaSO4 (5) (6)

B 21

Cu 13. Vit phng trnh phn ng theo s sau:+H O +O + NaOH + Cl + NaOH A B C D E F G Axit men2 2 ran 2

Bit A c to thnh nh phn ng quang hp, G l metyl clorua. Cu 14. Chn cc cht thch hp A, B, C, ... Vit phng trnh ho hc theo s bin ho sau (ghi r iu kin phn ng nu c)+O +C +H A B D FeSO4 2

a. FeS2+G +I +L t b. E H K M E o

Cu 15.Vit phng trnh phn ng theo s sau: 1. Ca CaO Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 CaCl2 CaCO3 FeCl2 2. Fe FeSO4 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(OH)2 Fe2O3

FeCl3 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(OH)3 Phng trnh kh: - Chuyn mui clorua mui sunfat: cn dng Ag2SO4 to kt ta AgCl. - Chuyn mui st (II) mui st (III): dng cht oxi ho (O2, KMnO4, ) V d: 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O 4Fe(NO3)2 + O2 + 4HNO3 4Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2O - Chuyn mui Fe (III) Fe(II): dng cht kh l kim loi (Fe, Cu,...) V d: Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe 3FeSO4 2Fe(NO3)3 + Cu 2Fe(NO3)2 + Cu(NO3)2 SO3 H2SO4 3. FeS2 SO2 SO2 NaHSO3 Na2SO3 NaH2PO4 4. P P2O5 H3PO4 Na3PO4 * Phng trnh kh: - 2K3PO4 + H3PO4 3K3HPO4 - K2HPO4 + H3PO4 2KH2PO4 5. Zn Zn(NO3)2 ZnCO3 CO2 KHCO3 CaCO3 ZnO Na2ZnO2 Na2HPO4

22

* Phng trnh kh: - ZnO + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O - KHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + KOH + H2O+ X ,t A o

+ Y ,t 6. A

o

+B +E Fe D G

A 7. CaCl2 Ca

+Z,t

o

Ca(OH)2 CaCO3

Ca(HCO3)2

Clorua vi Ca (NO3)2 8. KMnO4 Cl2 nc Javen Cl2(1)

Al2O3(11)

(2)

9.

(7) AlCl3 Al2O3 Cu 16. Hy tm 2 cht v c tho mn cht R trong s sau: A B C R R R R X Y Z (10) Al(NO3)3

Al

NaClO3 O2 Al2(SO4)(3) 3(12)

(8)

(9)

Al(OH)3

(4) (5)

(6)

NaAlO2

Cu17. Xc nh cc cht theo s bin ho sau: A1 A2 A3 A4 A A A A A B1 B2 B3 B4 Cu 18. Hon thnh cc phn ng sau: +E F X + A (1) (5) +G +E H F (2) X+B (6) (7) (3) Fe +I +L K H + BaSO4 X + C (4) (8) (9) +M +G X H X+D (10) (11) Cu 19. Chn cc cht A, B, C bit rng chng u l hp cht ca st. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng thc hin dy bin ho theo s (ghi r iu kin phn ng nu c).(5)

B(4)

(6)

(2) (1) (7) (8) Fe Fe2(SO4)3 A C Fe (3)

Cu 20. Vit phng trnh ho hc thc hin dy bin ho theo s sau(ghi r iu kin phn ng nu c).(1) (2) (3) (4) P Q K F P

23

E C(5) 2 2H

(6)

+C, to cao

Bit P, Q, K, F, E u l hp cht ca Ca. Q l vt liu quan trng trong xy dng. Cu 21. C nhng cht Na2O, Na, NaOH, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaCl. Da vo mi quan h gia cc cht, hy sp xp cc cht trn thnh mt dy chuyn i ho hc. Vit cc PTHH cho dy chuyn i ho hc trn.

II. in cht v hon thnh phng trnh phn ng1. in cht thch hp vo ch ? v lp PTHH. a. ? + ? CaCO3 + ? b. ? + ? ZnS + ? c. ? + ? Ca3(PO4)2 + ? d. ? + ? SO2 + H2O 2. Hon thnh phng trnh phn ng sau: a. CO2 + ? Ba(HCO3)2 b. MnO2 c. FeS2 + ? SO2 + ? d. Cu + + ? ?+?+?

? CuSO4 + ? + ?

3. in cht thch hp vo ch ? ri vit cc PTHH ca cc s phn ng sau: a. Cu + ? CuSO4 + H2O + ? b. Cu + ? CuSO4 + ? c. KHS + ? H2S + ? d. Ca(HCO3)2 + ? CaCO3 +? e. CuSO4 + ? FeSO4 + ? f. Fe 2(SO4)3 + ? Fe(NO3)3 + ? g. AlCl3 + ? Al2(SO4)3 + ? h. NaCl + ? NaOH + ? +?+? i. Al2O3 + KHSO4 ? + ? + ? k. KHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 ? +?+? 4. Vit 5 PTHH khc nhau thc hin phn ng BaCl2 + ? NaCl + ?

5. Chn cht thch hp in vo A, B, C v vit PTHH thc hin s :t FeS2 + O2 A + B o

t A + O2 C o

24

C + D axit E E + Cu F + A + D A + D axit G 6. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc theo s sau: A Fe(nung ) + O2 B + C + H2O A + HCl B + NaOH D + G C + NaOH E + G Xc nh A, B, C, D, E, G. Lm th no chuyn E v Fe? Vit PTHH.

III. iu ch mt cht t nhiu cht bng nhiu cch1. iu ch oxit. Phi kim + oxi nc) Kim loi K + oxi Oxi + hp cht tanN loi yu V d: Nhit phn axit N (axit mt OXIT Nhit phn muiN Nhit phn baz khng Kim loi mnh K+ oxit kim 2N2 + 5O2 2N2O5 t H2CO3 CO2 + H2O t 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 t CaCO3 CaO + CO2 t 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 t Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O t 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe 2. iu ch axit. Oxit axit + H2O Phi kim + Hiro AXIT Mui + axit mnh V d: P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 a s H2 + Cl2 2HCl 2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl 3. iu ch baz. Kim loi + H2O Kim + dd mui BAZ Oxit baz + H2O in phn dd mui (c mng ngn) V d: 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 Ca(OH)2 + K2CO3 CaCO3 + 2KOH Na2O + H2O 2NaOH ie pha n n 2KCl + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 + Cl2 co ngnga ma n 4. iu ch hiroxit lng tnh. 25o o o o o o

Mui ca nguyn t lng tnh + NH4OH (hoc kim va ) Hiroxit lng tnh + Mui mi V d: AlCl3 + NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3 ZnSO4 + 2NaOH (va ) Zn(OH)2 + Na2SO4 5. iu ch mui. a) T n cht Kim loi + Axit Kim loi + Phi kim Kim loi + DD mui MUI b) T hp cht Axit + Bz Axit + Oxit baz Oxit axit + Oxit baz Mui axit + Oxit baz Mui axit + Baz Axit + DD mui Kim + DD mui DD mui + DD mui

* Bi tp:Cu 1: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch trc tip FeCl2 t Fe, t FeSO4, t FeCl3. Cu 2: Vit phng trnh phn ng biu din s iu ch trc tip FeSO4 t Fe bng cc cch khc nhau. Cu 3: Vit cc phng trnh iu ch trc tip: a) Cu CuCl2 bng 3 cch. b) CuCl2 Cu bng 2 cch. c) Fe FeCl3 bng 2 cch. Cu 4: Ch t qung pirit FeS2, O2 v H2O, c cht xc tc thch hp. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch mui st (III) sunfat. Cu 5: Ch t Cu, NaCl v H2O, hy nu cch iu ch thu c Cu (OH)2. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. Cu 6: T cc cht KCl, MnO2, CaCl2, H2SO4 c. Hy vit PTP iu ch: Cl2, hiroclorua. Cu 7: T cc cht NaCl, KI, H2O. Hy vit PTP iu ch: Cl2, nc Javen, dung dch KOH, I2, KClO3. Cu 8: T cc cht NaCl, Fe, H2O, H2SO4 c. Hy vit PTP iu ch: FeCl2, FeCl3, nc clo. Cu 9: T Na, H2O, CO2, N2 iu ch xoa v m 2 l. Vit phng trnh phn ng. Cu 10: Phn m 2 l c cng thc NH4NO3, phn m ur c cng thc (NH2)2CO. Vit cc phng trnh iu ch 2 loi phn m trn t khng kh, nc v vi. Cu 11: Hn hp gm CuO, Fe2O3. Ch dng Al v HCl hy nu 2 cch iu ch Cu nguyn cht. Cu 12: T qung pyrit st, nc bin, khng kh, hy vit cc phng trnh iu ch cc cht: FeSO4, FeCl3, FeCl2, Fe(OH)3, Na2SO4, NaHSO4. Cu 13. T nhng cht c sn l Na2O, CaO, H2O v cc dung dch CuCl2, FeCl3. Hy vit cc PTHH iu ch: 26

a. Cc dung dch baz

b. Cc baz khng tan

Cu 14. Trong phng th nghim c nhng cht sau: vi sng, s a v nc. Hy vit cc PTHH iu ch NaOH. Cu 15. T Cu, NaCl, H2O. Vit cc PTHH iu ch Cu(OH)2 Cu 16. T NaCl, MnO2, H2SO4(), Fe, Cu, H2O. Vit phng trnh ho hc iu ch: FeCl2, FeCl3, CuSO4. Cu 17. T cc cht FeS2, NaCl, H2O, O2 v cc cht xc tc, thit b cn thit c . Vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch FeSO4 v FeCl2. Cu 19. T nhng nguyn liu ban u l qung pirit, H2O, khng kh, mui n v nhng phng tin cn thit khc. Vit cc PTHH iu ch FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, FeCl2, FeCl3. Cu 20. T qung pyrit st, nc bin, khng kh, hy vit PTHH iu ch cc cht FeSO4, FeCl3, FeCl2, Fe(OH)3, Na2SO3, NaHSO4. Dng 3: Cu hi phn bit v nhn bit I. 1. L thuyt c bn v thuc th Mt s thuc th thng dng1 2 Thuc th Qu tm Phenolphtalei n H2O Dng nhn - Axit - Kim - Kim Hin tng - Qu ho - Qu ho xanh - Ho hng - H2 . Ring Ca cn to ra dd c Ca(OH)2 - Tan, to dd lm hng pp. Ring CaO dd c - Tan, dd thu c lm qu - Tan - Tan, C2H2 bay ln - Tan, H2 - Tan

3

Dung 4 kim 5 Dung axit

- Tan. Kh CO2, SO2, H2S bay ln. - Kim loi ng trc H - Tan, H2 - HCl, H2SO4(l) - Hu ht kim loi k - Tan, kh NO2, SO2 bay HNO3, c Cu, Hg, Ag ln. Ring Cu cn to dd H2SO4(,n) mui ng mu xanh. - MnO2 - Kh Cl2 - Ag2O - AgCl - HCl - CuO - Dung dch mu xanh

- Cc kim loi mnh: Na, K, Ca, Ba - Cc oxit kim loi mnh: Na2O, K2O, CaO, BaO - P2O5 - Cc mui Na, K, -NO3 - CaC2 dch - Kim loi Al, Zn - Al2O3, ZnO, Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2 dch - Mui =CO3, =SO3, =S

27

- H2SO4 - HNO3 Dung dch mui - Hp cht c gc =SO4 - BaSO4 trng BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2, - Hp cht c gc Cl - AgCl trng 6 (CH3COO)2Ba - Hp cht c gc =S - CdS vng, PbS en - AgNO3 - Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2

- Ba, BaO, mui Ba - BaSO4 - Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, FeS, - Kh NO2, SO2, CO2 bay FeS2, FeCO3, CuS, Cu2S ln

2.

Thuc th cho mt s loi chtCht cn nhn bit Thuc th Hin tng

Cc kim loi Na, K (kim loi + H2O kim, ho tr + t chy, quan st I) mu ngn la

tan + dd trong + H2 Na: mu vngK: mu tm

Ca: tan + dd c + H2 Ca, Ba (ho tr + H2O II) + t chy, quan st Ba: tan + dd trong + mu ngn la H2 Ca: mu Ba: mu lc Al, Zn + dd kim: NaOH, tan + H2 Al: khng tan Phn bit Al Ba(OH)2 1 v Zn + HNO3 c, ngui Zn: tan + NO2 (nu) Tan + H2 . Ring Pb c Cc kim loi t + dd HCl Mg n Pb kt ta trng PbCl2Cu + HNO3 c + AgNO3

Tan + dd xanh + NO2

Ag

(nu) Tan + dd xanh + trng bc + HNO3, sau cho Tan + NO2 (nu), NaCl vo dd trng + HNO3 c, sau Tan + NO2 (nu), kt cho Cu vo dd ta trng bc bm ln ng.

Hg

2 Mt s phi kim I2 (mu tm + H tinh bt. un Mu xanh. Thng hoa en) nng mnh ht

28

S (mu vng) P (mu ) C (mu en)

+ t trong O2, KK + t chy + t chy

SO2 (mi hc) P2O5 tan trong nc + ddlm qu tm ho CO2 , c nc vi trong

Mt s cht kh NH3 + Qu tm t NO2 NO + Khng kh hoc O2 (trn) H2S 3 + dd Pb(NO3) O2 + Tn m CO2 + Nc vi trong CO + t trong KK SO2 + Nc vi trong + Nc Br2 SO3 + dd BaCl2 Cl2 + dd KI v h tinh bt + dd AgNO3 HCl + dd AgNO3 H2 + t chy Oxit Na2O, K2O, BaO + H2O CaO P2O5 4 SiO2 Al2O3 CuO Ag2O MnO2 5 Cc dd mui Nhn gc axit - Cl - Br -I =S =SO4 =SO3 =CO3 + H2O + dd Na2CO3 + H2O

Mi khai, qu ho xanhC mu nu NO2 (mu nu)

Mi trng thi PbS en Bng chy Vn c CO2 Vn c CaSO3 Mt mu nc Br2 BaSO4 trng I2 + mu xanh AgCl AgCl Git nc

Dung dch trong sut

lm xanh qu tm Tan + dd c CaCO3 Dung dch lm qu + dd HF (khng tan Tan to SiF4 trong cc axit khc) + Tan c trong axit v kim + dd HCl, HNO3, Dung dch mu xanh H2SO4(l) AgCl trng + dd HCl un nng Cl2 mu vng + dd HCl un nng

PO4

AgCl en + AgNO3 Br2 lng mu nu + Cl2 Mu xanh do I2 + Br2 + tinh bt PbS en + Pb(NO3)2 BaSO4 trng + BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2 + dd HCl, H2SO4, SO2 c mi hc HNO3 + dd HCl, H2SO4, CO2 , c nc vi HNO3 trong Ag3PO4 vng + dd AgNO3 29

- NO3 Nhn bit KL Mui kim loi kim Mui Mg Mui Fe(II)

+ Cu hoc H2SO4

dung dch xanh + NO2

+ t chy v quan st mu ngn la + dd NaOH + dd NaOH

Mui Na: mu vng Mui K: mu tm Mg(OH)2 trng Fe(OH)2 trng, trong khng kh ho nu (Fe(OH)3) Fe(OH)3 nu Al(OH)3 trng, tan CaCO3 PbS en

Mui Mui Mui Mui

Fe(III) Al Ca Pb(II)

+ + + +

dd dd dd dd

NaOH NaOH n d Na2CO3 Na2S hoc H2S

I. Nhn bit cc cht trong dung dch. Ho cht - Axit -Baz kim Gc nitrat Thu c th Qu tm Hin tng - Qu tm ho - Qu tm ho xanh To kh khng mu, 8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 ngoi khng + 2NO + 4H2O kh ho nu (khng mu) 2NO + O2 2NO2 (mu nu) H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + To kt ta trng 2HCl khng tan trong axit Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl - To kt ta trng Na2SO3 + BaCl2 BaSO3 + khng tan trong 2NaCl 30 Phng trnh minh ho

Cu

Gc sunfat Gc sunfit

BaCl2 BaCl2

CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaCO3 + 2NaCl Na2CO3 + 2AgNO3 Ag2CO3 + 2NaNO3 Gc AgN To kt ta mu Na3PO4 + 3AgNO3 Ag3PO4 photph O3 vng + 3NaNO3 at (mu vng) Gc AgN To kt ta trng HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + clorua O3, HNO3 Pb(N 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 O3)2 + 2NaNO3 Mui To kh mi trng Na2S + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2S Axit, sunfua ung. Pb(N Na2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + To kt ta en. O3)2 2NaNO3 Mui To kt ta trng FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 st (II) xanh, sau b + 2NaCl ho nu ngoi 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O khng kh. 4Fe(OH)3 Mui To kt ta mu FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 st (III) nu + 3NaCl Mui NaO To kt ta trng MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 magie H + 2NaCl Mui To kt ta xanh Cu(NO3)2 +2NaOH ng lam Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 Mui To kt ta trng, AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + nhm tan trong NaOH d 3NaCl Al(OH)3 + NaOH (d) NaAlO2 + 2H2O II. Nhn bit cc kh v c. Kh Ca(OH)2 Lm c nc vi SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + SO2 , trong. H2O dd nc Mt mu vng nu SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + brom ca dd nc brom 2HBr Kh Lm c nc vi CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CO2 trong H2O Kh Que Que dim tt N2 dim Gc cacbon at 31

axit. - Axit - To kh khng mu. To kh khng mu, Axit, to kt ta trng. BaCl2 , AgN O3

Na2SO3 + HCl BaCl2 + SO2 + H2O

Kh NH3 Kh CO Kh HCl Kh H2S Kh Cl2 Axit HNO3

Qu tm m CuO (en) Qu tm m t - AgNO3 Pb(NO3)

Qu tm m ho xanh t Chuyn CuO (en) CO + CuO Cu + CO2 (en) () thnh . - Qu tm m t ho HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + - To kt ta trng HNO3 To kt ta en H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2HNO3 2 Giy Lm xanh giy tm tm h h tinh bt tinh bt C kh mu nu 4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + Bt Cu xut hin 2NO2 + 2H2Oo

II. Mt s trng hp nhn bitCch lm chung: * Lp s nhn bit: Da vo tnh cht khc nhau ca cc cht cn nhn bit, la chn thuc th thch hp ln lt nhn ra cc cht. * Trnh by phng php nhn bit da vo s . V d: Nu phng php ho hc phn bit 4 cht lng: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O.HCl H SO 2 4 Qui HNO 3 *S : H O 2 ntuong) H2O (khonghie HCl,H 2 4 SO ,HNO 3(qui hoado) 3

H SO ( ) Ba Cl 2 4 HCl,HNO 3 2

HCl( ) AgNO ntuong) HNO 3(khonghie

* Trnh by: - Nh ln lt 4 mu th vo qu tm: + Mu no khng lm qu chuyn mu l H2O. + Mu no lm qu ho l: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3. - Tip tc nh ln lt dung dch BaCl2 vo 3 mu axit: + Mu no thy xut hin kt ta trng l H2SO4 v: H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + HCl + Mu no khng thy hin tng l: HCl v HNO3 - Nh tip dung dch AgNO3 vo 2 mu axit cn li: 32

+ Mu no thy xut hin kt ta trng, lu trong khng kh ho en l HCl v: HCl + AgNO3 AgCl + HNO3 + Mu no khng thy hin tng l: HNO3. I. Nhn bit bng thuc th t chn 1. C hn hp kh gm CO, CO2 v C2H4. Nu phng php ho hc chng minh s c mt ca cc kh trong hn hp. 2. Nhn bit s c mt ca cc kh sau trong cng mt hn hp: CO2, SO2, C2H4, CH4. 3. C hn hp 3 bt kim loi: Fe, Ag, Cu. Nu cch nhn bit tng kim loi c trong hn hp. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. 4. Cho hn hp M gm 5 cht Fe, Cu, Al, CuO, FeO. Hy trnh by phng php ho hc chng minh s c mt ca tng cht trong hn hp. 5. C 3 l ng kh l: Cl2, HCl, O2. Nu phng php ho hc nhn bit tng kh trong mi l. 6. Nu cch phn bit CaO, Na2O, MgO, P2O5 u l cht bt trng. 7. 5 cht bt Cu, Al, Fe, S, Ag. Hy nu phng php phn bit chng. 8. 5 cht bt: MgO, P2O5, BaO, Na2SO4, Al2O3. Hy dng pp n gin phn bit cc cht ny. 9. Trnh by phng php phn bit 5 dd: HCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3. 10. Nu phng php ho hc nhn bit cc l ng cht rn sau: NaCl, KOH, Na2SO4, NaNO3. 11. C 4 l mt nhn ng cc cht lng sau: ru etylic, axit axetic, glucoz, saccaroz. Trnh by phng php nhn bit ra cc l dung dch. Vit PTHH. 12. C 4 ng nghim, mi ng cha mt dung dch mui (khng trng kim loi cng nh gc axit) l: clorua, sunfat, nitrat, cacbonat ca cc kim loi Ba, Mg, K, Pb a. Hi mi ng nghim cha dung dch ca mui no? b. Nu phng php phn bit 4 ng nghim . 13. Cho 4 kim loi A, B, C, D c mu sc gn ging nhau ln lt tc dng vi HNO3c, dd HCl, dd NaOH, ta thu c kt qu nh sau: A HNO3 HCl NaOH + + B C + D + + Du + l c phn ng, du - l khng phn ng. Hi chng l kim loi g trong s cc kim loi sau y: Ag, Cu, Mg, Al, Fe. 33

Vit cc PTHH xy ra, bit rng kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 c ch cho kh mu nu duy nht bay ra. II. Nhn bit ch bng thuc th quy nh 1. C 3 oxit mu trng l MgO, Al2O3, BaO. Ch c nc c nhn bit c cc oxit khng? Nu c hy nu cch nhn bit. 2. Nhn bit cc dung dch sau y ch bng qu tm: Na2CO3, AgNO3, CaCl2, HCl. 3. C 5 l ng 5 dung dch ring bit b mt nhn: H2SO4, Na2SO4, NaOH, NaCl, Ba(OH)2. Ch dng qu tm, nu cch nhn bit cc cht trn. 4. Nhn bit cc dung dch trong mi cp sau y ch bng phenolphtalein: a. 3 dung dch: KOH, KCl, H2SO4 b. 5 dung dch: Na2SO4, H2SO4, MgCl2, BaCl2, NaOH. 5. Nhn bit cc dung dch sau ch bng mt kim loi: AgNO3, NaOH, HCl, NaNO3. 6. Ch dng kim loi, lm th no phn bit c cc dung dch AgNO3, NaOH, HCl, v H2O. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. 7. Nhn bit 4 dung dch sau bng mt ho cht t chn: MgCl2, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3. 8. C th dng nc v phng php vt l phn bit cc cht: KOH , FeCl 3 , MgSO4 , FeSO4 ,NH4Cl ,Hg(NO3)2. 9. a.Phn bit cc cht sau ch dng mt thuc th. (NH4)2SO4 , Ca(H2PO4)2 ,KCl. b.Phn bit K2SO4 ,K2CO3 ,HCl, BaCl2 ch bng mt kim loi hoc khng dng cht th no. 10. Ch c dng thm qu tm v cc ng nghim, hy ch r phng php nhn ra cc dung dch b mt nhn: NaHSO4, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, BaCl2, Na2S. 11. Trnh by hai phng php ha hc phn bit kh SO2 v CO2. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc. 12. Ch c nc v kh CO2 hy trnh by cch phn bit 5 cht bt mu trng sau: NaCl , Na2CO3 , Na2SO4 , BaCO3 , BaSO4 13. C 3 gi bt mu trng khng ghi nhn, mi gi cha ring r hn hp 2 cht sau: Na2CO3 v K2CO3; NaCl v KCl; MgSO4 v BaCl2. Bng phng php ho hc, lm th no phn bit 3 gi bt trn nu ch dng nc v cc ng nghim. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc. III. Nhn bit khng c cht th khc 34

1. C 3 ng nghim ng 3 cht lng khng mu l dd NaCl, HCl, Na2CO3. Khng dng thm mt cht no khc k c qu tm. Lm th no nhn bit tng cht. 2. Hy phn bit cc dung dch sau y m khng dng thuc th khc: a. CaCl2, HCl, Na2CO3, KCl. b. AgNO3, CuCl2, NaNO3, HBr. c. NaCl, H2SO4, CuSO4, BaCl2, NaOH. 3. Trong 5 dd k hiu A, B, C, D E cha Na2CO3, HCl, BaCl2, H2SO4, NaCl. Bit: - A vo B c kt ta - A vo C c kh bay ra - B vo D c kt ta Xc nh cht c k hiu trn v gii thch. Dng 4: Cu hi tinh ch v tch cht khi hn hp I. Nguyn tc C hn hp 2 cht A, B. tch c A v B: Bc 1: Chn cht X no tc dng vi A (m khng tc dng vi B) chuyn A thnh A1 dng kt ta, bay hi hoc ho tan sau tch A1 khi B (bng cch lc hoc t tch). Bc 2: iu ch li A t A1. * S tng qut: A, B+Y A1 ( , , tan) A +X

B

* Nu hn hp A, B u tc dng c vi cht X th dng cht X ' chuyn c A, B thnh A', B' ri tch A', B' thnh hai cht nguyn cht sau tin hnh bc 2 (iu ch li A t A'). II. 1. V d v cch lm Hn hp cc cht rn V d: Nu cch tch hai cht rn CaCO3, CaSO4 ra khi nhau. CaSO4 CaCO3 Hn hp CaSO4 Trnh by: 35+ H2SO4()

2 CO2 , CaCO3

+ Ca(OH )

- Cho hn hp un nng vi H2SO4 CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O - Thu v dn CO2 qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 d: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 2. Hn hp cc cht lng (hoc cht rn ho tan thnh dung dch): Chn X to hoc V d: Nu cch tch dung dch cha NaCl, CaCl2. NaCl CaCl 2 Hn hp NaCl 3.+ Na2CO3

+ HCl CaCO3 CaCl2

Hn hp cc cht kh: Chn X dng hp th. V d: Nu cch tch hn hp kh gm CO2 v O2. O2

CO2 Hn hp O2 III. Bi tp

+ Ca(OH)2

+ H SO CaCO3 CO2 2 4

1 Kh CO dng lm cht t trong cng nghip c ln cc kh CO2, SO2. Lm th no c th loi b c tp cht ra khi CO bng ho cht r tin nht. 2 Kh O2 c ln CO2 v kh C2H4. Lm th no c c O2 tinh khit. 3 Dung dch ZnSO4 c ln tp cht l CuSO4. Dng kim loi no lm sch dung dch ZnSO4. 4 Bc dng bt c ln cht Cu v Al. Bng phng php ho hc lm th no thu c Ag tinh khit. 5. 6. 7. Mt mu Cu c ln Fe, Ag v S. Nu phng php tinh ch ng. Trnh by phng php ho hc : Mui n c ln Na2SO3, CaCl2, CaSO4. Nu cch tnh ch mui n.

Tch ly bc nguyn cht t hn hp Ag, Fe, Cu. 8. Nu phng php tch cc hn hp sau y thnh cht nguyn cht. a. Hn hp gm MgO, Fe2O3, CuO th rn. b. Hn hp gm Cl2, H2, CO2 36

c. Hn hp 3 mui rn AlCl3, ZnCl2, CuCl2. 9. Tch ring tng cht nguyn cht t hn hp: vi, vi sng v mui n. 10. Tch tng kim loi nguyn cht ra khi hn hp gm MgCO3, K2CO3, BaCO3

Phn 3: Mt s dng bi tp tnh tonA. I. Bi tp v cng thc ho hc Tnh theo cng thc ho hc

1. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca mi nguyn t trong hp cht. Gi s c CTHH bit AxBy Ta tnh c %A v %B. Cch gii: - Xc nh MA x B y - %A = M .100% = M .100% A B A B y y

mA

x.M A

- %B = M .100% = M .100% A B A B y y

mB

y.M B

V d: Tnh % v khi lng ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht F2O3. - MFe 2 O 3 = 2.56 + 3.16 = 160 (g/mol) - %Fe = M .100% = Fe O2 3

2.M Fe

2.5 6 .100% 1 0 6 3.1 6 .100% 1 0 6

= 70%

- %O = M .100% = Fe O2 3

3.M O

= 30%

Hoc %O = 100% - %Fe = 100% - 70% = 30% C1. Axit axetic c cng thc C2H4O2. Hy tnh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca cc nguyn t c trong axit axetic. C2. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng S v O trong SO2. C3. Tnh % khi lng ca nguyn t N c trong phn m ure (NH2)2CO. 37

2. Tnh khi lng ca mi nguyn t c trong mt lng cht cho. Gi s c a gam hp cht AxBy Tnh c khi lng ca A v B trong a gam hp cht AxBy. Cch gii: - Xc nh MA x B y - t quy tc tam xut: + C MA x B y (g) c cha x.MA(g) n. t A v y.MB(g) n.t B + Vy a(g) AxBy c cha mA(g) n. t A v mB(g) mA = MAx.M Ax By

n.t B

.a

mB = M A

y.M Bx By

.a

V d: Tnh khi lng ca cc nguyn t c trong 15 gam CuSO4. - MCuSO 4 = 64 + 32 + 4.16 = 160 (g/mol) - mCu = M .15 = CuSO4

1.M Cu

1.16 .15 = 6(gam ) 1601.32 .15 = 3 gam ( ) 160 4.16 .15 = 6(gam ) 160

- mS = M .15 = CuSO4

1.M S

- mO = M .15 = CuSO4

4.M O

Hoc mO = 15 - (mCu + mS ) = 15 - 9 = 6 (g) Cu 1. Mt ngi lm vn dng 500g (NH4)2SO4 bn rau. a. Nguyn t dinh dng no c trong loi phn bn ny? b. Tnh % ca nguyn t dinh dng c trong phn bn. c. Tnh khi lng ca nguyn t dinh dng bn cho rung rau. Cu. 2 Tnh lng qung st c cha 69,6% Fe3O4 iu ch 12,6 tn st. Cu. 3 Tnh lng qung apatit cha 62% canxi photphat iu ch c 12,4 tn photpho. Cu. 4 Trong 1 tn qung cha 96% Fe2O3 v 1 tn qung cha 92,8% Fe3O4 th lng no cha nhiu st hn. 3. T lng nguyn t, tnh lng cht V d: Cn bao nhiu kg ure (NH2)2CO c mt lng m (nit) bng 5,6kg. M (NH2 )2 CO

= 60gam

C 60 gam ure c cha 28 gam nit 38

Vy s kg ure m c cha 5,6 kg nit l: m(NH 4.2 )2 CO

=

5,6.60 = 12kg 28

T lng nguyn t ny tnh lng nguyn t kia

V d: Trong supephotphat kp Ca(H2PO4)2 c bao nhiu kg canxi ng vi 49,6 kg photpho. M Ca(H PO2 4 )2

= 40 + 4 + (31.2) + (16.8) = 234gam

C 40 gam canxi th ng vi62 gam photpho Vy s kg canxi ng vi 49,6 kg photpho l: mCa = 49,6.40 = 32kg 62

1 a. Tnh lng lu hunh ng vi 32 gam oxi trong st(III) sunfat ng vi 14 gam st trong . b. Tnh lng oxi ng vi 24 kg lu hunh c trong nhm sunfat ng vi 81 gam nhm trong . 2 Tnh lng oxi c trong ho cht A cha 98% H3PO4 tng ng vi lng lu hunh c trong ho cht B cha 98% H2SO4. Bit A v B c lng hidro bng nhau. II. 1. a. Xc nh CTHH ca hp cht Bng t l % Nu bit % nguyn t v M:

V d: Xc nh CTHH ca mt oxit st bit phn t khi l 160 v % khi lng ca st l 70%. - Gi s cng thc ho hc ca oxit st l FexOy - FexOy = 160 MFe x O y = 160 (g/mol) - %Fe = 70% %O = 30% - Ta c:mFe %Fe = M FexOy 100% x.M Fe %Fe = M FexOy 100%

x=

M FexOy .%Fe 160.70% = =2 M Fe.100% 56.100% M FexOy .%O 160.30% = =3 M O .100% 16.100%

Tng t:

y=

CTHH ca oxit st l Fe2O3

b.

Nu ch bit % nguyn t: V d: Xc nh CTHH ca oxit S bit %S = 50%. - %S = 50%, %O = 50% 39

- Gi CT ca oxit: SxOy - C 1 mol SxOy c x mol S v y mol O - C t l: x : y = nS : nO = 50 50 : =1 ,5625:3,152 = 1:2 32 16

1. a. Hy xc nh cng thc ca hp cht kh A, bit rng: - A l oxit ca S cha 50% oxi. - 1 gam A chim th tch l 0,35 lit kc. b. Ho tan 12,8 gam hp cht kh A vo 300 ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M. Hy cho bit mui no thu c sau phn ng? Tnh nng mol ca mui (gi thit th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k). 2 C hai khong cht A v B bit: - A cha 21,74% lng Ca, % lng Mg = % lng C = 13,05%, cn li l lng oxi. - B cha 57,66% lng Cu, 5,4% lng C, 36% lng O, cn li l H Tm cng thc A, B. Gi tn, bit cc cng thc dng n gin nht. 2. a. Bng t l khi lng nguyn t Bit t l KL nguyn t v Mm 31

V d: Xc nh CTHH ca mt oxit ca P bit phn t khi ca oxit ny bng 142 v t l khi lng mP = 40 O - Gi s CTHH ca oxit l PxOy - PxOy = 142 MP x O y = 142 (g/mol) - C mP = y.M P = 40 x = O Om x.M 312y 5

(1)

- M MP x O y = x.31 + y.16 = 142 (2) T (1) v (2) x = 2, y = 5 Vy CTHH ca oxit l P2O5 b. Nu ch bit t l khi lng nguyn tm 31

V d: Xc nh CTHH ca mt oxit ca P bit t l khi lng mP = 40 O 31 100% = 43,7% 71 40 %O = 100% = 56,3% 71 %P = - Gi CT ca oxit: PxOy

40

- C t l: x : y = CT :P2O5 3. Bng phn t khi

43,7 56,3 : =1 ,41:3,52 = 2:5 31 16

V d: Oxit ca mt kim loi ho tr III c khi lng 32 gam tan ht trong 400 ml dd HCl 3M va . Tm CT ca oxit trn. Gii: - Gi CT ca oxit l: R2O3 - PTHH: R2O3 + 6HCl 2RCl3 + 3H2O - Theo bi ra: CM (HCl) = 3M nHCl = 3.0,4 = 1 ,2mol VHCl = 0,4lit2 3

1 - Theo PTHH: nR O = nHCl = 0,2mol 6 1 Xc inh CT ca mt oxit KL (III) bit rng ho 8 gam oxit ny bng 300 ml H2SO4 long 1M. Sau phn ng phi trung ho lng axit cn d bng 50 gam dd NaOH 24%. 2 Mt oxit ca nit kc c khi lng ring bng 1,964 gam/lit. Tm cng thc ca oxit ny. 3 Cho 10 gam dung dch mui st clorua 32,5% tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d to thnh 8,61 gam kt ta. Hy tm cng thc ho hc ca mui st dng. 4 Cho 10,8 gam kim loi ho tr III tc dng vi Cl2 d to ra 53,4 gam mui clorua. Hi KL ny l nguyn t no? 5 a. Hy xc nh cng thc ca mt oxit st bit rng khi cho 32 gam oxit ny tc dng hon ton vi kh CO th thu c 22,4 gam cht rn. Bit khi lng mol ca oxit l 160. b. Cht kh sinh ra c hp th hon ton bng nc vi trong d. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c. 6 Phn t hp cht hu c A c hai nguyn t. Khi t chy 3 gam cht A thu c 5,4 gam H2O. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A, bit MA = 30 gam. 4. Bng s t chy V d: t hon ton 6 gam cht A ch thu c 4,48 lit CO2 (kc) v 3,6 gam H2O. Bit 1 lt hi A (kc) nng 2,679 gam. Tm CTHH ca A. Cht no quen thuc c cng thc ny, gi tn. Gii: 41

- Bi ra:

nCO =2

4,48 = 0,2mol 22,4

nH O =2

3,6 = 0,2mol 18

- Cht A c C v H, c th c oxi. S mol C sinh ra: nC = nCO = 0,2mol mC = 0,2.12 = 2,4gam2

S mol H sinh ra: nH = 2.nH O = 0,4mol mH = 0,4.1= 0,4gam2

mC + mH = 2,4 + 0,4 = 2,8gam mA = 6gam A cn c oxi mO = 6 2,8 = 3,2gam nO = 3,2 = 0,2mol 16

- C t l: C : H : O = 0,2 : 0,4 : 0,2 = 1 : 2 : 1 - Vy CT chung: (CH2O)n - M MA = 22,4. 2,679 = 60 gam n = 2 ph hp CT: C2H4O2 1 t chy 3 gam hp cht hu c A, thu c 8,8 gam CO2 v 5,4 gam H2O. a. Trong hp cht hu c A cha nguyn t no? b. Bit phn t khi ca A nh hn 40. Tm cng thc phn t ca A. c. Cht A c lm mt mu dung dch Br2 khng? 2 t chy 23 gam hp cht hu c A thu c sn phm gm 44 gam CO2 v 27 gam H2O. a. Hi trong A c nhng nguyn t no? b. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A, bit t khi hi ca A so vi H 2 l 23. 3 t chy 4,5 gam hp cht hu c X thu c 6,6 gam kh CO2 v 2,7 gam H2O. Bit khi lng mol ca hp cht hu c l 60. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X. B. I. 1. Bi tp v phng trnh ho hc Cch gii chung Cc bc gii ton tnh theo PTHH: i cc d kin bi cho ra s mol. Vit cc PTHH xy ra.

Da vo d kin bi v PTHH, thit lp mi quan h v s mol gia cc cht bit v cc cht phi tm tm s mol cc cht cn tm i s mol cc cht cn tm v i lng ban u m bi yu cu. 2. Lu : gii c bi ton theo PTHH cn: 42

3.

Vit ng PTHH. Nm vng mi quan h gia cc i lng: n, m, M, V V d:

Bit rng khi cho st tc dng vi clo ngi ta thu c mui st(III) clorua. Tnh th tch ca clo (ktc) cn dng v khi lng mui to thnh khi cho 5,6 gam st phn ng. Gii: - Theo bi ra: mFe =5,6g nFe =m 5,6 = =0,1mol M 56

- PTHH xy ra: 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 - Theo PTHH: c 2 mol Fe phn ng ht vi 3 mol Cl 2 to thnh 2 mol FeCl3. - S mol Cl2 tham gia phn ng v s mol FeCl3 to thnh l:3 3 nCl2 = nFe = .0,1=0,15mol 2 2 nFeCl3 =nFe =0,1mol

- Vy th tch Cl2 tham gia phn ng v khi lng FeCl2 to thnh l:VCl2 =nCl2 .22,4=0,15.22,4=3,36lit mFeCl3 =nFeCl3 .M FeCl3 =0,1.162,5=16,25gam

II.

C th

Dng 1: ton v lng cht d 1. Cho 22,4 g st tc dng vi dung dch long c cha 24,5g axit sunfuric. a. Cht no cn d sau phn ng v d bao nhiu gam? b. Tnh th tch kh hidro thu c iu kin chun. 2. nng 20%. a. Vit PTHH. b. Tnh nng phn trm ca cc cht c trong dung dch sau phn ng. 3. Dn 112 ml kh SO2 (kc) i qua 700 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 c nng 0,01M, sn phm l mui caxi sunfit. a. Vit PTHH. b. Tnh khi lng ca cc cht sau phn ng. 43 Cho 1,6 gam CuO tc dng vi 100 g dd H 2SO4 c

4. Ho tan 2,4g Mg v 11,2g Fe vo 100ml dd CuSO4. 2M th tch ra cht rn A v nhn c dd B. Thm NaOH d vo dd B ri lc kt ta tch ra nung n lng khng i trong khng kh thu c a gam cht rn D. a. Vit PTHH xy ra. b. Tnh khi lng cht rn A v D. 5. Trn 30 ml dung dch c cha 2,22 g CaCl 2 vi 70 ml dung dch c cha 1,7 g AgNO3. a. Cho bit hin tng quan st c v vit PTHH b. Tnh khi lng cht rn sinh ra. c. Tnh nng mol ca cht cn li trong dung dch sau phn ng cho rng th tch ca dung dch thay i khng ng k. 6. Trn mt dung dch c ho tan 0,2 mol CuCl2 vi mt dung dch c ho tan 20g NaOH. Lc hn hp cc cht sau phn ng, c kt ta v nc lc. Nung kt ta n lng khng i. a. Vit cc PTHH. b. Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c sau khi nung. c. Tnh khi lng cc cht tan c trong nc lc. 7. Cho 1,96 gam bt st vo 100 ml dd CuSO4 10% c khi lng ring l 1,12g/ml. a. Vit PTHH. b. Xc nh nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch sau khi phn ng kt thc. Bit rng th tch ca dd sau phn ng thay i khng ng k. Dng 2: ton hn hp. 1. Cho 10,5 g hn hp 2 kim loi Cu v Zn vo dd H2SO4 long d, ngi ta thu c 2,24 lit kh (kc). a. Vit PTHH. b. Tnh khi lng ca cht rn cn li sau phn ng. 2. Ho tan hon ton 12,1 gam hn hp bt CuO v ZnO cn 100 ml dung dch HCl.3M. a. Vit cc PTHH. b. Tnh phn trm theo khi lng ca mi oxit trong hn hp ban u. 3. 200 ml dung dch HCl 3,5M ho tan va ht 20gam hn hp hai oxit CuO v Fe2O3 a. Vit cc PTHH b. Tnh khi lng mi oxit c trong hn hp ban u. 44

4. xc nh thnh phn phn trn khi lng ca hn hp A gm bt Al v Mg, ngi ta thc hin hai th nghim sau: Th nghim 1: Cho m gam hn hp A tc dng ht vi dd H2SO4 long d, thu c 1568 ml kh iu kin chun. Th nghim 2: Cho m gam hn hp A tc dng vi dd NaOH d, sau phn ng thy cn li 0,6 g cht rn. Tnh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp A. 5. Cho 0,83 gam hn hp gm Al v Fe tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long d. Sau phn ng thu c 0,56 lt kh kc. a. Vit PTHH. b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. 6. Cho 0,83 gam hn hp gm nhm v st tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long d. Sau phn ng thu c 0,56 lt kh kc. a. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc. b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u. 7. Nung hn hp gm 5,6 gam Fe v 1,6 gam S trong mi trng khng c khng kh. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn A. Cho dn dch HCl 1M phn ng va vi A thu c hn hp kh B. a. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc. b. Tnh th tch ca dung dch HCl 1M tham gia phn ng. 8. Hy xc nh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp CO v CO2, bit cc s liu thc nghim sau: - Dn 16 lt hn hp CO v CO2 qua nc vi trong d thu c kh A. - t chy hon ton kh A cn 2 lit kh O2. Cc kh o cng iu kin. 9. Cho 4,8 gam hn hp A gm Fe v Fe2O3 tc dng vi dung dch CuSO4 d. Sau khi phn ng kt thc, lc ly phn cht rn khng tan, ra sch bng nc. Sau cho phn cht rn tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thi cn li 3,2 gam cht rn mu . a. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc. b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm cc cht trong hn hp A ban u. 10. Hn hp gm Al, Al2O3 v Cu nng 10 gam. Nu ho tan hon ton hn hp bng axit HCl d gii phng 3,36 lit kh (kc), nhn c dung dch B v cht rn A. em un nng A trong khng kh n lng khng i cn nng 2,75 gam. Vit phng trnh phn ng v tnh phn trm mi cht ban u. 45

11. Hn hp gm Al, Mg, Cu nng 10 gam c ho tan bng axit HCl d thot ra 8,96 lit kh (kc) v nhn c dung dch A cng cht rn B. Lc v nung B trong khng kh n lng khng i cn nng 2,75 gam. Tm % lng mi kim loi. 12. Hp th 5,6 lt kh CO2 (kc) vo 400 ml dung dch KOH 1M nhn c dung dch A. Hi trong A cha mui g vi lng bng bao nhiu? 13. 21 gam hn hp Fe, Mg, Zn ho tan bng axit HCl d thot ra 8,96 lit H2 (kc). Thm dung dch KOH n d vo dung dch thu c ri lc kt ta tch ra, em nung trong khng kh n lng khng i cn nng 12 gam. Tm lng tng kim loi trong hn hp ban u. 14. 40 gam hn hp Al, Al2O3, MgO c ho tan bng dung dch NaOH 2M th th tch NaOH va phn ng l 300 ml, ng thi thot ra 6,72 lit H2 (kc). Tm phn trm lng hn hp ban u.

Bi tp chng minh hn hp kim loi d hay axit d.15. Ho tan hn hp gm 37,2 gam Zn v Fe trong 1 mol dung dch H2SO4 a. Chng minh rng hn hp tan ht. b. Nu ho tan hn hp trn vi lng gp i vo cng lng axit trn th hn hp c tan ht khng. 16.Ho tan hn hp gm Mg v Fe trong dung dch ng 7,3 gam HCl ta thu c 0,18 gam H2. Chng minh sau phn ng vn cn d axit. 17.Ngui ta tin hnh 2 th nghim sau: TN1: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp Mg, Zn vo cc ng 200ml dung dch HCl . Sau phn ng un nng cho nc bay hi ht thu c 4,86 gam cht rn. TN2: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp trn vo cc ng 400ml dung dch HCl trn. Sau khi c cn thu c 5,57 gam cht rn. a. Chng minh trong TN1 axit ht, TN2 axit d. b. Tnh th tch kh bay ra TN1. c. Tnh s mol HCl tham gia phn ng. d. Tnh s gam mi kim loi 18.Cho a gam Fe ho tan trong dung dch HCl (TN1) sau khi c cn dung dch thu c 3,1 gam cht rn. Nu cho a gam Fe v b gam Mg ( TN2) vo dung dch HCl cng vi lng trn th thu c 3,34 gam cht rn . Bit th tch H2 thot ra c 2 TN u l 448 ml. Tnh a,b bit rng TN2 Mg hot ng mnh hn Fe. Ch khi Mg phn ng xong th Fe mi phn ng. 20.Cho 22 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe phn ng vi dung dch cha 0,6 mol HCl Chng minh hn hp X tan ht. 21.Cho 3,87 gam hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 0,25mol HCl v 0,125 mol H2SO4 ta thu c dung dch B v 4,368 lit H2. a. Chng minh trong dung dch vn cn d axit. 46

b. Tnh % cc kim loi trong A. 22. Ho tan 7,8 gam hn hp gm Mg v Zn vo dung dch H2SO4. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch A v 2,24 lit kh. Chng minh sau phn ng kim loi vn cn d. Dng 3: Ton c hiu sut phn ng: 1. Trong cng nghip ngi ta iu ch H2SO4 t FeS2 theo s sau: FeS2 SO2 SO3 H2SO4 a. Vit PTHH v ghi r iu kin. b. Tnh lng axit 98% iu ch c t 1 tn qung cha 60% FeS2. Bit hiu xut ca qu trnh l 80%. 2. Ngi ta iu ch C2H2 t than v vi theo s sau:95% 80% 90% CaCO3 CaO CaC2 C2H2

a. Vit PTHH. b. Tnh lng vi cha 75% CaCO3 cn iu ch c 2,24 m3 C2H2 (kc) theo s trn vi hiu xut mi phn ng ghi trn s . 3. Cho 39 gam glucoz tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3. Hi c bao nhiu gam Ag kt ta nu hiu sut phn ng l 75%. Nu ln men mt lng glucoz nh th th thu c bao nhiu ru etylic v bao nhiu lit CO2 nu hiu sut phn ng l 80%. 4. iu ch ru etylic t tinh bt. a. Vit PTHH xy ra. b. Bit hiu sut iu ch l 75%. Hy tnh s lit ru 46o thu c t 100 kg go cha 81% tinh bt. Cho bit ru nguyn cht c khi lng ring 0,8g/ml. 5. thu phn hon ton 8,58 kg mt loi cht bo cn va 1,2 kg NaOH, thu c 0,368 kg glixerol v m kg hn hp mui ca cc axit bo. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh khi lng x phng bnh c th thu c t m kg hn hp cc mui trn. Bit mui ca cc axit bo chim 60% khi lng x phng. 5. Khi ln men dd long ca ru etylic, ngi ta thu c gim n. a. T 10 lit ru 80 c th to ra c bao nhiu gam axit axetic? Bit hiu sut qu trnh ln men l 92% v ru etylic c D = 0,8 g/cm3. b. Nu pha khi lng axit axetic trn thnh dung dch gim 4% th khi lng dung dch gim thu c l bao nhiu.

47

6. Tnh khi lng qung hematit cha 60% Fe2O3 cn thit sn xut c 1 tn gang cha 95% Fe. Bit hiu sut ca qu trnh l 80%. 7. T tinh bt ngi ta sn xut ru etylic theo 2 giai on sau:2

+H O a. (-C6H10O5-) C6H12O6 Hiu sut 80% Axit men ruou b. C6H12O6 C2H5OH 3032 C0

Hiu sut 75%

Hy vit PTHH theo cc giai on trn. Tnh KL ru etylic thu c t 1 tn tinh bt. Dng 4: bi ton quy v 100 1 Hn hp gm CaCO3 ln Al2O3 v Fe2O3 trong Al2O3 chim 10,2%, Fe2O3 chim 9,8%. Nung hn hp ny nhit cao thu c cht rn c lng bng 67% lng hn hp ban u. Tnh % lng cht rn to ra. 2 Cho m gam hn hp Na v Fe tc dng ht vi axit HCl. Dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi Ba(OH)2 d ri lc ly kt ta tch ra, nung trong khng kh n lng khng i thu c cht rn nng m gam. Tnh % lng mi kim loi ban u. 3 Hn hp gm NaCl, KCl (hn hp A) tan trong nc thnh dung dch. Thm AgNO3 d vo dung dch ny thy tch ra mt lng kt ta bng 229.6% so vi A. Tm % mi cht trong A. 4 Hn hp cha Fe, FeO, Fe2O3. Nu ho tan a gam hn hp bng HCl d th lng H2 thot ra bng 1% lng hn hp em th nghim. Nu kh a gam hn hp bng H2 nng, d th thu c 1 lng nc bng 21,15% lng hn hp em th nghim. Xc nh % mi cht trong hn hp. 5 t chy V lit kh thin nhin cha 96% CH4, 2% N2, v 2% CO2 v th tch. Ton b sn phm chy c dn qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy to ra 4,9 gam kt ta. a. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc. b. Tnh V (kc). 6 Cho dung dch axit axetic nng a% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH nng 10%, thu c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Hy tnh a. Dng 5: bi ton tng gim khi lng. a. Phn ng trao i: V d:3

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 3 2

Gi: nCaCO = a nCa(NO ) = a 48

- mmui tng = mCa(NO ) mCaCO3 2

3

= a.M Ca(NO ) a.M CaCO3 2 3 3

3

= a.2M (NO ) a.M CO = 124a - 60a = 64a - mdd tng b. Phn ng th: V d:4

= mCa(NO ) mCO3 2

2

Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu 4

Gi: nFe = a nCuSO = nFeSO = nCu = a - mKL tng = mCu (sinh ra) mFe (phn ng) = a.M Cu a.M Fe = 64a 56a = 8a - mdd gim = a.M Cu a.M Fe = 64a 56a = 8a c. Phn ng ho hp: V d: - mKL tng d. -m2

= mCuSO mFeSO4 4

4

= a.M CuSO a.M FeSO

4

2Cu + O2 2CuO

= mO (phn ng) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 = mCO 2

Phn ng phn tch: V d:cht rn gim

1. Ngm mt l ng trong 20 ml dung dch AgNO3 cho ti khi ng khng th tan thm c na. Ly ng ra, ra nh v cn thy l ng tng thm 1,52 gam. Hy xc nh nng mol ca dung dch AgNO3 dng (gi s ton b lng bc gii phng bm ht vo l ng). 2 Ngm mt vt bng st c khi lng 5 gam vo 200 gam dd AgNO3 10%. Ch sau mt lt ly ra v kim nghim li thy lng AgNO3 gim 85% a. Tnh khi lng vt ly ra sau khi lm kh. b. Tnh % cc cht c trong dung dch sau phn ng. 3 Nung nng 100 kg CaCO3 nhn c 78 kg cht rn. Hi CaCO3 b phn hu bao nhiu phn trm.

49

4 Ho tan 39,4 gam mui cacbonat ca mt kim loi ho tr II bng axit H2SO4 long d thu c 46,6 mui sunfat kt ta. Hy tnh th tch kh CO2 thot ra (kc) v cng thc hai mui ni trn. 5 Hai thanh kim loi ging nhau (u to bi cng nguyn t R ho tr II) v c cng khi lng. Th thanh th nht vo dung dch Cu(NO3)2 v thanh th hai vo dung dch Pb(NO3)2. Sau mt thi gian, khi s mol hai mui phn ng bng nhau ly hai thanh kim loi ra khi dung dch thy khi lng thanh th nht gim i 0,2 %, cn khi lng thanh th hai tng thm 28,4%. Tm nguyn t R. Dng 6 Ton bin lun. a. Bin lun ho tr V d: Ho tan a gam kim loi cha bit bng 500 ml HCl thot ra 11,2 lit H2 (kc). Phi trung ho axit d trong dung dch thu c bng 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M. Sau un cn dung dch thu c cn li 55,6 gam mui khan. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit dng, tnh a v xc nh kim loi b ho tan.

50