Takács György

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 1

Infokommunikációs rendszerekInfocom Systems

5. Nyilvános távbeszélő (PSTN) hálózatok,

gerinchálózatokTelephone networks(PSTN), backbone networks

Takács György

http://www.museumphones.com/images/viaduct1.jpg


The 3 lessons in network studies

• Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN), Integrated Service Digital Networks (ISDN), backbone networks

• Mobile Networks -- Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) GSM, UMTS, DECT, TETRA, Bluetooth, Globalstar, Iridium

• Private networks, Broadcasting networks, Cable TV networks (CaTV)


Gyorsjelentés 2014. augusztus





Időszak

100 lakosra jutó

fővonalak számamobil-előfizetések

száma

2010. J–M 29,9 118,7

Á–Jú 29,7 118,6

Jl–Sz 29,5 118,3

O–D 29,4 120,3

J–D 29,4 120,3

2011. J–M 29,2 119,2

Á–Jú 29 117,4

Jl–Sz 28,9 117,1

O–D 29,2 117,3

J–D 29,2 117,3

2012. J–M 29,1 116,9

Á–Jú 29,3 116

Jl–Sz 29,4 115,8

O–D 29,5 116,7

J–D 29,5 116,7

2013. J–M 31 117

Á–Jú 30,6 117,1

Jl–Sz 28,5 117,8

O–D 30,3 118,2

J–D 30,3 118,2

2014. J–M 28,8 117,7

Á–Jú 28,9 117,6

KSH adatok



Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 10

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 11

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 12

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 13

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 14

Special features of networks

• Only services can be sold on the real market!

• There are not electronic communication services without networks.

• You could not buy networks. You have to plan, to construct, to operate, to develope according to the actual demands and to eliminate at the and of service provision.

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 15

Basics of network components

• Backbone networks: long distances, high traffic, interconnection of nodes, transport bits of any services, high relability.

• Access networks: local distances, interconnection of terminals and local nodes

• Network planning: selecting topology, optimal selection of positions of nodes, dimensioning of node traffic handling capacities, dimensioning of link capacities, selecting technologies.

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 16

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 17

http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/london_man_map99.gif

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 18

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 19

The

pan

Eur

opea

n K

PN

Qw

est

netw

ork,

whe

n c

ompl

ete,

will

co

nnec

t m

ajo

r ci

ties

toge

ther

by

six

high

-cap

aci

ty b

ackb

one

ring

s.

http://www.kpnqwest.com/html/records.asp?sub_section_id=128

http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/kpnqwest_large.jpg

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 20

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 21

AOL USA BACKBONE

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 22

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 23

http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/att_backbone_large.gif

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 24

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 25

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 26

Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN)

• Brief history

• Basics

• Network structures

• Network implementation

• Network development trends

• Missing topics

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 27

Brief history I.• 1876 A. G. Bell Patent of telephone (50.000 phone within

3 years)• 1877 T. A. Edison patent of carbon microphone (covering

long distances)• 1878 Puskás Tivadar the first telephone exchange in

Connecticut• 1881 Puskás Ferenc the first telephone exchange in

Budapest• 1890 The first Wien-Budapest international telephone

connection• 1892 The first automatic telephone exchange in Indiana• 1928 The first automatic telephone exchange in Budapest• 1997 The last manual exchange moved to museum in

Hungary

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 28

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 29

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 30

Brief history II.

• The technical level of Hungarian PSTN networks are very high due to the fast development from 1992-2002

• From 1 million subscriber to 10 million one

• From 1000 manual exchange to almost fully digital network

• COCOM list restriction not from our side!!!

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 31

Basics of telephony• 2/4 wire for voice

• Feeding of circuit

• Access solutions

• Backbone

• Signalling basics for a telephone call

• Source of revenues

• ADSL principles

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 32

2/4 wire for voice

2 wire simplex

2 wire duplex4 wire simplex

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 33

Electronic hybrid circuit

ZT

Zg r r

Twisted pair cable

Z0 characteristic impedance

ZT ~Z0

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 34

Powering of telephone sets

Feeding bridge

Subscriber line Local exchange

Traditional feeding bridge circuit

DC line current: 20….60 mA

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 35

Access solutions

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 36

Connections to the local exchange

Distribution cables

Drop cables,Indoor cables

Main cables

Distribution cabinets

Distribution boxes

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 37

Access network implementation

Exchange

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

DPPrimary Cross Connexion

Point (PCP)

Secondary Cross Connexion

Point (SCP)

DPDistribution Point (DP)

Cable

Overhead

DP

DPMain Cable

Distribution Cables

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 38

Cable duct system implementation

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 39

Cable distribution cabinet (street version) implementation

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 40

Signalling basics for a telephone call

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 41

Channel-associated signalling for a trunk call

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 42

Common-channel signalling for a trunk call

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 43

Backbone issues in a small country with dense population

• Fully optical – only spare radio connections• Covered distance between nodes max 100 km• In Hungary the telecom traffic concentrated in

Budapest and towards Budapest (like the road traffic)

• Concentration of switching capacities in higher level nodes

• Fault tolerant topology is required for reliable services

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 44

Network structures

• Basics

• MATÁV structures

• PANTEL structures

• Interconnection issues

• Structure and numbering

• Intelligent Network Concept

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 45

Basic structures in PSTN/ISDN networks

• Star topology

• Multipolar topology

• Meshed topology

• Ring topology

• Bus topology

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 46

STAR BUS

RING

MESHED

MULTIPOLAR

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 47

MATÁV NETWORK STRUCTURE

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 48

Telephone network structure of MATAV

Secondary exchange

Primary exchange

Backbone network

Localexchange

Subscriber

Accessnetwork

Interexchangenetwork

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 49

Felső sík csomópontja

Alsó sík csomópontja

622 Mbps

2.4 Gbps

P KI T ávközlésfe jlesztés iIn téze t

H á lóza tfe jlesztés i ágaza t

DIGITÁ LIS GERIN CHÁLÓZATSDH hálózati struktúra 2000.

20 00 . febru ár 1 6.V S0 0K A 06

.

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 50

P KI T ávközlésfe jlesztés iIn téze t

H á lóza tfe jlesztés i ágaza t

D XC-4 /1 funk ció

SD H m u x

622 M bps

2.4 G b ps

155 M bps

G yűrű azonosítóR 1

B UD APESTI Á TK ÉR ŐH ÁLÓZATH álózati struktúra 2000.

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 51

1. Layer

Physical layer

Optical cable

2. Layer

Data link layer

IP link

3. Layer

Network layer

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 52

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 53

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 54

PANTEL optical backbone structures

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 55

PANTEL logical SDH rings

Ring #4(18 nodes)

Ring #2(5 nodes)

Not closed!!

Ring #5(8 nodes)

Simplified structure of PanTelSDH backbone network

Ring #1 (19 nodes)

Ring #3(12 nodes)

MAN (11 nodes)

(Bp. total: 18 nodes)

Ring #4/b(2 nodes)

Total numberof nodes : 75

2*STM-1to PTA

2*STM-1 toSlovakia

STM-4 toUTA

August 2000

Sopron

HhalomCsorna

(Issue: 18. August 2000, Laszlo Zorkoczy)

These STM's includeleased lines to Frankfurt,

Amsterdam and Praha

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 56

Interconnection principles

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 57

Interconnection principles

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 58

Interconnection implementation

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 59

Network structure and numbering

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 60

Network implementation

• Access issues: Rural, City, Down-town, areas, In-door cabling, Underground copper cables, Overhead cables, ADSL, Fibre To the Curb (FTC), distribution frames

• Core issues: Underground fibres, overhead fibres,

• Switching and multiplexing position of nodes• Traffic issues: dimensioning of switches and

links

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 61

Access network implementation

Exchange

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

DPPrimary Cross Connexion

Point (PCP)

Secondary Cross Connexion

Point (SCP)

DPDistribution Point (DP)

Cable

Overhead

DP

DPMain Cable

Distribution Cables

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 62

Costs and revenuesThe revenues are monthly fees and traffic

based fees

Traffic density (Erlang/km2

Network costs

Wireline networks

Cellular networks

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 63

Telephone bill balance

balance

timePre-paid

balance

time

balancetime

Post-paid

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 64

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 65

ADSL principles

• ADSL =Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line• Download max 8Mbit/s (usually 1,5 Mbit/s)• Uplink 64-256 kbps• Max covered distance 3,6 km• ITU-T G.992.x standards• The frequency band separated in 3 parts: PSTN/ISDN,

uplink, downlink• Data links 4,3125 kHz channels• Discrete Multi Tone (DMT) coding, 256 channels• 1-5 channels for PSTN/ISDN• 32 channels for uplink• 218 channels for downlink

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 66

ADSL principles

PSTN/ISDN UPLINK DOWNLINK

Carrier frequencies

Time frames: one octett in each frequency

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 67

ADSL principles

To ISPs

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 68

Missing topics

• Telephone sets, terminal equipment (Lecture in Nov )

• Services (Lecture in Nov )• Regulation issues (Lecture in November )• Details of ADSL• NGN (Next Generation Networks in December)• Network planning (optional subject in semester

7.)

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 69

Traditional Solutions in

Services

Access Transport & Switching Networks

CA

TV

PL

MN

PS

TN

/ISD

N

Da

ta/IP

Ne

two

rks

PL

MN

PS

TN

/ISD

N

Dat

a/IP

Net

wo

rks

CA

TV

Services/Applications

Connectivity

Future Solutions

Network development trends

Infocom 5. ea. 2014. okt. 6. 70

Documents

Takács György