BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

TAP MOT

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO

PHAN TRONG LUAN (Tong Chu bien) LA NHAM THIN - TRAN DANG SUYEN (dong Chu bien phan Vdn)

BUI MINH TOAN (Chii bien phan Tieng Viet) - LE A (Chu bien p h ^ Lam van) LE NGUYEN CAN - NGUYEN THAI HOA - D 6 KIM H 6 I - NGUYfiN XUAN NAM

DOAN DUC PHUONG - VU DUONG QUY - TRAN NHO THIN

TRINH THI THU TIET - HA BINH TRI - DOAN THI THU VAN

Ngu van 11 TAP MOT

(Tdi bdn ldn thii ba)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VI$T NAM

Ban quy6n thudc Nha xudt ban Giao due Viet Nam - B6 Gido due vd Dao tao

01-2010/CXB/572-1485/GD Ma s6 : CHlllTO

VAO PHU CHUA TRINH (Trich Thugng kinh ki sg)

Lfi H O U TRAC

^

KfTQUAcANOAT-

Cdm nhdn disgc gid trj hi^n thuc sdu sic cua tdc phim vd nhdn cdch thanh cao cCia tdc gid qua ngdi biit kf su chdn thuc, sic sdo v4 cuOc sdng trong phti chda Tnnh.

TIEU DAN

Le Huu Trdc (1724 -1791) hi$u Ik Hdi Thugmg Lan 6ng, ngu6i l ^ g Li6u XA, huy$n Dutog H^o, pM Thuong H6ng, tr& Hdi Duong (nay thuOc huy$n Y6n MI, tinh Hung Y6n). Ong id mOt danh y, khdng chi chOa b$nh md c6n so?n sdch vd m6 tnitog d?iy ngh^ thu6c d^ truyin bd y hpe. Phin 16n cuOc ddi ho?it dOng y IIQC vd trudc tdc cda dng gib vdi qu6 ngoai 6 xa Son Quang, huy^n Huong Son, tinh Hd Tinh. BO Hdi ThuQngy tdng tdm link g6m 66 quy^n, Id cdng trinh ngliien ciiu y hoc xuSt sdc nh^t trong tiidi trung d?ii Vi^t Nam. Tdc phim cung ghi lai nhung cdm xiic chdn that cda tdc gid trong nhiing Iiic 1 ^ Ipi di chvra b$nh 6 cdc miin que, bdc Id tam huy^t vd due dO cda ngudi thiy thudc. Qua tdc phim, cd thi thiy Lfi HQu Trdc cdn Id mdt nhd vdn, nhd tho vdi nhiing ddng gdp ddng ghi nhdn cho vdn hoc nudc nhd.

Thuang kinh ki sg (Kl su d^n kinh dd) Id tdp ki su b ^ g chQ Hdn, hodn thdnh ndm 1783, dupe x€p d cudi bO Hdi Thitqng y tong tdm Unh nhu mOt quy^n phy luc Ki su Id mOt thi ki, ghi ch^p su yi0c, cdu chuydn cd thdt vd tuomg ddi hodn chinh. Thuong kinh ki sg td quang cdnh 6 kinh dd, cuOc sdng xa hoa trong phd chiia Trinh vd quyin uy, th^ luc cda nhd chiia - nhiing diiu L6 Huu Trdc m^t th^y tai nghe trong chuydn di tvr Huong Son ra Thdng Long ehiia b$nh cho th^ tii Trinh Cdn vd chiia Trinh Sam. Qua dd, ngudi dpc th^y dupe thdi dd coi thudng danh Ipi cda tdc gid. Tdc phim kl t thuc vdi vide Ld Httu Trdc duoc vl lai qud nhd, tr6 vl vdi cuOc sdng tu do trong tdm trang hdn hoan, tl^p tuc c6ng hi^n ddi minh cho y thudt.

D o ^ Vdo pha chda Trinh ndi vl vi$e Ld Huu Trdc ldn tdi kinh dd, dupe dSn vdo phii chiia dl Ld Hflu Trdc bit mach, kd don cho Trinh Cdn. (Nguyin TiifnXihung vS)

VAN BAN

Mong 1 thang 2. Sang tinh ma, toi nghe tieng go cua rat g^p. Tdi chay ra m6 cua. Thi ra mot ngudi day ta quan Chdnh dudng^i' vua ndi vvra tha hdn hen:

- Cd thanh chi' ) trifu^ ' cu vao ! Quan truyin m^nh^ ' hi$n dang 6 nha cu lan con, con vang l$nh chay den day bdo tin. linh a dinh da dem cdng ddn ddn cu a ngodi cua. Xin cu vdo phu chau ngay.

Tdi ben sua sang do mu chinh te, l§n cdng vdo phu. Ten day td chay ddng trudc het dudng. Gang chay nhu ngua long, tdi bi xdc mdt me, khd khdng ndi het. Chung tdi di cua sau vao phu. Ngudi truyen menh dan tdi qua may lan cua nua, theo dudng ben trai ma di. Tdi ngang dau ldn : dau dau cung Id cay cdi irni turn, chim keu riu rit, danh hoa dua thdm, gid dua thoang thoang miii huang. Nhiing day hanh lang quanh co ndi nhau U6n tidp. Ngudi giu cua truyen bdo r^n rang, ngudi cd viec quan qua lai nhu mdc cui. Ve si canh giu cua cung, ai mudn ra vdo phai cd the.

Tdi nghl bung : Minh vdn con quan, sinh truang a chdn phdn hoa, chd nao trong ceun thdnh minh cung da tung biet. Chi cd nhung viec trong phu chtia la minh chi mdi nghe ndi thdi. Budc chan den day mdi hay canh giau sang cua vua chua thuc khdc hin ngudi thudng! Ben ngam mpt bdi tha di ghi nhd vi^c nay:

Linh nghin ciia vdc don^^^ nghiim nhdt, Cd trdi Nam sang nhdt Id ddy I Ldu timg gdc vS tung mdy. Rem chdu, hiin ngQC, bdtigmai dnh vdo. Hoa cung thoang nggt ngdo dua tdi, Vudn ngu nghe v^t ndi doi phen. Qui mua, cung cdm chua quen, Khdc gi ngu phu ddo nguyin thud ndo^^ I

(1) Quan Chdnh dudng: chiic quan coi tat cd cdc cdng vi^c 6 phu chiia; 6 ddy chi Huy Qudn cdng Hodng Dinh Bdo.

(2) Thdnh chi: chi thi cua vua; 6 day diing cho chiia Trinh Sam,

(3) Trieu: gpi (dung cho ngudi trdn ddi vdi ngudi dudi).

(4) Quan truyin m$nh (hay quan truyin chi): quan giu viec truyin m^nh l$nh, chi^u chi cua vua.

(5) Vdc ddng (tu cd): chi gido, mdc - nhiing binh khi thdi xua.

(6) Ngu pha: ngudi ddnh cd. Ddo nguy^: sudi hoa dao, chi canh tien. Cd cau lay y tu bai Dao hoa nguyen ki ciia Dao Tilm, kl vl vi?c mpt ngudi ddnh cd mdt hdm ch6o thuyin di ngupc ddng sudi bdiig i ^ vdo cdnh ti6n huyen do, tho mdng.

Di dugc vdi tram buac, qua may lan cua moi den cai diem^" "Hau md quan tuc true "(2). Didm ldm b6n cdi ho, cd nhung cdi cay la lung vd nhung hdn da ki la. Trong diem cot vd bao Ion lugn vdng, kieu cdch that Id xinh dep. Quan Chdnh dudng mdi khi d trieu ra thi nghi d day. Thay tdi, dng bdo quan truyin ehi:

- Chieu qua, tdi da tdu len. Thdnh thugng^ ' cho phep cu vdo de hau mach Ddng cung thd tu(4).

Ong cung vdo vdi quan truyen chi, bao tdi di theo ciing may ngudi tieu hodng mdn^ '. Di bd ddn mdt cdi ciia ldn, thi ve, qudn si thay tdi dn mac cd ve la lilng, mudn giu lai. Quan truydn ehi ndi:

- Cd thdnh chi triSu.

Hp ben de cho tdi di. Qua ddy hdnh lang phia tay, den mpt cdi nhd ldn that Id cao vd rdng. Hai ben la hai cdi kieu dd vua chiia di. D6 nghi trugng^ ^ deu son son thep vdng. 6 giua ddt mpt cdi sap thdp vdng. Trdn sdp mic mpt cai vdng didu. Trudc sap vd hai ben, bdy bdn ghd, nhung dd dac nhdn gizin chua tttng thay. Tdi chi ddm ngudc mat nhin rdi lai cui dau di. Lai qua mdt cua nira, den mpt cdi ldu cao vd rdng. 6 day, cdt ddu son son thdp vdng. Tdi hdi nho c uan truydn chi, dng ta ndi:

- Ta vua di qua nhd "Dai dudng". Nhd ay gpi Id "Quydn bdng", cdi gdc nay gpi la "Gdc tia". Vi thd tu "diing trd" d day, cho nSn gpi nd Id "phdng trd". (Sd la d ddy kieng danh tir "thudc" nen gpi thudc Id "trd".)

Bay gid trong "phdng trd" ed bay, tdm ngudi. Thay quan Chdnh dudng ddn, tat ca deu dung day. Quan Chdnh dudng ngdi ghd tren. Mpi ngudi ngdi theo thu tu. Quan Chdnh dudng bao tdi ngdi vao giiia. Liic diu tdi khdng hieu, sau mdi bidt dd Id cdc vi luong y eua sdu cimg, hai vi$n dugc du vdo vide hau trd, ngdy dem chau chuc d day. Thay tdi, hp deu nhin nhau. Cd ngudi ciii xudng hdi nhd. Quan Chdnh dudng cudi:

- Cu nay la con dng Lieu Xd a Dirdng Hdo vdo ngu cu trong Huong Son, lam thudc hay cd tidng, nay vang thdnh ehi vdo kinh.

Bdy gid cd ngudi chit khan lugt tdu, cudi va bao tdi:

(1) Diirn: tram, noi de nghi chdti hode chd dpi.

(2) "Hdu md qudn tiic tnic": ten tr?im, nghia id "Noi qudn Hau md chd sin (de ehiia sai phdi)".

(3) Thdnh thugng: ti diing de ehi nhd vua; 6 ddy chi chiia Trinh Sdm.

(4) Dong cung th^td: eon trai eua ehiia da dupe chpn dl ndi ngdi; 6 ddy ehi Trinh Cdn, eon thii ciia Trjnh Sdm.

(5) Tiiu hodng mdn: quan ho^n hau h? noi cung cam.

(6) D6 nghi trwpng: do dung eiia vua chua theo ngiii thuc do triiu dinh ddt ra.

- Cu cd biet tdi khdng ?

- Tdi la kd d noi qu6 miia, lam sao bidt dugc cdc vi 6 noi tridu dinh ddng due nhu the ndy?

- Tdi la ngirdi An Vidt, huy$n La Son, 6 nhd, tdi vSn nghe tieng cii nhu sam dpng ben tai, nhimg chua hd dugc gSip.

B^y gid tdi mdi bidt dng ta ldm gido quan 6 Aii Vi6t, t§n la Chiic, dugc dng Nguydn Kiem ngtrdi Tien Dien lam Thy tran dd cu lam th4y thudc chiu chuc 6 ddy. Sau dd, lai dugc ldm thudc b bO Binh, giii chuc Tham ddng. Tdi ndi:

- Chd b ciia tdi khdng xa chd b dia ngdi bao nhieu. Tdi m^y lin mudn ddn thdm nhung phidn mdt noi Id khdng cd djp.

Dang db cau chuy$n thi quan truydn mfnh ddn ndi nhd vol quan Chdnh dirdng. Quan Chdnh dudng dirng d$y, bio tdi:

- Ta hay vao dn com sang mOt Idt da.

Tdi theo dng, di theo con dudng cii trd vl didm "H$u ma". 6ng ndi:

- Thdnh thugng dang ngu b ddy, xung quanh cd phi tan chiu chyc, ndn chua thd ydt kidii. Ta hay tam ra ngodi.

Ong san mam com cho tdi dn. Mdm vdng, chdn b^ci dd dn todn Id ciia ngon v t l£i, tdi biy gid mdi bidt cdi phong vi ciia nhd dai gia. An xong, thiy mdt vidn quan hiu e ^ chay lai mdi quan Chdnh dirdng vao va bio tdi di theo, DOt nhi§n, thiy. dng ta md mdt chd trong mdn gam rdi budc vao. 6 trong tdi om, khdng thiy cd eiia ngd ^ cd. Di qua dd ndm, sdu lin trudng gim nhu v$y, ddn mdt cdi phdng rdng, d giiia phdng ed mdt cdi s^p thdp vdng. Mdt ngudi ngdi trdn s$p dO ndm, sdu tudi, mdc do lua dd. Cd miy ngirdi dizng hiu hailjen. Giiia phdng la mpt cay ndn to cim tren mdt cdi gid bdng ddng. Bdn sap dat mOt cdi ghd rdng son son thdp vang, tr§n ghd bay n0m gim. Mdt cdi man Id che ngang san. 6 trong ed miy ngudi cung nhdn dang dijtng xiim xit. Den sdp ehidu sang, ldm ndi mdu m^t p h ^ vd mdu do dd. Xung quanh lip lanh, huang hoa ngdo ng^t. Xem chiing Thdnh thugng thudng thirdng vin ngdi trdn ghd rdng nay, nay ngudi rut lui vdo man de tdi xem m^ch Ddng cung cho th$t Id.

Tdi nin thd dung chd d xa. Quan Chdnh dudng truyin l§nh cho tdi lay bdn l?y. Thd tu cudi:

- Qng ndy l?iy khdo!

Quan Chdnh dirdng lai truydn m$nh:

- Cy gid yeu, cho phdp cu ngdi hiu m?ich.

Tdi khiim mim ddn trudc s^p xem m?ich. Xem xong, nghe trong man ed tidng ndi nhd:

- Cho dng ta xem ci thdn hinh niia!

Mpt vien quan nOi thin'i^ diing chiu ddn bdn sap xin phep thd tur. Thd tu diing d^y, cdi do, dirng ben giudng cho tdi xem. Tdi xem ki tit ci lung, byng vd chdn tay mOt lugt. Quan Chdnh dudng l?ii truyin m$nh bio tdi leiy ta rdi di ra. Tdi diing d^y l^y bdn l^y. Thiy quan Chdnh dirdng bio mOt tidu hodng mdn dua tdi ra "phdng trd" ngdi. Mdt Idt sau, dng ddn hdi:

- Cu xem mach nhu thd ndo ? Ndn diing thu thudc ^ thi cu cu vidt mpt td trinh len.

Rdi dng 1^ tiep:

- B$nh da nua ndm nay. Trudc kia giy lim, nay da hoi ed da, ed thit, bin chit ydu, b$nh da lau ma khdng bd dugc, vi dung duong dirgc ) thi ndng, ma dimg dm dirgc'3) thi ti'^^*\ Cd khi phdi dimg nhyng vi phdt tdn ) m6i xong!

Ong bdo quan Ti vidn dem nhiing thii don thudc dang dung ddn cho tdi xem. Nguydn khi dng dl cu tdi vd ndi miy eau nay la ciing cd f mudn tdi bidt chung. Ong ciing cd bidt thudc, tuy kidn thiie vd thudc chua sdu, nhung hi bdn ddn thudc la cii mudn diing thii thudc cdng pheit. Ong thudng ndi: "Cd b^nh thi trudc hdt Id phai dudi b#nh. Khi dd dudi cdi ta di rdi hay bd, thi mdi Id cdi phdp diing din nhat". Nhung theo "y tdi, dd la vi thd tii d trong chdn mdn che trudng phu, an qua no, mdc qud im ndn tang phu ydu di. Vi lai, b$nh mic da ldu, tinh khi khd hdt, da m^t khd, rdn ldi to, gan thdi xanh, tay chdn giy gd. Dd Id vi nguydn khi dd hao mdn, thuong tdn qud miic. Ndu ehi lo diing thii thudc cdng ph^t khic bde^ ' md khdng bidt ring nguydn khi cdng hao mdn din thi ehi ldm cho rigudi them ydu. Benh thd nay khdng bd thi khdng dirge. Nhung sg minh khdng d lau, ndu minh ldm cd kdt qui ngay thi se bi danh Ipi nd rang buOc, khdng ldm sao vd niii dugc niia. Chi bing ta dimg thii phuong thudc hod hoan, ndu khdng tning thi ciing khdng sai bao nhidu. Nhung rdi l^i nghi: Cha dng minh ddi ddi chiu on eua nude, ta phii ddc hdt ci ldng thdnh, dd ndi tidp cai ldng trung eua cha dng minh mdi dugc. Nghi di nghi lai mOt hdi, tdi mdi ndi:

(1) N0i thdn: quan hdu trong cung.

(2) Duong dugc: thudc cd tinh ndng.

(3) Am dugc: thudc cd tinh mdt, l^nh.

(4) Tr$: ngung dpng, khdng luu thdng dupe.

(5) Phdt tdn: thudc udng vdo ldm cho dd m6 hdi.

(6) Thudc cdng phgt khdc bdc: thudc trj b$nh cdng hi$u mamh song lai ldm thuong tdn co thi.

- Tdi thiy thdnh thd giy, m^ch lai td, sdc'i'. Thd Id dm duang diu bi tdn hai, nay phdi dung thudc that bd dd bdi dudng ti vd than, cdt giii cdi cdn bin tidn tiiidn' ) vd ldm ngudn gdc cho cdi hdu thien^ '. Chinh khi d trong md thing thi bdnh d ngodi se tu nd tidu dan, khdng tri bdnh md benh se mat. ' '

Ong td y kidn ndi di ndi lai miy lin, nhung tdi vdn cii giai thich mdi. Ong ndi:

- Cu da cd chii y nhu thd thi cu cir viet ra thanh phuong thudc de dang ldn.

Tdi vang Idnh vidt td khai rdhg:

"Chdu mgeh, thdy sdu mgeh ti, sdc vd vo luc, hiiu quan yiu, huu xich lgi cdng yiu han. Ay Id ti dm hu, vi hod qud thinh, khdng give duac khi duang; nin dm hod di cdn: Vi vgy, bin ngodi thdy co trudng, do Id tu<?ng trung ngodi thi phU, bin trong thi trdng. Nen bo ti tho thi yen. Nay phdng dung: bgch trudt (mot lgng), thuc dia (ba ddng), can khuong (hai dong), ngu vi (mdt ddng). Sdc cho dgc, mdi m0t ldn udng mot thia trd dieu vdi nudc sdm sdc dgc. Udng khi lung bgng.

Tiiu thdn Li Hiiu Trdc phung ki."

Tdi vidt xong dua Idri. Ong nhin Id mdt hdi, xem ed y ngai. Cdc thiy lang ngdi diy cung mudn xem. Ong khdng cho, diit giiy vdo tiii do, cudi :

- Phuong thudc vd lap ludn cua cu khdc chiing ta nhiiu.

Ong bio mdt ndi thin mang td giay vdo. Mdt Idt sau, dng diing d|y bio tdi di theo, trd vd didm "Hdu md". Udng trd mdt Idt, dng ndi vdi tdi:

- Cu di xa xdi vit vd, gid hdy tam vl nghi. Cd bd con ban be mdi mpe ciing khdng dugc di ddu. De ehd thdnh chi xem nhu thd ndo.

• Tdi tii gid, len cdng vl dinh Trung Kidn. Trong vdng mudi ngdy, ban be trong kinh deu ddn thdm hdi, thudng tinh nhu thd.

(Theo LE H0U TRAC, Thugng kinh ki su, bdn djch ciia PHAN VO, NXB VdA hpe, Hd Npi, 1971)

(1) Mqch te, sdc: m^ch nhd, dap nhanh.

{2)Ti§n thien: thi chat bIm sinh.

(3) tidu thiin: thi ch^t do su nudi dudng vd rdn luy?n vl sau md ndn.

8

HUIDMG D A N HOC BAI

1. Quang canh trong phu chiia dugc midu ta nhu the ndo ? Cung cdch sinh hoat trong phu chiia ra sao ? Nhiing quan sdt, ghi nhdn ndy ndi len cdch nhin, thai dp cua Ld Hiiu Trdc ddi vdi cudc sdng noi phu chiia nhu the ndo ?

2. Phdn tich nhiing ehi tidt trong doan trich md anh (chi) cho Id "dit", cd tdc dung ldm ndi bat gia tri hidn thue cua tde pham.

3. Cdch chin dodn vd ehiia b$nh eua Le Hiiu Trde cimg nhiing didn bidn tdm tu eua dng khi kd don cho ta hieu gi vl ngudi thiy thudc ndy ?

4. Theo anh (chi), biit phdp ki sii cua tde gia cd gi ddc sic ? Phdn tich nhiing net ddc sic dd.

, GHI NHO .

Doan trfch Vao phu chua Trmh mang gid trj hien thuc sdu sic. Bang tai quan sat tinh td vd ngdi but ghi chep chi tiet, chan thuc, sac sao, tac gia da ve lai mdt buc tranh sinh ddng v l cudc sdng xa hoa, quyen quy cua chua Trjnh, ddng thai cung bdc Id thai dd coi thudng danh Igi.

LUYINTAP

So sdnh doan trich Vdo phu chua Trinh vdi mdt tde pham (hode doan trich) ki khdc cua van hpe trung dai Vidt Nam md anh (chi) da dpc vd ndu nhdn xdt vl net dac sic eua doan trich nay.

Tir N G 6 N NGU CHUNG D I N LOI NOI CA NHAN

K^QUACANOAT-

• Thiy dugc mdi quan hd giOa ngdn ngCr chung cCia xd hdi vd Idi ndi ridng ciia cd nhdn.

• Hinh thdnh vd ndng cao ndng luc ITnh hdi nhung ndt ridng trong Idi ndi cd nhdn, ndng luc sdng tao cua cd nhan trong vifc su dung ngdn ngir tren ca sd nhCrng tCr ngu vd quy t ic chung.

• Cd y thiic tdn trpng nhung quy t ic ngdn ngu chung ciia xd hOi, giCr gin vd phdt huy bdn sic ngdn ngCf cda ddn tOc.

I - NGdN NGiJr - TAI S A N CHUNG CUA XA Hdi

Ngdn ngu la tai sin chung cua mOt dan tpc, mpt cpng ddng xd hOi (cd thd bao gdm nhiing ngudi ctog mOt ddn tOe, hode thudc cac dan tdc khdc nhau). Mudn giao tiep vdi nhau, xd hdi phii cd phuong tidn chung, trong do phuong ti^n quan trpng nhit Id ngdn ngii. Phuong tidn dd viia giiip cho moi ed nhdn trinh bay nhiing ndi dung ma minh mudn bidu hidn, vtra giiip hp Unh hdi dugc ldi ndi ciia ngirdi khdc. Cho ndn, mdi ed nhdn diu phii tich luy va bidt su dyng ngdn ngii chung eua cdng ddng xa hdi.

Tinh chung txong ngdn ngii eua cdng ddng dugc bidu hidn qua nhiing phugng di^n sau:

1, Trong thdnh phin cua ngdn ngu ed nhiing yiu td chung cho tit ci inpi cd nhdn trong cdng ddng. Mdi ed nhan diu can tieh luy nhiing ydu td chung dd vd bidt sii dyng chung de tao ndn ldi ndi, ddp ling nhu ciu bieu hidn ndi dung vd giao tidp vdi ngudi khdc. Nhiing ydu td chung bao gdm:

- Cdc am vd cdc thanh (cdc nguydn am, phu dm, thanh di§u,...). Vi dy: a, e, i, o, b, h, t,... thanh huyen, thanh sdc, thanh ngang,...

- Cdc tidng (tuc cdc dm tidt) do su kdt hgp cia cic dm vd thanh thep nhiing quy tie nhit dinh. Vi du: nhd, cdy, ngudi, thu^, chiin, vd,...

- Cdc tu. VI dvi: ddt, nudc, d?p di, xe dgp, mdy bay, cd chim, md hdi, vd, nhung, hode, se, hdy, chu, a,...

10

- Cdc ngii cd dinh (thdnh ngii, qudn ngii). Vi dy: thugn budm xudi gid, nudc do ddu vit. chdn udt chdn rdo, cay nhu dt, cao nhu nui, ndi togc mdng heo, cua ddng t0i, ndi tdm lgi,...

2. Tinh chung cdn thd hi$n b cdc quy tic vd phuong thiic chung trong vi^c ciu t?o va su dvmg cdc don vi ngdn ngii. Cic quy tie va phuong thue ndy dugc hinh thdnh din trong Uch sii phdt tridn ciia mOt ngdn ngii vd can dugc mdi ca nhan tidp nh|in vd tudn theo, ndu mudn cho sxf giao tidp vdi eOng ddng dat dugc hi0u qui. Vl dy mdt sd quy tic hode phuong thiic nhu:

- Quy tie ciu tsio cdc kieu cdu. VI dy : ciu t^o kieu cdu ghep chi quan h$ nguydn nhan - kdt qui (bing cdp quan h$ tu vi... {cho) nin... va hai cum chu - vi) nhu: VI ta khdng khit cho ngudi dddang (Truydn Kiiu).

- Phuong thiic chuydn nghia tii : chuydn tii nghia gdc sang nghia phdi sinh. Vi dy: chuydn nghia theo phuong thiic an dii ddi vdi cdc tu chi t r ^ g thdi eua qui cdy {non, gid, chin) sang chi cdc miic dp cua sy do ludng {non mOt can, gid mdt cdn), chi cdc muc dd eua nh$n thiic, tri tud (suy nghi cdn non, suy nghi da chin, suy nghl gza^n) .

Cdn nhidu quy tie vd phuong thiic chung khdc niia thuOc cdc Unh vuc ngii am, tu vixng, ngii phdp, phong cdch,... ciia ngdn ngii. Chiing cd tinh chit phd bidn vd bit buOc ddi vdi mpi ci nhdn khi t^o ra ldi ndi dd thuc hidn vide giao tidp vdi cdc ed nhdn khdc trong cdng ddng xa hpi.

II - Ldi Ndi - SAN PHAM RIING CUA CA NHAN

Khi giao tiep (ndi ho^c vidt), moi ca nhan su dvmg ngdn ngii chung de tao ra ldi ndi ddp ling nhu ciu giao tidp. Ldi ndi (gdm ldi ndi mieng va van vidt) ciia mdi cd nhdn viia dugc t^o ra nhd cdc ydu td va quy tie, phuong thiic chung, viia cd sic thdi ridng va phin ddng gdp cba cd nhdn. Cdi ridng trong ldi ndi eua ed nhdn dugc bidu Ip b cdc phuong didn nhu sau:

1. Gigng ndi cd nhdn. Khi ndi, gipng mdi ngirdi cd mpt vd ridng khdng gidng ngirdi khdc, tuy ring mdi ngudi vin dung cdc am, cdc thanh chung thudc ngdn ngii cua cdng ddng. Chinh vi vd ridng trong gipng ndi cua ed nhan ma ta cd thd n h ^ ra gipng ndi ciia ngirdi quen ngay ci khi khdng nhin thay hay khdng tidp xiic true tidp vdi ngirdi dd.

2. Vdn til ngd cd nhdn. Mdc dii tii vimg ciia mdi ngdn ngii Id tai sin chung eiia mpi ngudi, nhung mdi cd nhan ua chudng vd quen dung nhiing ttr ngii nhit dinh. Vdn tir ngii cd nhdn phia thudc vdo nhidu phuong di?n : liia tudi, gidi tinh, cd tinh, nghl nghidp, vdn sdng, trinh dd hieu biet, quan he xa hdi, dia phuong sinh sdng,... Ching h?ui, ddy Id ldi n h ^ dinh eua mdt chdu bd vl ldi ndi eiia ngirdi bdc:

11

Bdc ndi, giong no khang khdc thi ndo dy. Trdi bdc ndi Id gioi. Sg bdc ndi Id hdi...

(Ma Vdn Khdng)

Cdc tu trdi, gidi, sg, hdi diu thudc tu vung chung cua tidng Vidt. Nhung ngudi bdc lai quen dung tir gidi, tu hdi, edn diia chdu thi quen dung tu trdi, tvr sg.

3. Su chuyin ddi, sdng tgo khi sii dung tic ngd chung, quen thudc. Tir ngu la vdn chung, quen thudc eiia todn xd hdi, nhung d ldi ndi cd nhdn ed su chuydn ddi, sdng tao trong nghia tir, trong kdt hgp tir ngii, trong vide tdch tir, gdp ttr, chuyin loai tir hode trong sic thdi phong cdch,... tao ndn nhiing su bidu hidn mdi. Vi du, trong cdu tha cua Xudn Didu : Tdi mudn budc gid lgi - Cho huang dimg bay di, ttr bugc dugc chuydn nghia (ehi mong mudn khdng ed gid hoacgid ngiing thdi) ndn kdt hgp dugc vdi tir gid.

4. Viec tgo ra cdc tit mdi. Cd nhan cd the tao ra nhiing tii mdi tii nhiing chit li$u cd sdn vd theo cdc phuong thiic chung. VI du cdc ttr dp Idt, sdhod, sdn chai trong cdc cdu sau ddu Id nhiing ttr mdi dirge tao ra vd su dung trong nhiing nam gin day:

- Cdng ti nhdn xdy dung cdc Id kinh, nhd mdy ggch dp lat cao cdp, su vi sinh cao cdp,...

(Bdo Qudn ddi nhdn ddn)

- Vdo ddu nhung ndm 80, mgt cugc cdch mgng khdc trong ki xdo dugc thgc hiin, dd Id hinh dnh sdhod.

(Tap chi KiS^n thdc ngdy nay)

- Cdn APEC, cd thi ggi Id sdn chai cua thiki XXI, nai md ASEAN cd nhiiu thdnh ' viin cua minh tham gia. Id mdt thuc thi hgp tdc qudc tikiiu mdi.

(Bdo Sdi Gdn gidi phdn^

Nhiing tir nay ban diu chi diing trong ldi ndi eua mdt ed nhdn hay mdt vdi cd nhdn. Nhung dan din chiing cd the dugc cdng ddng chap nhdn, sii dung vd trd thdnh tdi sdn chung, phuong tidn chung cua xa hdi. Liic do chiing mang tinh chung, tinh phd bidn.

5. Viicv4n dgng linh hogt, sdng tgo quy tdc chung, phuang thdc chung. Khi ndi hay vidt, cd nhdn cd thi tao ra cdc sin phim (ngii, cdu, doan, bdi,...) ed su chuydn hod linh hoat so vdi nhiing quy tic vd phuong thiic chung: lua chpn vi tri cho tii ngii, tinh luge tu ngii, tdch eau,... VI du:

Tinh thu mdt bdc phong cdn kin, Gid nai ddu gugng mdxem.

(Nguyin Trdi)

12

- Tiing ngua quan chdu thi khdng kimua hoi hay mua Ida. Quandi bdt phu ldm dudng, xi ndi hdm xe lua. Quanh ndm.

(Td Hoai)

Bieu hidn rd ret nhit cua net ridng trong ldi ndi cd nhdn Id phong cdch ngdn ngu cd nhdn. Diiu nay thiy rat rd d cdc nhd van ndi tidng : Ngdn ngir tdc pham (ldi ndi) eua hp mac dti vdn bit ngudn tii ngdn ngii chung cua ddn tdc nhtmg lai mang dau an ed nhdn, khdng ldn vdi ngudi khae. VI du : Nguyen Khuyen vd Tii Xuong sdng gin nhu cung thdi vdi nhau, cung d viing ddng bang Bic Bd, nhtmg ngdn ngu tha eiia Nguydn Khuyen nhe nhdng, thdm thuy, cdn ngdn ngii tha cua Tii Xuong thudng manh me, sdu cay.

GHINH6

Ngdn ngu la tai san chung, Id phuang tien giao tiep chung cua ca cpng dong xd ho i ; cdn Idi ndi la san phdm dugc ca nhdn tao ra trdn ca sd van dung cac ydu td ngdn ngu chung va tudn thii cdc quy t ic chung.

LUYEN TAP

1. Trong hai cau tha dtrdi day, tii thdi in ddm da dugc tdc gid sii dung vdi nghia nhu thd nao?

Bdc Duong thdi dd thdi roi, ,Nudc mdy man mdc ng$m ngiii long ta.

(Nguyin Khuyin, Khdc Duong Khui)

2. Nhdn xet vl each sip ddt ttr ngii trong hai cau tha sau. Cdch sip ddt nhu the tao dugc hieu qua giao tidp nhu thd ndo ?

Xiin ngang mat ddt, riu tttng ddm, Ddm togc chdn mdy, dd mdy hdn.

(Ho Xuan Huong, Tu tinh - bdi II)

3. Tim them nhiing vi du thd hi$n dugc quan he giiia cdi chung vd cdi ridng nhu quan he giiia ngdn ngii chung eua xd hdi vd ldi ndi ridng eua cd nhan.

13

VliT BAI LAM VAN S6 1 : NGHl L U A N XA H 6 I

KfTQUAcANOAT

Vdn dgng kidn thuc vd kT ndng dd hpe v l vdn nghj ludn, vidt dugc bdi nghj ludn xa hOi cd ndi dung sat thyc td ddi sdng va hpe tdp cua hpe sinh phd thdng.

^

I - HUdNG DAN CHUNG

Anh (chi) cin dn tap tnrdc nhiing kidn thiic vd ki ndng da hpe vl vdn nghi ludn. Chii]^:

1. Bd eye bdi vdn nghi lu$n

a) Md bdi: Gidi thidu vd ndu vin dl ein nghi luan.

b) Thdn bdi: Lin lugt trien khai cdc ludn didm, lu$n eii nhim lam sdng td vin dl.

e) Kit bdi: Thau tdm nhung ndi dung ca bin, tiep tuc ggi md suy n ^ cho ngirdi dpc, hode ndu cim nghi ridng ciia ngudi vidt,...

2. Ldp lu^n

- Cdch xay dtmg ludn didm, tim luan cu, cdch lap lu$n,...

- Cac thao tac lap luan.

H-GCnYMdTS6BEBAl

1. Dpc truyfn Tdm Cdm, anh (ehi) suy nghi gi vd cudc dau tranh giura cai thidn vd cdi dc, giiia ngtrdi tdt vd ke xau trong xa hdi xua va nay ?

2. Bay td y kidn ciia minh vl vmi dl ma tdc gii Than Nhan Trung dd ndu trong Bdi ki di danh tien si khoa Nhdm Tudt, niin hi$u Dgi Bdo thu ba - 1442 :

"Hiin tdi Id nguyin khi cua qudc gia", nguyin khi thinh thi thi nudc mgnh, rdi lin cao, nguyin khi suy thi thi nudc yiu, rdi xudng thdp.

3. Vidt bdi nghi lu§n bdy td y kidn ciia minh vd phuong chdm Hgc di ddi vdi hdnh.

14

lll-GOItcACHLAMBAl

l .Dpckidlbdidd:

a) Xdc dinh vin dl ein nghi lu$n

Vidu:

- Cudc dau tranh giiia cdi thi^n vdi cdi dc, ngirdi tdt vdi kd xiu vd ciing khd khdn, gian khd,... nhung cdi thidn, ngirdi tdt nhit dinh sd thing, (dl 1)

- Ngudi tdi diic cd vai trd vd ciing quan trpng trong su nghidp xay dung dit nude, (dl 2)

- Hpe vd hdnh phii gin liin nhau thi mdi d^t kdt qui cao, mdi ed ich cho xa hOi va bin than, {dk 3)

b) Xac dinh cdc luan didm, ludn eii va lua chpn thao tdc lap ludn phu hgp

Vidu:

- 0 dl 1: Tu xua ddn nay, cudc diu tranh giiia cdi thi§n vd cdi de, giiia ngtrdi tdt vdi kd xau vd ciing gian nan, phiic tap. Ddc bidt, eupc dau tranh giiia cdi thi$n va cdi dc trong bin than mdi con ngtrdi 1^ cdng gian nan, phiic tap. Nhung thing Ipi cudi ciing bao gid ciing thudc vd cdi thidn vd ngtrdi tdt. Trong hgc t|lp eua hpe sinh, cudc diu tranh chdng nhiing bidu hidn cua cdi xiu, cdi tidu cue nhu : ludi bidng, ddi trd vd gian l|ln,... cung rit khd khdn, phiic t£ip.

- 0 dl 2 : Ngudi tdi dire ed vai trd quan trpng trong su nghiep xdy dung dat nudc. Hpe sinh ein phin diu trd thanh ngirdi tdi diic di gdp phin xay dung dit nudc.

2. Lap dan f va vidt bdi:

Dua vao kdt qui phan tich d^, ldp dan y rdi vidt bai. Khi vidt, U Id vd din chiing phii bdm sat ydu ciu eiia de; dimg tu chuin xdc vd didn d?it trdi chiy.

a DQC TH£M

S 6 N G DON GIAN - XU TH^ CUA TH^ Ki XXI

Vdi ndm lai day, b phuong Tay xuit hidn mdt trdo luu sdng mdi gpi Id sdng don giin: mpi ngudi tu nguydn don giin hod cudc sdng eua minh.

Nhu thd ndo gpi Id sdng don giin ? Theo quan niem ciia nhiing ngudi dl xudng ra trdo luu ndy, sdng don gian khdng ddng nghia vdi cudc sdng khd h^nh vd nghdo ddi, ma Id mdt cudc sdng dugc lua chpn sau mdt qud trinh nghidn ciiu ki ludng;

15

mdt cudc sdng hod ddng vdi thidn nhidn, tim kidm su can bdng trong mdi quan he ddng - finh ; mdt cudc sdng hdn nhidn, vd tu, khdng lo ling, sidu phdm va thodt tuc... Sdng don gidn ehinh la tu minh ling nghe tidng ndi cua ldng minh, xem rd diiu minh thdt su can thiet Id cdi ? Ld sdng mdt cudc sdng thirc su la cua ban than minh chii khdng phai la bit chudc theo ldi sdng eua ngtrdi khdc hoac sdng theo ydu ciu eua ngudi khdc.

De cd the sdng don gian cin phai cd siic sang tao vd long quyet tdm ldn, phai thuc su hod minh vao eude sdng dd cam nh$n. Ndu nhu ban mudn mua mdt edn nhd, ban can phai nghi den ea cdi loi vd cdi hai cua nd, cd lgi it ciing se cd hai, cdi dupeva mat ludn di Uln vdi nhau, bit eii lua chpn nao ciing diu cd mat trdi cua nd. Mdt can nhd rdng rdi dep de tat se dem den su thoai mai de chiu cho ngirdi 6 vd ea nhiing ldi khen ngpi eua nhiing ngudi khae ; nhung, de ed tiin chi tri cho nd, ban budc phai lam vide cat liic vd ed thd edn phai tir bd mdt sd thii khdc trong cudc sdng cua ban niia. Sau khi mua nhd vdi thdng hoac vdi ndm, cd the se cd luc ban nghi ring khdng hieu vi sao ban phai sdng mdt cudc sdng khd sd vat va, mdt cudc sdng het siic don didu nhdm chdn ehi de cd tiin tri cho mdt can nhd nhu the ndy nhi ?

Mudn cd dugc mdt cudc sdng thoii mdi, sung sudng la mdt nhu ciu hodn todn chinh dang cua eon ngudi. Chiing ta ein phii dn, b, dilai,... chiing ta ciing ein phai ed nhiing cdng vide ed thii lao vd ci nhiing cdng vide khdng cd thii lao. Ld eon ngudi, chiing ta khdng the khdng cd thii gi, chiing "fa cd nhu cau theo dudi cdi hay cdi dep d miic do nhit dinh. Nhung, chiing ta lai thudng khdng biet dung lai dung luc vi long tham cua con ngudi la vd day. Long tham dd se day chiing ta vdo canh ng nin, met mdi va cung quan, tii dd tam hdn chiing ta se trd thdnh chai san, tra U.

Sdng don gian Id sdng sdu sic hon, quan tdm ddn nhau hon, thdn thiet voi nhau hon. Cin phii thidt lap mpt mdi quan he than mat gin giii vdi eon ngtrdi vd cdnh vdt trong mdi trtrdng sdng cua chiing ta hon. Trong cudc sdng hay ddnh mdt khoang thdi gian vd khdng gian sdng eua minh dd tim hieu, gin giii vd ydu qu^ nhiing con ngirdi sdng xung quanh chiing ta. Hdy tu minh sdng mdt cudc sdng chdn thuc vd tao dimg xung quanh minh mdt cudc sdng hodn todn chdn thiic ddi vdi minh. Chi cd khi ndo ban thiic su cam thay nhe nhdng, bit diu sdng an nhdn, cd y nghia thi ban mdi cd the phdt hidn ra tinh hoa cua cudc sdng nay...

Dua vdo nguydn tic ciia cudc sdng dan giin, tidu chuin tdi thieu eua cudc sdng Id: ddp ling diy du nhiing nhu ciu thiet ydu eua cudc sdng nhu an, mac, a, di lai. Tit nhidn, de dat dtrgc diiu do, ban phii bd ra mdt sd cdng sue va thdi gian nhat dinh. Nhung, diiu quan trpng d ddy Id, ngodi tat ci nhiing thii dd, trong thdi gian

16

cdn Ijii, vide md b ^ cin ldm Id bidn minh thinh mdt eon ngirdi nhdn nha vd binh ydn, khdng hao phi thdi gian vd cdng sire vao nhiing vi^c ldm vd bd. Hi$n nay, xu thd sdng don giin vin chtra dupe thuc su chii y b Vidt Nam chiing ta. Nhung thuc ra, ldi sdng ndy da dugc cha dng chiing ta rit coi trpng tir xua vi da trd thdnh mdt trong nhiing gid tri vdn hod truyin thdng ciia ngirdi Vidt. Khdng ehi do ngirdi Vidt Nam chiing ta eluu dnh hirdng ciia cdc tu tudng tridt hpe, tdn gido phtrong Ddng nhu Nho, Phdt, DJIO ndn cd xu hudng vl mdt cudc sdng an nhdn tu do tu t^ md 6 thdi dai ndo chiing ta ciing cd nhiing con ngudi bidt each sdng nhdn nhung khdng phii la lin trdnh cudc sdng thuc td ma Id sdng mdt cdch cd ich cho ddi. Cd thd ke ra d ddy rit nhiiu danh nhan cua dit Viet dd ttmg cd cudc sdng nhu vdy: Nguyin Trai, Nguyin Binh Khiem, Ho Chi Minh,...

Trong cudc sdng hidn dai ngay nay, eon ngtrdi ludn trong trang thdi phii chiu dung mdt dp luc qua tai do eude sdng mang lai. Ngay tu khi dang edn la mdt diia trd, ngirdi ta da bi cudn theo mdt nhip sdng gip gdp cua thdi dai. Chinh vi v$y, da niy sinh nhiing edn bdnh mang tinh thdi dad nhu bdnh stress, ldm tdn thuong ddn euOc sdng eua bidt bao con ngudi. Trong mdt hodn canh nhu v£iy, vi?c xay dung cho minh mdt eude sdng don giin - mdt cudc sdng nhdn nhd theo diing nghia: nhan tam, lam vifc ed khoa hpe, bidt diing lai d mire du, biet minh bidt ngirdi, cd thdi dd ling xb diing din, vdn hod - la vide lam ed ich cho mdi ngirdi. Didu nay khdng nhiing phu hgp vdi xu thd vdn minh cia thdi dai md ciing rit phii hgp vdi truyin thdng vdn hod eua ddn tde Vidt Nam chiing ta.

{Theo Chuong Thdu, bdo Vdn nghi, sd Tit 2002)

2.NV11-T1-A 1 7

TU TINH (Bai 11)

H6XUAN HUONG

KfTQUACANOAT-

Cdm nhdn dugc tdm trang vira budn tui vCra phdn udt trudc duydn phan eo le vd khdt vpng sdng, khdt vpng hanh phuc d Hd Xudn Huang. Thiy dugc tdi ndng tho Ndm cua Hd Xudn Huong : tha Dudng ludt viet bdng tidng Viet, each dung tCr ngu, hinh dnh gian dj, gidu siic bidu cdm, tdo bao ma tinh td.

TI^U D A N

Theo cdc tdi lieu Imi truyin, Ho Xudn Huong (chua rd ndm sinh, ndm mat) que 6 lang Quynh Ddi, huypn Quynh Liiu, tinh Ngh? An nhung song chd yiu 6 kinh thdnh Thdng Long. Nii si cd mpt ngdi nha ridng 6 gan Ho Tdy (Hd NOi bdy gid) Uy ten Id C6 Nguyet Dudng {CdNguyit\d^ chiit ttr cua chu Ho - hp ciia Ho Xudn Huong). Bd di nhiiu noi va than thiit voi nhiiu danh si, cd ngudi noi tieng nhu Nguyin Du. Cupe doi, tinh duyen cda H 6 Xudn Huong nhieu 6o le, ngang trdi.

Sdng tde eua H6 Xuan Huong gdm ed chii Ndm vd chii Hdn. Theo gidi nghien ciiu, hien cd khodng tren duoi 40 bdi tho Ndm tuong truyin Id eua Hd Xudn Huong. Nu si cdn ed tap tho Luu huang ki (phdt hien nam 1964) gIm 24 bdi chu Hdn va 26 bdi chir Ndm. Trong lich sii van hpe Vipt Nam, Ho Xudn Huong Id hien tupng rdt ddc ddo : nhd tho phu nii viet vl phu nii, trao phung ma trii tinh, dam da chat van hpe dan gian tii dl tai, cam hiing den ngdn ngii, hinh tupng. Noi bat trong sdng tde tho Ndm Hd Xudn Huong Id tiing ndi thuong cdm ddi voi ngudi phu nii, la su khang dinh, dl cao vl dep vd khdt vpng eua hp. Ho Xudn Huong timg dupe m?nh danh Id "Ba Chiia Tho Ndm".

Tu tinh (bdi 11) ndm trong chum tho Tu tinh gom ba bdi eua Ho Xudn Huong.

Ho Xudn Huong {Tranh sen ddu cua Dgng Quy Khoa)

18 2 - MVfrtl.B

VAN BAN Dem'" khuya vdng ving trdng canh^ ) jdn, Tra cdi hdng nhan^ ' vdi nude non. Chdn rugu huong dtra say lai tinh, ving trdng bdng xd khuydt chua trdn. Xidn ngang mat dit, rdu ttmg ddm, Ddm toac chdn mdy, dd miy hdn. Ngdn ndi xudn di xudn lai lai, Manh tinh san se ti eon con!

{ThaHd Xudn Huong, NXB Vdn hpe, Ha Npi, 1987)

HITDING B A N HOC B A I

1. Bdn cau tha diu cho thiy tdc gia dang d trong hodn canh vd tdm trang nhu the nao ? (Chii y khdng gian, thdi gian, gid tri bieu cam cua cdc tir ngii: vdng vdng, ddn, tra, cdi hdng nhan, say lgi tinh, mdi tuong quan giiia hinh tugng trdng sip tdn {bdn^xi) ma van khuyit chua trdn vdi than phdn nii si.)

2. Hinh tugng thidn nhidn trong hai cdu 5 vd 6 gdp phan didn ta tajn trang, thdi dd eCia nhd tha trudc sd ph^n nhu thd ndo ?

3. Hai cdu kdt ndi ldn tdm su gi cua tde gii ? (Chii y nghia eua tii xudn, ttr hfi; nghd thudt tdng tidn: Mdnh tinh - san se - ti - con con.)

4*. Bai tha vira ndi ldn bi laeh duydn phin vtra cho thay khdt vpng sdng, khdt vpng hanh phiic cua Ho Xudn Hirong. Anh (chi) hdy phdn tich diiu dd.

, . GHI NHO ,

Ti/tinh (bdi II) thd hidn tdm trgng, thai dd cCia Hd Xudn Huong : vua dau budn, vtra phdn udt trudc duyen phdn, glng gugng vuon len nhung vdn rai vdo bi kjch. Bai tha cho thiy khdt vpng sdng, khdt vpng hanh phuc vd tdi nang dpc ddo ciia "Ba Chiia Tha Ndm" trong nghe thuat su dung tu ngu va xdy dung hinh tupng.

(1) Tut nay cd bdn chdp id canh. (2) Canh: mOt khodng thdi gian cda ddm (mdt ddm chia ra ndm canh). (3) HSng nhan: md h6ng; chi ngudi phy nii dpp.

19

LUYINTAP

1. Dpc Tg tinh (bdi I) dudi diy, ndu nh$n xdt vl su gidng nhau va khdc nhau giiia Tu tinh (bdi I) vd Tu tinh (bai II).

TUliNH (Bdi I)

Tiing gd vdng vdng gdy trin bom^^\

Odn hgn trdng ra khdp mgi chdm^^\

Md thdm khdng khua md cdng cdc,

Chudng sdu chdng ddnh cd sao om ?

Trudc nghe nhiing tiing thim rin fi,

Sau gi4n vi duyin dimdm mom.

Tdi td vdn nhdn^^^ aiddtd?

Thdn ndy ddu dd chiu gid tom!

{ThaHd Xudn Huong, Sdd)

2. Hpe thudc vd dpc diin cim Tu tinh (bdi II).

(1) Bom: phia sau mpt con thuyin, noi ngudi ddn chdi thudng nudi nhdt gd.

(2) Chdm: xdm nhd 6 mdt sd viing.

(3) Tdi td: ngudi cd tdi vd sdng phdng khodng. Vdn nhdn: ngudi cd hpe vd cd tdi vdn chuong.

20

CAu CA MUA THU. (Thu dau)

NGUYIN KHUYDN

K^ QuA CAN OAT

• Cdm nhdn dugc vd dep ciia cdnh thu didn hinh cho mua thu Idng cdnh Vidt Nam va tinh ydu thidn nhidn, di t nudc, tdm trang thdi thd cda nhd tha.

• Thiy dugc nghd thudt ta cdnh, ta tinh va sii dgng tidng Vidt cua Nguyin Khuydn.

TI^UOAN

Nguyen Khuyin (1835 - 1909) hi$u Id Qui Son, liic nhd tdn Id Nguyin Thing, sinh tai qud ngo^ - xd Hodng Xd (nay Id xd Ydn Trung), huy$n V Ydn, tinh Nam Djnh, ldn ldn vd sdng chii yiu 6 que nOi - ldng Vd (tdn chii Id Vi UBL), xd Ydn D6, huy#n Binh Lye, tinh Hd Nam. Ong xueft thdn trong mdt gia dinh nhd nho nghdo. Ndm 1864, dng dd dau ki thi Huong. M^y kl sau thi tiip l^i truprt, din ndm 1871, dng d5 ddu cd thi H^i vd thi Dinh. Do dd diu cd ba Id thi ndn Nguyin Khuyin dupe gpi Id Tam Nguydn Yen Dd. Tuy dd d^t cao nhung dng chi ldm quan hon mudi ndm, edn phan ldn cuOc ddi Id d^y hpe vd sdng thanh b^ch d qud nhd. Nguyin Khuyin Id ngudi tdi ndng, cd cdt cdch thanh cao.xd t&i ldng ydu nudc thuong ddn, timg bdy td thdi dd kidn quyit khdng hpp tdc vdi chinh quyin thyc ddn Phdp.

Sdng tdc eiia Nguyin Khuyen gom ed chii Hdn vd ehu Ndm vdi s6 lupng ldn, hipn cdn trdn 800 bdi g6m tho, vdn, cdu d6i nhung chu yiu Id tho. Tho Nguyin Khuyin ndi ldn tinh ydu qud huong dat nudc, gia dinh, bd ban; phdn dnh cuOc sdng cda nhiing eon ngudi khd cxfc, thudn hdu, eh^t phde; chdm biim, dd kich thue ddn xdm lupe, tang ldp thdng tri, dong thdi b0c Ip tdin ldng im di ddi vdi ddn, vdi nudc. Ddng gdp ndi bdt cda Nguyin Khuyin cho nin vdn hpe ddn tde td 6 mdng tho Ndm, tho viit vl ldng qud, tho trdophting.

Cdu cd mua thu nlm trong chtun ba bdi tho thu cda Nguyin Khuyin. Theo Xudn Didu, "Nguydn Khuyin ndi tieng nhat trong vdn hpe Vi0t Nam Id vl tho Ndm. Md trong tho Ndm cua Nguyin Khuyen, niic danh nhat la ba bdi tho miia thu : Thu di^u,

Nguyin Khuyin Thu dm, Thu vynh". (Hdng Ki phgc hog ndm 1922)

21

VAN BAN Ao thu lanh leo nudc trong veo, Mgt chide thuyin eau be teo teo. Sdng bide theo lan hoi ggn ti. La vdng tnrdc gid khe dua veo. Ting may la lung trdi xanh ngit, Ngd true quanh co khdch ving teo. Tiia gdi budng cin ^ lau ching dugc, Cd ddu ddp ddng dtrdi chan beo.

{Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyin, NXB Vdn hpe, Hd Ndi, 1971)

HiroMG BAN HUC BAI

1. Diem nhin canh thu cua tdc gii cd gi ddc sic ? Tu didm nhin iy, nhd tha dd bao qudt canh thu nhu thd ndo ?

2. Nhiing tu ngii, hinh inh ndo gpi ldn dugc net ridng ciia canh sac miia thu ? Hay cho bidt dd Id cdnh thu b miin que nao.

3. Anh (ehi) cd nhdn xdt ^ vl khdng gian trong Cdu cd miia thu qua cdc chuyin ddng, mdu sac, idnh inh, am thanh ? Khdng gian trong Cdu cd mua thu gdp phan diin ta tdm trang nhu the nao ?

4. Cdch gieo vin trong bdi tha ed ^ ddc bidt ? Cdch gieo vin iy gpi cho ta cim gidc ^ vl canh thu va tinh thu ?

5. Qua Cdu cd mua thu, anh (chi) cd cim nhan nhu thd nao vl tam ldng eiia nhd tha Nguyin Khuyen ddi vdi thidn nhidn, dit nude ?

GHINHO-

Bai tha Cau ca mua thu thd hien su cdm nhdn vd nghd thudt ggi td tinh te ciia Nguydn Khuyen vl cdnh sic mua thu ddng bang Bic Bd, ddng thdi cho thiy tinh yeu thidn nhidn, dit nudc; tam trang thdi the vd tai tha Ndm ciia'tdc gid.

LUYEN TAP

1. Phdn tich cdi hay cua nghd thudt su dung tu ngu trong bdi Cdu cd miui thu. 2. Hpe thudc vd dpc diin cim bai tho.

(1) Cdn: edn cdu.

22

PHAN TICH DE, LAP D A N Y B A I V A N N G H I L U A N

K^TQUACANOAT

• Nim dugc cdch thuc phdn tfch de vdn nghi ludn. • Bidt cdch ldp dan y bdi vdn nghj ludn.

l-PHANTiCHBi

Dpc cae dl bdi sau vd tri ldi eau hdi ndu d dtrdi.

De l.Tuykidn dudi ddy, anh (ehi) suy nghi givl vide "chuan M hdnh trang vdo the ki mdi"?

"Cdi manh eiia con ngudi Vidt Nam Id sg thdng minh vd nhay bdn vdi cdi mdi... Nhtmg bdn canh cdi manh dd vin tdn tai khdng it cdi ydu. Ay Id nhiing 16 hdng vl kidn thiic ca bin do thidn hudng chay theo nhiing mdn hpe "thdi thugng", nhit Id khi ndng thgc hanh vd sdng tao hi han chd do ldi hpe chay, hpe v?t ndng nl..."

{Theo Vu Khoan, Chudn bf hdnh trang vdo theki mdi)

De 2. Tam su eua Ho Xuan Huong trong bdi Tu tinh (bdi II). Be 3. v l mdt ve dep eiia bdi tha Cdu cd miia thu {Thu diiu) cua Nguyin Khuydn. 1. De nao cd dinh hirdng cu the, dl ndo ddi hdi ngtrdi viet phai tu xdc dinh

hudng triin khai ? 2. Vin dl can nghi iuan cua mdi dl la ^ ? 3. Ph?im vi bai vidt ddn dau ? Dan chiing, tu Ueu thudc linh vuc ddi sdng xa hdi

hay vdn hpe?

H-LAPUANV

Lap dan y Id sip xep cdc y theo trinh tu Idgic. Lap ddn y giiip ngudi vidt khdng bd sdt nhiing ^ quan trpng, ddng thdi logi bd dugc nhiing y khdng cin thidt. Ldp dugc ddn y tdt, cd thd viet dl ddng hon, nhanh hon vd hay hon.

Dua vao kdt qui phdn tich dl, anh (chi) hay ldp ddn y cho cdc dl vdn ndu d muc I.

1. Xdc ldp ludn didm

Ggiy: (3de\,t\i^ kidn ciia Vii Khoan, ed the xdc dinh dugc bao nhidu ludn didm, bao

nhidu lu$n cii cho tung l u ^ diem ? Dd Id nhiing ludn didm, ludn cii ndo ?

23

6 dl 2, cin dua vdo bai hgc b phin Vdn hpe dl xdc dinh tdm sg vd diin bidn tdm trang ciia nhd tha. Mdi net tam trang ed thi coi nhu mdt lu|n diim trong bdi vidt.

6 dl 3, ngirdi vidt phdi tu xdc dinh mpt vin dl md minh nim viing ho$e tdm die nhat dd triin khai, ching han: vd d?p miia thu trong bdi tha, tdm trgng oia nhd thg, vd dep ngdn ngii cua bai tha,... Tu^ vin dl dugc Iga chgn md xdc dinh cdc luan diim ldm sdng td cho vin dl dd,

2. Xdc l$p lu$n oil Tun nhung ludn cd: lam sdng td cho tung lu$n diim.

3. Sip xdp ludn diim, lu$n cii a) Md bdi: Nhin chung phin md bai thudng ed nhidm vu gidi thidu vd dinh

hirdng trien khai vin dl. Anh (chi) hdy dg kidn cdch md bdi cho bdi vdn vidt 6 dl 1 (hode de 2, de 3). b) Thdn bdi: Sip xdp cdc ludn diem, lu$n cu trpng lu$n didm theo mdt trinh t\f

Idgic (quan hd chinh thd - bd ph|ln, quan hd nhdn - qui, diin bien tam trang,...). c) Kit bdi: Tdm luge ndi dung da trinh bdy ho$c ndu nhiing nh|bi dinh, binh

ludn, nhim khoi gpi suy nghi cho ngtrdi dpc. Anh (chi) hay dg kidn ndi dung vd cdch thiie kdt bdi cho bdi vdn vidt d dl 1

(hodcdl2,dl3). 4. Di ddn f mgeh Igc, ein ed ki hidu trudc mdi dl muc, vi du : I, II, III,...;

1,2, o,...; a, D, c,...

, : GHI NHd .

Phdn tich d l Id cdng vide trudc tidn trong qua trinh lam mdt bdi vdn nghj ludn. Khi phdn tich d l , c in dpc kT d l bdi, d id y nhung tu ngu then chdt dd xac djnh ydu c iu v l ndi dung, hinh thiic vd pham vi tu lidu c in sudung.

Qua trinh ldp ddn y bao gdm : xdc ldp ludn didm, ludn ctr, sip xdp cdc ludn didm, ludn cu theo mdt trinh tg Idgic, chdt chd. Cin cd kf hidu trudc mdi dk muc di phdn bift ludn didm, ludn ci i trong ddn y.

LUYEN TAP

Phdn tieh dl vd lap ddn y hai dl sau:

Dl 1. Cam nghi eiia anh (chi) vl gid tri hi$n thuc ctia dogn trich Vdo phu chua Trinh (trich Thugng kinh ki su cua Ld Hiiu Trde).

De 2. Tdi ndng su dung ngdn ngii dan tdc cua Hd Xudn Huong qua mdt bdi tho Ndm {Bdnh trdi nudc hode Tu tinh - bdi II).

24

THAO TAC LAP LUAN P H A N TICH

Kfr QUA CAN DAT -

• N im dugc muc dich, ydu c iu ciia thao tdc ldp ludn phdn tich.

• Bidt phdn tfch mdt v in d l xa hdi hode vdn hoc.

I - MUC BiCH, YlU cAu CUA THAO TAC LAP LUAN P H A N TICH

Mdi su vide, hidn tupng bao gid ciing dugc tgo bdi nhiiu ydu td. Cdc ydu td.ndy khdng tdn tgi ddc lgp ma cd mdi lidn hd, tdc dOng qua lgi lan nhau trong mgt chinh thd thdng nhit. Trong qud trinh nh$n thiic, vide chia nhd ddi tugng thdnh nhidu ydu td dd di sdu xem xdt mdt cdch ki cdng ndi dung vd mdi quan hd bdn trong cung nhu bdn ngodi ciia chiing gpi Id phdn tich.

Dgc dogn trich sau vd thgc hidn cdc ydu ciu ndu d dudi.

Nhung trong xd hdi ndy, bdn thiu vd bdn ti$n thi cd le khdng ai bdng Sd Khanh. Trong cdc nghi bdt chinh ngdy xua, cd mgt cdi nghi rdt tdi tdn la nghi sdng bdm cdc thanh ldu, nghi ldm chdng hd cda gdi diim. Nhung trong cdi bgn tdi tdn dy cung rdt it ai tdi tdn nhu Sd Khanh. Sd Khanh vd ldm nhd nho, ldm hi$p khdch vd Sd Khanh vdyiu dikiim chdc, diddnh lua mdt ngudi con gdi. Ngudi dy lgi Id ngudi vi hiiu thdo md rai vdo chdn ldu xanh, lgi la ngudi dd td ra rdt tin, rdt dgi an Sd Khanh. Vd Sd Khanh lua ngudi ta Id di ngudi ta bi ddnh ddp tai bdi, bi nim vdo kiip ldu xanh khdng cdch gi cudng lgi. Cho nin luc Tu Bd dudi tdi nai vd Sd Khanh ri ddy cuong biin mdt, tdm li cua bdt kl ai, ddu hiin lanh din mdy, khi dgc tdi dd Id: gid cd cdch gi tdm dugc Sd Khanh thi cdi viic ddu tiin Id phdi ddnh cho mdt trdn. Nhung cdi tdn nhdn vd vd liim si cda Sd Khanh khdng phdi chicd thi. Hdn cdn di xa han nda. Sau dd, hdn cdn ddn mat mo din, mdng dt Kiiu vd toan ddnh Kiiu nda. Cdi trd lira bip vd lim bip xong Id trd mat ndy lgi khdng phdi la chuyin ngdu nhiin, chuyin mgt ldn. Theo Md Kiiu thi cdi chuydn ndy hdn dd diin ra khdng biit ldn thu mdy, hdn dd thdnh tay ndi tiing bgc tinh. Nhdn vdt Sd Khanh hodn thdnh biic tranh vi cdc nhd chiia. Nd Id cdi mdc cao nhdt cda tinh hinh ddi bgi trong xd hgi ndy.

1 ' —- — — .

{Hodi Thanh todn tdp, tdp II, NXB Vdn hpe, Hd NOi, 1999)

25

1. Xdc dinh npi dung y kidn ddnh gid cua tdc gid ddi vdi nhan vgt Sd IQianh.

2. De thuyet phuc ngudi dpc, tdc gii dd phdn tich y kidn cua minh nhu the ndo ?

3. Chi ra su ket hgp chdt chd giiia phan tieh vd tdng hgp trong dogn trich.

4. Ke them mdt sd ddi tupng phdn tieh trong cae bdi vdn nghi ludn (xa hdi vd vdn hpe).

5. Anh (ehi) hieu the ndo Id phan tieh trong vdn nghi lugn ? Nhiing ydu ciu cua thao tdc ndy Id gi ?

II - CACH P H A N TiCH

Dpc lai dogn trich d muc I vd eae dogn trich dudi day dl tim hieu cdch phdn tieh.

(1) Nhung ndi din nhiing luc lugng bgo tdn cua sdminh, khdng thi khdng ndi din thi luc cua dong tiin. Trong xd hdi "Truyin Kiiu", ddng tiin dd thdnh mdt sdc mgnh tdc qudi rdt ghi. Nguyin Du khdng phdi khdng nhdc din tdc dung tdt cua dong tiin. Cd tiin Thuc Sinh, Tic Hdi mdi chudc dugc Kiiu, Kiiu mdi ciiu dugc cha vd sau ndy bdo dime an cho ngudi ndy, ngudi ng. Dd Id nhiing khi ddng tiin ndm trong tay ngudi tdt. Nhung chu yiu Nguyin Du vdn nhin vi mgt tdc hgi. Vi Nguyin Du thdy rd cd mgt logt hdnh ddng gian dc bdt chinh diu Id do dong tiin chi phdi. Quan lai vi tiin md bdt chdp cdng li; sai nha vl tien md tra tdn cha con Vuong dng; Tu Bd Md Gidm Sinh, Bgc Bd, Bgc Hgnh vi tiin md ldm nghi budn thit bdn ngudi; Sd Khanh vi tiin md tdng tgn luang tdm; Khuyin, Ung vi tiin md ldm nhiing diiu dgi dc. Cd mdtxd hgi chgy theo tiin.

Mdu tham hi thdy hai dong thi mi.

Dong tiin ca ho dd thdnh mdt thi luc vgn ndng. Tdi hoa, nhgn sdc, tinh nghia, nhdn phdm, cdng li diu khdng cdn cd nghia gi trudc thi luc cua dong tiin. Tdi tinh, hiiu hgnh nhu Kiiu cung chi cdn la mdt mdn hdng, khdng han khdng kim. Ngay Kiiu nda, cdi vi?c dgi ddt nhdt, tdi ldi nhdt trong sudt ddi ndng, cdi viic nghe ldi Hd Tdn Hiin khuyin Tic Hdi ra hdng, mgt phdn cung bdi xiiu ldng vi nggc vdng cua Ho Tdn Hiin.

Cho nin ndi din ddng tiin, phdn nhiiu Nguyin Du cd gigng rat hdn hgc vd khinh bi. Ngay khi ddng tiin cd tdc dung thu xip vg dn Vuang dng Nguyin Du vdn mia mai chua chdt:

26

Trohg tay dd sdn dong tiin,

Ddu ldng ddi trdng thay den khd gi.

Hg Chung ra siic giup vi,

Li tdm dd ddt, tung ki cung xong.

{Hodi Thanh todn tdp, t§p II, Sdd)

(2) Tic giiia thi ki XX, ddn sd thi gidi tdng vdi nhip dd chua tdng thdy. Ndm 1950, ddn sd thi gidi Id 2,5 ti ngudi vd din ndm 1980, sau 30 ndm dd lin tdi 4,4 ti ngudi, ndm 1987 la 5 ti. Niu cu theo tdc dd gia tdng cua nhiing ndm 80 cua thiki ndy (thiki XX) thi din giiia thiki XXI (ndm 2050), ddn sd thi gidi si dgt con sdgdn 9 ti ngudi.

Ddn sdngdy cdng tdng dd dnh hudng rdt nhiiu din ddi sdng ciia mdi cd nhdn, mdi ddn tdc cung nhu todn thi cdng ddng. Nhiing dnh hudng dd Id: khdng cd du luang thuc, thuc phdm cung cdp cho bda dn hdng ngdy, tic dd ddn din cdnh ddi ngheo, tinh trgng thiiu dinh dudng ddn din susuy thodi siic khoe, giudng ndi khdng nhang khdng phdt triin md cdn de ddng bi thodi hod. Ddn sdtdng, trong khi viic ldm, casdsdn xudt cd hgn ddn din thiiu vi^c ldm, thdt nghiip ngdy cdng tdng, ddn sd tdng cdng nhanh thi chdt lugng cudc sdng ciiu cgng ddng, cda gia dinh vd cd nhdn si ^m sdt.

(Din theo Nguyin Minh Thuyit (Chd bidn), Tiing Viit thuc hdnh, NXB Dai hpe Qudc gia Hd NOi, 1996)

Nhin chung, phdn tieh Id chia nhd ddi tupng ra ttmg ydu td, tiing khia cgnh theo nhiing tidu chi, nhiing mdi quan h$ nhit dinh de tim hidu cdn ke, sau sic ddi tugng.

- Hay lan Itrgt phan tieh cdch phdn chia ddi tugng trong mdi doan trich trdn.

- Chi ra mdi quan hd giiia phdn tieh vd tdng hgp dugc th i hidn trong mdi doan trich.

GHINHO-

Mgc dfch ctia phdn tfch Id lam ro ddc diem vd ndi dung, hinh thiic, cau true va cdc mdi quan hd bdn trong, bdn ngoai cua ddi tugng (su vdt, hien tugng). Khi phdn tfch, can chia, tdch ddi tugng thanh cdc yeu td theo nhCrng tidu chf, quan hd nhit djnh (quan hd gi&a cac yeu td tao ndn ddi tugng, quan hd nhdn qud, quan hd giua ddi tugng vdi cac ddi ttrgng lidn quan, quan hd giua ngudi phdn tfch vdi ddi tugng phdn tfch,...). Phdn tfch cdn di sdu vao tCmg ydu td, tung khfa canh, song can ddc bidt Itru y ddn quan hd giua chiing vdi nhau trong mdt chfnh thd toan ven, thdng nhat.

27

LUYINTAP

1. Trong cic dogn trich dudi day, ngirdi viet da phdn tich ddi tugng tu nhiing mdi quan he nao ?

a) "Ndi riing. riing nhOng bdn hodn" trong ldng Thuy Kiiu dim nay Id v^. Ndng chi CO thdc vdi nggn den cho din khi ddu khd trong dia md ddng li vdn khdr^ dut ddm khdn. "Ddu chong trdng dia 1$ trdn thdm khdn". bdi ndng chi cd xdt dau rdi dau x6t chu chua tim dugc phuang kdndo. "Bdn hodn" mang 3? quanh qudn, qudn quanh, lgi thim "nhiing bdn hodn" nin cdng thdm rdi rdm. Am di$u cdu tha lgi xody sdu vdo trong long cd ddc, vdo chd sdu kin nhdt, chi minh bidt minh hay (ndi rang riing nhiing), cdng tdng cdi giay vd cda tdm trgng dang hodn todn bitdc

(Ld Tri Viln, Din vdi tha hay, NXB Gido dye, 2001)

b) Con rdt nhiiu cdu cd thd tiiu bieu cho ldi cdm xuc riing cda Xudn Di$u. Tdi chi ddn mdt thi du ndy nda. Trong bdn dich "Ti bd hdnh" cua Phan Huy Vinh c6 hai cdu:

Thuyin mdy Id dong tdy lgng ngdt, Mgt vdng trdng trong vdt long sdng.

td cdnh chung quanh thuyin sau khi ngudi ti bd phg vua ddnh ddn xong. Mdt cdi cdnh ldng le, lanh lung dn mdt mdi budn dm thdm, kin ddo. ThiLu cdledd nhd den hai cdu dy khi viit:

Tiing diiu sdo nao nao trong vdt, Trdi quang mdy xanh ngdt mdu la.

Mgc ddu hai chd "nao nao" cd dua vdo trong cdu tha mdt chut rung ddng ta vdn chuaxagi cdi khdng khi binh yin trin bin Tdm Duong. Vdi Xudn Di$u cd tinh ldn cdnh trd nin xdn xao vd cung. Ngudi kt nu cua Xudn Di$u cdng ba va nhu ngudi ti bd phg. Nhung ndng khdng ldng le budn, ta thdy ndng run lin vi dau khd:

Em sg ldm. Gid bdng trdn mgi neo; Trdi ddy trdng Ignh Iia sudt xuang da.

(Hodi Thanh - Hodi Chdn, Thi nhdn Viit Nam, NXB Vdn hpe, 1988)

2. Phdn tich vl dep eua ngdn ngii nghd thudt trong Tg tinh (bdi II).

28

THUONG V O TRANT^XUCfNG

K^TQUACANOAT-

• Cdm nhdn dugc hinh dnh bd Tii vd tinh cam thuang ydu, quy trpng ngirdi vg cung nhCrng tdm sg cua nhd tha.

• Thiy dugc thdnh cdng nghd thudt cua bai tha: sii dung tidng Viet gian dj, tu nhidn, gidu sire bidu cdm ; vdn dung sdng tao hinh dnh, each ndi cCia vdn hpe ddn gian.

^

TI^UBAN

Trin Tl Xuong (1870 - 1907) thudng gpi Id Tii Xuong, qud ir ldng Vi Xuydn, huydn MI LOc, tinh Nam Dinh (nay thuOc phudng VI Hodng, thdnh phd Nam Dinh). Tu Xuomg chi sdng 37 ndm vd chi dd.tii tdi nhung sy nghiep tho ea ctia dng dd trd thdnh bit tii. Vdi khodng trdn 100 bdi, chii yiu Id tho Ndm, gdm nhiiu thi tho (thit ngdn bdt cd, thit ngdn hi tuydt, lye bdt) vd mpt sd bdj vdn tl, phii, cdu ddi,... sdng tdc ciia Tii Xuong gdm hai mdng: trdo phiing vd trii tinh, diu bit ngudn tii tdm huyit eiia nhd tho vdi ddn, vdi nudc, vdi ddi.

Tho xua viit vl ngudi vp dd it, md viit vl ngudi vp Idii dang cdn sdng cdng hiim hoi hon. Tho Trin Tl Xuong Isii khdc. Trong sdng tdc cda dng, cd hin mOt dl tdi vl bd Tii gdm ed tho, vdn tl, cdu ddi. Bd Tu tiing chiu nhiiu vit vd gian trudn trong cudc ddi, nhung bd lai ed niim h^nh phiic Id ngay liic cdn sdng da dupe di vdo tho dng Tii vdi tit ed niim thuong ydu, trdn trpng cda chdng.

Thuang vg\h mOt trong nhiing bdi tho hay vd cdm ddng nhit cda Tu Xuong viit vl bd Tii.

VAN BAN

Quanh nam budn ban b mom sdng'", Nudi dii ndm con vdi mdt chdng. Ldn Ipi thdn cd khi qudng ving, Eo seo(2) m^t nude budi dd ddng.

(1) Mom sdng: phin dit 6 bd sdng nhd ra phia ldng sdng, noi ngudi ldng chdi thudng hay ty t|ip mua bdn.

(2) £o 5eo: ki kdo, kdii ea phdn nan mdt cdch khd chiu.

29

Mpt duydn'i' hai ng(2) du ddnh phdn' ), Ndm ning mudi mtra dam quin cdng. Cha me thdi ddi dn d bgc, Cd chdng hd hiing cung nhu khdng.

{Tha vdn Trdn Ti Xuang NXB Gida due, Ha NOi, 1984)

HirdNG BAN HOC B A I

1. Cdm nhgn eiia anh (ehi) vl hinh inh bd Tu qua bdn cdu tha diu ? (Chii y nhiing ttr ngu cd gid tri tgo hinh, hinh anh con ed trong ea dao dugc tac gia v$n dung mdt cdch sdng tgo.)

2. Phdn tich nhiing cdu tha ndi ldn dire tinh cao dep cua ba Tii.

3. Ldi "chui" trong hai eau tha cudi Id ldi cua ai, ed y nghia gi ?

4. Ndi ldng thuong vg eua nhd tha dugc thd hidn nhu the ndo ? Qua bdi tha, anh (chi) cd nhdn xdt gi vl tdm sg vd ve dep nhdn cdch ciia Tii Xuong ?

GHI NHd .

Vdi tinh cam thuong yeu, quy trpng, tdc gia da ghi lai mdt cdch xuc ddng, chdn thyc hinh dnh ngudi vg.tan tao, giau dtrc hi sinh. Thuong vg\k bdi tha tieu bieu cho tha trCr tinh cua Tran Te Xuong : cam xuc chdn thdnh, Idi tha gian dj ma sdu sic.

LUYEN T A P

Phdn tich su vgn dung sang tao hinh anh, ngdn ngii vdn hgc dan gian trong bdi tha trdn.

(1) Duyin: d ddy cd nghia la quan h0 vp chong do trdi dinh sdn.

(2) Ng: 6 ddy ed nghia la gdnh ndng phdi chiu. NgudLxua cho rdng vp chdng lay nhau niu tdt dep Id duyin, trdi l?ii thi la ng.

(3) Au ddnh phdn {du ddnh - tiing co : thdi danh): thdi ddnh do sd phdn.

30

L Q U lOiOC DUONG KHUi NGUYDN KHUYEN

TI^U BAN

Duong Khud (1839 - 1902) ngudi ldng Vdn Dmh, tdng Phuomg Dinh, tinh Hd Ddng (nay Id huypn ting Hod, thuOe Hd NOO, dd tiin si ndm 1868, ldm quan din ehiie Tdng ddc Nam Djnh, Ninh Binh. Ong Id ban thdn cda Nguyin Khuyin.

Bai Khdc Duang Khui liic diu viit bing chu Hdn {Vdn dong niin Vdn Dinh tiin si Duang Thugng thu), sau dd dupe ehinh Nguyin Khuyin djch ra chii Ndm vd bdn chii Ndm 1^ cd phin phd biin hon bdn chu Hdn.

VAN BAN

Bdc Duong thdi da thdi rdi. Nude mdy man mdc ngdm ngiii ldng ta.

Nhd ttr thud ddng khoa^ ' ngdy tnrdc, Vdn sdm hdm tdi bdc cung nhau;

Kfnh ydu ttr trudc den sau, Trong khi gap gd khdc ddu duydn trdi ) ?

Ciing ed luc choi noi dam khdch, Tidng sudi nghe rdc rdch lung deo ;

Cd khi ttmg gdc eheo leo, Thii vui con hdt Iga'chilu cam xoang' ).

Cling ed liic rugu ngon ciing nhap, Chdn quynh tuong' ^ dm ip bau xudn.

Cd khi bdn sogn cdu vdn, Bidt bao ddng bich, didn phin^^' tnrdc sau.

Budi duong diut^' ciing nhau hogn ngn, Phdn diu thdng(7) ching ddm tham trdi ;

Bac gii, tdi cQng gid rdi, Bidt thdi, thdi the thi tiidi mdi Id!

{I) Ddng khoa: tia 6.0. (2) "5? cd cdu tho: sv gdp gd ciia hai ngudi b?n nhu cd trdi xui khien. (3) Cdm xoang {cdm: ddn; xoang: di^u hdt): 6 day chi vide tde gid vd bsm di hdt a ddo. (4) Quynh tuang: chi thii nipu ngon. (5) Ddng bich \ chi phdng dpc sdch. Diin phdn: tiic tam phdn ngd diin, chi cdc sdch thdi thupng

cd Tnmg Qudc md nhd nho xua nghidn ciiu. (6) Budi duang cdu: thdi budi suy ddi, vdn h^ui; 6 day chi thdi gian nude ta b j thyc dan Phdp xdm lupe. (7) Phdn ddu thdng: ddu vd thdng Id dyng cu dong thdc g?io thdi xua. Cdc, quan ngdy xua nhdn

luong bdng thdc ndn ndi phdn ddu thdng la ndi phdn ngudi ldm quan.

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Mudn di lgi tudi gid thdm nhdc, Tnrdc ba ndm gdp bdc mdt lin;

cim tay hdi hdt xa gin, Mirng ring bac hay tinh thin chua ean.

Kl tudi tdi cdn hon tudi bdc, Tdi lgi dau tnrdc bdc miy ngdy;

Lam sao bdc vdi vl ngay, Chgt nghe, tdi bdng chan tay rgng rdi.

Ai ching bidt chdn ddi Id phii, Sao vgi vdng dd mii ldn tidn;

Rugu ngon khdng cd ban hiin, Khdng mua khdng phii khdng tiin khdng mua.

Cdu tha nghl ddn do khdng vidt, Vidt dua ai, ai biet ma dtra.

Giirdng kia treo"^ cung hiing hd, Ddn kia 2) gjy cung ngin nga tidng dan.

Bdc ching d, diu van ching 6, Tdi tuy thuang, liy nhd Igm thuong;

Tudi gia hgt Id nhu suong. Hoi ddu chudc lay hai hdng ehiia chan!

{Tha vdn Nguyin Khuyin, Sdd)

HUtOniGBAN BBC THEM

1. Theo anh (chi), bdi tha ndy cd the chia thdnh miy dogn ? Ndi dung eia m8i dogn Id gi ?

2. Tinh bgn thim thidt, thuy chung giiia hai ngirdi dugc the hidn nhu thd ndo ? (Chii y diin bidn tdm trgng cua tde gii: ndi dau ddn liie nghe tin bgn qua ddi, sdng lgi nhiing ki ni$m trong tinh bgn, ndi trdng ving khi bgn mat.)

3. Day la mdt bai tha cd nghd tiiudt tu tir ddc sic. Hay phdn tieh nhiing bidn phdp nghd thudt tu ttr thd hi^n ndi trdng ving eua nhd tha khi bgn qua ddi.

(1) Giuang treo: Trin Phdn thdi Hdu Hdn ed ngudi b^n thdn Id Tit Trf. Phdn ddnh ridng cho b^n mpt cdi giudng, khi ban din choi thi mdi ngdi, liic ban vl 1^ treo giudng ldn.

(2) Ddn kia: Tuomg truyin Bd Nha vd Chung Tu Ki la hai ngudi ban. Bd Nha Id ngudi choi ddn gidi. Tii Ki cd tdi nghe tieng ddn eiia Bd Nha md hilu dupe diiu Bd Nha dang nghl. Ngudi ta gpi dd Id ban tri dm (hilt dupe tiing dan). Sau khi Tii Kj chit, Bd Nha ddp bd ddn vi cho ring khdng ed ai hilu dtipc tiing ddn eua minh. Cd thuyit ndi Id Bd Nha treo ddn khdng gdy nfia.

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/ O Q C T H £ M .

U Q J V I N H KHOA THI HUONG TRANT^XUONG

TI^UBAN

Vfnh khoa thi Huang (ed ban ghi \k Li xudng danh khoa thi Dinh Ddu) Id bdi tho thudc dl tdi "thi eii" - mOt dl tdi khd ddm ndt trong sdng tdc eua Tu Xuong (13 bdi viia tho vita phii), dd thi hidn thdi dd mia mai, phdn uat cda nhd tho ddi vdi chi dd thi cii duong thdi va ddi vdi eon duong khoa cii cua rieng dng. Qua nhiing bdi tho ndy, tdc gid ve ndn rnOt phlri hi$n thyc nhdn nhdo, d hpp cda xa hOi thyc ddn niia phong kiln budi diu, ddng thdi ndi ldn tdm sy cda minh trudc tinh cdnh dat nudc.

VAN BAN

Nha nirdc ba ndm md mdt khoa^", Trudng Nam thi lan vdi tnrdng Ha 2)_ Ldi thdi si ttr vai deo Ip' ^ Am oe quan tnrdng midng thdt loa. Lpng * cim rgp trdi quan sii ddn' ^ Vdy Id qudt dit mu dim ra ^ . Nhdn tdi dit Bic ndo ai dd, Ngoinh cd md trdng cdnh nudc nhd.

{Tha vdn Trdn Ti Xuang, Sdd)

(1) Nhd nudc: bO mdy qudn li qudc gia, 6 ddy chi triiu dinh phong kiln nhd Nguyin. Ba ndm: theo 1$ thudng dudi thdi phong kiln, cii ba ndm cd mdt khoa thi Huong.

(2) Truang Nam: trudng thi 6 Nam Dinh. Trudng Hd: trudtig thi d Hd NOi. Dd la hai trudng thi Huong 6 Bic Ki thdi xua. Thyc ddn Phdp ddnh ehilm Ha Ndi, trudng thi Ha NOi bj bai bd. Tii ndm Binh Tult (1886), cdc si tii trudng Hd NOi xudng thi chung d trudng Nam Dinh.

(3) Lg: Ip dvmg nuoc udng (thi sinh lam bdi 6 trong llu cd ngdy, phdi mang theo dd dn, thiic udng).

(4) L(>«g: cd bdn ghi Id cA (5), (6) Khoa thi Huong ndy cd Todn quyin Phdp d Ddng Duong la PdnDu-me (PaulDoumer) ciing

vp din d\f. Ddy Id cdnh ddn rude Todn quyin din trudng thi Nam Djnh tai ldng Mi Trpng biy gid (nay thudc thdnh phd Nam Djnh).

HUdNG BAN BOC THEM

1. Hai eau diu cho tiiay ki till ed gi khdc thudng ? (Chii y phdn tich Id tir ldn.)

2. Anh (chi) cd nhdn xet gi vl hinh inh si tu vd quan trudng ? (Chii y cdc tir ldi thdi, am oe vai bien phap nghd thudt dao ngii; cae hinh inh vai deo lg cua si tii, mieng thet loa ciia quan trtrdng.) Ttr hai cau tha 3 vi 4, anh (chi) cd cam nhdn nhir the ndo vl canh thi cu liic bay gid ?

3. Phan ti'eh hinh inh quan sii, bd dim vd sue mgnh cham bidm, di kich ciia bi n phdp nghd thudt ddi d hai eau 5, 6.

4. Phdn tieh tdm trgng, thdi dd eua tde gii trudc canh tupng trudng thi. Ldi nhin gpi eua Tii Xuong d heii cdu tha cudi ed y nghia tu tudng gi ?

H4 ^^ 3 - HVII-TI-e

TU NGON NGU CHUNG D I N LOI NOI CA N H A N (Tidp theo)

III - QUAN HE GIUA NGON NGU CHUNG VA Ldi NUI CA NHAN

Giiia ngdn ngii chung ciia cdng ddng xd hdi vd ldi ndi eiia cd nhdn ed mdi quan he hai chiiu:

- Ngdn ngii chung la ea sd de mdi ed nhdn san sinh ra nhiing ldi ndi cu the cua rninh, ddng thdi linh hdi dugc ldi ndi eua cd nhan khdc. Mudn tgo ra ldi ndi (khi ndi, khi vidt) de thoa man nhu ciu biiu hidn vd giao tidp trong nhiing tinh hudng eg thd, mdi ed nhan phai huy ddng cdc ydu td ngdn ngii chung (nhu cdc tir) vd van dung cdc quy tie hode phuang thue chung. Mat khdc, khi nghe, khi dgc, mdi ed nhan cin tidp nhdn, tim hieu, linh hdi ndi dung vd muc dich giao tidp trong ldi ndi eua ngudi khdc, liic dd ed nhdn ciing cin dga trdn ea sd nhiing ydu td chung, nhiing quy tic vd phuong thiie chung thudc ngdn ngii eiia cdng ddng xd hdi.

- Ldi ndi cd nhdn Id thue te sinh ddng, hidn thuc hod nhiing ydu td chung, nhiing quy tic vd phuong thiic chung eiia ngdn ngur. Vi du : Quy tic ciu tgp cdu don gdm ba thdnh phin trgng ngd - chu ngic-vi ngd dugc hien thgc hod qua eau tha dau tidn trong Truy$n Kiiu cua Nguyin Du:

Trdm ndm trong cdi ngudi ta, Chd tdi, chu minh khio Id ghit nhau.

Hon niia, chinh nhiing su bien ddi vd chuyin hod diin ra trong ldi ndi cd rihan din din gdp phin hinh thdnh va xdc lap nhiing cdi mdi trong ngdn ngii, nghia la lam cho ngdn ngii chung phdt trien. (Xem nhiing tir mdi d mgc II.4.)

, GHI NHO .

Ngdn ngCr chung ciia xa hdi Id ca sd dd sdn sinh vd iTnh hdi Idi ndi ca nhdn. Ngtrgc lai trong Idi ndi ca nhdn vCra cd phin bieu hidn cua ngdn ngCr chung, vtra cd nhu-ng net ridng. Han nua cd nhdn cd thd sdng tao, gdp phan lam bien ddi va phdt tridn ngdn ngCr chung.

LUYiN TAP

1. Tir ndch la mdt tii phd bien, quen thudc vdi mpi ngudi ndi tidng Vidt vdi nghia "m|it dudi chd cdnh tay ndi vdi nggc" {TU diin tiing Viit - Hodng Phd chii bidn). Nhung trong caii tha dtrdi day, Nguyin Du (trong Truyin Kiiu) dd cd sg sang tgo ridng khi dung tir ruich nhu the ndo ?

Ndch tudng bdng liiu bay sang ldng giing.

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2. Trong nhiing cau tha sau, tir xudn dugc diing theo sg sdng tgo ridng ciia moi nha tha nhu thd ndo ? Hay phan tich nghia ciia tii xudn trong ldi tha ciia mdi ngudi. - Ngdn ndi xudn di xudn lgi lgi. '

(Hd Xudn Huong, Tg tinh - bdi H) Cdnh xudn dd bi cho ngudi chuyin tay. '

(Nguyin Du, rrM> /j iS^u) Chen quynh tuang dm dp bdu xudn.

(Nguyin Khuyin, Khdc Duang Khui) Mua xudn Id Tit trdng cdy,

Ldm cho ddt nudc cdng ngdy cdng xudn.

(Hd Chi Minh)

3. Cung la tii mtir trdi trong ngdn ngii chung, nhung mdi tde gii trong nhiing cdu tha sau dd cd sdng tgo nhu thd nao khi su dung ?

a) Mdt trdi xudng biin nhu hdn Ida. Sdng dd cdi then, dim sdp cua.

(Huy Cdn, Dodn thuyin ddnh cd) b) Tic dy trong tdi bimg ndng hg,

Mdt trdi chdn li chdi qua tim.

c) Mdt trdi cua bdp thi ndm trin ddi Mdt trdi cua m?, em ndm trin lung.

(j6mrai,Titdy)

(Nguyin Khoa Diem, Khdc hdt ru nhOng em bi l&n trin limg m?)

4. Theo anh (chi), tirong nhiing cau sau, ttr ndo Id tu mdi dugc tgo ra trong thdi gjan gin ddy ? Chiing dugc tgo ra dga vdo nhiing tidng ndo ed sSn vd theo phuang thiic ciu tgo ttr nhu thd ndo ?

a) Nhung ngdm nghi mdt chut, hg si thdy nhiing vdt rhgn mdn nhdt chda cd mdt su thdng tin sdu sdc.

(Bdo Qudnd0i nhdn ddn)

b) Gdi miit vudn gidi gidn, ldm trdm cdng nghin viic khdng biit m$t.

(Minh Tuyin)

e) Tdi dugc xem bdng ghi hinh mgi chi tiit cda cudc md [...] bdng ca-mi-ra chuyin dgng cda chinh mdy ngi soi.

(Quan^Dlu)

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BAI CA N G A T N G U O N G NGUYfiNCONGTRU

K ^ QUA CAN DAT -

• Hidu dung thuc chit vd y nghTa cCia phong each sdng cd ban ITnh cd nhdn (dugc gpi la "ngit ngudng") cCia Nguyin Cdng TrCr trong khudn khd xd hdi phong kien chuyen chd.

• N im dugc mpt vdi dac didm ciia thd hdt ndi.

TIEU BAN

Nguyin Cdng Tni (1778 - 1858), ty Id Tdn Chit, hi$u Ngp Trai, bidt hi$u Hi Vdn, xuit thdn trong mOt gia dinh Nho hpe, ngudi ldng Uy Viin, huydn Nghi Xudn, tinh Ha Tinh. Tii nhd cho den ndm 1819, dng sdng nghdo khd vd chinh trong thdi gian ndy, Nguyin Cdng Tni dd cd diiu kidn tham gia sinh ho^t hdt ca trii vdn khd phdt triin 6 ldng Cd Dam gin ldng dng. Ndm 1819,

dng thi dd Gidi nguydn yd dupe bd Idm quan. Bdng cudc ddi ciia chinh bdn thdn, dng da chung td minh Id ngudi cd tdi ndng vd nhidt huyit tren nhiiu linh vyc ho it ddng xd hOi, tir vdn hod, kinh t l din quan sy. Nhimg eon dudrng Idm quan ciia Nguyin Cdng Tni khdng bing phlng. Ong dupe thdng chiic vd hi gidng chiie thit thudng. Cd Iiic, Nguyin Cdng Trti dupe bd nhi$m Idm Tdng ddc HIi An, cd Iiic lai bJ gidng chiie Idm linh thii it Qudng Ngai.

Nguyin Cdng Tni sdrig tdc hau hit bing chii Ndm. The lo^ ua thich cda dng Id hdt ndi (hdt ndi Id mOt diOu ciia ea trii nen cd ngudi cdn gpi chimg la ca trii). Hdt ndi da khd phd biin tu cdc thi ki trudc, nhat la cudi thi ki XVIII, song Ngsyin Cdng Trir Id ngudi dau tien da cd cdiig dem din cho hdt ndi mOt nOi dung phii hpp vdi chiie ndng vd

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ elu tnic ciia nd.

Nguyin Cdng Tru (Tranh chdn dung tgi nhd thd d ldng Uy Viin)

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VAN BAN Vii tru ndi mac phi phdn sii^", Ong Hi Van tdi bd da vdo Idng^ ). Khi Thu khoa, khi Tham tdn, khi Tdng ddc Ddng»),

Gdm thao luge'*' da ndn tay ngat ngudng. Liic binh Tay ^ ed dgi tudng, Cd khi vl Phu dodn Thua Thidn^e).

Dd mdn giii td chi nien<^, Dac ngga bd vdng deo ngat ngudng^ '. Kia nui ng ^ phau phau may trdng, Tay kidm cung md ndn dgng tii bi. Got tidn theo dung dinh mdt ddi di ^ ^ But cung ngc cudi dng ngit ngudng. Dugc mit duong duong ngirdi thdi thupng'^", Khen ehd phoi phdi ngpn ddng phong^ )

(1) Mpi vide trong khodng trdi dit diu la phdn sijr cda ta. (2) Tdi bd: tdi hoa. Vdo iSng: Idm quan dupe xem Id bi giam ham trong ldng, mit ttf do. (3) Tha khoa: dd diu, chi vide Nguyin Cdng Tni dd Gidi nguydn ki thi Huong ndm 1819. Tham

tdn : ndm 1833, dng Idm Tham tdn qudn vu ; ndm 1841, dupe thdng Tham tdn d?u thin. Ting ddcDdng: ndm 1835, dng giu ehiie Tdng ddc Hdi An (Hdi Duong vd Quang Ydn). Ddy Id hai tinh phia ddng Ha NOi. Cd cdu •^ ndi dng cd tdi ndng nhiiu m$t, da hoat dOng tren nhiiu linh vvrc.

(4) Thao luge: tai ndng qudn sii. (5) Binh Tdy: hoat ddng qudn su eua dng 6 miin tdy Nam Bd trong cdc ndm 1840 -1841. (6) Pha dodn : quan dau tinh, noi cd kinh dd ; ndm 1848, Nguydn Cdng Tni chinh thiic ldm

Phii doan Thua Thidn. (7) Gidi td: cdi day deo an. Nghia cd cdu: ndm 6 kinh dd cdi tra ^ (cua quan lai) de vl huu. (8) Tuong truyin dng vl huu, thirdng cudi bd vdng cd deo nh^e ngua; lai treo cdi mo cau d.phln

tren dudi bd, ndi Id dl che midng thi gian. {9) Ndi no: mii Dai Nai gan thj xa Hd Tinh. (10) Nguyin Cdng Tni thudng dua theo cdc ed hiu gdi len chua Thidn Tupng trdn nui Hdng.

Phan Bdi Chau cd tho vinh vi$e nay: "Ha nhu Uy ^dn tudng qudn thii - Tu^ ung hdng nhi thupng phdp mdn" (Sao ed dupe cdi thii cua Uy Viin tudng qudn - Rupu say dua cdc cd gdi tti len ehiia).

(11) Ngudi thdi thugng: y ndi cflng nhu ngudi thdi thupng cd, khdng quan tdm chuydn dupe vail (12) Ddng phong: gid miia xudn. Theo ngu hdnh, phuong ddng ling vdi hdnh Mpe, ehu vl mfla xuda

Y ea cdu: chuydn khen che bd ngodi tai, trudc mpi ldi khen che cii vui phoi phdi nhu di trong gi6 xudn ain dp.

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Khi ea, khi tiiu, khi cic, khi tung, Khdng Phgt, khdng Tidn, khdng vudng tgc. Chang Trdi, Nhgc cung vdo phudng Han, Phti'i', Nghia vua tdi cho ven dgo sa chirng' ). Trong triiu ai ngat ngudng nhu dng!

(Lfi THUi&C, Su nghi$p vd thi vdn cda Uy Viin tuang cdng Nguyin Cdng Tru.

Ld Vdn Tdn xuit bdn, 1928)

HUIDMGBANHUCBAI

1. Trpng Bdi ca ngdt ngudng, tii "ngit ngudng" dugc sii dung miy lin ? Anh (chi) hay xac dinh nghia eua tii "ngat ngudng" qua cdc vdn einh su dung dd.

2. Dga vdo vdn b in Bdi ca ngdt ngudng, anh (chj) hay giii thich vi sao Nguyin Cdng Trii bidt ring vide lam qujui Id gd bd, mit tii do {vdo ldng) nhung vin ra ldm quan.

3. 6 bai hdt ndi ndy, Nguydn Cdng Tni tu ke vl minh. Vi sao dng cho minh la ngit ngudng ? 6ng ddnh gid su ngat ngudng eua minh nhu thd ndo ?

4. Dgc dien cim bdi hdt ndi nay. Hdy chi ra nhiing ndt tg do cua the tdi hdt ndi so vdi tha Dirdng ludt vd cho bidt y nghia eiia tinh chat tg do dd.

, GHI NHd .

• Ngit ngudng la cdch Nguyin Cdng TrCr thd hidn b in iTnh cd nhdn trong cudc sdng.

• Hat ndi la thd loai tdng hgp giCra ca nhac vd tha, cd tfnh chit tu do phdng khodng, thich hgp vdi vide thd hidn con ngtrdi cd nhdn.

LUYINTAP

Theo anh (chi), sd vdi Bdi ca phong cdnh Huong Son (bdi dpc thdm, tr. 50), Bdi ca ngdt ngudng od sg khdc bif t gi vl mdt tir ngu ?

(1) Trdi Tudn thdi Hdn vd ba ngudi thdi Tdng: Nh?ic Phi, Hdn Ki, Phd Bdt - nhirng ngudi ndi tiing ed sg nghidp hiin hdch.

(2) Sa chung {sa: bit diu; chung: kit thuc): cd trudc cd sau, thu^ chung nhu nhit.

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BAI CA NGAN Dl TREN BAI CAT CAOBAQUAT (Sa hdnh dodn ca)

KfTQUACANOAT-

• Hieu dugc su chdn ghet cua Cao Ba Qudt ddi vdi con dudng muu c iu danh Igi t im thudng vd nidm khao khat ddi mdi cudc sdng trong hoan canh xa hdi nhd Nguydn bao thd, tri trd.

• N im dugc mdt vdi ddc diem va khd ndng biiu dat ndi dung cua the hanh.

TIEU BAN

Cao Bd Qudt (1809 ? -1855) tu Id Chu Thin, hieu Id Cue Dudng, Mdn Hidn, ngudi Idng Phii Thi, huydn Gia Ldm, tinh Bdc Ninh (nay thuOe qudn Long Bien, Ha Npi). Ong dd mit trong euOc kh6i nghia chdng lai ehi dO phong kiln nhd Nguyin. Cao Bd Qudt Id mpt nhd tho ed tdi ndng vd bdn Unh, dupe ngudi duong thdi tdn Id 'Hidnh Qudt ("Thin Sidu, Thdnh Qudt"). Tho vdn dng bOe Ip thai do phd phdn m^nh me ehe dO phong kiln tri tre, bdo thu vd chiia dimg tu tudng khai sang ed tinh chit tvr phdt, phdn dnh nhu elu ddi mdi eua xd hOi Viet Nam trong giai doan giiia thi ki XDC Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi tdt chi Id mOt trong khd nhiiu sdng tde cua Cao Bd Qudt thi hidn tam tu, tinh cdm eua dng truoc thuc t l do.

Cao Bd Qudt dd cu nhdn ndm 1831 tai trudng thi Ha NOi. Sau dd, dng nhiiu Ian vdo kinh dd Hul thi HOi nhung khdng dd. Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt ed thi dupe hinh thdnh trong nhiing Ian Cao Bd Qudt di thi Hpi, qua cdc tinh miin Trung diy cdt trdng nhu Qudng Binh, Qudng Tri. Nhd tho mupn hinh dnh ngudi di khd nhpe trdn bdi cdt dl hinh dung con dudng muu elu danh Ipi ddng chdn ghdt md dng buOc phdi theo dudi ciing nhu su b l tic cda xa hdi nhd Nguyin. Bai tho viit theo thi hdnh (cdn gpi Id ca hdnh). Ddy Id mpt thi tho cd, cd tinh chit tu do phdng khodng, khdng bi gd bd vl sd cdu, dp dai ciia cdu, nidm ludt, bing trie, van dieu.

VAN BAN

Phiin dm Trudng sa phgc trudng sa, Nhit bd nhit hdi khudc. Nhdt nhdp hdnh vi di, Khdch tu Id giao Igc. Qudn bit hoc tidn gia ml thuy dng, Ddng son thiep thuy odn hd ciing! Cd lai danh lgi nhdn, Bdn tau Id do tnmg. Phong tiin tuu diem hiiu mi tiiu, Tinh gii thirdng thieu tuy gia ddng.

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Dich nghia

Dich tha

Trudng sa, trtrdng sa nai cir hd ? Thin Id mang mang uy Ip da. Thinh ngd n h i t xirdng cung dd ca, Bic son ehi b ic son vgn didp. Nam son ehi nam ba vgn cip. Quan hd vi hd sa thupng lgp ?

Bdi cdt ddi, lgi bdi cdt dai, Di mdt budc nhu lui mdt budc. Mdt trdi ldn md vin cdn di. Khdch (trdn dudng) nudc mi t la chd roi. Anh khdng hgc dugc dng tidn cd phep ngu kS'i' Cii treo non lgi nudc mai, bao gid cho hdt ta odn! Xua nay hgng ngirdi danh gi ) Vin t i t t i d ngodi dudng sd. (Hi) qudn nrgu d d iu gid ed rugu ngon, (Tlii) ngudi tinh thudng it md ngudi say vd sd' ^! Bdi cdt ddi, bdi cdt ddi, bidt tinh sao day ? Budc dirdng bing phing thi md mit, budc dudng ghd sg

thi nhiiu. Hay nghe ta hdt khiie "dudng eung" '*', Phia b ic niii Bic niii mudn trung, Phia nam niii Nam sdng mudn dgt. Anh cdn diing lam ehi trdn bdi cdt ?

Bdi cdt lgi bdi cdt ddi, Di mdt budc nhu lui mdt budc. Mgt trdi dd lgn, chua dung dugc, LQ khdch trin dudng nudc mdt rai. Khdng hgc dugc tiin dng phep ngu. Trio non, ldi sudi, gidn khdn vai!

(1) dng tiin ngd kt: sdch Thdn tiin thdp di ke chuydn H?i Hiu An liic leo mil hay Ipi nudc vdn cii nhdm mit ngd say, ngudi di ben c?inh nghe thiy tiing ngdy md An vin budc diu khdng he trupt hay vap, ngudi ddi gpi dng Id "tidn ngii".

(2) Danh lgi: chi vide Idm quan {danh : dia vi md mdt ngudi ed trong triiu dinh; lgi: Ipi lOc vdt chit, tiin b£ic). Nhd nho thudng coi khinh danh Ipi. Nguyin Binh Khidm viit: "Khi d triiu dinh tranh nhau vl danh, khi d ehp biia thi tranh nhau vl Ipi" {Bdi bia 6qudn Trung Tdn).

(3) Y ndi ehuypn muu elu danh Ipi ciing hip din nhu chuydn thudng thiie rupu ngon. It ai trdnh khdi su cdm dd.

(4) Duang Cling (chii Hdn: ciing dS): dudng khdng cdn chd di dip niia; nghia In dp chi hodn cdnh khd khdn, b l tic.

41

Xua nay, phudng danh lgi, Tdt td trin dudng ddi. Ddu gid hai men thom qudn rugu, Ngudi say vd sd, tinh bao ngudi ?

Bdi cdt ddi, bdi cdt ddi ai! Tinh sao day ? Dudng bdng md mit, Dudng ghe sg cdn nhiiu, ddu it? Hdy nghe ta hdt khdc "dudng cung", Phia bdc nui Bdc, nui mudn trung Phia nam nui Nam, sdng ddo dgt Anh diing ldm chi trin bdi cdt ?

( T 6 H O U dich, Cao Bd Qudt todn tdp, tdp I, NXB Vdn hoc - Trung tdm Qudc hpe xuit bdn, 2004)

H U 6 N 6 B A N HQC BAI

1. Phdn tich y nghia tugng trung cua cdc yeu to ta thgc hinh anh ngudi di tren bdi cdt

2. Hay giii thich ndi dung vd chi ra sg Udn kdt y nghia cua sdu cau tha: "Khdng hgc dtrgc tidn dng phep ngii - Treo non, ldi sudi, gidn khdn voi! - Xua nay, phudng danh lgi - Tit ta ttdn dudng ddi - Diu gid hoi men tham quan rugu -Ngtrdi say vd sd, tinh bao ngirdi ?". (Chu y: Danh lgi cd siic cam dd nhu thd nao ?)

3. Tdm ttgng eua lii khdch khi di ttdn bai cdt Id ^ ? Hay cho bidt tim tu tudng ciia Cao Bd Quat thi hidn qua tam ttgng dd.

4. Phdn tfch y nghia eua nhip didu bdi tha ddi vdi vide didn t i cim xuc va suy tu cua nhdn vat trii tinh.

, ; GHI N H 6 .

Bai ca ngan di tren bai cat bidu Id su chan ghdt cua mdt ngudi tri thiic ddi vdi con dudng danh Igi t im thudng duong thdi va niem khao khat thay ddi cudc sdng. Nhjp dieu bdi tha gdp phan didn ta thdnh cdng nhCrng cam xuc, suy tu cua nhan vat trCr tinh ve con dirdng danh Igi gap ghlnh, trie trd.

LUYEN TAP

Qua bdi tha ndy, anh (chi),hdy thu li giai vi sao Cao Ba Qudt dd khdi nghia chdng nhd Nguyin.

42

LUYiN TAP THAO TAC LAP LUAN PHAN TICH

KET QUA CAN OAT-

• Cung cd vd ndng cao tri thCrc ve thao tac ldp ludn phdn tich.

• Bidt van dung thao tac ldp ludn phan tich trong bdi vdn nghi ludn.

\ • .

1. Tg ti vd tg phu Id hai thai dd ttdi ngugc nhau nhung diu inh hirdng khdng tdt ddn kdt qui hgc tap vd cdng tde. Anh (ehi) hdy phan tich hai cdn benh ttdn.

Ggiy:

. - Phdn tieh nhiing biiu hidn cia thdi dp tg ti vd tu phu.

- Phdn tich tde hgi eua tu ti vd tu phu.

- Khang dinh mdt thdi dp sdng hgp li.

2. Phdn tieh hinh inh si tu vd quan tnrdng qua hai eau tha sau :

Ldi thdi si tu vai deo lg. Am oe quan trudng miing thet loa.

(Trin TlXirong, Vinh khoa thi Huong)

Ggiy:

- Phdn tich nghd thugt sti dung cdc tii ldi thdi, gm o?.

- Phdn tich bidn phdp dio ttdt tg ttr ttong hai cau tha.

- Phdn tieh hinh inh vai deo lg eua si tu vd hinh inh mi$ng thit loa eua quan trudng.

- Ndu cam nhgn vl einh thi cu.

43

CO DOC TH£M

1. Vl eau kdt "Trdi tdi den nhu mgc va nhu cdi tiin dd eiia cM" ttong tac phim Tat^n

Ddng cudi cung cda "Tdt den": "Trdi tdi den nhu muc vd nhu cdi tiin dd cua chi". Tdi that, tdi qud ldm, su sdng din nhu ddi sdng cda chi Ddu thi tdi sdm cd mdtt ngudi dgc truyin hai muoi ndm sau ndy. Nhung cdu kit cua "Tdt den" khdng hdn Id mdt cdu tiiu cue. Nd cd hiin tugng bi quan, nhung khdng Id tieu cue vi bdn chdt Bdn chdt cda nhdn vdt chi Ddu rdt khoe, cd thdy ldn xd vdo bdng tdi md phd ra. Mgt nhdn vdt khoe vd mgnh nhu chi Ddu, cd thi ngiing cudc ddi minh d ddy khdng ? Hay Id nd phdi tudng ra khdi cdi tdi nhu muc ? Vi cdi tiin do tdi nhu mgc dy md khdng tudng ra khdi thi sao cd thi sdng dugc ? Tdi ngd cdu kit ndy cung mdi chi Id cdi chdm hit mdt thiin cua truy?n ddi. Vdi mdt cdi tiin thdn ngay thdng lanh mgnh nhu vgy, tdi nghi rdng chi Ddu thi tdt phdi cd mdt h$u thdn trong cdc dodn thi cdch mgng; vd tdi nhd nhu dd cd ldn ndo, tdi dd ggp chi Ddu d mdt ddm ddng phd kho thdc Nhgt d mgt cudc cudp chinh quyin huyin ki Tdng khdi nghia; vd niu khdng thi, chi it tdi cung dd ggp chi vdo nhiing ngdy dich hgu o ep, chi tdi thuang hogc day ndp hdm bem cho cdn bd ca sd. Dung thi ddy, "Tdt den" chi Id mdt dodn thiin. Ldc bdy gid chua cd cdch mgng rudng ddt, madded nhimg ngdi but ddn nhdn vdt ndng ddn minh vdo chd chdn tudng, ddn din cdi mice ddc gid cd suy nghi phdi y thdc ngay dugc cdi tudng ra tdt nhiin cda nhdn vdt Tdi cho dd Id du vi chinh tri cda "Tdt den".

(Theo Nguyin Tudn todn tdp, tdp V, NXB Vdn hpe, Hd NOi, 2000)

2. v l ddn ehu vd ddng khi eua nhd khoa hgc

Ddi vdi nhiing vdn dichua gidi quyit si cd nhiiu y kiin, nhiiu gid thuyit khdc nhau. Si cd tranh ludn, cd trao ddi. Khdng tranh ludn, khdng trao ddi, khdng cd khoa hgc. Khdng cd gi nguy hiim bdng Id khdng bao gid dugc nghe mdty kiin khdc y cda minh. Nghe md phdi tdn trgng, dii diiu dy cd thi ldm sup dd bao nhiiu suy nghi md minh dd cdng phu xdy dung lin. Chi mudn nghe nhiing ngudi nhdt tri vdi minh, nhiing diiu thugn tai Id mdt thdi do phdn khoa hgc. Vi vdy, khoa hgc khdng chi ldy uy quyin md gidi quyit dc khoa hgc nhdt dinh phdi di ddi vdi dc ddn chu. Mgt ngudi khoa hgc bao gid cung hdnh dgng vd suy nghi theo hai chiiu hudng trdi ngugc nhau. Trong hdnh ddng thi tinh thdn td chiic ki ludt rdt cao, chinh vi biit rd quan hi chgt che gida y kiin vd hdnh dgng, biit rd y kiin Id ca sd cua hdnh ddng, khdng thivi chu quan md gdy nin tai hog cho ngudi khdc vd xd hdi. Nhung khi suy nghi thi hodn todn gid quyin ddc lap vd cd gdng tim hiiu y kiin cua ngudi khdc. Niu chua dugc thuyit phuc vd niu du li dinghi rangy cda minh dung han, thi dii cd phdi tranh lugn vdi bdt ki ai, cd khi bi cd mdt sd ddng phdn ddi vdn bdo v$ Idyy riing. Khoa hgc phdi di ddi vdi dung khi.

{Theo Nguyin Khic Vi$n, trong t^p ehi Hgc tdp, sd 2/1974)

44

LE GHET THVONG (Trich Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin)

N G U Y I N DINH CHIEU

^

KfTQUAcANDAT-

1 Cam nhdn d u ^ tinh cam ydu ghdt phdn minh, manh liet, xuit phdt tir t im Idng thuang dan sdu sic cCia tdc gid.

1 Hidu ddc trung ca bdn cda but phap tru tinh Nguyin Dinh Chieu.

TI^U BAN

Truyin LiJic Vdn Tiin ciia Nguyin Dinh Chiiu cd Id dupe sdng tde vdo khodng dau nhiing ndm 50 cua thi ki XIX, khi dng da bi mii, vl d?iy hpe vd chiia bdnh cho ddn 6 Gia Dinh. Cdt truyen xoay quanh cuOc xung dOt giua thi$n vd dc, nhim dl cao tinh than nhdn nghIa, thi hi$n khdt vpng li

tudng ciia tdc gid vd cda nhdn ddn duong thdi vl mOt 3fl hOi tdt dpp, 6 do mpi quan h$ giiia con ngudi vdi eon ngudi diu thim dupm tinh cam ydu thuong, nhdn di. Tdc phim thuOc Io9i truydn Ndm bdc hpe nhung mang nhiiu tinh chat ddn gian, ngay tii khi mdi ra ddi dd dupe nhdn ddn, d$c bift Id ngudi ddn Nam Ki, ddn nhdn vd luu truyin rOng rdi.

Ong Qudn chi Id mOt nhdn vdt php trong truy$n nhung IJU rit dupe yeu thich, bdi 16 dd Id hilu tupng cua tinh cam ydu ghdt phdn minh, trong sdng cua quin chiing. Le ghit thuong Id do^n tho trich tu cdu 473 din cdu 504 cda Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin, kl lai cuOc ddi thoai giiia dng Qudn vd bdn chdng nho sinh (Vdn Tidn, Tu Tryc, Trinh Ham, Bui Ki m) khi hp ciing udng rupu, Idm tho Uong qudn eua dng trudc liic vdo trudng thi.

Trang diu TVo^n Lgc Vdn Tiin (bdn Nguyin Hdo Vinh, Sdi Gdn, 1938)

45

VAN BAN Qudn ring: "Kinh su' ^ da ttmg,

Coi rdi lai khien ldng hang^ ) xdt xa. Hdi thdi ta phii ndi ra,

Vl chung hay ghet cung Id hay thuong". Tidn rang: "Trong due chua tudng,

Chang hay thuong ghet, ghdt thuang le ndo ?" Qudn ring: "Ghet vide tim phao^ ',

Ghdt cay, ghet ding, ghet vao tan tdm. Ghdt ddi Kiet, Tru *' md ddm,

Di dan den ndi sa him say hang. Ghet ddi U, Ld da doanta,

Khidn ddn ludng cWu lim than mudn phin. Ghdt ddi Ngii bd phdn van^ ',

Chudng bl ddi trd lam ddn nhpe nhin. Ghdt ddi thiic quy phdn bang^^,

Sdm dau ^ tdi ddnh ling nhing rdi dan. Thuong Id thuong dire thdnh nhdn(3^

Khi nai Tdng, V$ liic Tran, liic Khudng»°'.

(1) Kinh su: chi chung cdc lo^i kinh truyin vd sdch sii md hpe trd thdi xua phdi hpe dl di thi. (2) Hdng: thudng. (3) Tdm phao: vu vo, hao huyIn, khdng cd y nghia g?. (4) Kiet, Tru: vu^ JCidt nhd Ha, vua Trp nhd Thuong - hai dng vua bao ngupc, vd dao trong lich sii

Trung Qudc. (5) U, Li:\i Vuong vd L$ Vuong - hai dng vua khdt tiing tdn bao,.hoang ddm ddi nhd Chu.

Da doan: nhiiu mdi, Ilm chuydn rIc rdi. (6) Ngu bd: ddi nha Chu, thdi Xudn Thu, ndm vua ehu hiu ke tiip nhau ndi Idn Idm bd chd (Ngfl

bd). Hp dua tren uy Ipe, kdo be kit cdnh ddnh ldn nhau, gdy nen loan I^c khiin nhdn ddn phdi dieu diing. Phdn vdn {tu Hdn Vidt): nhiiu ngudi ma lOn xdn, rdi rim (khdc vdi nghia thudng diing hien nay Id do du, ludng lu).

(7) ThOc quf: ndi ddi suy lo^n, sip bi didt vong, Ily tii sdch Td truyin: "ddnh su suy gpi Id thiic thi. Ddi thiie thi cdn hon ddi quy thila ddi sip bi didt vong". Phdn bdng: chia Iia, dd ndt.

(8) Ddu: dau hdng. (9) Thdnh nhdn: chi Khdng Tu (551 - 479 tr. CN), ngudi nude Ld tiidi Xudn Thu, tdn Khau, tp Trpng

Ni, dng td cda Nho gido, nin tdng tinh thin cua xd hdi phong kilnxua. Ong dd di nhiiu nudc tim edeh hdnh dao nhung khdng thdnh, sau trd vl nudc Ld mdr trudng d^y hpe, hpe trd cd tdi hon 3 000 ngudi.

(10) Tdng, Ve, Trdn, Khudng: tdn cdc nudc chu hiu vd cdc miin dit thdi Xudn Thu md Khdng Tii dd tdi dl tim cdch hdnh d?io.

46

Thuong thiy Nhan Tu'i dd dang, Ba muoi mdt tudi tach ddng cdng danh.

Thuong dng Gia Cdt' ) tdi lanh. Gap con Hdn mgt'^' da ddnh phui pha '* .

Thuong thiy Ddng Tu® cao xa, Chi thdi ed chi, ngdi md khdng ngdi.

Thuong ngudi Nguyen Ltrpng' ^ ngiii ngui, Lor.bl giup nudc Igi lui vl cay.

Thuang dng Han Dii'^ ching may, Sdm ddng ldi bieu, tdi day di xa.

Thuong thiy Lidm, Lgc' ' dd ra, Bi ldi xua dudi vl nhd gido ddn^ '.

Xem qua kinh su may lin, Nua phin lgi ghet, nua phin lgi thuong".

(Theo Tho vdn Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, NXB Vdn hpe, Hd NOi, 1971)

(1) Nhan Tu: Nhan Hdi, tu Id Tii Uyen, ngudi nudc Ld, hpe trd diic hanh nhit eua Khdng Tii, rat hieu hoc nhimg chit sdm.

(2) Gia Cdt: tiic Gia Cdt Lupng, tu Khdng Minh, sdng thdi Tam qudc, lam qudn su cho Luu Bi, mong khdi phuc co n ^ e p nhd Hdn nhung khdng gdp thdi van. Cho din Iiic dng mit (54 tudi), chi nguydn vin chua thdnh.

(3) Hdn mgt: Cudi ddi nhd Hdn, liic xdy ra cue didn Tam qudc: Nguy, Thue, Ngd ba nude phdn tranh. (4) Phui pha: udng phi.

{5) Ddng Tu: Ddng Trpng Thu, bdc dai nho thdi Hdn, hpe rdng, tdi cao, timg ra lam quan nhung khdng dupe trpng dpng, khdng ed dilii kidn dl thi thd tdi ndng.

(6) Nguyin Lugng: ten tp eiia Ddo Tilm, tiic Ddo Uydn Minh, ngudi thdi Tim, tinh tinh cao thirpng, khdng elu danh lgi, gidi tho vdn. Nhd ngheo, ed cha mp gid, dng ddnh nhan mOt chiic quan nhd, nhung vi khdng chiu khom lung, udn gdi trudc quan tren, dng lai lui vl an ddt. Ong lam bdi Quy khd lai rt/ (Vl di thdi) rat ndi tiing de bdy td khi tiit cda minh.

• (7) Hdn DO: nhd vdn ndi tieng thdi Dirdng, dd tiin si, ldm quan trong triiu, \i dang sd can ngan vua khdng ndn qua md tin dao Phdt md bj gidng chiie vd ddy di xa.

(8) Liim, Lac: ehi Chu Ddn Di 6 Lidm Khd vd hai anh em Trinh Hao, Trinh Di ngudi L^c Duong. Cd ba diu Id nhiing trilt gia ndi tiing thdi Tdng, ed ra ldm quan nhung khdng dupe trpng dung, 1^ lui vl day hpe, trd thdnh nhiing thiy gido ndi tiing.

(9) Gido ddn: d^y dan.

47

HU6NG BAN HBC BAI

1. Anh (ehi) hdy dgc chii thich, tim diim chung giiia nhung ddi vua md dng Qudn ghet vd giura nhiing con ngudi ma dng Qudn thuong. Ttr do hay nhan xet vl ca sd cua le ghet thuang theo quan diem dgo diic eua Nguydn Dinh Chieu.

2. Anh (ehi) ed nhgn xdt ^ vl edeh diing phdp ddi vd phdp didp d cdp ttr ghet thuong ttong dogn tha nay ? Tim hilu gid tri ngh? thuat eiia bidn phdp tu tii dd.

3. Dga vdo cim xiic cua tdc gii, hay giai thich eau tha d phin diu dogn trich : VI chung hay ghet cung Id hay thuang.

, GHI NHO .

Doan trich Le gh^t thuong ndi Idn nhCrng tinh cam yeu, ghdt rat phdn minh, manh lidt va t im Idng thuang ddn sdu sic cCia Nguydn Dinh Chieu. Ldi tha mdc mac, chdn chit nhung ddm da cam xuc.

LUYiN TAP

Theo anh (chi), cdu tha ndo ttong dogn trich cd the thau tdm toan bd y nghia tu tirdng vd tinh cim ciia ci dogn ? Hay vidt dogn van ttinh bdy cim nhdn cua minh vl cdu tha dd.

48

/OOCTHEMv C H A Y G I A C NGUYiNPINHCHliu

LCQJ Tan chg vira nghe tidng siing Tay^ ', Mdt bdn cd the' ^ phiit sa tay. Bd nhd Id tte la xa chay' ^ Mit d bay chim ddo dac bay'* . Ben Nghd ^ ciia tien tan bpt nude, Dong Nai'^' ttanh ngdi nhudm mau may. Hdi trang^^ d?p logn rdy dgu ving, Nd dl dan den mic nan ndy ?

{Tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, Sdd)

TIEU BAN

Hi^n nay chua thay tai li^u nao ndi rd thdi diim rai ddi cua bdi tho Chgy gidc. Cdn cii vdo hoan cdnh lich sii, cuOc ddi Nguyen Dinh Chiiu va nhat la ndi dung tdc phim, c6 ngirdi cho ring bai tho nay da dirpc tac gii viet ngay sau khi thanh Gia Dinh bj thuc dan Phdp bit dau t&i cong (ngay 17 - 2 - 1859).

Bdi Chgy gigc (cd sleh ghi la Chgy Tdy) II mpt trong nhiing tdc pham diu tiin ciia van hpe ydu nuoc chdng Phdp niia cudi th i ki XDC.

HUdNG BAN B9C THEM 1. Cinh dit nudc vd nhdn dan khi gigc Phdp den xdm luge dugc midu t i nhu thd

nao ? Phdn tich ndt dgc sic ttong ngdi biit t i thgc eiia tde gii. 2. Trong hogn canh dd,'tam ttgng, tinh cam eua tac gii nhu thd ndo ? 3. Phdn tich thdi dp cua nhd tha ttong hai cau tha ket.

(1) r4y: ehi thpe dan Phdp. (2) Cd thi: Idi choi khdc eiia cd tudng. MOt ngudi diing mdt sd qudn ed ddt ra cdc thi cd hiim hdc

dl thdch nhiing ngudi khdc gidi; ngirdi gill phdi suy tinh nudc di thdt kl wi chi can di sai mdt nudc Id ed thi thua.

(3) io'J!:o'c/i<iy: chay mOt cdch thit thin, khdng dinh hudng, khdng ai dit ddn. (4) Ddo ddc bay: bay mdt cdch hdt hodng, ngo ngdc, tan tde, mat phuong hudng. (5) Bin Nghi: tdn mdt con r^ch dd ra sdng Sdi Gdn; ciing Id dja danh eh! thdnh Gia Dinh, thudc

dia phdn Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh ngdy nay. (6) Dong Nai: dia danh chi phin dit miin ddng Nam BO; cflng Id ten mOt con sdng chdy vdo sdng

Nhd fld, gin Sdi Gdn. (7) Trang: dang, bdc (tiing gpi tdn xung, chi ngudi ddng kinh trpng). VI du: trang hdo hdn.

4 . NV11^T1-A 49

.DpCTH M. BAI CA P H O N G C A N H CHU MANH TRINH

UQiJ HVONG SON (Huong Son phong cdnh ca)

viu BAN Chu Manh Trinh (1862 - 1905) m Cdn Thin, hieu Tnic Vdn, ngudi Idng Phii Th}, tdng Ml Sd,

huypn Ddng Ydn, phii Khodi Chdu (nay thuOc huyfn Vdn Giang, tinh Hung Yen), dd tiin si ndm 1892. Ong Id mdt ngudi tdi hoa, khdng ehi cd tdi Idm tho Ndm md edn cd tdi vl kiln trUc, da ttmg tham gia trimg tu ehiia Thien Trii trong quin thi Huong Son. Cd thi bdi hdt ndi ndy dupe dng viit trong dip ay.

Huong Son (hay ehiia Huong) Id mOt quin thi thing canh vd kiln true ndi tiing 6 huyfn Mi Diic, tinh Hd Tdy (nay thuOe Hd NOi). Ld hOi chua Huong diin ra vdo miia xudn, tii thdng gieng din thdng ba dm lich hing ndm.

VAN BAN Biu ttdi canh But, Thii Huong Son ao udc biy lau nay. Kia non non, nude nirdc, may mdy, "Dd nhit ddng"^" hdi Id ddy ed phii ? Thd thd rimg mai chim ciing ttdi^^)^ Liing Id khe Ydn ^ cd nghe kinh. ving bdn tai mdt tidng chdy kinh^*', Khdch tang hii ^ gidt minh ttong giic mdng. Nay sudi Giii Oan, nay chua Ciia Ydng^^\ Ndy hang Phgt Tich, nay ddng Tuydt Quynh '' , Nhdc ttdng ldn ai khdo hog hinh, Dd ngii sic ^ long lanh nhu gam ddt.

(1) Di nhdt dgng : tuong truyin Trjnh Sdm (6 ngdi chua ttr 1767 din 1782) thdm thing cdnh Huomg Son dd dieh thdn dl ndm chii Nam thiin di nhdt ddng (DOng dpp nhat trdi Nam).

(2) Trdi: trdi cdy. (3) Khe Yin: tiic sudi Yin, thudc ldng Yin VI, trong quin thi Huong Son; kinh 6 ddy Id kinh Phdt

chi cdc bdi thuyit phdp cda Diic Phdt. (4) Chdy kinh: chdy ddnh chudng, gidng nhu hinh eon ed kmh. (5) Khdch tang hdi {tang: cdy ddu; hdi: biin. Sdch ed: Thuang hdi bien vi tang diin - Biin xanh

biin thdnh ruOng ddu hode Tang diin biin vi thuang hdi - Rudng ddu biin thdnh biin xanh, y ndi cuOc ddi biin ddi): khdch din tii cdi ddi trin tpc ludn biin ddng, thinh suy khdn ludng.

(6) Sudi Gidi Oan, chua Cim Vdng: nhung di tich cua quin thi Huong Son. (7) Hang Phdt Tich: hang luu diu vit Phdt; ddng Tuyit Quynh: mOt dOng nhd gin dOng Huong Tich. (8) Ngu sdc: nhu dd trong dOng dudi dnh sdng trd ndn huyIn do nhu dd ndm mdu (xanh, dd, vdng,

den,trlng).

50 4 - NV11-T1.B

Thdm thim mpt hang long bdng nguydt ', G$p ghlnh miy ldi udn thang may' ), Chiing giang son edn dpi ai day. Hay tgo hod ^ khdo ra tay xdp ddt. Lin ttdng hgt ni$m Nam md Phdt ', Cua tir bi cdng diic's) bidt la bao! Cang ttdng phong canh cdng ydu.

(Theo Tuyin tdp thaca trii, NXB Vdn hpe, Hd NOi, 1997)

HUldNG BAN BBC THEM

1. Ma diu Bdi ca phong cdnh Huang Son Id cau tha Bdu trdi cdnh Bgt. Anh (ehi) hidu cau nay nhu thd ndo ? Cdu ndy ggi cim hiing cho ci bdi hdt ndi ? Khdng khi tdm linh eua einh Huong Son thd hidn d nhiing cdu tha ndo ?

2. Nhd tha t i cim gidc ciia khdch vdn einh.Huong Son khi nghe tidng chudng chua nhu sau:

vdng bin tai mdt tiing chdy kinh, Khdch tang hdi gidt minh trong gidc m0ng.

Hay nhgn xet vl edeh cim nhdn phong cinh thidn nhidn eiia ngudi xua.

3. Phdn tich nghd thudt t i cinh cua tdc gii, ddc bi?t chii y den vi$e t i khdng gian, mdu sic, dm thanh.

(1) Bdng nguyit: bdng trdng.

(2) Thang mdy: ldi di Idn Huong Son gdp ghlnh udn lupn, ed mdy phu trdng nhu thang bing mdy.

(3) r^w hod: dng Trdi.

(4) Trdng hgt: chudi h^t ldm thdnh vdng md cdc Phdt tii thudng dung dl Iln tiing h^t mdt khi dpc kinh, nidm Phdt. Nam md Phdt: cdu nipm diy dii Id Nam md A Di Dd Phdt A Di Dd Id tin mdt vj Phdt quan trpng thd trong chiia. Nam rnd nghia Id "nguydn cung kinh tudn theo".

(5) Cda tu bi {td: thuong ydu chiing sinh hit mpe nhu me thuong eon; bi: thdng cdm sdu sic vdi ndi khd cda chiing sinh): ciia nhd Phdt. Cdng ddc: cdng ndng phiic diic cd dupe nhd lam vide thi|n.

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TRA BAI LAM VAN S6 1

K^QUACANOAT-

Bidt phdt hidn vd sua chua nhung sai sdt trong bai Idm van ciia minh de lam tdt han cac bai tiep theo.

1. Phdn tieh dl

a) Be vdn thudc dgng cd dinh hudng hay chua ed dinh hirdng ? ,

b) Ydu ciu vl ndi dung (Vin dl nghi ludn vd cdc lugn diem can xdc dinh).

c) Ydu ciu vl phuong phdp (Su dgng din chiing thudc phgm vi ndo ? Vgn dgng nhiing thao tde lap lugn ndo ?).

2. Riit kinh nghidm chimg vl bdi viet

a) Ling nghe nhiing nhgn xet Udn quan tdi bdi vidt cua minh.

b) Ghi lgi nhiing y hay, ldi dep md minh ed thi hgc tap ndu thiy gido, ed gido dgc mdu mdt sd doan (bdi) dat didm cao.

3. Dgc kl nhdn xdt eua thiy gido, cd gido dl thiy dugc uu diem va hgn chd ttong bdi vidt cua minh.

4. Vdi nhiing bdi chtra dgt ydu ciu, vl nhd ndn lgp dan f ehi tidt, vidt lgi mgt phin (hode ci bdi).

m

VliT BAI LAM VAN S6 2 : NGHI LUAN VAN HOC (Bai ldm d nha)

K^TQUACANOAT-

Vidt dugc bdi vdn nghi ludn van hoc v l mdt tdc pham da hoc cd su dyng thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich.

^

I - HUIOMG BAN CHUNG

1. Dpc lgi vdn bin va bdi hpe d phin Vdn hpe dl nim dtrgc gid tri ndi dung, nghd thu^t cua nhiing tde pham (dogn ttich) dd hgc tii tuin 1 ddn tuin 5 (tii bdi Vdo phu chda Trinh den Bdi ca phong cdnh Huong Son).

2. On lai cdc bdi: Phdn tich di, lgp ddn y bdi vdn nghi ludn; Thao tdc I4p ludn phdn tich; Luyin tap thao tdc lgp lugn phdn tich.

3. Dgc lgi bdi lam van sd 1 eua minh va tham khio mdt vdi bdi khd cua bgn de nit kinh nghidm.

H - GOI Y MdT SB BE BAI

1. Cim nghi eua anh (ehi) vl gid tri hidn thgc sdu sac cua dogn ttich Vdo phu chda Trinh (trich Thugng kinh ki su ciia Le Hiiu Trde).

2. Hinh inh ngirdi phu nii Vidt Nam thdi xua qua cdc bdi Bdnh trdi nudc, Tg tinh (bdi II) eua Ho Xuan Huong vd Thuang vgciia Trin Td Xuong.

3. Nhdn cdch nhd nho chdn ehinh ttong Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt cixa Cao Bd Qudt (hode Bdi ca ngdt ngudng eiia Nguyin Cdng Tni).

m-G0IYCACHLAMBAl

1. Dgc ki dl bai, xdc dinh ydu ciu ciia bdi vidt

Vidg:

- Phdn tich mdt khia cgnh ndi dung (gid tri hidn thgc sdu sic cua dogn trich). Sau dd ndu cim nghi ridng: hilu cu the, sdu sic biic ttanh cudc sdng xa hoa cua ehiia Trinh; cim thdng, ddng tinh vdi thdi dd coi thudng danh ipi ciia tdc gii. (dl 1)

53

- Phan tieh than phgn vd pham chat eiia ngudi phu nii Viet Nam thdi xtra qua cdc bai Bdnh trdi nudc, Tu tinh (bdi 11) ciia Hd Xuan Huong va Thuang vgciia Tu Xuong. (dl 2)

- Phdn tich nhiing bidu hidn eiia nhdn cdch nha nho chdn chinh ttong Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt cua Cao Bd Qudt: chdn ghdt danh lgi tim thirdng, khao khdt thay ddi cugc sdng,... (dl 3)

2. Ldp ddn y, \ddt thdnh bdi vdn mdt ttong cdc dl bdi ttdn.

ca DQC TH£M

BAI CA NGAT NGUONG

Bdi ca ngdt ngudng Id mdt ban tg tdng kdt vl cupe ddi minh eua Nguyin Cdng Trir. Va that ddc bidt, ci cudc ddi, nhin lgi, dng dd tg ehi ddnh gia bing mgt tu ngdt ngudng.

Ldm ndn sg ngit ngudng liic ndy cua Nguyin Cdng Tni la tdi vd chi. Ciing nhu tit ci nhiing nhd nho din than hdnh dgo, Nguyin Cdng Trii lgp ehi d vide "kinh bang td thd" (tri nirdc giiip ddi). Dd la sg nghidp, duong nhidn cd cdng it cd danh.. Nguyin Cdng Tni dd coi diiu do - cdng danh - Id Id sdng: "Khdng cdng danh tha ndt vdi ed cdy" ; dd lam ttai diing ttong ttdi dit "Phai cd danh ^ vdi mil sdng". Voi mdt quan nidm "ehi ldm ttai" nhu thd, Nguyin Cdng Tni dd "va" tat ca mgi viec ttong thidn hg vao phdn su: "Vu trg ndi mge phi phan sg". Ciing khdng miy nha nho hdo phdng tg tin ddn thd ttong vide tg nhgn ttdeh nhi$m vdi ddi. Vd qud thdt ttong 28 ndm, tu khi thi dd ddn khi nghi quan, Nguyin Cdng Tni da chiing td tai thao luge cua minh. 6ng dd Udt kd hang logt sg vide ldn :

- Khi Thu khoa, khi Tham tdn, khi Tdng^dcrDdng.

-Ldc binh Tdy, cddgi tudng

Cd khi vi Phu dodn Thua Thiin.

Tit ci, Nguyin Cdng Tni dd thgc hidn mpt cdch "ngdng ngua vdi ddi" (ndi nhu ngdn tii dang dirge luu hdnh ttong dan gian gin ddyX:

Gdm thao luge dd nin tay ngdt ngudng.

Nguydn Cdng Tni dd td ra tg bing ldng vl minh ! Ngdt ngudng la mpt tu tg khen, the hidn su ddnh gid cao tdi ndng, nhdn jcach va ci phong edeh ea nhan minh ttong thdi gian d cirong vi ma nhiing con hgudi thidu bin linh rit dl hi tha hod: quyin cao chiic ttpng.

Tuy nhidn ddi vdi Nguydn Cdng Tni, cdng danh khdng chi la vinh ma edn la ng, la ttdeh nhidm. Vi the dng da coi dd Id sg "din than", tg nguydn dem tu do, tai hoa nhdt vdo vdng ttdi budc: "Ong Hi Vdn tai bd dd vdo ldng". [...]

54

Sg kidn cdi mu do nghi quan Id mdt vide hdt siic hd ttgng, mdt budc ngodt ldn ttong cudc ddi ngirdi ldm quan, nhit Id mdt vi quan to nhu dng. [...]

Cuong vi, chiie phan vd cudc sdng da thay ddi, thay ddi sau sic : Tay kiim cung- mdt dng tudng quyin sinh quyin sdt - md nin (bidn ddi, ttd thanh) dgng tic bi - dang vd tu hdnh, ttdi nguge hin vdi Uy Vien tudng cdng sdt phgt thud trudc. Nguyin Cdng Tni da dl lgi ding sau ci mdt thdi vdy vung ngang dgc, cdn phia trudc, ehd ddn dng, dudng nhu la mdt sg ttdng ving: ehi cd niii Dgi Ngi qiie dng vdi nhiing ting mdy tting phau:

IQa ndi ng phau phau mdy trdng.

Cau tha trii tinh, ggi mdt chiit bang khudng, thodng y vi chua chdt. Nhiing lin may tting ttdn duih nui rit tting, dam y nghia tupng tnmg, gpi Udn tudng. Nd bieu thi cho nhiing gi rit thanh, rat cao nhung nhe tdnh, mong manh va vd dinh.:Tit ci se Id hu vd chdng, "bgch vdn thirong cau" (may tting bidn ra hinh ehd xanh) chdng ?

Song Nguydn Cdng Tni vdn Id mdt tinh cdch mgnh, sg bdng khudng tridt hgc dd khdng dtmg lgi ldu ttong dng. Ong da nhanh chdng chpn ldi sdng phd cdch du de"tiiichy":

Tay kiim cung md nin dgng til bi. Gdt tiin theo dung dinh mgt ddi di, Bgt cung ngc cudi dng ngdt ngudng.

[...] Nguydn Cdng Tni la mdt ngudi khdng quan tdm ddn chuydn dtrgc mit, khdng ban ldng vi sg khen chd, ed nhung khi hdnh lac : udng rugu, ed diu, con hdt, nhtmg rdt lgi dng khdng phii ngudi cua Ph^t, ciia tidn md vin Id mgt eon ngirdi cua cudc ddi, duy cd diiu: khdng vudng tuc [...]. Ong van Id mdt nhd nho, m$c du cdc bac "phuong didn qudc gia" khdng ua dng vd dng ciing khdng ua dugc hg, dng vin ludn bdy ra nhiing sg ttdi ngugc vdi hg song ttong jJhin sau thim eiia tam hdn, U tudng ma dng theo dudi sudt ddi khdng the ndo ttr bd vin Id ldng trung qudn, giiip ddi:

Chdng Trdi, Nhgc cung vdo phudng Hdn, Phu, Nghia vua tdi cho v?n dgo sa chung.

Tong kdt cudc ddi minh, Nguydn Cdng Tni tg cho rang hai diiu quan ttgng nhit ddi vdi kd nam nhi la ttdeh nhidm "kinh bang td the" vd dgo nghia vua tdL Ong da giii dugc ttgn v?n, dd thgc hi$n mgt cdch xuit sic, sdnh dugc vdi nhiing danh tudmg thdi xtra. Chinh vi vdy, Nguydn Cdng Tni ddm ngdng nggo budng mdt cdu khing dinh chic mch diy ve thdch thue:

Trong triiu ai ngdt ngudng nhu dng! — — ' ' " — I —— ~ —

{Theo Trin Thi Bdng Thanh, trong Gidng vdn vdn hgc Viit Nam, NXB Gido dpc, Hd NOi, 1997)

55

VAN Ti NGHiA Si CAN GIU0C NGUYJNDiNHCHI U

KfTQUAcANOAT-

Nam dugc nhCrng ndt chinh v l cudc ddi, nghj luc, nhdn cdch vd gia trj tha vdn ciia Nguydn Dinh Chidu. Cam nhdn dugc vd dep bi trang cua biic tugng dai ndng ddn nghTa sT cd mdt khdng hai trong lich su vdn hpe trung dai va tidng khdc dau thuang oia Nguydn Dinh Chidu cho mdt thdi ki "khd nhgc nhung vT dai" cua ddn tdc. Hidu nhung ndt ca ban v l the vdn td vd thay dugc gid tri nghd thudt ddc sac ciia bai vdn te.

PHAN MOT : TAC GIA

I - cudc Bon Nguydn Dinh Chiiu (1822 - 1888) tif la Mgnh Trgch, hidu Trgng Phu, Hdi Trai<»,

sinh tgi qud me - ldng Tdn Thdi, huydn Binh Duong, tinh Gia Dinh (nay thudc Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh). Qng xuat than ttong gia ffinh nhd nho, cha Id Nguydn Dinh Huy, ngirdi Thiia Thien (nay la Thira Thidn - Hud), vdo Gia Dinh ldm thu lgi tgi dinh Tdng ttin Ld Vdn DuydL 6 day, dng liy bd Truong Thi Thidt ldm vg thir, sinh ra Nguyin Dinh Chiiu. Ndm 1843, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu dd tii tdi tgi trudng thi Gia Dinh. Ndm 1846, dng ra Hud hgc, chuan W thi tidp tgi qud cha, nhtmg luc sip vao trudng thi thi nhan dugc tin me mit, phii bd thi ttd vl Nam eluu tang (1849). Dpc dudng vl, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu bi dau mit ndng rdi bi mii. Khdr^ khuit phgc trudc sd phan oein nghi$t, Nguydn Dinh Chieu vl Gia Dinh md trudng dgy hpe, bdc thudc chiia b?nh cho dan, va tidng tha Dd Chiiu ciing bit diu vang khip miin Luc tinh.

Nguydn Dinh Chieu (1) Hdi Trai: cdi phdng tdi. Sau khi bi mu, Nguydn Dinh Chiiu mdi Ily tdn hipu nay.

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Khi gidc Phap ddnh vdo Gia Dinh (1859), ngudi til tiiiic ydu nudc Nguyen Dinh Chidu da diing viing ttdn tuydn diu cua cudc khdng chidn chdng ngogi xam, cung cdc Idnh tu nghia quan bdn muu tinh kd ddnh gidc va sdng tac nhiing vin tha chiy bdng cdm hdn, sdi sue y chi chidn diu. Nam Ki mit, dng d lgi Ba Tri (Bdn Tre). Thuc dan Phdp tim mgi cdch du dd, mua chuge, nhung dng khing khdi khudc ttr tat ca, giii ttgn tim ldng thu^ chung son sit vdi nudc vdi dan cho den hoi thd cudi cung.

H-S i r NGHIEP THU VAN

1. Nhiing tdc pham chinh

Nguyin Dinh Chiiu Id mdt ttong nhiing nhd tha dau tidn d Nam Ki sdng tac chu ydu bang ehu Ndm. Cudc ddi sdng tdc eiia dng chia lam hai giai dogn, tnrdc vd sau khi thgc dan Phdp xdm luge. & giai dogn diu, dng viet hai truydn tha ddi: Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin va Duang Tic - Hd Mdu, diu nhim mge dieh truyin bd dgo U ldm ngudi. Ddn giai dogn sau, tha vdn Nguydn Dinh Chieu Id Id ed diu cua vdn tha ydu nirdc chdng Phdp nd:a cudi the ki XIX vdi nhiing tde pham xuat sic vl ci ngi dung tu tudng, tinh cim vd nghd thugt nhu Chgy gigc, Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc, Vdn ti Truang Dinh, Tha diiu Truang Dinh, Tha diiu Phan Tdng, Vdn ti nghia si trgn vong Lgc tinh, Ngu Tiiu y thudt vdn ddp (cdn ggi la Ngu Tiiu vdn ddp nho y diin ca, mdt truydn tha ddi).

Bang ngdi biit, Nguyin Dinh Chiiu da sudt ddi chidn diu khdng mdt mdi cho dgo due, ehinh nghia, cho ddc lgp tg do cua ddn tde:

Chd bao nhiiu dgo thuyin khdng khdm, Ddm mdy thdng gian bdt chdng td.

{DtumgTu-HdMgu) 2. Ndi dung tha van

- Li tudng dao due, nhan nghia: Nguydn Dinh Chidu vidt Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin nhim muc dich truyin dgy nhiing bdi hgc vl dgo lam ngudi chan chinh. Dao U lam ngtrdi ciia Nguyin Dinh Chidu mang tinh thin nhdn nghia cua dgo Nho, nhtmg lgi rat ddm da tinh nhdn dan vd truyin thdiig dan tde. Nhiing miu ngudi U tudng ttong tdc pham Id nhiing eon ngirdi sdng nhdn hgu, thuy' chung, bidt giii gin nhdn cdch thing ngay, cao ci, ddm diu ttanh vd cd du sire manh dl chidn thing nhiing thd lgc bao tdn, ciru nhan dd the: "Tdi xin ra siic anh hdo - Ciiu ngudi cho khdi lao dao budi nay".

- Ldng ydu nudc, thirong dan: Khi cudc chidn ttanh xdm luge eua thgc dan Phdp nd ra, tCr ttdn dinh cao ciia tu tudng, tinh cim thdtdgi Id long ydu nudc thirong ddn, Nguyeg Dinh Chieu dd sang tdc nhiing tde pham ddp ling xuat sic ydu ciu cua cudc chidn diu giii nirdc budi iy. Tha vdn ydu nugc chdng Phdp ciia Nguyin Dinh Chieu

57

ghi lgi chdn thgc mdt tl^ciiii thuong cua dat nudc, khieh Id ldng cdm thu gi^c vd y ehi ciiu nirdc eua nhan dan ta, ddng thdi nhiet Udt bieu duong nhiing anh hiing nghia si dd chidn diu, hi sinh vi Td qudc. 6ng td cao tdi ae gidc xam ldng gay bao tham hoa cho nhdn dan {Chgy gidc, Vdn ti nghia si trdn vong Lgc tinh), dng ldn dn nhung ke san sang ddi hinh tdc rdu di chiu chti ddu Tdy. Qng ngpi ca nhiing si phu ydu nudc nhu Truong Dinh, Phan Tdng vin ndng long vdi hai chii trung qudn nhung vi dgi nghia eua dan tdc, da ddm chdng lgi ehidu chi nhd vua, phit cao ed nghia, ding nhan dan chidn dau den hoi thd cudi ciing: "Bdi ldng chiing chang nghe thidn tu chieu, ddn ngdn miy dam md tiln^^'; theo bgng dan phii cWu tudng qudn phd' ), gdnh vdc mdt vai khdn ngogi '" {Vdn tiTruangDinh). Dudi ngpn ed dd Id ddng dao nhiing iigudi ndng dan ngheo khd, sudt ddi cui cut ldm dn, bdi men nghia ldm qudn chiiu md, ddnh gigc vdi y chi: "Tha thdc md dgng eau dich khdi, vl theo td phu ciing vinh... Thac md tti nude non rdi ng, danh thom ddn sdu tinh chiing diu khen..." {Van te nghia si Cdn Giudc). Ngay ci ttong that bgi, ddn tdc nay van khdng bao gid eWu khom lung, udn gdi trudc kd thu. Ki Nhan Su, ngudi thiy thudc gidi ttong Ngu Tiiuy thugt vdn ddp, diu khdng thi ldm dl ciiu vdn tinh the dit nudc, vdn bieu thi tim ldng kidn tnmg bit khuat bang each tgxdng ddi mit minh cho mu chii khdng eluu phung sg qudn gidc, dl lgi cho ddi bdi hgc nhan sinh cao ea: "Du dui md giii dgo nhd - Cdn hon cd mit dng cha khdng thd".

3. Nghd thuat tha van

v l nghd thudt, tho vdn Nguyin Dinh Chidu cd nhiiu ddng gdp quan trgng, nhit Id vdn chuong trii tinh dgo diic. Ve d?p cua tha vdn dng khdng phdt Id ri^c rd d bl ngodi ma tilm an ttong ting sdu cua cam xiic, suy ngim. Biit phdp trii tinh xuit phdt tir cdi tdm ttong sdng, rihidt thdnh, diy tinh ydu thuong con ngudi cua nhd tha, bao gid ciing ndng ddm hoi thd cudc sdng, tu nd dd tao ndn siic rung ddng manh Udt sdu xa. Ddc bidt, tha van Nguydn Dinh Chidu edn rit ddm dd sic thdi Nam Bd. Mdi ngtrdi ddn Nam Bd diu cd thi bit gdp minh d cdc nhdn vgt cua dng, ttr ldi dn tieng ndi mdc mgc, binh di ddn tdm hdn ndng nhidt, chit phde, cdch cu xu khodng dat, hdn nhien... Ldi tha thidn ve kl trong cdc truydi> ciia dng ciing mang mdu sic diin xudng rit phd bidn ttong van hpe ddn gian Nam Bp.

Dd Id nhiing ydu td ca bin tgo ndn gid tri tham mi ddc sic cua tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chieu. Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin, Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giugc,... xiing ddng Id nhiing tde pham xuat sic ciia vdn hpe Viet Nam cudi thdi trung dgL

(1) Md tien: trudc diu ngga, -^ ndi nhiing ngudi ddn dd din ngan trudc diu ngua. (2) Tudng qudn phii: an tin ciia tudng Unh. ' (3) Khdn ngogi: ngoli ng^ch cua (thdnh), chi trdch nhi0m vd cdng vi$c cda ngudi Idm tudng.

58

Da hon mdt the ki ttdi qua, tidng tiia Dd Chidu van ngdn vang giiia ciidc dbi. Tdn tudi nha tha mii xii Ddng Nai van rgc sang biu ttdi vdn ngh? ddn tde bdi nhdn cdch cao dep vd nhiing cdng hien ldn lao ciia dng cho vdn hgc nudc nhd.

HUldNGBANHUCBAl

1. Ndu nhiing ndt chinh vl cudc ddi Nguyin Dmh Chiiu. Anh (chi) cdm nhgn sdu sic diiu gi qua cugc ddi nhd tha ?

2. Tun hieu gid tii tiio vdn Nguyen Dmh Chieu: - Dga vao nhiing dogn trich da hgc vl Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin {b ldp 9 vd ldp 11), hay cho bidt U tirdng dao diic cua Nguyin Dinh Chieu dugc xay dgng chii ydu ttdn ca sd tinh cim ndo. - Ndi dung trii tinh ydu nudc ttong tha van Nguyin Dinh Chiiu ? Tdc ddng tich cge ciia nhung sdng tdc tha vdn ay ddi vdi cugc chidn diu chdng thgc dan Phap duong thdi ? - Theo £uih (chi), sic thdi Nam Bg ddc ddo eua tho vdn Nguydn Dinh Chidu bidu hidn d nhiing diim ndo ?

3*. Vdi nhiing kidn thiic da hgc vl Nguyin Trdi vd Nguyin Dinh Chieu, anh (elu) cim nhgn dtrgc dieu ^ gin giii vl tu tudng nhan nghia giiia hai nhd tha ndy ? Hay trinh bdy y kidn eua minh.

^ GHI NHO .

Cudc ddi Nguydn Dinh Chidu Id mdt t im guong trong sang, cao dep v l nhdn cdch, nghi Igc va y chi, v l Idng ydu nudc, thuang ddn vd thai dd kidn trung, bat khuit trudc kd thu. Tha vdn dng Id mdt bdi ca dao due, nhdn nghTa, Id tidng ndi ydu nudc ci t ldn tir cudc chidn diu chdng qudn xdm luoc, Id thanh tuu nghd thudt xuat sic mang ddm sic thai Nam Bd.

LUYf N TAP

Cdn cu vdo nhiing kidn thiic da hgc vl Nguyin Dinh Chieu vd cdc tde phim eiia dng, anh (chi) suy nghi nhu the nao vl nhgn dinh eua nha tha Xuan Didu: "Cdi tru di ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, sg kinh mdn hg Id mdt dgc diem eiia tdm hdn D6 Chidu"<" ?

(1) Dgc lgi tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, trong Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, tdm guongyiu nudc vd lao d^ng nghi thudt, NXB Khoa hpe xd hOi, Hd NOi, 1973.

59

PHAN HAI : T A C P H A | I I I

TIEUBAN

Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giu0c ^ ' Id bdi vdn Nguyin Dmh Chiiu viet theo ydu elu cda Dd Quang, tuin phu Gia Dinh, dl te nhiing nghia si da hi sinh trong trdn tdp kich ddn qudn Phdp 6 Cin Giudc ddm 16 -12 -1861. Nghia qudn gilt dupe ten quan hai Phdp vd mOt sd Unh thupc dia, lam chd ddn hai ngdy rdi hi phdn cdng vd that bai. Nghia qudn hi sinh khodng 20 ngudi. Trong bdi cdnh cuOc chiin diu khdng edn sire nhung ngdy diu chdng Phdp, khi todn ddn tpc dang quyit mOt Idng thd chit vinh cdn han sdng nhue, sp hi sinh vi dai nghia ndy qui cd siie ed vu vd khieh Id to Idn. Bdi thi, bdi vdn ngay lap tiic dirpc truyin tpng khip noi trong nude, lam xiic dOng Idng ngudi. Cd thi ndi Ian diu tien trong vdn hpe ddn tpc, ngudi ndng ddn nghia si chdng ngoai }dun da dupe dpng mOt biic tupng ddi nghd thudt bat tu.

Vdn t l Id mdt loai vdn thudng gin vdi phong tuc tang II, nhim bdy td ldng tile thuong ddi vdi ngirdi da mat. Vdn t l thudng cd hai nOi dung eo bdn : kl lai cuOc ddi, cdng diic, pham h^uih cua ngudi da khuat vd bdy td ndi dau thuong eua ngirdi sdng trong gid phiit vinh bipt. Am hudng chung cda bai vdn t l Id bi thuong, nhung sic thdi biiu cdm d mdi bdi cd thi khdc nhau. Cd bdi chi thuan tuy la mpt tiing khdc {Vdn tiTruang Quynh Nhu ciia Pham Thdi) nhimg ciing cd bai mang tinh sii thi bi trdng {Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giugc eua Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, Vdn tiPhan Chdu Trinh eiia Phan BOi Chau). Ddc bidt, ed khi vdn t l cdn dupe viit trong nhiing hodn cdnh khdc, nhim muc dich khdc (vi dp Tii Xuong Idm Vdn tisdng vgvin gipng hai hudc, di ddm, hay cdc nhd vdn cdch mang sau ndy cd the Idm vdn t l bpn thuc ddn, d l qudc dl da kich, cham biim). Vdn t l cd thi dupe viit theo nhiiu th i : vdn xudi, tho lue bdt, song that luc bdt, phii,... (Bai vdn t l ndy viit theo thi phii Dudng ludt, ed vin, cd ddi). Gipng dieu vdn t l ndi chung Id Idm Ii, thdng thiet, sii dung nhiiu thdn tir va nhiing tit ngu, hinh Inh ed gid tri biiu cdm manh. Bd cue cua bai vdn t l thudng ed bdn doan: doan md diu {lung khdi) ludn chung ve le sdng chet, thirdng khdi xudng bing nhirng tu Thuang di.', Hoi di!; doan thii hai {thich thuc) kl cdng diic, pham hanh, cudc ddi eiia ngudi da khuit, thudng bit diu bing cum tir Nh& linh xua ; doan thii ba {ai vdn) ndi len niim thuong tile ddi vdi ngudi dd chit; doan thii tu {kit) bay td Idng tile thuong vd Idi elu nguyen eiia ngudi diing tl.

VAN BAN

Hdi di!

Sling gidc dit rIn; long ddn ttdi td.

Mudi nam cdng vd rudng, chua it cdn danh ndi nhu phao ; mdt ttgn nghia ddnh Tay, tuy la mit tieng vang nhu md^^\

(1) Nghia SI: ngudi cd chi khi, khdng qudn ng^ hi sinh vi vide nghia nhu ciru ngudi, cuu nudc. cdn Giugc: nay thudc tinh Long An.

(2) Cd cdu nay ndi: Mudi ndm ldm rudng, chua chic da dupe ai biit din tdn tudi; mdt trdn nghia ddnh Tdy, tuy hi sinh nhung tiing thom cdn mdi.

60

Nhdlinm^ixua:

Cui cut ldm dn; toan lo ngheo khd^ ).

Chtra quen cung ngga, ddu tdi trudng nhung'^'; ehi bidt rudng ttau, b trong lang bd(*^

Vide cudc, vide cdy, vide bira, vide ciy, tay vdn quen ldm; tdp khidn, tap siing, tgp mac, tap cd, mit chua tung ngd.

Tidng phong hgc' ) phgp phdng hon muoi thdng, ttdng tin quan nhu ttdi hgn ttdng mua ; miii tinh chidn^ ' viy vd'^ da ba nam, ghdt thdi mgi ^ nhu nhd ndng ghdted.

Biia thay bdng bong^ ' che tting ldp, mudn tdi dn gan; ngdy xem dng khdi chay den si, mudn ra cin ed.

Mdt mdi xa thir i") do so, hd de ai chdm rin dudi huau^"^; hai ving nhgt nguydt chdi loa, dau dung lii tteo dd ban ehd.

Nao dpi ai ddi ai bit, phen nay xui ra siic dogn kinh"^); ching them ttdn ngugc trdn xudi, chuydn nay ddc ra tay bd hd' ^^

(1) Linh: linh hdn; b day chi ngudi da chit.

(2) Cui cut (cdi cdt) : bo va, khdng noi nuong tpa. Cd cdu ^ ndi dm thim, ldng Id Idm dn md vin nghdo khd sudt ddi.-

(3) Trudng nhung: noi tdp trdn, luypn vd.

(4) Lang d^: chi Idng xdm, cd bdn chdp Id 2ang h^.

(5) Phong hgc: Ily b cdu Phong thanh hgc 1$, thdo mdc giai binh, nghia gdc chi sp hdi hdp, lo ling, nghe tiing gid thdi, tiing chim h^c kdu, thiy cdy cd cung tudmg Id qudn gidc dudi ddnh. 6 cdu ndy chi cd nghia Id tin kl djch din.

(6) Miii tinh chiin: miii tanh hdi, d ddy chi thpc ddn Phdp.

(7) Vdy vd: ldm do bin, ddy dinh bdy b^.

(8) Thdi mgi: thdi tdt mpi rp, da man (eua thpc ddn Phdp).

(9) Bdng bong: vdi che nIng, vl budm tren boong tau.

(10) Xa thu: xe cO vd chir viit (do cdu Xa ddng quy, thu ddng vdn, ed nghIa Id trpc bdnh xe cd eixng dd ddi, sdch viit ciing mOt ldi chii), chi mpt qudc gia dOc ldp, cd chd quyin.

(11) Chim rdn dudi huau: tich Luu Bang (Hdn Cao Td) chdm rIn, dpng cd nghia, tidu dipt nhd Tin b^o ngupc (dudi huou). Cl vl cdu M0t mdi xa thu... chim rdn dudi huau y ndi: Nudc ta Id mOt qudc gia dOe ldp vi d^i, ching le I i dl cho ai khdc (md khdng phdi Id minh) diing Idn trii kl xdm Idng u!

(12) Dogn kinh: chdm cd kinh, lodi cd to vd dii tpn ngodi biin.

(13) Bg hd: bit hd. Dogn kinh, bghd:y ndi ra siic tieu di$t gidc.

61

Khd thuang thay I Vdn ching phii quan eo qudn v^^^\ theo ddng ) drllnh diin binh'^'; ching qua

Id dan ip ddn ldn, mdn nghia ldm qudn ehidu md * . Mirdi tdm ban vd nghd, nao dgi tdp rdn ; chin chgc ttdn binh thu, khdng ehd

bdybd. Ngodi cdt ' ed mdt manh do vii, ndo dpi mang bao tiu^^^ biu ngdi^^; ttong tay

cim mdt ngpn tim vdng^ ', chi nai sim dao tu' ^ ndn gd(^°\ Hoa mai*"^ ddnh bing ram con etii' ^^ ciing ddt xong nhd dgy dgo Ida; guam

deo dtmg bing ludi dao phay, ciing chdm rdt diu quan hai np. Chi nhpe quan quin gidng ttdng ki ttdng gigc, dgp rdp ludt tdi, coi gi$e ciing

nhu khdng; ndo sg thing Tay bin dgn nhd dgn to, xd eiia xdng vdo, Ueu minh nhu chang cd.

Kl dam ngang, ngudi chdm ngugc, lam cho ma td ' ^ ma ni i ' hdn kinh ; bpn hd tnrdc, W^^^ 6 sau, ttdi kd tdu sit ^ ^ tdu ddng siing nd.

Oi! Nhiing ldm ldng nghia ldu diing; dau bidt xdc phdm^ ^ vdi bd.

(1) Ca, vi: cdc loai don vj qudn dOi thdi phong kiln.

(2) TTieo ddng: theo ddng ddi cha dng.

(3) Diin binh: luypn tdp vi|c binh.

(4) Min nghia ldm qudn chiiu m0 {chiiu: vdi, mdi; m0: elu, tim): Iiic ndy, nhiiu si phu ydu nudc dd dpng cd nghia, chidu mO nghia qudn ddnh Phdp. Nhiing ngudi ndng ddn vi min n^ ia md tp nguydn gia nhdp nghia quan.

(5) ear: lung.

(6) Bao tdu: bao dpng dao, ma tlu.

(7) Bdti ngdi: bao dung thudc d^n, ngdi nd.

(8) Tdm vdng: Io?ii tre ddc rudt, rit ciing, thudng diing Idm gdy thay cho vii khi.

(9) Dao tu: Io?i dao ludi ddi, sle bdn, thudng budc vdo Itmg, dimg dl ddn cdy, gilt gidc.

(10) Ndn gd: ndn dOi cda linh ngdy xua.

(11) Hod mai: mdi nhdm liia, do Idm bing vdt nh|y bit liia; thudng dOng dl chdm ngdi nd cho mdt lo^ Sling cd (siing hod mai).

(12) Ram con cui: rom b$n chdt thdnh cudn dai dl lam mdi lua.

(13) Md td (phidn dm theo tiing Ma-lai-xi-a: mala): linh cdnh sdt.

(14) Ma ni (phidn dm tdn thii dd cda Phi-Iip-pin Id Ma-ni-la): linh thudc dja tuyin mO b Phi-lfp-pin.

(15) Bgn, Id: ehi nhiiu ngudi, khdng cd khinh thj.

(16) Cd bin chip Id tdu thiic.

(17) Xic phdm: xlc ciia eon ngudi trin tpc.

62

Mdt chic sa ti-udng ring chu hgnh"), ndo hay da ngua bgc tiidy^^); trdm nam am phii iy chii quy^3\ nao dpi guam hum treo md^*'.

Dodi sdng Cin Giudc, cd cdy miy dam siu gidng; nhin chg Trudng Binh ^ , gid ttd hai hang luy nhd.

Ching phii dn cudp dn gian ddy tdi, ma vi hmh ddnh gidc cho cam tam; vdn khdng giu thdnh giii luy bd di, md hi^u lgc theo qudn cho ddng sd^ '.

Nhung nghi rdng: Tie dit nggn rau on ehiia, tdi bdi' ^ cho nudc nha ta; bdt cam manh do d ddi,

mic md chi dng cha nd. Vi ai khidn quan quan khd nhgc, dn tuydt nim suong ; vi ai xui ddn luy tan

tanh, xidu mua nga gid. Sdng lam ehi theo quan t i dao'^^ qudng vua huong^ ', xd ban ddc'^"', thay lgi

thdm budn ; sdng lam ehi d Unh ma td, chia rugu lat, g ^ bdnh mi, nghe cang them hd.

Tha thdc md ddng cau dieh khdi i vl theo td phu * ) ^Qng vinh; hon edn md chiu chii dau Tay, d vdi man di' ' rit khd.

(1) Hgnh: may min.

(2) Da ngga bgc thdy: chi cdi chit b noi chiin trudng. Cl vl cdu ndi: Chdn sa trudng nhiing mong gdp may min, nao ngd da phdi hi sinh.

(3) Quy: ve, ed nghia Id chit. Theo trilt Ii d?io Phdt, sdng Id gdi, thdc Id vl {sinh ki, tii quy).

(4) GMom ham treo m^: theo tich cd Tnmg Qudc, mdt nghia si thdi Chiin qudc khi chit dd ddn eon treo cdy guom trdn md dl td chf nguydn chua thdnh.

(5) Chg Trudng Binh: thudc Cin GiuOe. (6) Vi binh: ldm linh. Hi$u luc: 6 ddy hilu la hit siic ldm vipc. Cd cdu -y ndi: Ching phdi vi mic tOi

md bi budc phdi Idm Unh dl ldp cdng ehuOc tOi.

(7) Tdi bdi: vun dip, vun trdng. Ci cdu •} ndi: Tie dit, ngpn rau diu Id on vua (bao ddi) vun dip cho nudc nhd ta; bdt com manh lo cua ta, mic md ^ din dng cha chung nd (md chiing nd cirdpdi).

(8) Td dgo: chi d?o Thidn Chiia, ndi mdt cdch khinh thi. Thdi Id diu xdm lupe Vi$t Nam, thpc ddn Phdp mupn cd truyin dao dl tiin hdnh do thdm xdm lupc nudc ta, 11 ipi dpng d io Thidn Chiia dl chia rd nhdn ddn ta. Nhiing si phu ydu nude ban diu chua nhdn ra dm muu thdm ddc dd ndn dd chd truong bdi xich d^o Thidn Chiia.

(9) Vila huang: binh hirong, lu huong trdn bdn thd.

(10) Ban d^c: bdn did.

(11) Dich khdi: tinh tiiln, y chi chdng kl tiiCl.

(12) Tdphg: dng ndi, 6 ddy chi td tidn ndi chung.

(13) Man di: ehi thpc ddn Phdp.

63

di thdi thdi! Chua Tdng Thgnh'" ndm canh ung ) ddng Ignh, tim ldng son gui lgi bdng

ttdng rdm ; ddn Lemg Sa ^ mdt khae dang tti hdn, tui phdn bac trdi theo ddng nudc do''".

Dau ddn biy! M? gid ngdi khdc tte, nggn den khuya leo let ttong llu; nao niing thay! Vg yeu chgy tim chdng, con bdng xd dgt dd ^ tnrdc ngd.

Oil Mdt ttgn khdi tan, nghin ndm tidt rd ^ Binh tirdng nd hdy ddng sdng Bdn Nghd, ai ldm ndn bdn phia may den ; dng

cha ta cdn d dat Dong Nai, ai cuu d ^ g mdt phudng con dd'^. Thdc md tta nude non rdi nq^^\ danh tham ddn sau tinh ehilng' ^ diu khen ;

thdc md img'*" dinh midu de thd, tidng ngay ttdi mudn ddi cii ciing mg. Sdng ddnh gidc, thdc ciing ddnh gigc, Unh hdn theo giiip co binh, mudn kiip

nguydn dugc tti thii kia ; sdng thd vua, thdc ciing thd vua, ldi dg'"' dgy da rdnh rdnh, mdt chii am' ) du din cdng do.

Nudc mit anh hiing lau chang rdo, thuong vi hai chii thidn ddn ; cdy huang nghia si thip thdm tham, cam bdi mdt eau vuong thd'^^'.

Hdi di thuang thay I Cd linh xin hudng.

(Theo Tha vdn Nguyin Dinh Chieu, NXB Vdn hpe Gidi phdng, TP. Hd Chi Minh, 1976)

(1) Chiia Tdng Thgnh: cd bin chep Id Tdn Thgnh, ten mdt ngdi chiia b Cin Giudc md nghia quan da sii dung Idm edn cii chdng gidc.

(2) Ung: phii, chiu. (3) Ddn Lang Sa {Lang sa: gpi tit tii Pha-lang-xa, phidn dm tiing Phdp: France): chi nhiing"don

binh Phdp ddng b ben Ida chp Cin Giudc. (4) Tdi phdn bgc trdi theo ddng nttdc dd: y ndi vl su hi sinh cda nghia qudn. Khi qudn Phdp phdn

cdng, hp nit lui, boi qua sdng Cin Giupc vd b) sung trdn tdu chiin gidc bin chit. (5) D^r dd (nhu f f I'd): y ndi bdng chiiu xudng nhdp nho?mgi bdng ldng trude ngd. (6) Tiit rd: danh tieng rang ro. (7) Con do: diia tri mdi sinh cdn dd hdn {xich tu), nghia bdng chi nhan ddn (y ndi nhdn dan cin

dupe chdm sdc, bdo vd nhu trd so sinh). (8) Rdi ng: trd xong np nude nori. (9) Chang: ddn Qhiing, mpi ngudi. (10) Ung: 6 cdu ndy cd nghia Id "dupe". (11) Ldi dg: chiiu dp cua nhd vua. (12) Chu dm: dn trach, chiic tude md con edi nhirng ngudi Idm quan, ngudi ed cdng lao vdi triiu

dinh dupe thira hudng (gpi Id dupe tap dm). (13) TTii n ddn: ddn cua trdi, Theo quan nipm phong kiln, vua Id con trdi {thiin td), cho ndn nhan

ddn trong nttdc deu Id tdi eon ciia vua, t | t cl dat dai trong nudc cung diu Id cua vua {vuang thd). Cl cdu y ndi: Nude mit khdc nhiing ngitdi anh hung lau mdi ciing khdng kh6; elm thuong nhdn dan (dang phdi khd dau); thIp ndn huong thom tudng nhd ngudi nghia si, l£ii ch^nh Idng nghi din nudc non (dang h\ qudn gi$c gidy xeo).

64

H U 6 N G BAN HGC BAI

1. Dpc Tiiu ddn, nim nhirng ndt ca ban vl till van td. Tim bd cge eua bdi vdn td nay.

2. Hinh anh ngudi ndng dan righia si dugc tdi hidn trong bai vdn td nhu thd ndo ? (Chii y phan ti'eh qua ci qud trinh : hinh anh hg ttong cudc sdng binh thudng, nhirng bidn chuyin khi qudn gidc xam phgm tdc ddt nggn rau, bdt cam manh do, ve dep hdo hung eua ddi qudn do vai trong trdn nghia ddnh Tdy.)

Theo anh (chi), cdch midu ta nay dat gid tri nghd thuat cao d nhiing diem ndo (vl nghd thudt xdy dgng nhdn vdt, nghd thudt ngdn ngii, biit phdp trii tinh,...) ?

3. Tidng khdc bi ttdng cua tde gii xuit phdt ttr nhiiu ngudn cim xuc. Theo anh (chi), dd Id nhiing cim xiic ^ ? Vi sao tidng khdc dau thuang ndy lgi khdng hi biluy?

4. Siic ggi cim mgnh me cua bdi van td ehu ydu Id do nhiing ydu td ndo ? Hdy phan tich mdt sd cau tieu bieu.

^ : GHI NHO .

Vdn ti nghia sJCan Giudc ciia Nguydn Dinh Chidu la tidng khdc bi trang cho mdt thdi ki Ijch su dau thuang nhung vT dai ciia ddn tdc, la biic tugng ddi bat tu v l nhung ngudi ndng ddn nghTa sT Cin Giudc da dung cam chien diu hi sinh vi Td qudc. Bdi van cung Id mdt thdnh tgu xuat sic ve nghd thudt xdy dgng hinh tugng nhdn vdt, kdt hgp nhuin nhuydn chat tru tinh vd tinh hidn thgc ; ngdn ngu binh di, trong sang, sinh ddng.

LUYEN TAP

1. Dpc didn cim bdi vdn td.

2. Ndi vl quan nidm sdng eua dng cha ta thdi ki diu khdng chidn chdng Phdp, Gido su Trin Vdn Gidu da vidt: "Cdi sdng dugc cha dng ta quan nidm la khdng thi tdch rdi vdi hai chii nhgc, vinh. Md nhue hay vinh la su ddnh gid theo thdi dp chinh tri ddi vdi cudc xdm luge cua Tay : ddnh Tdy Id vinh, theo Tay Id nhgc"'!'. j\nh (chi) hay vidt mdt dogn van phdn tieh nhiing cau ttong bdi Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc the hidn diy du, sdu sic tridt li nhdn sinh do.

(1) Hgp tuyin tha vdn yiu nudc nda sau thikiXIX, NXB Vdn hpe. Ha NOi, 1970.

5-NV11-T1-A g 5

THIfC HANH VE THANH NGV, DIEN C6

KET QUA CAN OAT-

• Cung cd vd ndng cao nhCrng kidn thuc ve thdnh ngu, didn cd.

• Biet iTnh hpi vd su dung dung thanh ngu, didn cd.

• Phdn tich dugc gid trj bieu hien cua nhimg thanh ngu, dien cd thdng dung.

V

1. Tim thdnh ngii trong dogn tha sau, phdn bidt vdi tir ngii thdng thirdng ve ciu tgo vd ddc diem y nghia.

Ldn ldi thdn cd khi qudng vdng, Eoseo mat nudc budi do ddng. Mdt duyin hai ngdu ddnh phdn, Ndm ndng mudi mua ddm qudn cdng.

(Tran Tl Xuong, Thuang y(r)

2. Phdn tieh gia tri nghd thugt eiia cdc thdnh ngii in dam (vl tinh hinh tugng, tinh biiu cim, tinh hdm siic) trong cdc cau tha sau :

Ngudi ndch thudc ki tay dao,

Dau trau mat ngua do do nhu sdi.

Mdt ddi dugc mdy anh hung,

Bd chi cd chdu chim ldng md choi!

Ddi trdi dap ddt d ddi,

Hg Tic tin Hdi vdn ngudi Viet Ddng.

(Nguydn Du, Truyin Kiiu)

3. Dgc lgi chii thich vl nhiing diin cd in dam d hai cdu tha sau ttong bdi Khoe Duong Khui va cho biet the hdo Id dien cd.

Giudng kia treo cung hang hd, Dan kia gdy cung ngdn nga tiing ddn.

{n^yknYhxiyen, Khdc Duang Khui)

6 6 S-MVII-TI-B

4. Dga vdo chii thich ttong cdc vdn ban da hgc, hay phdn tich tinh hdm siic, tham thuy eua dien ed ttong nhiing cdu tha sau :

- Sdu dong cdng ldc cdng day,

Ba thu dgn lgi mgt ngdy ddi ghi.

- Nhd an chin cha cao sdu,

Mdt ngdy mdt ngd bdng ddu tdtd.

- Khi vi hdi lieu Chuang Ddi,

Cdnh xudn dd be cho ngudi chuyin tay.

"^Bdy ldu nghe tiing md ddo.

Mat xanh chdng diai vdo cd khdng ?

(Nguyin Du, Truyin Kiiu)

5. Thay thd thanh ngii trong nhiing cau sau bdng cdc tii ngii thdng thudng, tuong duong vl nghia. Nhdn xdt vl sg khdc bif t va hidu qui eua mdi cdch diin dat.

a) Ndy cdc cdu, dung cd md ma cu bdt nat ma mdi. Cdu dy viia mdi chdn udt chdn rdo din, minh phdi tim cdch gidp dd chu.

b) Hg khdng di tham quan, khdng di thuc tikiiu cudi nggu xem hoa md di chiin ddu thuc su, di ldm nhiim vg ciia nhung chiin si binh thudng...

6. Dgt cau vdi mdi thdnh ngii sau :

- M? trdn con vudng. - Di gudc trong bung.

- Triing khdn han vit

- Ndu su sdi kinh.

- Ldng lang dg thd.

- Phu quy sinh li nghia.

7. Dgt cdu vdi moi dien cd sau :

-Gdt chdn A-sin

- Ng nhu chua Chdm

- Dio cdy gida dudng

- Nudc do ddu vit

- Di hod vi quy.

- Con nhd linh, tinh nhd quan.

- Thdy ngudi sang bdt qudng ldm hg.

-GdSd Khanh

- Sue trai Phu Ddng

67

CHIEU cAu HIEN' ^ NGOTHINHAM

(Cdu hien chieu) KfTQUACANOAT-

• Hieu dugc chu truang chidn luge cua vua Quang Trung trong vide tap hgp ngudi hien tai.

• Nhdn thiic diing dan vai trd va trach nhiem cua nguai trf thiic ddi vdi cong cugc xdy dgng dat nuac.

Ndm vung nghd thuat ldp luan trong bdi chidu va cam xuc ciia ngudi vidt.

^

TIEUBAN

Ngd Thi Nhdm (1746 -1803) hieu Id Hi Doan, ngudi Idng Td Thanh Oai OdngTd), huydn Thanh Oai, tran Son Nam (nay thudc huypn Thanh Tri, Hd Ndi). Nam 1775, dng dd tiin si, tiing dupe chua Trinh giao cho giii chuc Ddc ddng tran Kinh Ble. Nam 1788, khi nhd Le - Trinh spp dd, Ngd Thi Nhdm da di theo phong trdo Tdy Son, dupe vua Quang Trung phong Idm Lai bp Td thi lang, sau thdng chiic Binh bO Thupng thu. 6ng Id ngudi cd ddng gdp tieh cue cho triiu dai Tdy Son. Nhiiu vdn kidn, giay to quan trpng cua Tdy Son do dng soan thdo.

Viit ehilu eau hien tdi Id mOt truyen thdng vdn hod chinh tri phuong Ddng thdi cd tnmg d?i. Chiiu cdu hien eiia vua Quang Trung do Ngd Thi Nhdm viit thay vao Idiodng ndm 1788 - 1789, nhim thuyit phuc si phu Bdc Hd, die cdc tri thiic eiia triiu dai cii (Ld - Trinh) ra cdng tdc vdi triiu dai Tdy Son.

VAN BAN

Tiing nghe ndi ring: Ngudi hiin xuat hidn d ddi, thi nhu ngdi sao sdng ttdn ttdi cao. Sao sang at chiu vl ngdi Bic Thin^^), ngudi hiin it ldm sii gii cho thidn tii. Ndu nhu che mat dnh sang, giiu di ve dep, cd tai ma khdng dugc ddi diing, thi d6 khdng phai Id y ttdi sinh ra ngudi hiin vdy.

Trudc ddy thdi the suy vi, Trung chau gap nhiiu bidn cd, kd si phii d an ttong ngdi khe'^', ttdn ttdnh vide ddi *', nhiing bdc tinh anh ttong triiu dudng phii kidng

(1) Hien : ngudi cd diic va tai.

(2) Bdc Thdn : sao Ble Dau, tuong tnmg cho ngdi vua.

(3) d dn trong ngdi khe : dich thodt chii "khio bdn". Khdo bdn Id ten bai tho trong thita "Ve phong" {Kinh Thi) ndi vl nhiing ngudi b an noi ngdi khe.

(4) Trdn trdnh viic ddi; dich thodt cdu "Dpng cung vu hodng nguu" (Gdi Id trong tam da bd). Hdo Sa cuu, qui Cdch trong Kinh Dich: "Cung dpng hodng nguu chi cdch" (Dimg da bd dl bpe cho thdt chdc), y ndi ke In dat trdn trdnh vide ddi khdc ndo tam da bd bpe lay dd vdt mdt cdch viing chic,

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dd khdng dam ldn tieng(». Ciing cd ke gd md canh cua' ', ciing ed kd ra bidn vap sdngO), chdt dudi ttdn cgnt ) md khdng biet, dudng nhu mudn lan ttdnh's' gudt ddi.

Nay ttdm dang ghe chidut ' ling nghe, ngdy dem mong mdi, nhung nhiing ngudi hpe rdng tai cao chua thiy cd ai tim den. Hay ttdm It diie khdng ddng dl phd td chdng ? Hay dang thdi do nat'^ chtra the ra phung sg vuong hau chdng ?

Kia nhu, ttdi cdn tdm tdi, tiii ding qudn tu phai ttd tdi. Nay duong d budi diu eua nin dgi dinh, cdng vide vtra mdi md ra. IQ cuong noi triiu chinh edn nliilu khiem khuyet, cdng vide ngodi bien duong phai lo toan, Ddn edn nhgc mdt chua lai siic, ma dire hod cua ttdm chua kip nhuin thim khip noi. Trim nam ndp lo ling, ngdy mdt ngdy hai van vide niy sinh. Nghi cho ki thi thay ring: Mdt cdi egt khdng thd da ndi mdt can nhd ldn, muu luge mdt ngudi khdng the dgng nghidp tri binh. Suy di tinh lgi tirong vdm ttdi nay, eii cdi ip mudi nhd at phai cd ngudi trung thdnh tin nghia. Hudng nay ttdn dii dat vdn hien rdng ldn nhu thd ndy, hd ttong dd lgi khdng cd liy mdt ngudi tdi danh ndo ra phd giiip cho chinh quyin budi ban diu eiia trim hay sao ?

Chieu ndy ban xudng, cae bdc quan vidn ldn nhd, ciing vdi thii dan trdm hp, ngudi nao ed tdi ndng hpe thudt, muu hay hon ddi, cho phdp dugc ddng sd tdu bdy sg vide. Ldi ndi ndo cd the chgn dung dugc, thi cat nhie khdng kl thii bdc ; chd ndo khdng diing dugc thi gdc lgi, khdng vi ldi ndi sa suit vu khodt ' ma bit tdi. Cdn ngudi' ed nghl hay nghidp gidi, ed the cdng hidn cho ddi, thi cho phdp cdc quan vdn, quan vd dugc tidn cu, nhung vih din vdo dgi ra mit, tuy tdi lgc dung. Hode ngudi nao tii trudc ddn nay tdi nang cdn bi ehe kin, chua dugc ngudi ddi bidt ddn, thi ciing cho phdp dang sd tg tidn cu, chd hiim vi muu lgi md phii bdn rao.

(1) Kang de khdng ddm lin tiing: dieh thodt cdu "Gidi minh vu trupng ma" (Ngpa chiu phdi kieng de tiing hi); b ddy f ndi cdc quan trong triiu diu giii minh khdng dam ndi thing.

(2) Gd md canh cda: dieh cdu "Kich dsic bao quan", xuit xii b sdch Mgnh Td; kich dgc Id ngudi ddnh md caiih ddm, bao quan la ngudi canh eiia, diu Id nhimg chirc vu thap kem.

(3) Ra biin vdo sdng: sdch Ludn nga, thidn Vi tu ed do^n chep vl nhiing ngudi di d In thdi ed: "Cd Phuong Thuc nhdp vu Hd, kich khdnh Tuong nhdp vu hdi" (Quan dinh trdng Phuong Thiic vdo miin sdng Hd, ngudi ddnh khdnh la Tirong di ra bl) ; b ddy chi cdc In si mdi ngudi di mdt phuong.

(4) Chit dudi trin cgn: dieh chii "Ipe trim", xuit xti b sleh Trang Td, ^ ndi kl di d In nhu ngudi hi chit dudi trdn can.

(5) Ldn ti-dnh: dich ehu "phi ddn", xuit xii d qui DOn trong Kinh Dich, ndi kl di d In.

(6) Ghi chiiu: dich ehu "trie tich", xuat xii bHdu Hdn thu, Chuong Dl ki, njghia Id ngdi bdn mep ehilu chii khdng ngdi chinh giiia vi cdn dpi ngirdi hiin tdi, ed y khiem tdn.

(7) Thai dd ndt: dieh tit chu ^cd", cQng Id tdn mpt qui trong Kinh Dich, ndi tiidi ki dd ndt Idn xdn. Hdo Thupng cOu, qui Cd ghi: "Bat sp vuong hau, cao tiiupng ki chi" (Ching chiu phung su vuong hiu, giii chi cda minh cho cao thupng).

(8) Vu khodt: viin vdng, khdng tiiiet tiiuc.

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Ndy! Trong khoing trdi dit, hiin tdi cdn in ndu, tnrdc ddy thi ndn nhu tiid. Nay trdi trong sdng, dat thanh binh, ehinh Id liic ngudi hiin gap hdi gid may, nhiing ai ed tdi ed diic hdy cung cd ging len, ghi tdn tgi triiu dinh, etmg nhau cung kinh, cung nhau hudng phuc Idnh'tdn vinh.

Vgy bd cdo gin xa de mgi ngudi diu bidt.

(Theo Ngd Thi Nhdm todn tdp, tdp II, NXB Khoa hpe xd hdi, Hd NOi, 2004)

HUdNG BAN HOC B A I

1. Anh (ehi) hay cho bidt bdi chidu gdm ed may phan va ndi dung eua mdi phan. Tir do, hay khdi qudt ndi dung chinh ciia mdt vdn bin "ciu hiin".

2. Hay cho bidt: Bdi chidu dugc vidt nham ddi tugng nao ? Cdc lugn diim dua ra de thuyet phgc Id gi ? Cd phii hgp vdi ddi tugng khdng ? Nhgn xet vl nghe thu(it lap lugn eua bdi chieu,

3. Qua bdi chieu, anh (chi) hay nhgn xdt vl tu tirdng vd tinh cim cua vua Quang Trung.

^ '. GHI NHO

• Chiiu ciu hiin Id mdt vdn kien quan trpng thd hidn chu truang diing dan eua nha Tdy Son nhim ddng vidn trf thiic Bac Hd tham gia xay dgng dit nudc.

• Bai chidu dugc vidt vdi nghe thudt thuyet phuc d$c sic vd thd hidn tinh cam , ciia tac gia ddi vdi sg nghiep xdy dgng dat nudc.

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OQCTHEMv X I N L A P K H O A L U A T NGUY£NTRUONGTQ c (Trich Ticdp bdt dieu)

TIEU BAN

Nguyin Trudng TO (1830 - 1871) ngudi lang Biii Chu, xd Hung Trung, huydn Hung Nguydn, tinh Nghd An. Ong thdng thao ed Hdn hpe vd Tdy hpe nen ed tri thiie rOng rdi, tim nhin xa rOng hon nhiiu tri thiic nho si duong thdi. Ong da viit nhiiu bdn diiu trln'^' giii ldn trieu dinh nhd Nguyin dl nghi thuc thi cdc bidn phdp ep thi nhim ddi mdi vd phat triin dat nude, dl cd thpc Ipe.ddi phd vdi hoa xdm Idng din tii phuong Tdy. Nhiing bin diiu tran ndy khdng ehi thi hidn kiln thiic sdu sle, uyen ble, mdi ml vl tinh hinh Vi0t Nam va the gidi khi ly ma cdn tham dupm tinh thin yeu nudc eua tdc gid, dupe viit bing mOt vdn phong sdng rd, chdt che. Hi$n nay, gidi nghien ciiu da sim tim dupe gin 60 bin di thdo cda Nguyin Trudng TO. Nhiiu dl xuit quan trpng cua dng dupe ghi trong Ticdp bdt diiu (Tdm vide ein lam gap). Ddng tile Id triiu dinh Tp Diic tuy ed tiip nhdn diiu tran eua Nguyen Trudng TO nhung dd khdng tich cue thpc thi nhirng tu tudng ddi mdi ndy.

Bdi Xin lgp khoa lugt trich tir bdn diiu trin sd 27 : Ticdp bdt diiu, bdn vl sp can thiit cda ludt phdp ddi vdi xa hdi nhim mpe dich thuyit phuc trieu dinh cho md khoa Ludt.

VAN BAN

Bit lugn quan hay dan, mgi ngudi diu phii hgc ludt nude vd nhiing lugt mdi bd sung them ttr thdi Gia Long' ) den nay. Ai gidi ludt sd dugc lam quan. Vi lugt bao gdm ci ki cuong'^\ uy quyin'*', chinh Idnh' ' cua qudc gia, trOng dd tam Cudng ngii thudng'^) cho ddn vide hdnh ehinh eua sdu bd'^' diu diy du. Quan dung ludt de tri; dan theo ludt md giii ^n. Bat cii mdt hinh phgt ndo ttong nudc deu khdng vugt ra ngodi ludt. Bdi vdy d cdc nude phuong Tdy, phdm nhiing ai dd

(1) Diiu trdn {diiu: diiu muc; trdn: trinh bay): trinh bdy theo tCmg diiu, timg muc.

(2) Thdi Gia Long: chi thdi gian tit nam 1802 den ndm 1819. Ndm 1802, Nguyin Anh ldp ra triiu Nguyin, len ngdi vua, ddt nien hieu Id Gia Long. 6ng b ngdi vua din ndm 1819 thi mit. "Ludt nirdc" d ddy chi Hodng Viit ludt li (vdn dupe gpi vin tit Id Ludt Gia Long), bO ludt dupe s o ^ dudi sp chi dao true tiip cda Gia Long, hodn thdnh ndm 1811.

(3) Xi' cuang: nhiing phdp tie ldm nen trdt tu eua mOt xa hOi. (4) Uy quyen: quyin lpc uy nghiem. (5) Chinh linh: chinh sdch yd phdp I$nh.

(6) Tam cuong ngu thudng {tam cuongivaa Id cuang (rudng mdi) cua bl tdi, cha Id cwong eua con, chdng Id cuong cda vp; ngd thudng: ndm phim chat phd biin (tiiudng) Id nhdn, nghia, li, tri, tin): quy ph?m dap diic trong quan hd giua ngudi vdi ngudi do ll gido xua yeu elu.

(7) Sdu bd : ngdy xua triiu dinh cd sdu bO Id BO Lai, BO HO, BO Hinh, BO Binh, BO Ll, Bp Cdng.

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nhdp nggch Bd Hinh'^' xu dodn cdc vg kidn tung thi chi cd thdng ttdt'^) ehu khdng bao gid bi biem truit'^'. Du vua, trieu dinh cdng khdng gidng chiic hg dirge mdt bdc. Nhu vdy Id dl giiip cho cdc vi nay dugc thong dong ttong vide chip hanh ludt phdp khdng bi mdt bd huge ndo ci. Phdm nhiing tdi ngu hinh'*' diu do cdc vi nay xu. Vua ciing khdng dugc dodn phgt mdt ngtrdi ndo theo y minh md khdng cd chii kl eua cdc quan ttong bd iy. Lam the la de cho ddn chiing thiy rd dgo cdng bing. Va lgi vua khdng dg vdo nhiing vide ngii hinh dl td dgo nhdn di. Nhrr chd dd xua, vua cd "tam hao"'^'. Bdi vi ndu ed tdi phai gidt thi dd Id qudc ddn gidt.

Bidt ring dao ldm ngudi khdng 0. ldn bang trung hieu'^', khdng g cin thidt bdng Id nghla'^. Nhung cdc sach nho chi ndi sudng ttdn giiy, khdng ldm ciing chang bi ai phgt, cd ldm ciing chang dugc ai thirdng. Bdi vdy xtra nay hoc da nhiiu md miy ai ddi dugc tdm tinh, suta dugc ldi lim ? Cho ndn JQidhg Tii ed ndi: "Ta ehira hi thiy ai nhgn dugc ldi minh ma bidt tg ttdeh phgt".

Ttr xua den nay cdc vua chiia nim quydn thdng tri ciiu nudc giiip ddi diu nhd hieu ludt, cdn cdc sdch vd khdc ciing ehi la phg thudc. Ndu ttong nudc khdng cd ludt, thi dii ed vgn quyin sdch ciing khdng the tti dugc dan. Diiu ndy qud rd. Bdi vi sdch vd ehi chdp ndo Id sg tich chinh sg thdi xua cua ed nhan, ndo Id nhiing bdi ludn hay ho cua ngirdi xua de lgi, ndo nhiing dng van chuong ttau chudt cua chu tii'^', nao nhiing tiiu thuyet dd su'^' cua nhiing ngudi hieu su ddt bay. Trong dd, hay ed, dd ed, ke ndi ndy, ngudi ndi khdc, xdt ki nhiing thii sdch vd dd chi ldm rdi tti thdm chang dugc tich sg ^ . Cho ndn Khdng Tu ndi: "Chep nhiing ldi ndi sudng chang bing thdn hdnh ra ldm vide". Thu xem cd nhiing nhd nho sudt ddi dgc sach, dang Id cu chi eua hg phai lam khudn thudc cho ddi, vdy md tgi sao cd nliilu ngudi, cudc ddi eiia hg vd sg ling xii eua hg cdn td hon nhiing ngtrdi que miia chit phde ?

(1) Bd Hinh: bO cd chiic ndng dieu tra, xet xu. (2) Thdng trdt: thdng cap.

(3) Biim trudt: gidng ehiie, cdch chiic.

(4) Ngu hinh: ndm hinh phat vdi cdc miio dp xu phat khdc nhau. Ndm hinh phat ndy b mdi thdi dai lai cd nOi dung khdc nhau. Theo Hodng Viit ludt le, dd la ddnh bdng roi (xuy), ddnh bdng gdy {tnofng), khd sai {dS), luu ddy {luu), tii hmh {tu).

(5) Tam hdo: ba lin tha.

(6) Trung hiiu: trung vdi vua, hilu vdi cha me.

(7) Li nghia {li: cic quy pham d^o diic, phdp tie trong ling xu xd hdi; nghia : hdnh vi vd d^o li diing din, phii hpp vdi le phdi): dao diic trong ling xu xa hOi.

(8) Chu tu: cdc nhd tu tudng Trung Qudc thdi cd dai.

(9) Dd su: lich su luu truyen trong ddn gian.

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Ndu bio ludt chi tdt cho vide cai tri chii khdng ed dgo diic tinh vi, thd la khdng biet ring ttdi ludt la tdi, giii diing ludt la diic. Neu tan dgng edi Id cdng bang d tirong ludt ma xCt sg thi mgi quyin, phdp diu la dgo diic. Cd edi diic nao ldn hen ehi cdng vd tu khdng ? Chi cdng vd tu Id diic ttdi. Trong ludt cdi ciing cdng bing hgp vdi diic ttdi, nhu vdy md khdng ddng ggi Id dgo diic tinh vi sao ? Chi sg con ngudi khdng tan dgng ludt md thdi. Ndu tan dgng ciing du ttgn ven dgo ldm ngirdi rdi, bat tat phii di tun cdi gi khac.

(Theo TRUDNG BA CAN, Nguyin Truang To, con ngudi vd di thdo, NXB Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, 1998)

HUIDMG B A N B O C T H E M

1. Theo Nguyin Trudng To, lugt bao gdm nhiing linh vge ndo ? 6ng dd gidi thidu vide thgc hdnh ludt phdp d cdc nude phtrong Tdy ra sao ?

2. Tde gii chu truong vua, quan va ddn phii cd thdi dd nhu the ndo tnrdc phap ludt ? Vi sao dng lgi chii truong nhu vay ?

3. Theo Nguyin Trudng To, Nho hgc truyin thdng cd tdn ttgng ludt phdp khdng ?

4. Tde gii quan nidm nhu thd nao vd mdi quan hd giiia dgo diic vd lugt phdp ?

5. Vide nhie den Khdng Tu va cac khdi nidm dgo diic, vdn chuong ed tdc dgng gi ddi vdi nghd thugt bidn lugn trong dogn ttich ?

73

THUC HANH VE NGHiA CUA TV TRONG SV DUNG

KfrQUACANOAT-

• Ndng cao nhdn thiic ve nghia cua tu trong sir dung : hidn tugng chuyen nghTa cua tu, quan he giua cac tir ddng nghTa.

• Cd y thiic vd kT ndng chuydn nghTa tir, Iga chpn tir trong cac tCr ddng nghTa di su dung thich hgp trong mdi hodn canh giao tidp.

V

1. a) Trong cdu tha Ld vdng trudc gid khi dua veo (Nguyin Khuyen), tu Id dugc dimg theo nghia gdc hay nghia chuyen ? Hay xdc dinh nghia dd.

b) Trong tidng Viet, tii Id cdn dugc dung theo nhiiu nghia khdc ttong nhiing tnrdng hgp sau:

- Id gan. Id phdi. Id Idch,... - Id thu. Id dan. Id thiep. Id phiiu. Id bdi,... -Idea, Id budm,... - Id cdt. Id chiiu. Id thuyin,... - Id tdn. Id ddng. Id vdng,...

Hay xdc dinh nghia cua tu Id ttong mdi tnrdng hgp ke tten, cho biet ca sd va phtrong thiic chuyin nghia ciia tir Id.

Ggiy:

- Tii /d dugc dimg ttong nhiing tnrdng hgp dinh danh khdc nhau, nhung nhiing vat dugc ggi tdn dd ed diim ^ gidng nhau ?

- Cdc nghia ttdn ddy cua ttr W ed quan he vdi nhau nhu thd ndo ?

2. Cdc tii ed nghia gdc chi bd phan ca the ngirdi {ddu, chdn, tay, miing dc, tim,...) cd thd ehuyen nghia de ehi ci eon ngudi. Hay dgt eau vdi mdi tir dd theo nghia chi ci eon ngtrdi.

Mdu:

tay —> - Bgc tinh ndi tiing ldu xanh, Mgt tay chdn biit mdy cdnh phii dung.

(Nguyin Du, Truyin Kiiu)

-Ddld mdt tay bdng bdn cd khdi d ldp tdi.

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3. Tim cdc tii cd nghia gdc ehi vi gidc ed khi ndng chuyin nghia chi ddc dierii cua dm thanh (gigng ndi), chi tinh chit cua linh cim, cim xiic. Hdy dgt eau vdi mdi ttr dd theo nghia ehuyen.

Mdu:

nggt -^ Ndi nggt Igt din xuong. lidng -> Tdi dd xem bd phim "Vi ddng tinh yiu".

4. Tim tir ddng nghia vdi ttr cdy, tir chiu tiong cdu tha:

Cgy em em cd chiu ldi, Ngdi lin cho chi lay rdi se thua.

(Nguyin Du, Truyin Kiiu)

Giii thich li do tde gia chgn diing tir cdy, tu chiu md khdng dung cdc tir ddng nghia vdi mdi tir dd.

5. Ddnh diu'*' / trudc ttr ngii thich hgp nhat de diing vdo vi tri bd trdng ttong mdi cau sau va giai thich li do Iga chgn.

a) Nh4t ki trong tu L..I mdt tdm long nhd nudc.

I I phdn dnh \ | thi hiin \ | b0c Id

[~~| canh cdnh LJ biiu hiin \_\ biiu Id

b) Anh dy khdng/.../gi din vi?c ndy.

r~| dinh ddp Q quan hi [^ can du

Q liin h$ Q liin can Q liin luy

c) Vi^t Nam mudn ldm /.../ vdi tdt cd cdc nudc trin thi gidi.

I I bdu bgn Q bgn hiiu Q bgn O bgn be

(1) Cdc d?ng bdi tdp trie nghidm, hpe sinh chdp Igi vd Idm vdo vd bai tdp.

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ON TAP VAN HOC TRUNG DAI VIET NAM

KfTQUACANOAT-

• N im lai mgt each he thdng nhung kidn thirc ca ban v l van hoc Vidt Nam trung dai da hoc trong chitang trinh Ngii van Idp 11.

• Cd ndng Igc dpc - hieu van ban van hoc, phdn tich van hoc theo ttrng cap dp : su kien, tdc gid, tac phim, hinh tuong, ngdn ngu van hoc.

I - NOI BUNG

6 ldp 10, anh (chi) da dirpc hpe bdi Khdi qudt vdn hgc Viet Nam tu thikiXdin hit thikiXLX, hpe mdt sd tde gia, tdc pham vdn hpe ttong cdc giai dogn tii the ki X den nua diu the ki XDC Den ldp 11, anh (chi) tidp tgc hgc cdc tde pham, tdc gia giai dogn tii the ki XVIII den nua diu thd ki XIX vd van hgc nua cudi the Id XK.

De nim dugc nhiing vin dl ea ban nhit eua Uch su vdn hgc Viet Nam tu thd ki XVIII den het the ki XIX, anh (chi) cin tti ldi nhiing cdu hdi sau :

1. Nhimg bieu hidn cua ndi dtmg ydu nudc ttong vdn hgc tir thd ki XVIII den hdt the ki XIX ? So vdi cdc giai dogn trudc, ndi dung ydu nudc ttong vdn hgc giai dogn nay cd biiu hidn ^ mdi ?

Phdn tieh nhiing bieu hidn cua ndi dung ydu nirdc qua cdc tdc pham vd dogn trich:

- Chgy gidc, Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc (Nguyin Dinh Chieu) - Xin lap khoa ludt (trich Ticdp bdt diiu cua Nguydn Tnrdng To) - Bdi ca phong cdnh Huong San (Chu Mgnh Trinh) - Cdu cd mua thu (Nguyin Khuydn) - Vinh khoa thi Huang (Trin TdXtrong)

2, Theo anh (chi), vi sao cd the ndi ttong vdn hgc tii the ki XVIII ddn hdt the ki XDC xuat hidn ttdo luu nhan dgo chu nghia ? Hdy ehi ra nhiing bieu hidn phong phii, da dgng eua ndi dung nhan dao ttong giai doan vdn hgc ndy. Anh (ehi) hdy cho bidt: Van dl ca bin nhit eiia ndi dimg nhdn dao ttong van hgc tii thd ki XVIII den hdt the ki XDC Id g ? Hay Iga chgn ttong cdc vih dl sau :

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- De cao truyin thdng dgo II. - Khing dinh quyin sdng con ngudi. - Khang dinh con ngudi cd nhdn.

Qua tdc phim Truyin Kiiu (Nguyin Du), trich dogn Chinh phu ngdm (bin didn Ndm eua Dodn Thi Diem (?)), tha Hd Xuan Huong, trich dogn Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin (Nguyen Dinh Chieu), cdc bdi tha Bdi ca ngdt ngudng (Nguyin Cdng Tni), Thuang vg (Trin Td Xuong), Khdc Duang Khui (Nguydn Khuyen), hay ldm sdng td van dl ma cinh (chi) cho la co ban nhit.

3. Phdn tieh gid tri phan anh vd phd phdn hidn thgc eila doan trich Vdo phu chua Trinh (ttich Thugng kinh ki su ciia Le Hiiu Trdc).

4. Nhimg gid tri ndi dung vd nghd thuat eua tha vdn Nguydn Dinh Chidu ? Tgi sao cd the ndi, vdi Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc, lin diu tidn ttong vdn hgc dan tgc cd mdt tugng ddi bi ttdng vd bit tb vl ngudi ndng ddn nghia si ?

II - PHUONG P H A P

1. Hgc smh ed thd van dgng nhimg hinh thiie dn tap sau :

- Ldm bdi tap tai ldp.

- Ldp bing tdng kdt vl tde gia, tdc pham vdn hgc trung dgi Viet Nam ttong chuong trinh ldp 11 theo mau sau

STT

•

Tdn tdc gia Ten tdc pham Nhiing diim ca bdn vl npi dung vd ngh? thugt

-Thuydt trinh. - Thio ludn d ldp (cd thi tiieo ttmg nhdm). -Vidt bdo.

2. Mdt ttong nhimg phuong phdp hgc van hgc tnmg dgi Viet Nam Id phii nim dugc ddc diim ctia bd phdn van hgc nay de tir dd di sdu tim hieu nhimg tdc pham, trich dogn eg thd. Van hpe trung dgi cd nhiing ddc diem ridng vl tu duy nghd thugt, quan nidm tham ml, biit phdp nghd tiiuat, thi logi vdn hpe...

a) Tu duy ngh$ thudt: thudng nghi theo kiiu mau nghd tiiu^t ed sdn da tiidnh cdng thiic.

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Anh (ehi) hay ehi ra nhiing ydu td mang tinh quy phgm vd sg sdng tgo ttong tinh quy phgm d bdi Cdu cd mua thu ciia Nguyin Khuyen (chii y cdch sir dgng hinh inh, tir ngu, vin di$u,...).

b) Quan niim thdm ml: hudng vl edi dep ttong qud khii, thidn vl cdi cao ci, tao nhd, ua su dung nhimg diin tich, didn cd, nhiing thi U$u Hdn hgc.

Hay chi ra mdt so dien tich, diin cd trong cdc trich doan Truyin Luc Vdn Tiin (Nguyen Dinh Chieu), Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt (Cao Bd Qudt), Bdi ca hgdt ngudng (Nguydn Cdng Tni) md anh (ehi) da hgc, ddng thdi phdn tich edi hay eua vide su dung nhimg dien tich, dien cd dd.

e) But phdp nghi thudt: thidn vl biit phdp udc Id, tugng trung.

Biit phdp tupng tnmg dugc the hidn nhu thd ndo trong Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt ciia Cao Bd Qudt ?

d) Thi logi: giii vai ttd quan ttgng trong van hgc trung dgi. Anh (ehi) cin dpc phin Tiiu ddn di nim viing tde pham thudc the logi van hgc nao. Nhiing ddc trung CO ban ciia thi logi vdn hpe dd Id gl ?

- Hdy ndu mdt sd tdc pham vdn hpe trung dgi ma tdn thd logi gin liin vdi tdn tac pham.

- Ddc diim vl hinh thiic nghd thudt eiia tha Dudng ludt ? Tinh chat ddi dugc thi hidn nhu thd ndo trong bdi tha that ngdn bdt cii ? Tdc dung cua nghd thudt ddi ttong tiia Dudng ludt ? Hdy phdn tich mgt sd din chimg de minh hog.

- Ndu nhiing ddc diim eua thd logi vdn td. Ddc diim dd dugc thi hien nhu thd ndo d Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc (Nguydn Dinh Chidu) ?

- Ndu nhiing ddc diim eua thi hdt ndi. Ddc diem dd dugc thi hidn nhu thd nao d Bdi ca ngdt ngudng (Nguyin Cdng Tni) ?

TRA BAI LAM VAN S6 2.

KflQUAcANOAT-

Nim chic han tri thiic va kT ndng phan tich dl, Idp dan y va thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich.

'^-: :

Tham khio hirdng din d bdi Trd bdi ldm vdn sdi; cin ddc bidt luu y vide phdn tich dl, lap ddn y vd van dung thao tde lap ludn phdn tich.

78

THAO TAC LAP L U A N SO SANH

K^TQUACANOAT-

• Hidu rd vai trd cua thao tdc ldp ludn so sdnh.

• Bidt van dung thao tac lap luan so sdnh khi vidt mdt doan van, bai vdn nghi ludn.

^ _ !

I - MUC BICH, YEU CAU CUA THAO TAC LAP LUAN SO S A N H

Trong the gidi khdch quan, nhiiu sg vat, hidn tugng ed nhiing diem chung vd Udn quan mgt thiet vdi nhau, nhimg vin ed nhimg net ridng. Bdi vdy, ttong qud trinh nhgn thirc, ngudi ta thudng so sdnh dl tim ra nhimg diim gidng vd khdc nhau giiia cdc ddi tugng de cd dugc nhimg nhdn xdt, ddnh gid chinh xdc vl chiing.

Khi vidt van nghi luan ngudi ta ciing dung so sdnh de ldm sdng rd, ldm vimg chic them ludn didm eua minh. Dd la so sdnh ttong lgp ludn.

Dgc dogn ttich sau va thgc hidn cae ydu ciu ndu d dudi.

Yiu ngudi, dd Id mdt truyin thdng cu. "Chinh phg ngdm", "Cung odn ngdm khue" dd ndi din con ngudi. Nhung du sao cung Id mdi bdn din mdt hgng ngudi. Vdi "Kiiu", Nguyin Du dd ndi din cd xd hdi ngudi. Vdi "Chiiu hdn" thi cd lodi ngudi dugc bdn ddn [...}. "Chiiu hdn", con ngudi trong cdi chit "Chiiu hdn", con ngudi trgng tung gidi, tiing lodi, "mudi lodi la nhiing lodi ndo" vdi nhiing net cdng ddng phd biin, diin hinh ciia tung lodi mdt". [...]

Tdi mudn ndi din bdi vdn "Chiiu hdn", mdt tdc phdm cd m0t khdng hai trong nin vdn hgc chung ta. (Nghi md xem, trudc "Chiiu hdn" chua hi cd bdi ydn ndo dem cdi "run rdy mdi" dy vdo vdn hgc. Sau "Chiiu hdn", lgi cdng khdng.) Niu "Truyin Kiiu" ndng cao lich su tha ca, thi "Chiiu hdn" dd md rdng dia du cda nd qua mgt vung xua nay it ai ddng tdi: cdi chit

(Theo Tuyin tdp Chi Lan Viin, tdp II, NXB Vdn hpe, Hd Ndi, 1990)

1. Xdc dinh ddi tugng dugc so sdnh vd ddi tugng so sdnh. 2. Phdn tich nhimg diim gidng vd khdc nhau giua ddi tupng dtrgc so sdnh va

ddi tugng so sdnh. 3. Phdn tich muc dich so sdnh ttong dogn trich. 4. Ttr nhimg nliin xdt ttdn, hay cho biet muc dich vd ydu ciu eua tiiao tdc lap

ludn so sdnh.

79

II - CACH SO SANH

Dgc dogn trich sau vd tti ldi cau hdi ndu d dudi.

Ldm sao trong dim tdi ngdy xua dd, Ngd Tdt Tddd md ra dugc nhiing thgc tidd vd trong dim tdi, dng lgi hgi thdp dugc bd huang md tu minh soi dudng cho nhdn vdt minh di ?Lucdd, khdng phdi Id khdng ai ndi vi ldng xdm ddn cdy, nhung ngudi ta ndi ndng khdc dng, ngudi ta bdn cdi luang huang dm, ngudi ta xoa xoa md ngu ngu tiiu tiiu canh canh mgc muc. Cdn Ngd Tdt Tdthi xui ngudi ndng ddn noi logn. Cdi cdch viit Idch nhu thi, cdi cdch dung truyin nhu thi, khdng Id phdt ddng qudn chung ndng ddn chdng quan Tdy, chdng vua ta thi cdn Id cdi gi nda I

(Theo Nguyin Tudn todn tap, tap V, Sdd)

1. Nguydn Tuan da so sdnh quan mdm "soi dudng" eua Ngd Tat Td ttong Tdt den vdi nhimg quan m^m nao ?

2. Cdn cii dl so sdnh nhiing quan mdm "soi dirdng" ttdn Id ^ ?

3. Muc dich cua sg so sdnh do ?

4. Lay dan chiing tir nhimg dogn trich dd ndu dl ldm rd nhiing diem sau:

- Ddi tugng (sgvdt, sg vide, hidn tupng,...) dua ra so sdnh phii cd mdi Udn quan vdi nhau vl mdt mat, mdt phuong didn ndo dd.

- So sdnh phdi dga ttdn tidu chi rd rang.

- Ket lugn nit ra ttr sg so sdnh phii chdn thgc, giiip cho vifc nhan thiie sU v t, su vide, hidn ttrgng,... dugc ehinh xdc, sdu sic hon.

GHINHO.

i Muc dich cua so sdnh la lam sdng ro ddi tugng dang nghidn ciiu trong tuong quan vdi ddi tupng khae. So sanh diing lam cho bai vdn nghi ludn sdng ro, cu thd, sinh ddng vd cd siic thuydt phyc.

Khi so sanh, phai dat cac ddi tugng vao cung mdt binh didn, danh gia trdn Cling mdt tidu chi mdi thiy dugc sg gidng nhau va khac nhau giOa chung, ddng thdi phai ndu ro y kien, quan diem cua ngudi ndi (ngudi vidt).

80

LUYEN TAP

Dgc dogn trich sau vd tti ldi cdu hdi ndu d dudi.

Nhu nudc Dgi Viet tatu trudc,

Vdn xung nin vdn hiin dd ldu.

Nui sdng bd cdi dd chia,

Phong tuc Bdc Nam cdng khdc.

Tu Triiu, Dinh, Li, Trdn bao ddi gdy nin ddc lap,

Cung Hdn, Dudng Tdng, Nguyin mdi bin xung di mdt phuang.

Tuy mgnh yiu timg ldc khdc nhau.

Song hdo kiit ddi ndo cung cd.

{Ngay&nTtax, Dgi cdo binh Ngd)

1. Trong dogn trich, tdc gii dd so sdnh "Bic" vdi "Nam" vl nhiing mat ndo ?

2. Tu sg so sdnh dd, cd thi nit ra kdt lugn ^ ?

3. Sire thuydt phgc cua doan trich ?

8.NV11-T1-* 8 1

KHAI QUAT VAN HQC VIET NAM TV D A U THE Ki XX DEN CACH MANG T H A N G T A M N A M 1945

KflQUACANDAT-

• Thiy dtrgc mdt sd ndt ndi bat v l tinh hinh xa hdi va van hod Viet Nam niia dau thd ki XX.

• N im vung nhung dac didm ca ban va thanh tgu chu yeu cua van hgc Vidt Nam tu dau thd kf XX ddn Cach mang thang tam ndm 1945. Cd kT nang van dung nhung kidn thiic do vao viec hoc nhCrng tac gia vd tdc pham cy thd.

Tir diu thd ki XX ddn Cdch mang thdng Tdm ndm 1945 Id mdt thdi ki rat quan trpng ttong lich sii ddn tdc ndi chung vd Uch su vdn hpe ndi ridng. Vdi khdng day niia the ki, xd hdi Viet Nam da ed nhimg bidn ddi sdu sic chua ttmg thiy. Vugt len sg kim ham cua cdc the lgc thuc dan phong kidn, hod nhip vdi sg ldn manh ciia ddn tdc, nin vdn hoc nudc nhd da phdt ttien theo hudng hidn dgi hod vdi tdc d6 rit nhanh vd dat dugc nhimg thdnh tgu to ldn.

I - BAC BIEM C0 BAN CUA V A N HOC VIET NAM TUTBAU THE Kl XX BEN CACH MANG T H A N G T A M N A M 1945

1. Van hgc ddi mdi theo hudng hidn dai hoa

Nam 1858, thiic ddn Phdp tien hdnh cudc chidn ttanh xdm luge nudc ta. Sau gin nua thd ki binh dinh vl qudn sg, den khoang diu thd ki XX, chiing mdi thuc sg khai thdc thudc dia vl kinh td. Sau bed cudc khai thac thudc dia (lin thii nhit ttr ndm 1897 den ndm 1914, lin thii hai ttr nam 1919 den ndm 1929), ea ciu xd hdi Viet Nam cd nhiing bidn ddi sdu sic. Mdt sd thdnh phd cdng nghidp ra ddi, dd thi, thi tran mge ldn d nhiiu noi. Nhiing giai cip, ting ldp xd hdi mdi : tu sin, tieu tu sin (vidn chiic, hgc sinh, nhiing ngudi budn bdn hay sin xuit nhd,...), cdng nhdn, ddn nghdo thdnh thi,... xuat hidn ngdy cdng ddng dao. Mdt ldp cdng chiing cd ddi sdng tinh thin vd thi hieu mdi da hinh thdnh ddi hdi mdt thii vdn chuong mdi.

Tii dau thi ki XX, van hod Viet Nam din din thodt khdi anh hudng eua vdn hod phong kien Trung Hoa, bit diu md rdng tidp xiic vdi vdn hod phuang Tay md chu yeu la vdn hod Phdp. Ludng vdn hod mdi tiidng qua ting ldp tti thiie Tdy hoc

8 2 ' • NV11-T1*

(phan ldn id tidu tu sdn) ngdy cdng thim sau vdo y thiic vd tdm hdn ngudi cim biit ciing nhu ngudi dgc sdch.

Ddn diu the ki XX, chii qudc ngii dd thay thd chii Hdn, chii Ndm ttong nhiiu Unh vge, tir hanh chinh cdng vu tdi vdn chuong nghd thudt. Chii qudc ngu dugc phd bien rdng rdi da tao diiu kien thudn lgi cho cdng chiing tidp xiic vdi sdch bdo. Nhu ciu vdn hod eua ldp cdng chiing mdi dd ldm nay sinh nhimg hogt ddng kinh doanh van hod, ldm cho nghl m, nghl xuat ban, nghl ldm bdo theo kl thudt hien dai phdt trien khd mgnh. Viet vdn ciing ttd thdnh mdt nghl Idem sdng tuy rit khd khdn, chat vdt.

Nhiing nhdn td trdn dd tgo diiu kidn cho vdn hgf Viet Nam ddi mdi theo hudng hidn dgi hod. Hiin dgi hod b day dtrgc hieu la qud trinh ldm cho van hgc thodt ra khdi he thdng thi phdp vdn hgc tnmg dgi vd ddi mdi theo hinh thiie van hgc phuong Tay, ed the hdi nhdp vdi nin vdn hgc hidn dgi thd gidi.

Qud ttinh hidn dgi hod eua vdn hgc Viet Nam ttr diu thd ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 dd didn ra qua ba giai dogn:

a) Giai dogn thu nhdt (tir diu the ki XX ddn khoing ndm 1920)

Ddy Id giai dogn chuan bi cdc diiu kidn ein thidt cho cdrig cudc hidn dgi hod vdn hgc. Chii qudc ngii dugc phd bidn ngay cang rdng rdi. Ciing vdi bdo ehi, phong ttdo dieh thudt ma chu ydu la dich tidu thuydt cd dien, Tdn thu Trung Qudc, tiiu thuyet vd kich Phdp, cimg ed tde ddng khd quan trgng tdi vide hinh thdnh vd phdt trien nin vdn xudi qudc ngii.

Tii cudi thd ki XDC, d Nam Ki da xuit hidn mdt sd sdng tde vdn xudi vidt bing chii qudc ngii. Cd gid tri han ci Id truydn ngin Thdy La-za-rd Phiin^^^ (1887) cua Nguydn Trgng Quan - mdt trong nhimg dng vdn xudi qudc ngii diu tidn dugc coi Id tdc phim md diu cho truydn ngin hidn dgi Viet Nam. Nhtmg phii den nhimg ndm diu thd ki XX mdi ra ddi nhiiu tde pham vdn xudi bang chii qudc ngii, ttong do, ddng chii y Id tieu tiiuyet Hodng Td Anh hdm oan^^^ (1910) cud Thidn Trung (tiic Trin Chdnh Chidu). Tuy nhidn, phin ldn truydn ngin, tiiu thuyet viet theo ldi mdi d giai dogn ndy cdn vgng vl, non ndt.

Thanh tiiu chu ydu cua vdn hgc giai dogn nay Id tha vdn cua cdc chi si cdch mgng : Phan Bdi Chdu, Phan Chdu Trinh, Nguydn Thupng Hiin, Ngd Diic Ke, Huynh Thiie Khdng,... Sang tdc cua nhimg cay biit Hdn hpe ndy, mac du dd cd nhiing ddi mdi rd ndt vl ndi dimg tu tudng, nhung the lo^i, ngdn ngu, van tg vd thi phdp, ndi chung vdn thudc phgm trii van hgc trung dgi.

(1) Thdy La-za-rd Phiin: truydn ngdn viet v^ bi kich cua thay La-za-ro Phien vi mdc muu gian md sinh ghen tudng, giet oan vp vd b^n.

(2) Hodng TdAnh hdm oan : tieu thuyet vi^t vl ndi oan ue cda Hodng Td Anh - rndt e6 gdi ngh^o 6 Sdi Gdn.

83

b) Giai dogn thu hai (khoing ttr nam 1920 den nam 1930)

Qud trinh hidn dgi hod cua vdn hgc ddn giai dogn ndy dd dgt dtrgc nhimg thanh tuu dang ke. Mdt sd tdc gii giau siic sdng tgo da khing dinh dugc tai ndng cua minh. Nhiiu tde pham cd gid tri xuit hidn. Dd Id tiiu thuyet eiia Ho Biiu Chdnh; truyen ngin cua Phgm Duy Tdn, Nguyin Bd Hgc ; tha cua Tin Dd, A Nam Trin Juan Khii; kich eua Vii Dinh Long, Vi HuyIn Dac, Nam Xuong,...

Song song vdi qud trinh hidn dgi hod eua vdn hgc ttong nudc, truydn ki cua Nguydn Ai Qudc (dang hogt ddng each mgng d Phdp) viet bing tieng Phdp ed tinh chien diu cao vd but phdp hien dgi, didu luyen.

Nhu v$ y, nhin tdng qudt, nin van hgc nirdc ta ddn giai dogn ndy dd dgt dugc mdt sd thdnh tgu rit dang ghi nhgn ttong qud trinhhidn dgi hod, ldm cho vdn hpe ed tinh hidn dgi. Tuy nhidn, nhiiu ydu td cua vdn hgc tnmg dgi vdn edn tdn tai phd bidn d mgi the logi tir ndi dtmg den hinh thiie.

c) Giai dogn thu ba (khoing ttr ndm 1930 den ndm 1945)

Den giai dogn ndy, ndn vdn hgc nude nlid dd hodn tit qud trinh hidn dgi hod vdi nliilu'cudc cdch tan sdu sic ttdn mgi the logi, dac bidt Id tieu thuydt, truydn ngin vd tha.

Nhd tidp thu kinh nghidm eua vdn hoc phuong Tay ma chu ydu Id cua vdn hgc Phdp, truydn ngin vd tiiu thuyet d giai dogn nay dugc vidt theo Idi mdi, khdc xa vdi each vidt trong van hgc ed, ttr cdch xay dgng nhdn vat den nghd thudt kl chuydn vd ngdn ngii nghd thudt. Tha ca ciing ddi mdi sdu sic vdi phong trao Tha mdi - "mdt cudc cdch mang trong thi ca" (Hoai Thanh). Cudc cdch mgng ndy khdng chi diin ra d phUong di$n nghd thudt (phd bd nhiing ldi diin dgt udc Id, nhiing quy tie ciing nhie, cdng thiic gd bd,...) ma edn didn ra d ci phuong didn ndi dung (cdch nhin, cdch cim xuc mdi md ddi vdi con ngudi vd the gidi). Nhiing the logi mdi nhu kich ndi, phdng sg vd phd binh vdn hoc xuit hidn ciing khang dinh sg ddi mdi eua van hgc. Tdm lgi, hidn dgi hod da diin ra ttdn mgi mat cua hogt ddng van hgc, ldm bidn ddi todn didn vd sdu sic didn mgo nin vdn hgc Vi^t Nam.

Hidn dgi hod vdn hgc Id mdt qud trinh. 6 hai "giai dogn diu, dac bidt Id d giai dogn thii nhit, sg ddi mdi edn ed nhimg ttd nggi nhit dinh, bdi sg niu kdo cua qdi cu. Vl the, vdn hgc ttr ndm 1900 ddn ndm 1930 dtrgc ggi Id vdn hgc giao thdi. Den giai dogn thii ba, cdng cudc hidn dgi hod mdi dtrgc hodn tit, ldm cho ndn van hgc nude nhd thuc su hiin dgi, ed thi hdi nhgp vdo nen van hgc thd gidi.

84

2. van hoc hinh tiianh hai bd ph$n va phdn hod tiianh nliilu xu hudng, vua diu tranh vdi nhau, vira bd sung cho nhau dl cimg phat ttien

Phdt trien trong hodn canh c|ia mdt nudc thudc dia, chiu sg ehi phdi mgnh md va sdu sic eua phong ttdo diu ttanh giii phdng dan tdc, vdn hgc Vidt Nam thdi ki nay da hinh thdnh hai bd phdn : cdng khai va khdng cdng khai^^\ Vdn hgc cdng khai la van hgc hgp phdp, tdn tgi trong vdng phdp lugt cua chinh quyen thgc dan phong kidn. Vdn hgc khdng cdng khai bi ddt ra ngodi vdng phdp lugt, phai luu hdnh hi rndt.

a) Bd phdn vdn hgc cdng khai

Do khdc nhau vl quail diim nghd thudt vd khuynh hudng tham mi ndn bd phan vdn hpe cdng khai lai phdn hod thdnh nhiiu xu hudng, trong dd ndi ldn hai xu hudng chinh Id vdn hpe ldng mgn vd vdn hpe hidn thgc.

Vdn hpe lang man Id tidng ndi cua ed nhan trdn diy cam xiic, ddng thdi phdt huy cao dd tri tudng tugng dl didn ta nhiing khdt vgng, udc ma. Nd coi con ngudi Id trung tam ciia vii trg, khang dinh "edi tdi" cd rihdn, dl cao eon ngudi the tgc, quan tdm ddn nhimg sd phan cd nhan vd nhimg quan he ridng tu. Bit hod nhung bit luc trudc thgc tgi, vdn hgc ldng mgn tim cdch thodt khdi thgc tgi do bing cdch di sdu vdo thd gidi ndi tdm, tiid gidi eua mdng udc. Xu hudng van hgc ndy thudng tim den cdc dl tdi vl tinh ydu, vl thidn nhidn vd qud khii, thd hidn khdt vgng vugt ldn trdn cudc sdng hidn tgi chgt chdi tu tiing, dung tgc, tim thudng. Vdn hgc ldng mgn thirdng chii ttgng didn t i nhiing cim xiic mgnh md, nhiing tuong phin gay git, nhiing bidn thdi tinh vi trong tdm hdn eon ngudi.

Trudc nam 1930, tha eua Tan Da, tiiu thuydt eua Hodng Nggc Phdch thudc xu hudng vdn hgc ldng mgn. Tu khodng ndm 1930, da thgc sg xuit hidn ttdo luu ldng mgn chii nghia vdi nhimg thdnh tiru ndi bdt dugc kdt tinh d Tha mdi, tiiu thuyet Tg lgc vdn dodn, truydn ngin trii tinh eua Thgch Lam, Thanh Tinh, Hd Dzdnh, tuy biit va truydn ngan cua Nguydn Tudn. Tuy nhidn, nhm vdo tung hidn tugng eua ttdo luu nay, ngudi ta thiy khuynh hudng tu tudng cung khdng tiidt thuin nhit.

Van hgc ldng mgn gdp phin quan trgng vdo vide thiic tinh f thiie cd nhan, diu tranh chdng luan U, ll gido phong kidn cd hu de giii phdng ed nhdn, gianh quyin hu&ng hgnh phiic ed nhdn, ddc bidt Id ttong linh vge tmh ydu, hdn nhdn vd gia dinh. Nd gdp phan ldm cho tdm hdn ngtrdi dgc tiidm tinh td va phong phii, giiip cho hg thdm ydu thuang mdnh dit qud huong, quy ttgng tidng me de, tu hao vl nin vdn hoaldu ddi cua ddn tde vd biet budn dau, till nhue trudc canh mat nudc... Tuy nhidn, vdn hgc lang mgn It gin ttgc tidp vdi ddi sdng xd hdi ehinh tti cfia dat nirdc, ddi khi sa vdo khuynh hudng dl cao ehu nghia ea nhdn cge doan.

(1) C6n e6 edeh gpi khdc Id vdn hpe hgp phdp vd van hpe bdt hgp phdp.

85

Van hgc hidn thgc tap trung vdo vide phoi bdy thiic ttgng bit cdng, thdi ndt cua xd hdi duong thdi, ddng thdi di sdu phin dnh tinh cinh khdn khd cua cae ting ldp nhdn ddn bi dp biic bdc lot vdi mdt thdi dp cam thdng sdu sdc. Nd ldn tidng diu ttanh chdng dp biic giai cap, phin dnh mau thuin, xung ddt giiia ke gidu vdi ngudi nghdo, giiia nhan ddn lao ddng vdi ting ldp thdng tri. Cdc nhd vdn hidn thuc thudng dl cap tdi ehu dl the sg vdi thai dd phd phdn xd hdi tten tinh thin ddn chu vd nhdn dgo, chii ttgng midU ta, phdn tieh vd U giai mdt cdch chan thgc, ehinh xdc qud trinh khdch quan eua hidn thgc xd hdi thdng qua nhimg hinh tupng dien hinh. Niiin chung, vdn hpe hien thgc ed tinh chdn that cao vd tham dugm tinh thin nhdn dao. Tuy nhidn, cdc nhd van hidn thgc phd phdn ehi thiy tdc ddng mdt ehilu cua hodn canh ddi vdi con ngudi, coi eon ngudi Id ngn nhan bat lgc cua hodn einh.

Tii diu the ki XX den khoang ndm 1930, sdng tac eua Nam Xuong, Nguydn Ba Hgc, Ho Bieu Chdnh,... thudc xu hudng vdn hgc hidn thgc. Tii khoing ndm 1930 den ndm 1945, cd the ndi da thgc sg hinh thdnh ttdo luu hidn thgc chu nghia ttong vdn hgc Viet Nam. Thanh tgu cua ttdo Itm vdn hgc hidn thgc dugc kdt tinh d cac the logi vdn xudi: truydn ngin ciia Nguydn Cdng Hoan, Nguyen Hong, Nam Cao, Td Hodi, Biii Hien ; tieu thuydt eua Vii Trgng Phgng, Ngd Tat Td, Nguydn Hdng, Mgnh Phii Tu, Nam Cao ; phdng su ciia Tcim Lang, Vii Trgng Phung, Ngo Tit Td. Trdo luu vdn hgc ndy ciing ed nhimg sang tde gia tri d the tha ttdo phiing nhu Ddng nudc ngugc cua Tii Ma, Tha ngang ciia Do Phdn.

Vdn hgc ldng mgn vd vdn hgc hidn thgc cimg ton. tgi song song, vira diu ttanh vdi nhau, vtta anh hudng, tac ddng qua lgi, ed khi ehuyen hod lin nhau. Nhin chung, hai xu hirdng vdn hgc nay ludn d ttong qud ttinh didn bidn, ddi thay, giiia chiing khdng cd ranh gidi that rgch rdi, khdng ddi lap nhau vl gid tri. Xu hudng van hgc ndo cimg cd nhimg cay biit tdi ndng va nhiing tdc pham xuit sic.

b) Bd phdn vdn hgc khdng cdng khai

Trong bd phdn vdn hgc khdng cdng khai cd tha vdn cdch mgng, tidu bieu nhit Id tha vdn sang tdc trong tu, Vdn hgc each mgng cung ed luc dugc lim hdnh cdng khai (van tha Ddng Kinh nghia thgc, vdn tha each mgng thdi ki Mat ttgn Ddn ehu), nhung ehu ydu vdn bi ddt ra ngodi vdng phdp lugt cua ehd dd thuc ddn phong kien vd ddi sdng vdn hgc binh thudng. Ddy Id tieng ndi cua cdc chien si vd quin chiing nhdn dan tham gia phong ttdo each mgng. Hg coi tha vdn trudc het Id mdt thii vu khi sic bdn chidn diu chdng ke thu ddn tdc. Id phuang tidn dl truyin bd tu tudng ydu nude vd each mgng. Quan nidm ndy dugc the hidn sdu sic vd nhit quan ttr Phan Bdi Chdu : "Ba tic ludi md guam ma sling, nhd cim quyin trdng gid ciing gai ghd - Mdt ngdi ldng viia trdng viia chidng, cua dan ehu khdu ddn thdm sang chdi" {Vdn tiPhan Chdu Trinh) ddn Hd Chi Mmh: "Nay d ttong tha ndn cd thdp - Nhd tha ciing phdi bidt xung phong" {Cam tudng dgc "Thiin gia thi").

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Mae dii ra ddi ttong hodn canh vd ciing khd khan, ludn bi ke dich khiing bd rdo ridt, thieu thdn nhiing diiu kidn vdt chat tdi thieu de sdng tde vd phd bidn, nhung cung vdi sg ldn mgnh eua phong trdo cdch ihgng, xu hudng vdn hpe ndy ngdy cdng phdt trien. Vdn hpe cdch mgng da ddnh thing vdo bpn thdng tri thgc ddn cung be lii tay sai, ndi ldn khdt vgng ddc ldp, diu ttanh dl giai phdng dan tdc, thi hidn tinh thin ydu nude ndng ndn vd niem tin khdng gi lay chuyen ndi vao tuong lai tat thing eiia each mang. Trong vdn tha ydu nudc diu the ki XX, ddc bidt Id nhimg bai tha cua Phan Bdi Chdu, Phan Chdu Trinh, Huynh Thiic Khdng, sdng ngdi hinh anh ngudi chi si cdch mgrtg nhidt huyet sdi ttdo, sin sdng xa thdn vi Td qudc, td rd khi phdch hidn ngang, bit khuit khi bi sa vdo tay gidc. Nhiing tac pham tidu hiiunhu Nhdt ki trong tu {Ho ChiMinh), Tudy{T6 Him), Nggc Kon Tum {Le Van Hidn) da khae hog khd thdnh cdng hinh anh eon ngudi mdi cua thdi dai - nhiing chidn si kidn cudng bat khuit, sin sang hi sinh vi U tudng each mang vd sg nghiep giai phdng dan tde. 6 bd phdn vdn hgc khdng cdng khai nay, qud ttinh hiin dgi hod gin Uln vdi qud trinh cdch mgng hod van hgc.

Nhin bao qudt, giiia cdc bd phdn vdn hpe (cdng khai vd khdng cdng khai), giiia cdc xu hudng vdn hpe ed sg khdc bidt vd dau tranh vdi nhau vl mgt khuynh hudng tu tudgg vd quan diem nghd thugt. Nhung trong thgc td, chiing It nhiiu vdn tdc ddng, thdm chi ed khi ehuyen hod ldn nhau de cimg phdt trien. Diiu do dd tgo ndn tinh chit da dgng, phong phii, phiic tgp eua van hpe thdi ki ndy, ddc bidt Id giai dogn ttr ndm 1930 den nam 1945.

3. Van hpe phdt trien vdi mdt tdc do hdt sue nhanh chdng

Cung vdi sg chuydn bidn eua tinh hinh xd hdi, vdn hoc thdi ki ttt diu the ki XX den ndm 1945, ddc bidt la ttr dau nhiing nam 30 ttddi, dd phdt ttien het sue nhanh chdng. Chi trong vdng hon mdt thdp nidn, cdc bd phgh, cdc xu hudng van hgc diu vgn ddrig, phdt tridn vdi mdt tdc dd ddc bidt khin truong, mau le. Diiu do dugc thd hidn qua sg phdt trien vl sd lugng tdc gia vd tde pham, sg hinh thdnh vd ddi mdi cdc thd logi vdn hgc vd dd kdt tinh d nhiing tde gia vd tdc pham tidu bidu.

Dudng nhu bat ki thd logi ndo ciing phdt trien ngdy cdng manh me. Chinh vi phdt tridn vdi mdt tdc d0 vii bdo nhu vay ndn khdng ed cdy biit ndo giii dugc vai trd tidn phong trong sudt chdng dudng ddi. Dd la cudc "chgy tidp sue" diy cdng thing, quydt Udt vd ciing that ngogn mgc dl tgo ndn mdt tde dd phdt trien nhanh chdng chua timg thay trong lich su vdn hpe ddn tpc. Vi vgy, Vu Ngpc Phan trong Nhd vdn hiin dgi cho ring: "6 nude ta, mdt ndm cd thi ke nhu ba muoi ndm eua ngudi".

Tde dp phdt triin het siic nhanh chdng nhu vgy Id do su thiie hdch ciia thdi dgi. Xd hdi Vidt Nam ttr dau thd ki XX den ndm 1945 da ddt ra bidt bao van dl vl dat nudc, vl cudc sdng, eon ngudi vd nghd thudt ddi hdi vdn hpe thdi ki mdi phii

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giii quydt md d nhimg thdi ki tnrdc dd chua timg cd. Tuy nhidn, nhan td quyet dinh ehinh Id su van ddng tu than cua iiln vdn hpe dan tdc. Tit xa xua, dan tdc ta da cd mdt sue sdng mdnh Udt ma hgt nhdn la chu ngliia ydu nude vd tinh thin dan tdc. Gid day, siic sdng do dugc tiep siic bdi cdc phong ttdo diu ttanh ydu nudc va cdch mgng sudt gin niia thd Id, nhat la tir sau nam 1930 vdi sg ra ddi eua Ding Cdng sin. Tieng Viet vd vdn chuong Vidt Id mdt phuang didn biiu hidn cua sue sdng tilm tdng, mdnh Udt do. Sg phdt trien cua van hgc thdi ki ndy edn do sg thiic tinh, ttdiiddy manh md eua "edi tdi" cd nhan d bd phdn thanh mdn tri thiic sau hdng ttdm ndm bi kim hdm. Chinh "edi tdi" ed nhan nay Id mdt ttong nhiing ddng lgc tgo ndn sg phdt trien vdi mdt tde dd hdt sue nhanh chdng vd nhiing thdnh tuu rgc rd eua vdn hpe Viet Nam nua diu the ki XX theo hudng hiidn dgi hod.

II - T H A N H TUU C H U Yiu CUA VAN HOC VIET NAM TIITBAU THE Kl XX BEN CACH MANG THANG T A M N A M 1945

Vdn hpe Viet Nam tir diu thd ki XX den Cach mgng thdng Tdm nam 1945 dd ke thira vd phdt huy truyin thdng quy bdu cua vdn hpe dan tdc la chu nghia yiu nudc va chu nghia nhdn dgo, ddng thdi dem ddn cho van hpe thdi ki ndy mdt ddng gdp mdi ciia thdi dgi: tinh thdn ddn chu.

Tu tudng ydu nude ttong van hpe tnmg dgi thirdng gin Uln nudc vai vua vi chu nghia tdn qudn Id tu tudng chung cua thdi dgi. Ddn tha vdn cua Phan Bdi Chau, nirdc khdng cdn gin vdi vua niia ma dtrgc gin Udn vdi dan : "Dan Id dan nudc, nudc Id nirdc dan". Cdn ttong sang tac eua Nguydn Ai Qudc - Ho Chi Minh, Td Hiiu vd nhimg nhd tha cdch mgng vd sin khdc thi chu nghia ydu nude gin vdi 11 tudng xd hdi chu nghia vd tinh thin qudc te vd sin.

Tinh thin dan chu ciing dem ddn cho truyin thdng nhdn dgo nhiing net moi: quan tdm tdinhiing con ngirdi binh thirdng ttong xd hdi, nhit la tang ldp nhan dan cge khd, lim than. Cdc nhd van thudc thd he ttr 1930 ddn 1945 khdng ehi td cdo dp biic bdc lot md edn the hidn sdu sic khdt vgng mdnh Udt eua mdi cd nhan, dl cao ve dep hinh thue, pham gid vd phdt huy cao do tai nang eua mdi eon nguoL

Ciing vdi thdnh tuu vl ndi dtmg tu tirdng, vdn hgc thdi ki ndy cung dat dugc nhimg thdnh tgu to ldn ve till logi va ngdn ngii vdn hgc.

Thdnh tuu cua cdc the logi van xudi dugc kdt tinh d tiiu thuyit vd truyin ngdn.

Tnrdc ndm 1930, tiiu thuyet vdn xudi qudc ngii xuat hidn chtra nliilu. Hd Bieu Chdnh Id nhd tieu thuyet diu tidn khang dinh dirge chd diing eua minh vdi hdng chgc tde pham day dan, dtmg ldn dtrgc hire ttanh hidn thgc xd hdi Nam Bd diu the ki XX vdi cdc nhdn vat dudng nhu thudc du cdc ting ldp xd hgi. Nhung nhiiu tde pham eua dng cdn md phdng cdt truydn eua tidu tiiuydt phuong Tay,

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chua thodt khdi kieu ket ciu chuang hdi vd cdch ket thiic cd hdu, mdt sd nhdn vat ehu ydu Id mmh hog cho quan didm dgo diic. Ngdn ngii tieu thuyet Hd Bieu Chdnh CO tinh binh ddn, dam chit Nam Bg nhung chua dgt tdi chuan mgc eua ngdn ngu van chuong.

Den diu nhimg ndm 30, nhdm Tg lgc van dodn vdi nhimg tdc pham xuat sac eua Nhit Linh, Khdi Hung da diy eude cdch tdn tieu thuyet ldn mdt budc mdi : cdch dung truydn tg nhidn, td chiic kdt ciu linh hogt, tinh edeh nhdn vdt dugc xem la trung tdm cua tde pham, ddi sdng ndi tdm cua nhdn vdt dugc chii trgng vd dugc phdn tieh, didn t i tinh vi. Ngdn ngii tieu thuyet Tg lgc van dodn gian di, ttong sdng, ed khi ndng diin td chinh xdc, tinh te ttr y nghi, tinh cim, cam xiic den cim gidc mong manh, ma hd nhit, tuy vl sau lgi ttd thdnh kieu cdch, sdo mdn.

Ttr ndm 1936, cdc nhd tieu thuydt hidn thgc tiep tgc dua cdng cudc cdch tan tieu thuyet ldn mdt tim cao mdi. Vdi quan nidm " tieu thuyet Id sg thgc d ddi", cdc nhd vdn Vu Trgng Phgng, Ngd Tat Td, Nguydn Hdng, Nam Cao,... dd khai thdc de tdi ttr eude sdng nhdn ddn, dgng ndn nhimg biic ttcuih hidn thgc ed tim khdi qudt rdng ldn, phin dnh dugc phin ndo nhiing mdu thudn, ximg ddt chii yeu eua xd hdi, khic hog khd thdnh cdng nhiing tinh each dien hiiih ttong hodn cinh dien hinh. Cae nhd tieu thuyet hidn thgc da khai thdc tieng ndi gidu ed vd diy siic sdng eua nhan ddn lao ddng. Dd Id mdt thii ngdn ngii phong phii, vtra giin di, ttong sdng, vtra khod khoin, linh hogt, mang hoi thd eiia ddi sdng.

Truyin ngdn thdi ki ndy ciing phdt tridn mgnh md, nhanh chdng, nhat Id giai dogn 1930 - 1945. Chua bao gid truydn ngin Viet Nam lgi phong phii vd ddc sic nhu thd: truydn ngin ttdo phiing eua Nguyin Cdng Hoan ; truydn ngin trii tinh ciia Thgch Lam, Thanh Tinh, Hd Dzdnh; truydn ngin phong tuc cua Td Hodi, Bui Hiin, Kim Lan; truydn ngin vidt vl ngudi ndng ddn vd ngudi tri thiie ngheo mang tu tirdng sdu sic, y nghia khdi qudt rdng ldn vdi nhiing ttang midu ta, phan tich tdm ll dat tdi trinh do bgc thiy ciia Nam Cao,... Chi sau hon mdt thdp nidn, chiing ta da thiy xuit hidn nhiiu truydn ngin ddc sic, ttong dd mdt sd truyen ed the coi Id kidt tde.

Phdng su la mdt the loai vdn hgc mdi ra ddi tir diu nhiing ndm 30. Thdnh tgu cua phdng sg dugc ghi nhgn ttong nhimg sdng tac cua Tam Lang, Vu Trgng Phgng, Ngd Tit Td, Ld Vdn Hidn. Ciing vdi phdng sg, kich ndi cung Id mdt the logi vdn hgc mdi. Gdy dugc tidng vang Id nhimg vd kich Ong Tdy An Nam ciia Nam Xuang, Kim tiin eua Vi HuyIn Die, Ngd ba ciia Dodn Phii Tii, ddc bidt Id Vu Nhu Td cua Nguydn Huy Tudng. But ki, tuy but cimg phdt tridn gin Uln vdi tdn tudi eua Nguydn Tudn - mdt cdy biit tdi hoa, ddc ddo - vdi nhimg tde pham nhu Chiic lu ddng mdt cua, Mdt chuyin di,...

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Tha ca tiidi ki ndy cung phdt triin mgnh md vd dgt dugc nhtmg tiianh tgu to ldn. Trong bd phdn van hgc cdng khai, trudc nam 1930, ngdi sao sdng nhit ttdn biu ttdi thi ca la Tan Dd. Ong la nhd tha ldn, dugc menh danh Id "ngudi ciia hai the ki" (Hoai Thanh). Ciing vdi Tan Dd la A Nam Trin Tuin Khai - nhd tha tdm huyet vdi van mdnh dit nude qua nhiing bdi tha bdc Id tdm sg thuang nudc, lo ddi kin ddo md sdu ling, thiet tha. Ttr diu nhiing ndm 30, phong trdo Tha mdi ra ddi dd dem lai sg ddi thay sdu sic cho nin tha dan tdc vdi ddi ngii thi si ddng dio, da dgng vl phong cdch nghd thudt. Do phdt trien trong hodn einh ddc bidt khd khdn, d bd phan vdn hpe khdng cdng khai, tha ca Id the logi phdt triin manh nhit. Khi hi dich bit giam, cdc nha ydu nude ed thdi gian ddnh cho nghd thuat nhiiu han. Chinh vi the, nhimg tdc pham hay nhat, dac sic nhit eiia hp lgi thudng Id nhimg bdi tha dugc sdng tde trong hodn canh bi tii day. Dd Id tha cua Phan Bdi Chdu, Phan Chdu Trinh, Ngd Diic Ke, Huynh Thdc Khdng, Trin Cao Vdn, Luong Vdn Can, Ld Dgi, Sdng Hdng, Trin Huy Lieu, Ddng Xuan Thiiu, Xudn Thuy,... Vd ddc bidt Id cua hai nhd tha ldn Ho Chi Minh va To Huu.

Ll luan, phd binh vdn hgc thdi ki nay ciing dat dugc nhiing thdnh tuu ddng ghi nhdn. Tii dau nhimg nam 30 den nam 1945, mdt sd nhd 11 lugn, phd binh chuydn nghidp that sg cd tdi ndng nhu Thieu Son, Hodi Thanh, Hai Triiu, Ddng Thai Mai, Vii Nggc Phan,... da gdp phin thiie day nin vari hgc phdt triin.

Phdt ttiln trong hodn canh mdt nudc thudc dia, van hgc Viet Nam tu diu thd ki XX ddn Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 khdng ttdnh khdi nhimg hgn chd vl nhiiu mat. Nhung nhimg thdnh tgu eua vdn hgc thdi ka nay Id het siic to ldn, gin Uln vdi ket qua cua cudc cdch tan vl the logi vd ngdn ngii. Ddy Id thdi ki van hgc de lgi nhiiu ten tudi ldn, nhiiu tdc phim xuit sic, trong dd ed nhiing tdc pham xiing ddng Id kiet tdc.

Vdn hgc Viet Nam tu diu the ki XX ddn Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 ed vi tri hdt siic quan,trgng trong todn bd tidn trinh vdn hgc ddn tde : kd thtra tmh hoa truyin thdng van hgc dan tde ttong sudt mudi thd ki, ddng thdi md ra mdt thdi ki vdn hgc mdi - thdi ki van hgc hidn dgi, ed kha ndng hdi nhdp vdi nin van hgc cua the gidi.

HU6NG BAN HOC BAI

Dgc kl bdi hgc de nim vimg:

1. v l ddc diim ea bin eua vdn hgc Vi$t Nam tii diu thd ki XX ddn Cdch mgng thdng Tdm nam 1945 :

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a) Anh (eW) hieu tiid ndo vl khdi nidm "hidn dgi hod" dugc dung ttong bdi hgc ? Nhimg nhdn td ndo dd tgo diiu kien cho vdn hgc Viet Nam tir diu thd ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 ddi mdi theo hudng hidn dgi hod ? Qud trinh hien dgi hod dd didn ra nhu the ndo ?

b) Vdn hgc Viet Nam ttr diu the ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 cd su phdn hod phiic tgp nhu the ndo ? Nhimg diem khdc nhau giiia hai bd phdn vdn hpe cdng khai vd khdng cdng khai (vl dpi ngii nhd van, hodn canh sdng tdc vd tinh chit) ?

e) Vdn hpe Viet Nam tu diu the ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 phdt ttien vdi mdt tdc dd het siic nhanh chdng. Hay giai thich nguydn nhdn eua tdc dp phdt ttiln ay.

2. Vl thdnh tgu ehu ydu cua van hpe Viet Nam tir diu the ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 :

a) Nhimg truyin thdng tu tudng ldn nhit, sau sic nhat eua lich su vdn hpe Viet Nam Id gi ? Vdn hpe Viet Nam ttt diu the ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 cd ddng gdp ^ mdi cho nhiing truyin thdng ay ?

b) Nhiing thi logi vdn hpe ndo mdi xuit hidn trong vdn hpe Vidt Nam tii diu the ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 ? Su cdch tdn, hidn dgi hod cdc the logi tieu thuyet va tha diin ra nhu thd ndo ?

^ GHI NHO .

• Van hoc Viet Nam tCr dau the kl XX den Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 cd ba dac didm ca ban : ddi mdi theo hudng hien dai hoa ; hinh thanh hai bp "phan vai nhieu xu hudng van hoc ; phdt trien het sire nhanh chdng. Thanh tgu chu ydu cua van hoc thdi ki nay Id da ke thCra va phat huy nhung truyin thdng Idn nhat, sau sac nhat c^a van hoc Vidt Nam : chd nghia yeu nudc va chd nghTa nhan dao, ddng thai dem den cho van hoc mdt ddng gdp mdi cua thdi dai : tinh thin din chd.

Ve nghe thuat, vdn hgc thdi ki nay da dat dugc nhCrng thanh tuu het siic to Idn, gin lien vdi ket qua each tan v l the loai va ngdn ngCr. Cd dugc nhiing thanh tgu ndi trdn chCi ydu la do sue sdng t i lm tang, manh liet cua ddn tdc dugc nudi duang vd phat trien trong cdc phong trao ydu nudc each mang va do sg thiic tinh, trdi ddy manh me cua "cai tdi" ca nhdn.

LUYINTAP

Vi sao cd thd ggi van hgc Viet Nam ba muoi ndm diu the ki XX (tir 1900 ddn 1930) la vdn hgc giai dogn giao thdi ?

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VliT BAI L A M V A N S 6 3 : NGHl LUAN V A N HOC • • •

KtlQUACANOAT-

Bidt vdn dyng cac thao tac lap ludn phan tich vd so sanh de vidt bai vdn nghi luan van hpe.

l-HUdNGUANCHUNG

- Dgc ki cdc bdi Thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich, Thao tdc lap ludn so sdnh di c6 the van dgng tdt khi ldm bdi.

- Dgc lgi cdc vdn bin vdn hgc vira hgc, he thdng hod nhiing kidn thiic da tidp nhan tii cdc bdi hoc dl ldm bai.

n - GUI Y MftT Sd BE BAI

1. So sdnh tdi sic eua Thuy Vdn vd Thuy Kiiu dirge thi hidn ttong dogn trich sau:

Dau long hai d td nga, Thuy Kiiu Id chi, em Id Thuy Vdn.

Mai cdt cdch, tuyit tinh thdn, Mdi ngudi mdt ve, mudi phdn ven mudi.

Vdn xem trang trgng khdc vdi, Khudn trdng ddy dgn, nit ngdi nd nang.

Hoa cudi, nggc thdt, doan trang, Mdy thua nudc tdc, tuyit nhudng mdu da.

Kiiu cdng sdc sdo man md. So bi tdi sdc lgi Id phdn hon

Ldn thu thuf, net xudn san, Hoa ghen thua thdm, liiu hdn kem xanh.

Mdt hai nghiing nudc nghiing thdnh, Sdc ddnh ddi mdt, tdi ddnh hog hai.

Thdng minh vdn sdn tinh trdi,*^ Pha nghi thi hog du mui ca ngdm.

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Cung thuang ldu bdc ngu dm, Nghi riing dn dOt Ho cdm mdt truong.

Khdc nhd tay lua nin chuong Mdt thiin "bgc menh" lgi cdng ndo nhdn.

Phong luu rdt muc hdng qudn, Xudn xanh xdp xi tdi tudn cap ki.

Em dim trudng ru mdn che, Tuong ddng ong budm di vi mdc ai.

(Nguyin Du, Truyin Kiiu)

2. Nguyin Khuyen vd Tii Xuong cd ndi niim tdm sg gidngnhau nhung gigng tha ed diem khdc nhau nhu thd nao ? Hay ldm rd y kidn ciia minh.

3. Ve dep eua hinh tugng ngudi ndng dan ttong Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc ciia Nguyin Dinh Chiiu.

4. Nhiing cim nhan sdu sic eua anh (chi) qua tim hilu cupe ddi vd tha vdn Nguydri Dinh Chieu.

m - GUI Y CACH L A M BAI

6 dl 1, ein tim hieu Nguyin Du dd midu td Thuy Vdn, Thuy Kiiu (cd nhiing khdc nhau) nhu the ndo (din chiing). Sg khae fihau do dg bdo diiu ^ vl sd phdn cua mdi ngudi ?

6 dl 2, cin ehi rd ddc diem thdi dgi Nguydn Khuydn vd Tu Xuong sdng; tha eua hai tdc gii cung cd diem chung ndo (ddn chiing) vd cd gigng tha khdc nhau nhu the ndo (din chiing),...

Vdi dl 3, cin dgc kl bdi Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc, ehi ro ngudi ndng ddn mdc mge, chat phde... (din chiing) nhung rit gidu nghia khi, dimg cim xi thdn chdng gidc (din chimg).

Vdi dl 4, ein ttinh bdy nhimg cam nhdn sdu sic, chdn thdnh vd xuc ddng nhit khi tim hilu cudc ddi vd tho vdn Nguydn Dinh Chiiu.

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HAI DUA TRE THACH LAM

K T QUA CAN OAT -

Cam nhan dugc" tinh cam xdt thuang ciia Thach Lam ddi vdi nhung con ngudi sdng ngheo khd, quin quanh va sg cam thdng, tran trgng ciia nhd van trudc mong udc ciia hp v l mdt cudc sdng tuai sang hon.

I Thiy dugc mpt vai ndt ddc dao trong but phap nghd thudt cCia Thach Lam qua mpt truydn ngin tru tinh.

TIEUBAN

Thach Lam (1910 - 1942) ten khai sinh Id Nguyin Tudng Vinh (sau ddi thdnh Nguyin Tudng Ldn), sinh tai Ha Ndi, trong mdt gia dinh e6ng ehiic gdc quan 1^, Ong Id em nipt Nhat Linh vd Hodng Dao; ed ba ngudi deu Id thanh vien eua Tu lue vdn dodn. Thud nhd, Th^eh Lam sdng d qufi ngo^ : phd huy6n Cam Gidng, tinh Hdi Duong, sau d6 theo cha chuyin sang tinh Thdi Binh. Thach Lam hpe b Ha Npi; sau khi dd tu tai phan thir nh^t, 6ng ra Idm bdo, viet vdn. Th^eh Lam Id nguoi don hdu vd rat ddi tinh t^. Ong c6 quan ni$m vdn chuong Idnh manh, tii n b6 va cd biet tdi ve truygn ngin. Ong thuong vii t nhiing truyfin khSng e6 chuySn, chu yeu khai thdc th^ gi6i ndi tdm eua nhdn vat voi nhiing xiie cam mong manh, mo hd trong cu6c sdng thuong ngdy. Mdi truyfin eiia Thach Lam nhu mdt bai tho trir tinh, gipng dieu diim dam nhung chiia dung biet bao tinh cam min ySu chdn thdnh va su nhay cam cua tdc gid truoc nhiing bien thdi eua cdnh vdt vd long nguoi. Vdn Thach Lam trong sang, gian di md thdm tram, sdu sac.

Nhirng tde pham chinh ciia Thach Lam : cae tap truySn ngdn Gid ddu miia (1937), Ndng trong vudn (1938), Sgi tdc (1942); tiiu thuyet Ngdy mai (1939) ; tap tieu ludn Theo ddng (1941) ; Uiy biit Hd Ndi bdm sdu phd phuang (1943).

Hai dua tri Id mdt trong nhiing truypn ngan ddc sle eua Thach Lam, in o tap Ndng trong vudn. Cling nhu nhiiu truypn ngdn khdc eua ong, Hai dda tre ed su hod quyen hai yiu td hi$n thpe vd Idng man trir tinh.

Th^chLam (Si Nggc vi)

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VAN BAN

Tieng trdng thu khdng^D trdn edi chdi eila huydn nhd ; timg tieng mdt vang ra de gpi budi ehilu. Phuang tdy dd rgc nhu 16a chdy vd nhimg ddm may dnh hdng nhu hdn than sip tdn. Day tre ldng trudc mat den lgi vd cit hinh rd ret trdn nin trdi.

Chiiu, ehilu rdi. Mdt ehilu dm i nhu ru, vdng vang tidng deh nhdi keu ran ngodi ddng rudng theo gid nhe dua vdo. Trong cua hdng lioi tdi, mudi da bit diu vo ve. Lidn ngdi ydn ldng bdn miy qua thudc son den'^); ddi mit chi bdng tdi nggp diy din vd edi budn cua budi ehilu qud thim thia vdo tdm hdn ngdy tha eua chi; Lidn khdng hieu sao, nhung chi thiy long budn man mdc trudc cdi gid khic cua ngdy tdn.

- Em thip ddn ldn chi Lidn nhd ?

Nghe tidng An, Lien diing day tti ldi :

- Hang thong tha mdt Idt niia cung dugc. Em ra ngdi ddy vdi chi keo d ttong aymudL

An bd bao diem xudng bdn cimg chi ra ngodt chdng ngdi; chide chdng nan liin xudng vd kdu cdt ket.

- Cdi chdng ndy sip gdy rdi ehi nhi ?

- U dl rdi ehi bio me mua cdi khdc thay vdo.

Hai chi em gugng nhe ngdi ydn nliin ra phd. Cdc nhd dd ldn den ci rdi, den treo ttong nhd bdc phd Ml, den hoa ki leo Idt ttong nhd dng Cuu, vd den ddy sdng xanh trPng hidu khdch... Nhiing ngudn dnh sdng iy diu chidu ra ngodi phd khien cdt lip Idnh ttmg chd vd dudng mip md thdm vi nhiing hdn dd nhd mdt bdn sdng mdt bdn tdi.

Chg hgp giiia phd van tii ldu. Ngudi vl hdt vd tidng dn do cung mit. Trdn dit ehi edn rdc rudi, vd budi, vd thi, la nhdn vd Id mia. Mdt itiiii dm im bdc ldn, hoi lidng cua ban ngdy ldn vdi mui cdt bui quen thudc qud, khidn chi em Lidn tudng Id mui ridng cua dit, cua que huong ndy. Mdt vdi ngudi bdn hdng vl mudn dang thu xdp hang hod, ddn gdnh da xd sdn vdo quang rdi, hg cdn diing ndi chuydn vdi nhau it cau niia.

(1) Thu khdng: b kinh thdnh hode tinh thdnh ngdy xtra, den gan tdi eo qudn Iinh di tuan tra, neu thay khdng ed diiu ^ bd!t thudng thi bdo hi6u (thuong Id bdng ttdng) di ddng eiia thdnh, gpi Id thu khdng, f Id ttong thdnh an todn, khong co gi ddng lo ngai. Nghia ttong bdi: hdi ttdng bdo hipu ttoi sip tdi.

(2) Qud thudc san den {qua: dd di dpng, thudng dupe ldm bang gd hode dan bSng tte, hinh hdp ttdn, bdn ttong chia ldm nhiiu ngdn, e6 nip ddy, son mdu den, ndu hode do): qud dpng thudc Ido, son mdu den.

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Miy dira tte eon nhd nghdo d ven chg ciii lom khom ttdn mdt dit di lgi tim tdi. Chiing nhdt nhgnh thanh mia, thanh tte hay bit cii cdi dd ed thi dimg dugc eua cdc ngirdi bdn hang de lgi, Lidn ttdng thiy ddng ldng thuong nhtmg ehinh chi ciing khdng cd tiin dl ma cho chiing nd.

Trdi nhd nhem tdi, bay gid eW em Lidn mdi thiy thing cu bd xdeh dieu ddm vd khieng hai edi ghe ttdn limg d ttong ngd di ra ; chi Ti, me nd, theo sau, ddi edi chdng ttdn diu vd tay mang khdng bidt bao nliidu la dd dgc : tit ci edi eua hang eua chi.

- Sao hdm nay eW dgn hdng mugn thd ? Chi Ti dl chdng xudng dit, bdy bidn cdc bdt udng nude mdi rdi mdi chep midng

ttd ldi Lidn: - 6i chao, sdm vdi mudn md ed dn thua ^. Ngdy, ehi di md eua bit tdp ; tdi ddn ehi mdi dgn edi hang nude ndy dudi gdc

cdy bdng, ben cgnh cdi mdc ggch. De ban cho ai ? Miy ngtrdi phu gao hay phu xe, thinh thoang miy chii linh Id' ' ttong huydn hay ngudi nha thiy thiia' ) di ggi chan td tdm, cao hiing vdo hdng chi udng bdt nirdc chd tuoi vd hiit didu thudc Ido. Qu TI cha kidm dirge bao nhidu, nhtmg ehilu ndo ehi cimg dgn hdng, tir chdp tdi cho den ddm.

Chi kd xong chdng, ghe, dieh nggn den hoa Id lgi ngdi tdm ttau, edn thing cu thi loay hoay nhdm lua dl niu ndi nirdc chd. Liic biy gid ehi mdi ngang diu len ndi chuydn vdi Lidn:

- Cdn ed chua dgn hdng d ? Lidn gidt minh, kdu khd: "Chet chua!", rdi diing day gigc em: - Vdo ddng eua hdng thdi, khdng me ra ming chdt. An ddp: - Hdm nay chua chic me ed ra khdng, ehi g- Me cdn ban ldm ggo ea md. Ngdy ndo, eii chap tdi, me Lidn lgi tat ra thdm hdng mgt lan, vd bd ddn cu ttdng

thu khdng Id phai ddng eua hang lgi. The ma Lidn mii ngdi nhin phd qudn mit! Bay gid Lien vdi vdng vdo thip den, xdp nhimg qui son den lgi, ttong lue An di tim then de edi eua cho chic chin. Cdi eua hdng hai chi em ttdng coi Id mgt eua hang tgp hod nhd xiu, me Lidn dgn ngay tii khi ca nhd bd Hd Ndi vl qud d, vi thiy Lien mit vide. Mdt gian hdng bd thud lgi eua ba lao mdm, ngan ra bing mdt tim phen nira ddn giiy nhdt trinh^ '. Me Lidn giao cho Lidn ttdng coi - bd cdn ban ldm hdng xdo' ' - vd budi tdi thi hai cW em cung ngu d day de ttdng hdng.

(1) Linh li: linh chuyen lam eong vi6c tap dieh vd hau ha quan lai thdi thue ddn phong lain. (2) Thdy thita {thtta: thira phdi): vien ehiie Idm vifec hdnh ehinh d huy$n dudng. (3) Nhdt trinh: bdo ra hdng ngdy. (4) Hdng xdo : nghi dong thoe vi xay gia, kiem lai bdng each bdn gao va thu sdn pham phu

nhu tam, cdm.

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Lidn ddm lgi nhung phong thudc Ido, xdp vao hdm cdc bdnh xd phdng edn lgi, vira lim nhim tinh tiin hang. Hdm nay ngay phidn'" md bdn ciing ching dnthuagi.

- Cd phii budi trua em bdn cho bd Lgc hai bdnh xa phdng khdng ?

An ngam nghl rdi ddp :

- Vang, bd ta mua hai bdnh edn eg Chi liy nua bdnh niia.

Lien vdi cai bdn tinh dl cdng sd tiin. Nhung ttong hdng ndng vd mudi qud, ehi ngin nggi rdi xdp tit ea tiin vdo trdp(2), khdng tinh niia:

- Thdi, de mai tinh mgt the.

An nhin ehi, chi dgi liic ay. Hdi chi em cung vdi mudn ddng cua hdng dl ra ngodi kia, ngdi ttdn chdng ngim nliin phong cinh ngodi phd. Lidn khod vdi ttdp tiin vdi mdt chide khod ehi deo vdo cdi ddy xd tich'^) gc d thit lung, chide xd tich vd-cdi khoa ehi quy mdn va hdnh didn, vi nd td ra cW Id ngudi eon gdi ldn vd dim dang.

-A, cdbdldmgithd?

Nghe cdu ndi tidp theo mdt tidng cudi khanh khdch, ehi em Udn khdng ein ngoinh mdt ra cimg bidt Id ai dd vdo hdng. Dd Id eg Thi, mdt bd gid hoi didn .van mua rugu d hdng Lidn. Lidn dd bidt tinh bd, chi lang lgng rdt mdt ciit rupn ti'*' diy dua cho eg ; ehi khdng ddm nhin mdt eg, vd ttong long hoi run sg, elu mong cho eg chdng di. Cu cim ciit rugu soi ldn rdi cudi gidn gid ndi:

- A, em Lidn thio nhi. Hdm nay lgi rdt diy cho chi ddy.

Cg ngiia ed ra dang sau, udng mdt hoi cgn sgch, rdi vtra chdp midng viia lin rudt tugng tti tiin. Cg dl ba ddng xu vdo tay Lidn, xoa diu ehi mdt edi rdi lio dio budc ra ngodi. Hai chi em Odn dung siing nhin theo cu di lin vdo bdng tdi, tidng eirdi khanh khdch nhd din vl phia ldng.

Trdi da bit diu ddm, mdt ddm mua hg dm nhu nhung vd thoang qua gid mat. Dudng phd vd cdc ngd eon dan din ehiia diy bdng tdi. Cdc nhd dd ddng cua rni im, trir mdt vai cua hdng edn thiie, nhung eua chi dd hd ra mdt khe dnh sdng. Tre eon

(1) Ngdy phiin: ngdy hpp chp ehinh theo dinh ki hdng thdng. (2) Trdp : dd dung hinh hpp ttdn hode chii nhdt, ldm bing gd di dung giay td, ttiu cau hode

vdt quy. (3) Xd tich : mdt thir dd ttang siic eiia phu nii ngdy xua, thudng Id mdt spi ddy m^ b ic gilt b thit

lung c6 deo chia khod, hdp vol dn ttau. (4) Rugu ti: rupu do eong ti sdn xuat, dupe Phdp cho ph6p bdn (khde vdi rupu ldu, rupu do ddn tp

n^u; thdi thupc Phdp, ddn khong dupe ph6p nau rupu).

7-NV11-T1-A 9 7

tg hgp nhau d thim hd, tidng cudi ndi vui vd, khidn An them mudn nhdp bgn vdi chung de nd dua, nhung sg ttdi ldi m? dan phai coi hdng, ndn hai ehi em ddnh ngdi ydn ttdn chdng, dua mdt theo ddi nhimg ngudi vl mugn, tii tii di ttong ddm.

Vdm ttdi hdng ngdn ngdi sao ganh nhau lip Idnh, lin vdi vet sdng eua nhiing con dom ddm bay la Id tten mat dit hay len vdo nhiing cdnh cdy. An vd Lidn lgng ngudc mdt ldn nhin cdc vi sao de tim sdng Ngan Hd vd con vit theo sau dng Than Ndng'i'. Vu tru thdm tham bao la ddi vdi tdm hdn hai diia tre nhu diy bi mat va xa lg vd ldm mdi tri nghl, ndn chi mdt Idt hai chi em lgi ciii nhin vl mat dit, vl quang sang thdn mat chung quanh ngpn ddn lay ddng ttdn chdng hdng eua ehi Ti. v l phia huydn, mpt chim liia khdc nhd vd vdng la liing di ttong ddm tdi, mat di, rdi lgi hidn ra... An ttd tay bao ehi:

- Kia, hdng phd cua bdc Sidu den kia rdi.

Tieng ddn gdnh kiu kit nghe rd ret, khdi theo gid tgt lgi ehd hai elu em. Bdc Sieu dd tdi gin, ddt gdnh phd xudng dudng. Bdc ciii xudng nhdm lgi lua, thdi vdo cai dng niia con. Bdng bdc mdnh mdng ngi xudng dit mdt vimg vd kdo dai den tan hang rdo hai bdn ngd. An vd Lidn ngui thiy miii phd thom, nhtmg d cdi huydn nho ndy, qud bdc Sidu Id mdt thii qud xa xi, nhiiu tiin, hcii chi em khdng bao gid mua dugc. Lidn nhd lgi khi d Hd Ndi chi dupe hudng nhiing thiie qua ngon, la - biy gid me Lidn nhiiu tiin - dugc di choi Bd Hd' ) udng nhiing cdc nude Ignh xanh d6<''. Ngodi ra, ki mdm edn nhd lgi khdng rd ret ^ , ehi Id mdt vimg sdng rgc vd lip lanh. Hd Ndi nhiiu den qud ! Tir khi nhd Lien dgn vl day, tii khi cd cdi cua hdng nay, ddm ndo Lidn vd em cimg phai ngdi ttdn chide chdng tte dtrdi gdc cay bdng vdi cai tdi cua quang cdnh phd chung quanh.

Ddm tdi ddi vdi Lidn quen ldm, chi khdng sg nd niia. Tdi hdt ci, con dudng thdm thim ra sdng, con dudng qua chg vl nha, cdc ngd vdo ldng lai cdng sdm den hon niia. Gid ehi cdn nggn den con eua chi Ti, vd ci cdi bdp lua cua bac Sidu, chidu sdng mdt vung dat cdt; ttong eua hdng, nggn ddn cua Lidn, ngon ddn vgn nhd, thua thdt timg hot sdng Igt qua phdn mia. Tit ca phd xd ttong huyen bay gid diu thu nhd lgi noi hdng nudc cua elu TI. Thdm dugc mdt gia dinh bdc xam'*' ngdi trdn manh chieu, edi thau sit tring dl trudc mdt, nhung bdc chua hdt vi chua ed khdch nghe.

(1) Than Ndng: dng vua thdi ed d^ d Trung Qudc, day ddn Idm rudng, hpp ehp vd ehiia bfinh. Ten dng dupe ddt cho mdt chdm sao.

(2) BdHd: hd Hodn Kiim, b trung tdm Ha Npi. (3) Nudc Ignh xanh dd: nudc ngpt ed mau xanh hode dd di lanh. (4) Xdm: ngudi kiim sdng bdng nghi hat rong.

98 ^ - Mvii-Ti.a

Chi Ti phe phiy cdnh chudi khd dudi rudi bd ttdn miy tiiiie hdng, chdm rdi ndi:

- Gid mugn thd ndy md hg chua ra nhi ?

Chi mudn ndi miy chii linh trong huydn, miy ngtrdi nhd eua eg thira, eg luc'" la nhiing khdch hang quen eua ehi. Bdc Sidu ddp van va:

- Hdm nay ttong dng gido ciing ed td tdm. Dl hg khdng phii di ggi ddu.

Vg chdng bdc xim gdp chuydn bang miy tidng ddn biu'^' bat ttong ydn ldng. Thing con bd ra dit, ngodi manh ehidu, nghich nhdt nhiing rdc bin vui ttong cdt bdn dudng. Chimg iy ngudi ttong bdng tdi mong dgi mdt edi 0 tuoi sdng cho sg sdng nghdo khd hang ngdy ciia hg.

An vd Lidn da budn ngu riu ci mat. Tuy vdy hai chi em vin gugng de thiic khuya chiit niia, trudc khi vdo hdng ddng cua di ngi. Me vin ddn phai thiic den khi tdu xudng - dudng sit di ngang qua ngay ttudc mdt phd - dl bdn hang, may ra cdn cd mgt vdi ngudi mua. Nhtmg cimg nhu mgi ddm, Lidn khdng ttdng mong cdn ai den mua niia. Vdi lgi, dem hg chi mua bao diem hay gdi thudc Id cimg. Lien vd em ed thiic la vi ed khdc, vi mudn dugc nhin chuydn tdu do Id sg hogt ddng cudi cung cua ddm khuya.

An dd nim xudng gdi diu ldn dixi chi, mi mit sip sua roi xudng, cdn dan vdi:

- Tdu ddn chi ddnh thiie em dgy nhd.

- U, em cii ngu di.

Lidn khe qugt cho An, vudt lgi mdi tdc ta. Diu em be ndng din trdn ngudi Lidn; chi ngdi ydn khdng ddng ddy. Qua ke Id eua cdnh bdng, ngdn sao vdn lip Idnh ; mdt eon dom ddm bdm vao dudi mdt Id, vung sdng nhd xanh nhip nhdy rdi hoa bdng rgng xudng vai Lidn khe khd, thuih thoang ttmg logt mdt. Tam hdn Lidn ydn tinh han, cd nhiing cam gidc ma hd khdng hilu.

Trdng cim canh'^' d huydn ddnh tung ldn mdt tieng ngin khd khan, khdng vang ddng ra xa, rdi chim ngay vdo bdng tdi. Ngudi ving mdi; trdn hdng ghd ehi Ti mdi cd hai, ba bdc phu ngdi udng nude vd hiit thudc Ido. Nhung mdt Idt tir phd huy$n di ra, hai ba ngudi cam ddn long lung lay cac bdng ddi: miy ngudi ldm cdng b hidu khdch di ddn bd chu d tinh vl. Bdc Sidu nghin ed nhin ra phia ga, ldn tidng:

- Ddn ghi'*' dd ra kia rdi.

(1) Luc dvc sp): vien chirc lo vipc giay td x6t xii b huypn dudng thdi Phdp thude.

(2) Ddn bdu (dde huyin cam): ddn ddn tpc, gdm mdt biu, mdt ddy vd mpt ein nhd bing tre udn cong, khdng cd phim.

(3) Trdng cdm canh: ngtrdi xua chia dem thdnh ndm canh, canh mdt ki tit Me ttdi vita tdi; diu mdi canh diu cd diem ttdng.

(4) £)c« g/ii: d^n bdo hi^u chuyin xe Ilia ch^y sang dudng ray khdc.

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Lidn ciing ttdng tiiay ngpn lua xanh bide, sdt mdt dit nhu ma ttai. Roi tidng edi xe lua d dau vang lgi, ttong ddm khuya kdo ddi ra theo ngpn gid xa xdi. Lidn ddnh thiic em : - .

- Day di. An. Tdu den rdi.

An nhdm day, liy tay dgi mdt cho tinh hin. Hai ehi «m nghe thiy tieng ddn ddp, tidng xe rit manh vdo ghi. Mdt ldn khdi btmg sang tting ldn ding xa, tidp den tieng hdnh khdch dn do khe khd. May nam nay budn bdn kem ndn ngtrdi ldn xudng It, ed khi hai ehi em dgi chd ching thiy ai. Tnrdc kia, b sdn ga, cd may hang com md ddn khdch,. den sang cho den nua ddm. Nhtmg bay gid hg ddng cim ca rdi, cimg im ldng tdi den nhu ngoai phd.

Hai ehi em chd khdng ldu. Tieng edi dd rit ldn, va tau rim rd di tdi. Lien dit em diing ddy de nhin dodn xe vgt qua, cdc toa den sang tnmg, chieu dnh ci xudng dirdng. Lidn ehi thoang ttdng thiy nhiing toa hgng ttdn sang ttgng Id nhd nhimg ngtrdi, ddng vd kin lip idnh, vd cdc cua kinh sang. Rdi chide tdu di vdo ddm tdi, de lgi nhiing ddm than do bay tung ttdn dudng sdt. Hai chi em edn nhin theo edi chim nhd cua chide den xanh tteo trdn toa sau cung, xa xa mdi rdi khuit sau rang tre.

- Tdu hdm nay khdng ddng, chi nhi.

Lidn cim tay em khdng ddp. Chuyen tdu dem nay khdng ddng nhu mgi khi, thua ving ngudi vd hinh nhu kdm sdng hon. Nhtmg hg d Hd Ndi vl! Lidn ldng theo ma tudng. Hd Ndi xa xdm. Ha Ndi sdng rgc vui ve vd huydn ndo. Con tdu nhu da dem mdt chiit thd gidi khde di qua. Mdt the gidi khdc hin, ddi vdi Lidn, khdc hin cdi ving sdng nggn den eua chi Ti vd anh lua eua bdc Sidu. Ddm tdi vin bao bpe chung quanh, ddm eua dit que, va ngoai kia, ddng rudng mdnh mang va yen ldng.

- Thdi di ngu di eW.

Lien vo vai em, ngdi xudng chdng. An ciing ngdi jcudng vd nga diu vdo vai Lien. Tidng vang ddng cua xe hoi dd nhd rdi, vd mit din ttong bdng tdi, ling tai ciing khdng nghe thay niia. Sao ttdn ttdi vin lap lanh. Ci phd huydn bay gid mdi that la hdt ndo ddng, ehi cdn ddm khuya, tieng ttdng cam canh vd tidng chd cin. Tu phia ga, bdng ddn long vdi bdng ngudi di v l ; elu Ti duong sua sogn do dgc vd bdc Sidu dd gdnh hdng di vdo ttong ldng, edn vg chdng bdc xam ngu ggc ttdn manh ehilu tg bao gid.

Lien quay lgi nhin em, thay An ciing da ngu say tay nim chat td do chi vd dau van dga vdo vai. Lidn niiin quanh ddm tdi, gid dd thoang lanh vd dom ddm khdng cdn niia. Chi ciii xudng vge em vdo ttong hang, mit cimg da riu lgi. Chi gai cua can than vd van nhd nggn den dat ttdn cdi qua thudc son den. Rdi Lidn den ben em nam xudng. Chi gdi diu ldn tay nhim mit lai. Nhung cam gidc ban ngdy ling di ttong tdm hdn Lidn vd hmh anh thd gidi quanh minh md md di ttong mdt ehi.

100

Lidn thay minh sdng giiia bao nhidu sgxa xdi khdng bidt nhu chide den eoti cCia chi Tl ehi chidu sdng mdt viing dit nhd. Nhung Lien khdng nghi dugc ldu, mit chi ngng din, rdi sau Lidn nggp vdo giic ngu ydn tinh, cung ydn tinh nhu ddm d ttong phd, tieh mich vd diy bdng tdi.

(Theo Tuyin tgp Thgch Lam, NXB Vdn hpe. Ha Ndi, 1988)

HUloniG B A N HUC BAI

1. Cinh vdt trong truydn dd dugc midu t i trong thdi gian vd khdng gian nhu the ndo?

2. Thgch Lam da midu t i cudc sdng vd hinh inh nhimg ngudi ddn phd huydn ra sao ?

3. Phdn tieh tdm ttgng cua Lidn vd An trudc khung canh thidn nhidn vd biic ttanh ddi sdng noi phd huydn.

4. Hinh anh dodn tdu ttpng truydn dd dugc midu ta nhu the ndo ? Vi sao elu em Lien va An cd thiic de dugc nhin chuydri tau ddm di qua phd huydn ?

5. Anh (chi) ed nhdn xdt gi vl nghd thugt midu t i vd gigng vdn eua Thgch Lam ?

6. Qua truydn ngiii Hai dda tre, Thgch Lam mudn phdt biiu tu tudng gi ?

GHINHO.

Bing mdt truydn ngin trii tinh cd cdt truydn dan gian, Thach Lam da the hidn mdt each nhe nhang ma thim thia niim xdt thuang ddi vdi nhiing kidp nguai sdng ca cge, quan quanh, tdm tdi 6 phd huydn nghdo trudc Cdch mang. Dong thdi, dng cung bidu Id sg trdn trpng udc mong ddi ddi tuy cdn ma hd cua hp.

LUYINTAP

1. Anh (ehi) ed an ttrgng sdu sic nhit vdi nhdn vat ndo, vdi ehi tiet nghd thudt nao trong truydn Hai dda tre ? Vi sao ?

2*. Hay ndu nhimg ndt ddc sic ciia phong cdch nghd thugt Thgch Lam qua truy$n Hai dua tre.

101

NGVCANH

K^TQUACANOAT-

Nim dugc khai niem ngu canh trong hoat ddng giao tidp ngdn ngO cung vdi nhung nhan td cua nd.

Bidt noi va viet phu hgp vdi ngu canh, cd nang Igc nhan thiic vd Imh hdi dugc Idi ndi trong mdi quan hd vdi ngCr canh.

I-KHAINIEM

1. Neu dot nhidn nghe dugc cdu "Gid mudn thi ndy md hg chua ra nhi ?", ta se hieu nhu thd ndo vl nhimg ndi dung sau day ttong eau dd :

- Cdu ndi ttdn la eua Jii ndi vdi ai ? Dd Id nhiing ngudi nhu the ndo vd cd quan h$ vdi nhau ra sao ?

- Cau dd dugc ndi d dau, liic ndo ?

- Hg ttong eau ndi chi ai ?

- Chua ra la hogt ddng nhu the nao ? Theo hudng tii ddu ddn ddu ?

- Gid mudn thi ndy Id ndi ddn khoing thdi gian ndo ? v.v... .

Cd the khang dtoh: Ndu ddt nhidn nghe dugc cdu ndi ndy, khdng biet bdi canh su dgng nd thi khdng mdt ai ed the tri ldi dugc nhtmg cau hdi ttdn.

2. Dgt cdu ndi ttdn vdo bdi einh phdt sinh ra nd md ngudi dgc bidt qua ldi kl eua tde gii truyen ngin Hai dua tre:

Dimtdi ddi vdi Liin quen ldm, chi khdng sg nd nda. Tdi hit cd, con dudng thdm thdm ra sdng, con dudng qua chg vi nhd, cdc ngd vdo ldng lgi cdng sdm den han niia. Gid chi cdn nggn den con cua chi Ti, vd cd cdi bip Ida cua bdc Siiu, chiiu sdng mdt vung ddt cdt; trong ciia hdng, nggn den cda Liin, nggn den vgn nhd, thua thdt timg hot sdng Igt qua phin nua. Tdt cd phdxd trong huyin bdy gid diu thu nhd lgi nai hdng nudc cua chi Ti. Thim dugc mdt gia dinh bdc xdm ngdi trin manh chiiu, cdi thau sdt trdng di trudc mgt nhuhg bdc chua hdt vi chua cd khdch nghe.

Chi Ti phe phdy cdnh chudi khd duoi rudi bd trin mdy thdc hdng, chdm rdi ndi:

- Gid mudn thi ndy md hg chua ra nhi ? .

(Thach Lam, Hai dua rre)

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Qua dogn trich, ta bidt mgt sd tiidng tm vl bdi cinh eua cdu ndi ttdn :

- Cdu ndi dd Id cua chi Ti - ngudi bdn hdng nudc. Chi Ti ndi cdu dd vdi nhiing ngudi bgn nghdo ciia ehi cung ldm nghl kidm dn nhd : chi em Lidn bdn hang xdn, bdc Sidu ban phd, gia dinh bdc xim,...

- Chi Ti ndi cdu dd d phd huy$n nhd, vdo mdt budi tdi, ttong liic mgi ngudi diu chd khdch hdng.

- Chi TI ndi ddn "hg", tiic : "Miy ngudi phu ggo hay phu xe, thmh thoing may chii linh Id ttong huydn hay ngudi nhd thiy thua di ggi chdn td tdm, cao hiing vao hang ciii udng bdt nude chd tuoi vd hut didu thudc lao.". Diiu ndy d dogn tnrdc vd sau cau ndi dd eiia ehi Ti, tdc gii dd cho biet.

- Rdng hon niia, eau ndi ttdn didn ra ttong bdi canh xd hdi \^dt Nam tnrdc Cdch mang thdng Tdm.

Nhd bdi eirih ttdn, ta ciing mdi hilu rd vi sao viia chdp tdi (chi em Lidn mdi thu hdng, ehi TI mdi bdy hdng, bdc Sidu mdi gdnh phd den, gia dinh bdc xim edn chtra hdt,...) md ehi Ti da cho Id "mudn the nay", vd hogt ddng eua nhiing ngudi dugc ndi ddn {hg) lgi dugc ehi TI biiu hidn bing tii "ra" (hg di tir ttong huydn ra phd), vd ta mdi cim dugc ca sg khdt khao chd dgi eua ehi ddi vdi "hg" - nhtrng khdch hang - thupng dd! Ddng thdi ta cimg mdi hieu ring: Chi Ti ndi vdi nhimg ngudi cung canh ngd, gin gui ndn ldi eiia chi ed thi ttdng khdng, khdng ein nhimg tir ngii xung hd, vd tuy dtrdi hinh thiic cau hdi nhtmg lgi de bdc Id mdt sg khdt khao, mong dgi.

Cd thi ndi rang mdi cau diu dugc sin sinh ra ttong mdt bdi cinh nhit dinh vd chi dugc linh hdi diy dii, ehinh xdc ttong bdi cinh cua nd. Bdi canh dd dugc ggi la ngii einh. Vdy ngii einh ehinh Id bdi cinh ngdn ngii, d dd ngudi ndi (ngirdi vidt) sin sinh ra ldi ndi thich ling, edn ngirdi nghe (ngirdi dgc) edn eii vdo dd dl linh hgi dugc diing ldi ndi.

IICACNHANTdCUANGUrCANH

1. Nhdn vdt giao tidp

Cimg vdi ngudi ndi (ngirdi vidt) cd thi cd mdt hode nhiiu ngudi khde tham gia hogt ddng giad tiep (ggi chung Id cdc nhdn vat giao tidp). Cdc nhdn vgt giao tidp ed quan hd tuong tde, ddng vai ngudi ndi (ngudi vidt), vai ngudi nghe (ngudi dgc). Quan hd cua cdc nhdn vdt giao tidp, vi the cua hg so vdi nhau ludn ludn chi phdi ngi dung vd hinh thiie cua ldi ndi, cdu vdn.

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Chang hgn, trong vi dg vira din trdn ddy, chi TI ndi vdi nhimg ngtrdi quen bidt, cung bdn hdng qudn nhd noi phd huydn. Cho ndn cdu ndi mang sic thai than mgt, gin gui (edeh ndi trdng khdng, vide dung tu tinh thdi nhi,...), ndi dung ndi vl mpt chuyen hing ngdy trong cudc sdng.

2. Bdi canh ngoai ngdn ngu

-Bdi cdnh giao tiip rdng: Dd Id todn bd nhung nhdn td xd hdi, dia II, chinh ti}, kinh td, van hod, phong tuc, tdp qudn,... eua cdng ddng ngdn ngii. Nd tgo ndn bdi canh vdn hod cua mdt don vi ngdn ngii, mdt sin pham ngdn ngii.

Trong VI du din ttdn, bdi einh vdn hod cua cdu ndi cua chi Ti Id xd hdi Vi?t Nam vdo nhimg ndm trudc Cdch mgng thdng Tdm. Lue dd, ddi sdng eua ngudi ddn, nhit Id nhung ngudi bdn hdng nhd noi phd huydn rit lam lu, ngheo khd. HQ ludn ludn mong dgi, ao udc mdt eude sdng tuoi sdng hon.

Ddi vdi van ban vdn hgc, bdi cinh vdn hod cimg chinh Id hodn cinh sdng tac (ra ddi) eua ca tde phim. Nd chi phdi ea ndi dimg vd hinh thiic ngdn ngii (ttong dd cd tii, ngii, cdu, dogn,...) cua tdc pham.

- Bdi cdnh giao tiip hep : Dd Id noi chdn, thdi giem phdt sinh eau ndi cung vdi nhiing sg vide, hidn tugng xay ra xung quanh. Trong vi dg trdn, eau ndi cd bdi cdnh hep Id ttdn dudng phd huydn, noi ban hang nhd, vao liic trdi tdi, mgi ngudi dang chd dgi khdch hdng. Bdi canh giao tidp hep tgo ndn nhimg tinh hudng cua ttmg cau ndi.

Ddi vdi giao tidp ngdn ngii, tinh hudng ludn thay ddi. Tii dd quan h§ giiia cac nhan vdt giao tidp, vi thd giao tiep, tinh cam, cim xiic eua mdi ngudi cung tuy tinh hudng md thay ddi. Tat ci sg thay ddi a tinh hudng deu ehi phdi ndi dung vd hinh thiie cua cdc cdu ndi.

- Hiin thuc dugc ndi tdi: Dd ed thi Id hipn thgc bdn ngodi cdc nhdn vdt giao tidp, ed thi Id hidn thgc tam ttang eiia con ngudi. Hidn thgc dugc ndi tdi tgo ndn phin nghia sg vide ciia eau. Cdu ndi eia ehi Ti tten day dl cap den hidn tugng nhiing chii linh Id ttong huydn, nhimg ngtrdi nhi thay thtra chua ra phd vd ddn hdng eua ehi udng nude, hiit thude nhu mgi tdi khdc.

3. Vdn canh

O hoat ddng giao tidp bing ngdn ngii, ngii einh ciia mdt don vi ngdn ngii cdn Id vdn einh xuat hi^n eua nd. Vdn eirih ed thi la ldi ddi thogi hode don thogi, c6 the d dgng ndi hogc dgng vidt. Trong mgi tnrdng hgp, cdc don vi ngdn ngii (dm, tidng, tii, ngii, cdu, dogn,...) di trudc va di sau mdt don vi ngdn ngii ndo dd tgo ndn van cinh cua nd. Cung nhu bdi cinh ndi chung, vdn cinh viia Id ea sd cho vide sit dung, vira Id ea sd eho vide Unh hdi don vi ngdn ngii.

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VI dg, trong bai tiia Cdu cd miia thu cua Nguydn Khuyen, sd dl tdc gii'ed the dung tii cdn (trong cdu Tua gdi budng cdn ldu chdng dugc) md khdng ein vidt diy du Id cdn cdu, ngtrdi dgc vin cd thi hieu rd rdng y nghia cua nd Id nhd ttong bdi tha, tnrdc tii cdn da cd cdc tu ngii ao thu, nudc, thuyin cdu, sdngva sau dd cd cdc tii ngii cd, ddp ddng, chdn beo,... Cdc tu ngii ndy vd ndi chung tat ca cdc ttr ngii, cdu tha trong bdi tgo ndn ngii einh cho tir cdn; ngd cinh dd ldm ca sd eho ngudi viet dimg tir cdn, va ngudi dgc hilu dugc nd.

HI-VAITBUCUANGUrCANH

1. Ddi vdi ngtrdi ndi (ngudi vidt) vd qud trinh sin sinh ldi ndi, eau vdn

Ngii einh ehinh Id mdi trudng sin sinh rd ldi ndi, eau van. Do do ngii canh ludn ludn inh hirdng vd ehi phdi ndi dung vd hinh thiie cua cdu. Cdu ndi cin dugc sin sinh ra sao cho thich hgp vdi ngii einh (vdi cdc nhdn vdt giao tiep, vdi bdi canh rdng va hep, vdi hidn thgc dugc dl cap den, vdi vdn einh,...). Hon niia, ehinh ngii einh de lgi dau an ttong cau. Ddy ehinh Id mdi quan hd giiia mdi trudng vd san pham tgo ra ttong mdi tnrdng iy.

2. Ddi vdi ngtrdi nghe (ngudi dgc) vd qud ttinh linh hdi ldi ndi, cdu vdn

Mudn Unh hdi ehinh xdc, cd hidu qui ldi ndi, cdu vdn, ngirdi nghe (ngudi dgc) can edn cii vao ngur einh rdng vd hep. Phdi gin tir ngii, cdu vdi ngii cdnh su dgng eua nd, vdi timg tinh hudng vd diin bidn eg the dl ed thi phdn tich, tim hieu vd U giii thau ddo, hieu dtrgc cdn ke ttmg ehi tidt vl ndi dung vd hinh thiic.

GHINHO.

• Ngu cdnh Id bdi cdnh ngdn ngO lam ca sd cho vide sii dung ttr ngir va tao ldp Idi ndi, ddng thdi lam cdn eii de Imh hpi thiu ddo Idi ndi.

• Ngu canh bao gdm : nhan vdt giao tiep, bdi canh rpng va hep, hidn thgc dugc de cdp den, vdn canh.

% Ngir canh cd vai trd quan trgng ca vdi qua trinh tao ldp va qua trinh Imh hdi Idi ndi.

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LUYEN TAP

1. Can cu vdo ngii canh (hodn canh sdng tdc), hdy phdn tich nhimg ehi tidt dugc midu t i ttong hai eau sau:

Tiing phong hgc phdp phdng han muoi thdng, trdng tin quan nhu trdi hgn trdng mua ; mui tinh chiin vdy vd dd bg ndm, ghit thdi mgi nhu nhd ndng ghet cd.

BOa thdy bdng bong che trdng ldp, mudn tdi dn gan; ngdy xem dng khdi chgy den si, mudn ra cdn cd.

(Nguyin Dinh Chiiu, Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc)

2. Xdc dinh hidn thgc dugc ndi tdi ttong hai cau tha:

Dim khuya vdng vdng trdng canh ddn, Tra cdi hdng nhan vdi nudc non.

(Hd Xudn Huong, Tg tinh - bdi II)

3. Van dung hilu bidt vl ngii cinh de li giai nhimg ehi tiet vl hinh inh bd Tii ttong bdi tha Thuang vg cua Tii Xtrong.

4. Dgc nhiing cdu tha sau ttong bai tha Vinh khoa thi Huong eua Tii Xuong vd cho bidt nhiing yeu td ndo ttong ngii canh da chi phdi ndi dung cua nhimg cdu dd.

Nhd nudc ba ndm md mgt khoa, .s Trudng Nam thi ldn vdi tnmng Hd.

- Lgng cdm rgp trdi quan su din, Vdy li quit ddt mu ddm ra. <

5. Trdn dudng di, hai ngtrdi khdng quen biet gap nhau, mdt ngudi hdi: "Thua bdc, bdc cd ddng hd khdng g ?". Trong ngii canh do, cau hdi cin dtrgc hilu nhu the ndo ? Nd nhim muc dich '^ ?

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CHV NGVOI TV TU NGUViNTUAN

K^TQUACANOAT-

< Cam nhdn dugc vd dep cua hinh tugng nhan vdt Huan Cao, qua dd hieu dugc quan diem tham mT cua nha vdn Nguydn Tudn.

1 Hieu dugc nghe thudt cua thidn truyen : tinh hudng truyen ddc dao, tao khdng khi ed xua, thu phap ddi ldp, ngdn ngu gdc canh, gidu tinh tao hinh.

TIEUBAN

Nguyin Tudn (1910 - 1987) sinh ra ttong mdt gia dinh nhd nho khi Hdn hpe dd tdn. Qu6 ong b Idng Mpe, nay thupe phudng Nhdn Chinh, qudn Thanh Xudn, Hd Ndi. Tii nhd, dng theo gia dmh sdng b nhiiu tinh miin Trung. Nguyin Tudn hpe den cudi bac Thdnh chung (tuong duong vdi cdp Trung hpe co sd hien nay) 6 Nam Dinh, sau dd vi Hd Npi viit vdn va lam bdo. Cdch mang thdng Tdm thdnh cdng, Nguyin Tudn din vdi edeh mang, tu nguyen dimg ngdi biit phuc vu hai eude khdng ehiin cua ddn tde. Tir 1948 den 1958, dng Id Tdng thu ki HOi Vdn nghe Viet Nam.

Nguyin Tudn Id nhd vdn ldn, mdt nghf si sudt ddi di tim edi dep. Ong ed mpt vi tri quan trpng va ddng gdp khdng nhd ddi vdi vdn hpe Viet Nam hifin d^: thiie day thi tuy but, but ki van hpe d?it tdi trinh dd ngh6 thudt eao ; lam phong phii them ngdn ngii vdn hpe ddn tdc ; dem din cho nin vdn xudi hien dai mdt phong cdch tdi hoa vd dpc ddo. Nam 1996, Nguyin Tudn dupe Nhd nude tdng Gidi thirdng Hd Chi Minh vi vdn hpe nghfi thudt.

Nhiing tdc pham ehinh eua Nguyin Tuan: M^t chuyin di (1938), Vang bdng mdt thdi (1940), Thiiu qui huang (1940), Chiic lu ddng mdt cua (1941), Dudng vui (1949), Tinh chiin dich (1950), Sdng Dd (1960), Hd Ndi ta ddnh Mi gidi (1972),...

Truydn ngin Cha ngudi td tu liic diu ed ten Id Ddng chu cudi cang, in ndm 1939 tten t^p chi Tao ddn, sau dd dupe tuyin in ttong tdp truyfn Vang bdng mdt thdi vd ddi ten thdnh Chu nguai td tu. Vang bdng mdt thdi khi

Nguyin Tuan in lin dau (1940) gdm 11 truy$n ngin, Id tdc

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pham kit tinh tdi ndng eua Nguyin Tudn trudc Cdch mang, dupe nha ph6 bmh Vu Ngpe Phan nhdn x6t Id "mdt vdn pham dat gan tdi su todn thi$n, todn mi". Nhdn v|it chinh ttong Vang bdng mdt thai phan ldn Id nhiing nho si cudi miia - nhung con ngudi tdi hoa, bat die ehi. Gdp Mc Hdn hpe suy vi, sdng giiia budi "Tdy Tau nhd nhdng", nhiing con ngudi ndy, mdc du budng xudi bat lpc nhung vdn mdu thudn sdu sle vdi xd hdi duong thdi. Hp khdng ehju a dua theo thdi, eh?y theo danh Ipi md vdn cd giii "thiSn luong" vd "su ttong s?ieh eiia tdm hdn". Hp dudng nhu ed y lay "edi tdi" tdi hoa, ngdng nghenh cua minh di ddi ldp vdi xd hdi phdm tpc; phd diin ldi sdng d?p, thanh cao cua minh nhu mdt thdi dp phdn ling ttdt tu xd hdi duomg thdi. Trong sd nhiing con ngudi tdi hoa ay, ndi bat len hinh tupng dng Huan Cao ttong Chu ngudi td tu, mdt con ngirdi tdi hoa, khdng ehi cd tai md cdn ed cdi tdm ttong sang; mdc du chi ldn khdng thdnh nhung tu the vdn hien ngang, bat khuat.

VAN BAN

Nhgn dugc phidn ttdt'^' ciia Son Hung Tuydn doc bd dudng'^', vidn quan coi nguc quay lgi hdi thay tha Igi' ' giiip vi?e ttong dl lao'*':

- Ndy, thay bdt'^', eii cdng vdn ndy, thi chiing ta sip nhdn dtrgc sdu tdn tii an chdm. Trong dd, tdi nhdn thiy tdn ngudi diing diu bgn phan nglueh Id Huin Cao'^'. Tdi nghe ngd ngg. Huan Cao ? Hay la cdi ngudi md vimg tinh Son ta vdn khen edi tdi viet chii rat nhanh vd rat dep dd khdng ?

Thiy tha lgi xin phdp dgc cdng van.

- Dg, bim chinh y do. Dg bim ed chuydn chi vgy ?

- Khdng, tdi nghe ten quen quen va thay nhiiu ngirdi nhie nhdm den edi danh do ludn, thi tdi cung hdi thd thdi. Thdi, eho thiy lui. A, nhtmg ma thong thi. Thiy bio nggc tdt'^' nd qudt dgn lgi edi budng ttong cimg. Cd vide dung ddn. Thiy li$u cdi budng giam dd ed cim giii ndi mdt tdn tii ed tidng la nguy hiem khdng ? Thay cd nghe thay ngudi ta ddn Huan Cao, ngoii cdi tai Aadt chii tdt, lgi edn cd tdi bd khod vd vugt nguc niia khdng ?

- Dg bam, thd ra y van vd diu cd tdi ci. Chd ehd!

(1) Phiin trdt {phiin: chi don vj mdt tdm, mdt mdnh; trdt: cdng vdn cua cap tten y6u ciu cap dudi thuc hipn): td Ipnh cda cap titn truyin xudng.

(2) Ddc bg dudng: dinh quan Tdng ddc {Tdng ddc la chuc quan diing dau mdt tinh Idn thdi xua). (3) Tho lgi: ngudi ttdng coi vi?c giiy td d eua quan. (4) Di lao: nha lao. (5) Thdy bdt: ngudi dupe phong hdm bdt pham (bdc thii tdm) ttong chin pham ttdt (ciiu phim;

cao nhat la nhat phim) cda triiu dinh phong kiin. . (6) Hudn Cao: Huan dao hp Cao {Huan dgo Id chiie quan coi vi$c hpe b mOt huyen). (7) Nguc tdt: linh coi nguc.

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- d, cung gin nhu vgy. Sao thiy lai chdc lirdi ?

- Tdi thiy nhimg ngudi cd tdi tiid md di ldm gidc thi ddng budn lim. Dg bam, gii thu tdi la dao phu, phii chdm nhimg ngirdi nhu vdy, tdi nghi md thiy tidng tide.

- Chuydn triiu dinh qudc gia, chiing ta bidt ^ md bdn bgc cho thdm ldi. Nha ra lgi vg midng thi khdn. Thdi, thiy lui vl ma ttdng nom vi$c dudi ttgi giam. Mai, chiing ta phii day sdm dl eho cd mat d ctra ttgi tnrdc khi linh tinh ttao tu elio minh Unh nhdn. Ddm nay, thiy bit diu lay them linh canh. Mdi chdi canh, diu ddt hai luih. Chdi ndo bd canh, hi mdi vgng canh ngu qudn khdng ddnh kilng, ddnh md, thiy nhd bidn eho rd, cho dung de mai tdi phgt ngng. Chd ed cho miy thing thgp'i' nd ddnh bgc nghe!

Thiy tha lgi nit chide heo hoaf ' d gia guam, phe phay roi, di xudng phia ttgi giam tdi om. Noi gdc chide dn thu'^' cii da nhgt mdu vdng son, mgt cdy den de leo Idt rgi vao mdt khudn mdt nghi ngpi. Nggc quan bdn khodn ngdi bdp thdi duong. Tidng ttdng thdnh phu gin diy dd bit diu thu khdng. Tren bdn chdi canh, nggc tdt cimg bat dau diem vao edi qugnh que eiia ttdi tdi nut, nhimg tidng kilng vd md diu dan thua thdt. Ltrdt qua edi thdm thim eua ndi ed dim suong, ving ttr mdt ldng xa dua lgi may tidng chd sua ma. Trong khung eua sd ed nhilii con song ke nhimg net den thing ldn nin ttdi ldm ddm tinh tii, mgt ngdi sao Hdm nhip nhdy nhu mudn trgt xudng phia chdn gidi khdng dinh. Tidng ddi ehd sua ma, tidng trdng thdnh phu, tidng kilng md canh ndi ldn nhiiu nhiiu. Biy nhidu thanh dm phiic tap bay cao lin ldn khdi mgt dit tdi, nang dd lay mdt ngdi sao chinh vj mudn tu bidt vii tni.

Noi gdc dn thu vdng dd nhgt, son dd md, dia diu sd''*' trdn cdy den ndn voi lan mgc diu. Hai nggn bac ldp bdp nd, rung tdn den xudng tap giiy ban ddng diu son ti Niet'^'. Vidn quan coi nggc ngic diu, liy que huong khdu thdm mdt eon bic. Ba edi tim bac dugc chgm nhau lgi, chdy bimg to ldn, soi td mat ngtrdi ngdi day.

Ngudi ngdi diy, diu dd diem hoa rdm, rau dd ngi mdu. Nhimg dudng nhdn nheo cua mdt bd mat tu Ig'^', bdy gid dd bien mit hin. 6 diy, gid ehi cdn Id mdt nude ao xudn, bang ldng, kin ddo vd dm nhe.

(1) Thdp: ttong qudn dpi nha Nguyin, mudi linh gpi la mdt thdp; thang thdp chi ngudi diing dau mudi ngudi Unh dd.

(2) Hio hoa {heo: gay ldm bdng thdn cdy heo): cdi gdy cd cudn tua tt6n dau cho dpp.

(3) An thu: bdn di sdch vd, gidy but di dpc vd viit.

(4) Dia ddu sd: dia dpng diu 6p tir hat qua sd, ddt tim bac di thip sdng.

(5) Ti Niit {niet: phdp ludt): dinh An sdt, noi coi vi?c phdp ludt d mdt tinh.

(6) ru/wilonghi.

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Trong hoan cinh dl lao, ngudi ta sdng bing tdn nhin, bing lira lgc, tinh cdch diu ddng vd Idng biet gid ngudi, bidt ttgng ngudi ngay cua vidn quan coi nguc ndy la mdt thanh dm trong tteo chen vdo giua mdt bin dan ma nhgc ludt diu hdn logn xd bd.

Ong ttdi nhieu khi choi dc, dem ddy ii nhimg cdi thuin kliid't'" vdo giiia mdt ddng can bd. Va nhiing ngudi ed tdm diln'^' tdt vd thing thin, lgi phii dn ddi 6 kiep vdi lu quay quit.

Nguc quan lay lam nghi ngpi vl eau ndi ban ehilu eua thiy tha lgi: "Cd Id lao bdt ndy, cimg la mdt ngudi khd day. Cd Id hin cung nhu minh, chgn nhim nghe mit rdi. Mdt ke bidt kinh men khi phdch'^', mdt kd bidt tide, bidt ttpng ngtrdi co tdi, hin khdng phii Id ke xiu hay la vd tinh. Ta mudn bidt ddi'^' dng Huin Cao, ta mudn cho dng ta dd cge ttong nhimg ngdy cudi cimg edn lai, nhung ehi sg tdn bat pham tha lgi ndy dem cdp gide' ' vdi quan ttdn thi khd ma d ydn. Di mai ta dd y tii hin lin niia xem sao rdi se Ueu".

Sdm hdm sau, Unh tinh din ddn eua nguc that sdu tdn tiimd cdng vdn ehilu hdm qua dd bdo trudc cho nggc quan bidt rd tdn tudi, ldng xdm vd tdi hinh. Sdu phgm nhdn mang chung mdt chide gdng'^' ddi tam thude'^'. Cdi thang ddi iy ddt ngang ttdn isdu bd vai giy. Cdi thang gd lim ndng, ddng khung liy sdu cdi cd phidn loan, ndu dem bdc ldn md edn, cd the ngng ddn biy, tdm tg. Thdt Id mdt cdi gdng xiing ddng vdi tdi dn sdu ngudi ttr tii. Gd than gdng da eii vd md hdi ed, md hdi tay ke phdi deo nd dd phu ldn mdt nude quang dau bdng lodng. Nhimg dogn gdng da bdng thi lodng nhu ed ngtrdi ddnh Id chudi khd. Nhimg dogn khdng bdng thi lai xin lgi nhimg chit ghdt den sdnh. Trong khi chd dpi eua nggc md rdng, Huin Cao, diing diu gdng, quay cd lgi bio miy bgn ddng chi:

- Rdp ein tdi, dd ci cd len rdi. Phii dd gdng di.

Sdu ngudi diu quy ca xudng dat, hai tay dm liy thdnh gdng dau ciii ci vl phia trudc. Mdt tdn Unh dp giii diia mdt cdu:

- Cdc ngudi ehi phii tap niia. Mai mdt ehi day sd cd ngudi sdnh sdi din cdc ngirdi ra ldm ttd d phdp trudng. Bay gid tha hd ma tap. Diing dgy khdng dng lai phdt eho miy hdo bay gid.

(1) Thudn khiit: hodn todn ttong sach. (2) Tdm diin: bung da eon ngirdi. (3) Khi phdch: siic manh tinh thin dupe biiu hien cu thi thdnh hdnh dpng; d ddy chi tinh than

m?uih me, cao cd. (4) Biit ddi: ddi xu ddc biet quy ttpng. (5) Cdo gidc: td gidc, bdo eho chinh quyin biit di kit tdi. (6) Gdng: vat ldm bdng gd hode tte ed then ddng md, diing de deo vdo ed ngudi pham tdi ndng. (7) Thudc: don vi do chiiu ddi khodng 0,42 m6t.

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Huan Cao, Ignh limg, ehiic miii gdng ndng, khom minh thiic manh dau thang gdng xudng thim dd ting ddnh thuynh mdt edi. Then ngang chide gdng bi gidt mgnh, dap vdo ed ndm ngudi sau, ldm hg nhan mat. Mdt trdn mua rdp dd lam nin dd xanh nhgt lim tim nhiing diim ndu den.

Cdnh eiia dl lao md rdng.

Sdu ngudi nd minh tidn vdo nhu mgt bgn thg nl, than trgng khidng edi thang gd ddt ngang trdn vai.

Trai vdi phong tuc nhdn tii mgi ngdy, hdm nay vidn quan coi nggc nhin sdu tdn tii mdi vdo vdi egp mit hiin lanh. Ldng kidng ne, tuy ed giii kin ddo ma cimg da ro qud rdi. Khi kiim diem phgm nhdn, nguc quan lgi cdn ed bift nhdn'^' ddi rieng vdi Huan Cao. Bgn Unh liy ldm lg, diu nhdc lgi:

- Bam thiy, tdn iy ehinh Id thii xudng'^'. Xin thiy dl tdm eho. Hin nggo nguge'3' vd nguy hiem nhit trong bgn.

May tdn linh, khi ndi den tidng "de tdm" ed y nhie vidn quan coi nguc edn chd dpi gi ma khdng gid nhimg mdnh khoe hdnh hg thudng Id ra. Nguc quan ung dung:

- Ta bidt rdi, vide quan ta dd ed phdp nude, Cdc chii ehd nhiiu ldi.

Bpn linh ddn ea ra, nhin nhau vd khdng hilu. Sdu tdn tu tu cii nggc nhidn vl thdi dd quan nggc.

Sudt niia thdng, d trong budng tdi, dng Huin Cao vin thiy mdt ngudi tha lgi giy gd, dem rugu ddn cho minh udng trudc gid dn biia cam tii. Mdi liic ddng rugu vdi do nham, ngudi tha lgi Id phdp ndi:

- Thiy quin chiing tdi ed It qud mgn ndy bieu ngdi dung eho am bgng. Trong budng ddy, Ignh lam.

Qng Huin Cao van thin nhidn nhdn rugu thit, coi nhu dd Id mdt vide van ldm ttong edi hiing sinh binh'*' liic chua bi giam cim. Roi den mdt hdm, quin nguc md khod ciia budng kin, khdp ndp hdi dng Huin :

- Ddi vdi nhimg ngudi nhu ngdi, phdp nudc ngdt lim. Nhung bidt ngdi la mdt ngudi ed nghia khi, tdi mudn chdm chudc it nhiiu. Miin Id ngdi giii kin eho. Sg ddn tai Unh trdng hg biet, thi phiin luy ridng eho tdi nhiiu lam. Vdy ngdi cd ein thdm gi niia xin eho bidt. Tdi se ed ging ehu tit.

Ong dd tri ldi quin nguc :

- Nguoi hdi ta mudn gi ? Ta chi mudn cd mdt diiu. La nhd ngtroi dung ddt chdn vdo day.

(1) Biit nhan : cdi nhin thi hifin su kinh ttpng ddc bifet. (2) Thd xudng: diing diu nfiu ra; b ddy chi ngudi cam diu hd hdo "ndi loEin". (3) Nggo ngugc: ngang nganh, bit chip le phdi. (4) Hinig sinh binh: hiing ttong cudc sdng binh thudng (ngodi nhd tu).

I l l

Khi ndi cau md dng cd y ldm ra khinh bgc'i' ddn dieu, dng Huin da dpi mdt ttgn ldi dinh bdo thii vd nhimg thu dogn tan bgo cua quan riguc bi si nhue. Ddn edi einh chdt chdm, dng cdn chang sg niia Id nhimg ttd tiiu nhan'^' thi oai'^' ndy. Nguc quan da ldm cho dng Huan hue minh them, khi nghe xong cau tti ldi, y chi ll phdp lui ra vdi mdt eau: "Xm Unh y"'"". Vd tir hdm ay, cam nrgu lgi vin dtra den diu diu vd cd phin hdu'^' hon trudc niia ; duy chi cd y la khdng dl chan vdo budng giam dng Huan. Ong Huan cang nggc nhidn niia : ndm bgn ddng chi cua dng ciing diu dugc bidt ddi nhu the ci.

Cd nhiiu dem, ngodi vide nghi den ehi ldn khdng thanh, dng Huan Cao cdn phii ban tdm nghl den sg tuam tat eua quin nggc : "Hay Id hin mudn dd ddn nhimg diiu bi mat eua ta ?". "Khdng, khdng phii thd, vi bao nhidu diiu quan ttgng, ta dd khai ben ti Nidt ca rdi. Ta da nhdn ci. Ldi cung'^' ta ki rdi. Cdn ed ^ niia md dd eho thdm ban".

Trong dl lao, ngay ddm cua tu tu dpi phiit cudi cimg, diing nhu ldi tha xua, vdn ding ddng nhu nghin nam d ngoai. Vidn quan nggc khdng liy ldm odn thu thdi do khinh bgc eua dng Huan. Y cimg thira hilu rihimg ngirdi chgc ttdi quiy nudc, den ttdn diu ngudi ta, ngtrdi ta cimg edn chang bidt ed ai nira, hudng chi edi thu minh chi Id mdt kd tieu lgi"'' giii tii.

Quin nggc mong mdi mdt ngdy gin ddy dng Huan se diu bdt tinh ndt, thi y se nhd dng viet, dng vidt cho... eho miy chii ttdn chgc vudng Iga tting dd mua sdn vd ean lgi kia. Thd Id y mdn nguydn'^'.

Biet dgc vd nghia sdch thdnh hien'^', tir nhimg ngdy ndo, edi sd nguydn'*"' cua vidn quan coi nggc nay Id cd mdt ngdy kia dugc tteo d nhd ridng minh mdt ddi cdu ddi do tay dng Huin Cao vidt. Chii dng Huan Cao dep lim, vudng lim. Tinh dng vdn khoinh'"', tru chd tri ki' ', dng It eluu cho chii. Cd duprc chii dng Huan ma tteo Id ed mdt vdt bdu ttdn ddi. Vidn quan nggc khd tam nhat la cd mgt dng Huin Cao ttong tay minh, dudi quyin minh ma khdng bidt lam thd ndo md xin

(1) Khinh bac: khinh bi, ik ning. (2) Tiiu nhdn: ki tim thudng, hen ha (ttdi nghia vdi qudn tii). (3) Thi oai: phd truong uy lue de lam ngudi khdc khiip sp. (4) Linh y: nghe theo, vang theo y bi tten (ndi theo Idi ttang ttpng, cung kinh). (5) Hdu: diy ddn, diy du hom miic binh thudng; ddi xu tdt hon miie binh thudng; (6) IM cung: Idi khai eua ngudi hi bit tnrdc co quan phdp ludt. (7) Tiiu lgi: vien chiic nhd ttong eo quan hdnh ehinh nhd nudc. thdi xua. (8) Mdn nguyin : thod mdn mong udc. (9) Sdch thdnh hiin: sdch eua Khdng Tu vd cdc bac danh nho ngdy xua. (10) StJ' nguyin : diiu hing mong udc. (11) Khodnh: Idm cao ; d day cd thi hiiu Id khd tinh, khd gin ttong giao tiep. (12) Tri ki: ngudi hieu minh.

112

dugc chii. Khdng ean dim gidp lgi mat mdt ngtrdi cdch xa y nhiiu qud, y chi lo mai mdt day, dng Huin bi hdnh hinh'i' md khdng kip xin dugc may chii, tiii dn hgn sudt ddi mit.

Mdt budi ehilu Ignh, vidn quin nggc tdi nhgt ngudi di sau khi tidp dgc cdng vdn. Quan Hinh bd Thugng thu'^' trong kinh'^' bit giii dng Huin Cao vd cdc bgn ddng ehi dng vdo kmh. Phdp trudng lap d ttong ay kia. Ngdy mai, tinh ma, sd ed ngudi den gidi tu di.

Vidn quin nggc vdn dd tin dugc thiy tha lgi, cho Unh ggi ldn, kl rd tam sg minh. Thay tha lgi cam ddng nghe xong chuydn, ndi: "Dg bam, ngdi eii ydn tdm, dd cd tdi" rdi chgy ngay xudng phia trgi giam dng Huin, dim cua budng giam, hdt ha hot hai kl cho tu til nghe rd ndi ldng vien quin nggc, va nggp ngimg bdo ludn cho dng Huan bidt vide vl kinh eluu dn tu hinh.

Ong Huan Cao ldng nghl mdt Idt rdi mim cudi: "Vl bio vdi ehu nguoi, tdi nay, liic ndo linh canh vl ttai nghi, thi dem lua, muc, biit vd mdt bd dude xudng day ta eho chii. Chii thi quy thuc Ta nhat sinh'*' khdng vi vdng ngpc hay quyin thd md dp minh vidt cdu ddi bao gid. Ddi ta ciing mdi vidt ed hai bd tii binh'^' vd mdt hue trung dudng'^' eho ba ngudi bgn thdn eua ta thdi. Ta cam cdi tim long bidt nhdn lien tdi'^ eua cdc ngudi. Ndo ta cd bidt ddu mdt ngudi nhu thiy Quin day md lai cd nhimg sd thich cao quy nhu vdy. Thieu chiit niia, ta da phu mit mdt tim long trong thidn hg".

Ddm hdm iy, liic ttgi giam tinh Son ehi edn ving cd tieng md ttdn vpng canh, mdt canh tugng xua nay chua ttmg ed, da bdy ra ttong mpt budng tdi chat hep, am irdt, tudng diy mgng nh$n, dit bira bdi phdn chudt, phdn gidn.

Trong mdt khdng khi khdi toa nhu ddm chdy nhd, dnh sdng do rgc cua mgt bd dude tam diu rgi ldn ba cdi diu ngudi dang chdm chii trdn mdt tam lua bgch cdn nguydn ven lin hd. Khdi bdc toi cay mit, lam hg dui mit Uajia.

Mdt ngudi tii, ed deo gdng, chdn vudng xiing, dang dam td ndt chii trdn tim Iga trdng tinh cang trdn minh vdn. Ngudi tu vidt xong mgt chii, vidn quin ngiie lgi vdi khiim niim cit nhimg ddng tiin kdm ddnh dau d chii dgt trdn phidn Iga dng. Va edi thiy tha lgi giy gd, thi run run btmg ch^u- mgc. Thay biit eon.

(1) Hdnh hinh: thi hanh dn tu hinh. (2) Hinh bd Thugng thu: chiic quan diing dau Bd Hinh. (3) Kinh: kmh dd; thdi nhd Nguyin, kinh dd b Hui. (4) Nhdt sinh: mdt ddi. (5) Td binh: bd ttanh hode ehii cd bdn biie, khd ehii nhdt, tteo dpc vd song song nhau. (6) Buc trung dudng: thudng Idm bdng gd, hinh chii nhdt, viit chu Hdn co Idn tteo 6 gian giiia nhd. (7) Liin tdi: quy ttpng ngudi cd tdi.

8-NV11-T1^ 113

dl xong lgc khoan'*', dng Huan Cao thd ddi, budn bd dd vidn quin nggc dirng thing ngudi day vd dinh dgc bio :

- O ddy lin ldn. Ta khuyen thiy Quin ndn thay chdn d di. Chd ndy khdng phai Id noi de tteo mdt biic Iga tting vdi nhiing ndt ehii vudng tuoi tin nd ndi ldn nhimg cdi hodi bdo tung hodnh eua mdt ddi eon ngirdi. Thoi mge, thiy mua d ddu md tdt vd thom qud. Thiy cd thay miu thom d chdu mgc bdc ldn khdng ?... Tdi bao thgc diy, thiy Quin ndn tim vl nhd que md d, thiy hdy thodt khdi edi nghl ndy di dd, rdi hay nghi ddn chuydn choi chii. O day, khd giii thidn Itrong' ' cho Idnh viing vd rdi cimg den nhem nhudc mit cdi ddi luong thidn di.

Lua ddm chdy rung rgc, lua rgng xudng nin dit am phdng giam, tdn lua tit nghe xdo xdo.

Ba ngudi nhin biic cham'^', rdi lgi nhin nhau.

Nguc quan cam ddng, vdi ngirdi tu mdt vdi, chip tay ndi mdt cdu md ddng nirdc mit ri vdo kd midng ldm eho nghen ngdo : "Ke md mudi ndy xm bdi Unh"''*'.

{Tuyin tap Nguyin Tudn, tap I, NXB Vdn hoc, Hd Ndi, 1982)

HU6NG BAN HUC BAI

1. Tinh hudng truydn eua tdc pham Cha ngudi iti rii Id gi ? Tdc dgng eua tinh hudng ndy ddi vdi vide the hidn tinh each nhdn vat vd kich tinh cua truydn ?

2. Phdn tich ve dep ddc ddo eila hinh tugng Huan Cao. Qua nhdn vdt Huin Cao, anh (ehi) cd nhdn xdt ^ vl quan nidm eua Nguydn Tudn vl cdi dep ?

3. Nhdn vdt quan nguc ed pham chit gi khidn Huan Cao cim kich coi Id "mdt tam ldng ttong thidn hg", vd tde gii coi dd Id "mdt thanh dm ttong tteo chen vdo giiia mdt ban ddn md nhgc lugt diu hdn logn xd bd" ?

4. Phdn tich dogn vdn t i canh Huan Cao cho ehii vien quin nggc ttong nhd lao. Vl sao tde gii lgi coi ddy Id "mdt canh tirgng xtra nay chua tiing cd" ?

5. Anh (chi) cd nhimg nhdn xdt vl biit phdp xdy dgng nhdn vat, biit phdp midu td canh vat vd nghd thudt su diing ngdn ngii eua Nguyin Tudn ttong truyen Chu ngudi tutul

(1) Lgc khodn : ddng chii nhd d gdc dudi biic ttanh, biic trudng, eau ddi,... ghi ngdy thdng, ten ngudi ve, viit.

(2) Thien luang: bdn tinh tdt cua con ngudi do ttdi phii cho. (3) Bia: chdm {chdm: mdt the vdn ed, ngin, cd vin, thi hien ndi dung giao huan): biic ghi nhiing

ldi rdn day vi dao diic. (4) Bdi linh: vita lay viia nhdn lay mdt edeh cung kinh.

1 1 4 e-MV11-T1.B

GHI NHd

Trong truydn ngdn Chd nguai td tu, Nguydn Tudn da khic hoa thdnh cdng hinh tugng Huin Cao - mdt con ngudi tai hoa, cd cdi tdm trong sang va khi phach hien ngang, bat khuit. Qua dd, nha van the hidn quan niem v l cai dep, khing dinh sg bat t i i eCia cai dep va bdc Id tham kin t im Idng ydu nudc.

. Tac pham thd hien tai nang nghd thuat ciia Nguydn Tudn trong vide tgo dgng tinh hudng truydn dpc dao ; trong nghd thudt dgng canh, khac hoa tinh each nhan vdt, tao khong khi c6 kinh, trang trgng ; trong viec sii dung thii phap ddi lap va ngdn ngii giau tinh tao hinh.

LUYEN TAP

Anh (chi) hay vidt mdt dogn vdn trinh bdy cim nghl cua minh vl nhdn vdt Huin Cao trong truyen Cha ngudi tic tu.

115

LUYEN TAP THAO TAC ikP LUAN SO S A N H

K^TQUACANOAT-

Vdn dung thao tac lap luan so sanh d l lam sang td mpt y kien, mpt quan di im.

1. Tdm trgng cua nhdn vat trii tinh (khi vl thdm qud) trong hai bdi tha dudi day:

Khi di tre, luc i>i gid, Gigng qui vdn thi, tdc da khdc bao.

Tre con nhin lg khdng chdo, Hdi rdng: Khdch d chdn ndo lgi chai ?

(Ha Tri Chuong, Ngdu nhiin viit nhdn budi mdi ve qui -ban dich cda Pham SI Vi)

Trd lgi An Nhan, tudi ldn rdi, Bgn chai ngdy nhd chdng cdn ai Nin nhd nay dung ca quan mdi Chdng li thdm qui lgi hdi ngudi.

(Che Lan Vi§n, Trd lgi An Nhan)

2. Hpe cimg cd Ich nhu ttdng cdy, miia xuan dugc hoa, mua thu dugc qui.

3. So sdnh ngdn ngii tha Hd Xuan Huong vd ngdn ngii tha Bd Huyen Thanh Quan qua hai bdi dudi day;

TUTINH (Bail)

Tiing gd vdng vdng gdy trin bom, Odn hgn trdng ra khdp mgi chdm. Md thdm khdng khua md cung cdc, Chudng sdu chdng ddnh cdsao om ? Trudc nghe nhung tiing thim rin ri, Sau gidn vi duyin dimdm mdm. Tdi tu vdn nhdn ai dd td ? Thdn ndy ddu dd chiu gid tom!

(Hd Xudn Huong)

116

CHIEU ROM N H 6 NHA

Chiiu trdi bdng ldng bdng hodng hdn, Tiing dc xa dua vdng trdng ddn. Gdc mdi, ngu dng vi viin phd, Gd simg, mgc tu lgi cd thdn. Ngdn mai gid cudn chim bay mdi. Dam liiu suong sa khdch budc ddn. Ke chdn Chuang Ddi, ngudi la thu, Ldy ai md kindi hdn dn ?

(Bd Huy^n Thanh Quan)

4. Tg chgn dl tai (mdt danh ngdn hode thdnh ngii, tgc ngii cd ndi dtmg so sdnh, chang hgn: Mgt kho vdng khdng bdng mdt nang chu)di viet doan vdn so sdnh.

Q DQCTHEM

MOT PHUONG DIEN CUA THIEN TAI NGUYIN DU: TIJ HAI

Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn ndi ddn Ttr Hdi ttdn bdn muoi ttang giay, Nguyin Du ehi ndi trong miy ttang, mudi phin bd di tdm. Tuy the, ttong Nguyen Du cd nhimg diiu ttong Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn khdng ed. Nhimg diiu ed thi ggi hinh anh mdt vi anh himg. Ttr Hii cimg d vdi Kiiu ndm thdng rdi bidt Kiiu md di. Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn chi ndi the. Nguydn Du kl hon:

Nda ndm huang lua duong ndng, Truong phu thodt dd ddng ldng bdn phuong.

Trugng phu thodt da ddng ldng bdn phuang. Con ngudi ndy qui khdng phai Id ngudi eiia mdt nh*d, mdt hg, mdt xdm, hay mdt ldng. Con ngudi ndy Id ciia trdi dit, ciia bdn phuang. Mgt ngudi nhu thd liic ra di i t cung khdng thi di mdt edeh tim thudng nhu Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn tudng. Ta hay xem Nguyin Du t i liic Tir Hii radi :

Trdng vdi trdi biminh mang Thanh guam yin ngua lin dudng thdng rong.

Vl sau, khi Tir Hii da die chi, Kiiu nhie lgi chuydn oan khuit ngdy trudc, Ttr Hii cua Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn ndi: "Cd khd ^ vide ay. Di ta diem ndm ngdn quan qudt sgch dit Ldm Truy ti^i tiiii cho phu nhdn". Nguydn Du khdng lay lgi eau ndi nay nhtmg Nguydn Du t i edi gign eua Tu Hii:

117

Tu cdng nghe ndi thuf chung

Bdt binh ndi trdn dung dimg sdm vang.

Neu ta nghl ring ldi tha cua Nguyin Du thudng rit diu dang, rit uyin chuyin, thirdng cd nhimg cdu nhu:

Dudi ddng nudc chdy trong veo.

Bin cdu ta liiu bdng chiiu thudt tha.

han ta phai nggc nhidn vi cau nay tga hd nhu thd Id.

Nhtmg mdt ngudi phi thudng nhu Tir Hii khdng the trong liic gian dti ndm mot edi chdn, mdt cdi bdt, hay dap ban, dap ghe nhu cai bgn tim thirdng Id chiing ta. Tir Hai md gidn dii hin phai kinh khung nhu ttdi duong ldng le bdng ndi ddng td sim set:

Tu cdng nghe ridi thuy chung,

Bdt binh ndi trdn dung dung sdm vang.

Cdn cd nhiing dogn Nguyin Du khdng thdm, khdng bdt, ehi liy lgi y eua Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn. Nhtmg Nguyen Du ndi vdi mdt gigng tha thiet, hdng hdi, ldi vdn eua Nguydn Du vd eilng ban hoan ndn thay ddi ca y nghia cau van:

Qudn trung guam ldn gitio ddi,

Vi trong thi lap ca ngodi song phi.

Sdn sdng ti chinh uy nghi,

Bdc ddng chgt ddt tinh ki rgp sdn.

Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhan dgi khdi cimg ndi thd nhung Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn khdng ed edi gigng dam dd vd tga hd nhu sung sudng dd.

Mdt vi dg niia: ea tgng uy vd ciia Ttr Hai, Thanh Tam Tdi Nhdn viet: "Khdng qud ba ngdy, Ttr Hai phd mdt thdi dugc nam huydn". Pha dugc ndm huydn thi cdn ra gi! Nguyin Du ehi bd vdi chii vd ddi each ddt eau: •

Ddi can gid quit mua sa,

Huyin thdnh dgp do ndm tod cdi Nam.

Vin chimg iy y md ldi vdn mgnh md va khodi chd bidt chiing ndo! Ci dogn vdn Uln do ttong Dogn trudng tdn thanh diu mgnh md vd cimg:

Thiia ca tnic che ngdi tan,

Binh uytudy sdm ran trong ngodi.

Triiu dinh riing mdt gdc trdi,

Gom hai vdn vd, rgch ddi son ha.

118

Khi Hd Tdn Hidn sai ngudi den tiiuydt hang, Tu Hii ludng lg khdng mudn hang, ndi phdn vdn cua Ttr Hai, Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn t i trong ba bdn ttang giay. Nguyin Du liy y eua Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn thu lai ttong ed may ciu ma thue Id rin rdi, thgc Id ngang tdng:

Mdt tay gdy dung ca do, Bdy ldu biSd sdng Ngd tung hodnh.

Bd thdn vi vdi triiu dinh, Hdng thdn la Ido phdn minh ra ddu ?

Ao xiim bugc trdi lay nhau, Vdo ludn ra cdi cdng hdu md chi ?

Sao bdng riing mdt biin thuy. Sue ndy dd d l ldm gi dugc nhau!

Chgc trdi quay nudc mgc ddu, Dgc ngang ndo biit trin ddu cd ai!

Ai cd ngd ttong the lgc bat la ldi tha dm em, budn budn lgi ed nhiing cdu himg ttang nhu vdy. Nhit la cau :

Sao bdng riing mdt biin thuy. Sue ndy dd di ldm gi dugc nhau!

thgc td rd mdt long tg tin phi thudng.

Ndi tdm lgi, hode bd bdt nhimg dogn vd Ich, hoac thdm vdo mdt hai chi tidt, hode chi lay lgi y cua Thanh Tdm Tai Nhdn, Nguyin Du dd thgc hidn dugc mdt cdch hodn todn cdi mdng eua Thanh Tdm Tdi Nhdn, cdi mdng bien Tii Hii thdnh mdt bdc anh himg xuat chiing.

(Theo Tuyin tap Hodi Thanh, tdp I,

NXB Vdn hpe, Hd Npi, 1982)

119

LUYEN TAP VAN DUNG KET HOP CAC THAO TAC LAP LUAN P H A N TiCH VA SO S A N H

KfTQUACANOAT-

• Cling cd nhCrng tri thiic va kT nang ca ban ve cdc thao tdc ldp ludn phan tich vd so sanh.

• Van dung kdt hgp phan tich va so sdnh trong bai van nghj ludn v l mpt hien tugng, mdt vin di gin gui, quen thudc trong ddi sdng hoac trong van hoc.

1. Dgc dogn trich sau vd tti ldi cau hdi ndu d dudi.

C d" tu kiiu tu dgi. Tu kiiu tu dgi Id khd dgt Vi minh hay, cdn nhiiu ngudi hay hon minh. Minh gidi, cdn nhiiu ngudi gidi han minh. Tg kiiu tg dgi tdc Id thodi bd. Sdng to, birdng thi bao nhieu nudc cung chiia dugc, vi dg lugng ciia nd rdng vd sdu. Cdi chin nhd, cdi dia cgn thi mdt chut nudc cung ddy trdn, vi do lugng nd h?p nhd. Ngudi md tu kiiu tu mdn thi cung nhu cdi chin, cdi dia cgn.

(Hd Chi Minh, Can kiim liim chinh)

- Dogn trich ttdn su dgng nhimg thao tdc lap lugn ndo ?

- Phdn tich mge dieh, tdc dgng vd edeh kdt hgp cdc thao tdc lap ludn ttong dogn tiich.

- Anh (ehi) nit ra dugc ket ludn g ve vide van dung kdt hgp nliilu thao tdc l$p ludn ttong mdt dogn (mdt bdi) van.nghi lugn ?

2. Vgn dgng kdt hgp phan tich vd so sanh, viet dogn van bdn vl ve dep cua mdt bai tha (bdi vdn):

a) Hay coi phin van bin anh (ehi) se vidt la mdt bd phan eiia mdt bdi vdn hodn ehinh vd eho bidt:

- Chu dl eua bdi vdn iy Id ^ ?

- De ldm sdng td ehu di ay, can phii neu nhiing lugn didm cg the ndo ? Hdy sip xdp nhimg lugn diem dd thanh mdt ddn y rdnh mgeh, hgp 11.

- Dogn vdn anh (ehi) dg duih vidt sd ldm sdng td ludn diim ndo ? Ludri diim iy ndm d phin ndo ttong ddn y ? Cin chuyin y bing each ndo de phan vdn bin anh (chi) vidt cd the hdn kdt duoc vdi doan vdn tnrdc dd ?

120

b) - Anh (ehi) se dua ra nhiing luan cii ndo dl ldm sdng td eho ludn diim ? Cin van dgng thao tdc lap ludn ndo Id chinh (phdn tieh hay so sdnh) ? Vi sao ?

- Gia su anh (chi) dd quyet dinh vdn dgng tiiao tdc phan tich (hode sp sdnh) Id ehinh, thi tiiao tdc cdn lai - so sdnh (hode phdn tich) - anh (chi) dinh su dgng d phin ndo vd su dgng nhu thd ndo dl vide tiinh bdy hgp U, rd rang, cd siic thuydt phgc vd hip din ?

- Phii kdt hgp thao tde lap ludn chinh vdi thao tdc lap ludn hd trg nhu the ndo de doan van khdng rdi rgc md gin bd vdi nhau mdt each hgp U ?

c) Diin dgt cdc y dd tim dugc thdnh mdt (hode mdt sd) dogn vdn.

Ggi y: Cd the tham khio dogn trich sau ddy:

Tha hay la hay cd hdn ldn xdc, hay cd bdi, nhu con gd ngon, ngon d timg phao cdu ddu cdnh Idt lio khuyu xuong, khdng thi tdm tdt tha dugc, md phdi dgc lgi. Cdi thu vi cua bdi "Thu diiu" Id d cdc diiu xanh, xanh ao, xanh bd, xanh sdng, xanh tre, xanh trdi, xanh beo, cd mgt mdu vdng ddm ngang cua chiic Id thu rai; d nhung cu ddng: chiic thuyin con ldu ldu mdi nhieh, sdng ggn ti. Id dua veo, tdng mdy lung, ngd true quanh, chiic cdn budng, con cd dgng; d cdc vdn tha: khdng phdi chi gidi vi Id nhiing tU van hiim hdc, md chinh hay vi kit hgp vdi tu, vdi nghia cha, din mdt cdch thodi mdi dung chd, do mdt nhd nghi si cao tay; cd bdi tha khdng non ep mdt cha ndo, nhdt Id hai cdu 3-4 [...].

Qud trinh ngdn ngd cda tha di, tu ddi Li Hdng Dice, that hdy cdn vdt vd, ndng ni:

Trdi mudn trugng thdm ldu ldu sgch,

din Nguyin Khuyin dd thdnh ra:

Trdi thu xanh ngdt mdy tdng cao,

that trong sdng nhe nhdng, nhu khdng mdt trd lgc ndo niu dugc su diin dgt niia. Thi mdi biit nhung cdu tha thodi mdi tu nhiin Id kit qud cua mdt su khd luyin, khd luyin qua nhOng thdi dgi, hogc Id kho luyin trong mdt ngudi.

(Xudn Di$u, Dgc thaNguyin Khuyin)

3. Cdng vide d nhd:

a) Van dgng kdt hgp cdc thao tde phdn tieh va so sdnh dl vidt dogn vdn trinh bay mdt lugn diem khdc d ddn y md anh (chi) da xdy dgng.

b) Viet mdt van bin nghi ludn ngin vl mdt phim chit cua ngudi hgc sinh, ttong dd cd vdn dgng kdt hgp cdc thao tdc phdn tieh vd so sdnh.

c) Sim tim nhiing dogn vdn hay, d dd, tdc gii da thdnh Cdng ttong vide vdn dgng kdt hgp cac thao tdc phdn tich vd so sdnh.

v l 2 1

HANH PHUC CUA MOT TANG fiiA vu TRONG PHUNG

(Trich Sodd)

V.

KET QUA CAN OAT —

Qua doan trich, thay dugc ban chat Id lang, ddi bai cua xa hgi "thugng luu" thanh thi nhirng nam trudc Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 va nghd thudt trao phiing dac sic cua Vu Trgng Phung.

TIEU UAN

Vu Trpng Phung (1912 - 1939) sinh tai Ha Ndi, trong mdt gia dinh ngheo. Ong que 6 lang Hao (Bin Yen Nhan), huyen Mi Hao, tinh Hung Y6n. Sau khi tdt nghi&p tiiu hpe, Vii Trpng Phung di lam kiem sdng, nhung ching dupe bao ldu thi mat viec. Tti do, dng sdng chdt vdt, bap benh bdng nghi viit bdo, viet vdn ehuyen nghiep. Khoang nam 1937 - 1938, Vii Trpng Phung mie benh lao, nhung khdng ed diiu ki$n chay chiia. Ong mat tai Hd Ndi.

VO Trpng Phpng bit diu ed truyen dang bdo tu ndm 1930. Ngodi t6n thdt, ddi khi nha vdn cdn diing but danh Thifin Hu. Ddy Id cay but cd sue sang tao ddi ddo. Khdng diy mudi ndm viet van, dng dd di I i mdt khdi lupng tac pham do so, deu biiu Id cdc phdng sp: Cgm bdy ngudi (1933), KX nghi lay Tdy (1934), Cam thdy cam cd (1936); cdc tiiu thuyit: Gidng to, Sodd, Verde (1936), L^ nhau vi tinh (1937), Trdng sdddc ddc (1938). Sdng tdc eua Vii Trpng Phpng toat len niem cdm phdn mdnh liet cai xa hpi den tdi, thdi ndt duong thdi. Cd the noi, bdng mdt tdi ndng Idn va phong each nghe thudt dpc dao, Vu Trpng Phung ed nhiing ddng gdp dang ki vdo sp phdt triin eua vdn xudi Vipt Nam hipn d ii.

Tiiu thuyet Sodd dupe dang d Hd Ndi bdo tir sd 40 ngdy 7 - 10 - 1936 vd in thdnh sach lin diu ndm 1938. Nhdn vdt chinh cua Sddo ten Id Xudn, thudng fepi la Xudn Tde D6. Hin Id mpt diia b6 md cdi, sdng lay lit a Hd Npi bdng nghi treo me, treo sau, thdi ken quang cao ihudc ldu, nhdt bdng d sdn quin vpt,..

Vu Trpng Phung ^ " ^ » *^^^ ®* ^^^ ^^™ nhung I i dupe ba

122

phd Doan - mdt me Tdy^ ' ddm dang - cuu thodt vd gidi thieu din phuc vp o hiSu may Au hod. Tii dd, Xudn bit diu tham gia vdo "vi#c edi edeh xd hdi". Nhd thudc long nhung bdi quang cdo thudc Idu, hin dupe nhdn cdc danh hifiu "sinh viSn trudng thude", "ddc td'^) Xudn". Hin gia nhdp xd hpi thupng luu, quan h? vdi nhiing nhdn vdt cd th i lue, dupe ed Tuyit - em Vdn Minh, eon ep ed Hdng rat gidu ed - say mfe. Xudn cdn dupe bd phd Doan nhd day dd cho cdu Phude -qu]^ tu cua bd - vd I^ dupe nhd su Tdng Phii mdi Idm "cd van cho bdo Gd md". Cang ngdy, hin cdng dupe nhiiu ngudi kinh trpng, sp hdi. Vi vd tinh, hin gdy ra edi chit cua cp ed td - bd de ep cd Hdng. Cdi chit ndy dupe mpi ngudi trong gia dinh cp mong dpi tii lau. Bdi vdy, Xuan dupe ghi on. Xudn dupe Vdn Minh dan di ddng ki tranh giai quin vpt, nhan dip vua Xiem den Ble Ki. Bing thd doan xdo trd, hin da ldm eho hai ciu thii ndi tieng bi bit ngay trudc hdm thi dau. Khdng ed eau thu ehinh, Xudn dupe dip thi tdi vdi qudn qudn Xiem trudc sp chiing kiin eua hai vua, cdc quan vd hdng nghin cdng chiing. Di giii mdi hod hdo vdi nudc Idng giing, hin dupe 16nh phdi thua. Kit thuc trdn diu, Xudn hung hdn diin thuyit eho ddm ddng dan chiing hiiu "su hi sinh vi Td qudc" cda minh. Hin thdnh "bdc vi nhdn", thdnh "anh hiing cuu qudc". Xuan cdn dupe thudng Ble Dau bpi tinh'^\ dupe mdi vdo Hdi Khai tri tiin diic, dupe nhdn ldm eon ri cu ed Hdng.

Cudi ehirong XIV, vd tinh, Xudn Tdc Dd Idm cu cd td uat len tudng chit. Thay thi, hin sp hdi bd ch?iy. Mpi ngudi I^i cii tudng Xudn Id mdt "thiy thudc chinh hi?u", vi gidn nSn da "quen mit luong tdm nhd nghi"! Do^n trich dudi ddy thudc chuong XV cua tiiu thuyit Sddd (nhan de cua chuong da dupe lupe bdt) *'.

VAN BAN

Ba hdm sau, dng eg gid ' chdt that.

Ci gia dinh iy da nhao ldn mdi ngirdi mdt edeh, di ggi tii dng lang bdm Tay cho ddn dng lang bdm Ddng, gid vd ttd, dl thgc hdnh dung cdi li thuyet "nhiiu thiy thdi ma". Ong eg gid chdt, danh dg cua Xudn lgi cdng to thdm, vi cdi Id rit chinh ddng Id ludn ba hdm nd dd ttdn mdt chd ndo khdng ai biet, ddn ndi eg bd cho ngudi di tim dau cimg khdng thay. Thieu dng dde tdXudn Id thidu tit ci, nhiing dng thiy thude chinh hidu da thit bgi hodn todn. Vl phin dng ddc td Trge Ngdn, thay bgn ddng nghidp Xudn cua dng khdng chiia, cho do Id mdt bdnh ndng, ndn cimg khdng ddm nhdn. Dd Id mdt bdi hgc cho nhimg kd ndo ddm bio mdt ngudi nhu Xudn la con nhd hg luu, ma cd bdng^ ', vd hgc, vd Igi ', nhdt bem quin^^', vdn van...

(1) Me Tdy: ddn bd Vipt Nam lay ngudi Au - Phi (ndi mpt cdch khinh bi). (2) Ddc td (phien dm tiing Phdp: docteur): bdc si y khoa. (3) Bdc Ddu bgi tinh: mdt trong nhiing hudn chuong cao quy nhit eiia nha nude Phdp. (4) Nhan di diy du cua chuong XV: Hanh phde cUa mgt tang gia - Vdn Minh nua cdng ndi vdo -

Mdt ddm ma guang mdu. (5) 6ng c i gia: chi ep ed td, bd ep cd Hdng, dng ndi cda Tuyit vd Vdn Minh. (6) Ma cd bdng (phifin dm tiing Phdp: vagabond): ki lang thang diu dudng xd ehp. (7) Vd lgi: ki bat luong, khdng cdn nhdn cdch. (8) Nhdt ban qudn: nhdt bdng d sdn quin vpt.

123

Ngudi ta lgi di mdi ci eg lang Ti ldn cg lang Phe, nhtmg vi qud gidn, hai cg da tu chdi chgy chua cimg nhu nhung vi danh y bidt tg ttgng. Ngudi ta dd nghi den ea thudc thdnh din Bia vtra mdi chiia mdt ngirdi ho lao vd mpt ngudi cam thuang hdn bdng bim den vd ciit ttau, cdng hidu ddn ndi hp mat mang, vd quan ttdn lgi didu tta ra ring ed mdt tgi cudng hdo td chuc ra thdnh, md tgi cudng hdo iy lgi dn cip tiin quy nura, ndn tg nhidn cimg hdt thidng Udng... Nhiing vide ttie ttd nhu thd da ldm eho dng gid ban tdm muoi tudi phai chdt mdt edeh binh tinh. Trong luc gia ffinh nhdn nhdo, thing bdi tidm da ddm dugc diing mdt ngMn tdm ttam bay muoi hai cdu git: "Bidt rdi, khd lim, ndi mai!" cua cg ed Hdng.

Cdi chdt kia dd ldm cho nhiiu ngirdi sung sudng lim. Ong Phdn mgc sungt^ da dtrgc cg Hdng ndi nhd vdo tai ring sd chia eho eon gai va rl thdm mdt sd tiin Id vdi nghin ddng. Chinh dng ta ciing khdng ngd rang gid tri ddi simg htrau vd hinh ttdn diu dng ta md lgi to ddn nhu the. Ong eho ring Xuan cd tdi quang cao lim, ndi mdt ldi la ed vdi nghin bgc, ndn sau ldu dtrgc ldi hiia quy hod cua dng bd vg, dng trii tinh ngay vdi Xudn mdt cdng cugc doanh thuong... "TTiua ngai, ngdi la mdt ngtrdi chdng mge siing!". Ong Xuan chi ndi cd the ma lam eho dng thdm dugc vdi ba nghin bgc thi khi dng Xuan ndi dgi khai: "Thtra ngai, thu hdng nay tdt nhat, budn d Tay phtrong" chic phai ed gia tii hom niia. Ong mudn gap ngay Xudn dl tta ndt ndm ddng, tnrdc khi budn ban ciing phii giii chii tin* ' ldm diu.

Cg cd Hdng da nhim nghiin mat lgi de ma mang den cai liic cg mdc dd xd gai, lg khg chdng gay, vua ho khgc vtra khde mdu, de eho thidn hg phii ehi ttd : "tii kia, con giai nhdn dd gid den the Ida kia!". Cg chic ea mudi phin rang ai ciing phii ngpi khen mdt cai ddm ma nhu thd, mdt cai gay nhu thd,...

Didu bdn khodn cua con eg, dng Van Minh, ehi la mdi ludt su den chiing kien cdi chdt ciia dng ndi md thdi. The la tir nay md di, edi ehiie thu kia sd vdo thai Id thgc hdnh ehii khdng cdn la li thuyet vien vdng niia. Ong ehi phiin mdt ndi khdng bidt xu tri vdi Xuan Tde Dd ra sao eho phai,... Xuan tuy phgm tdi quydn rii mdt em gdi dng, td cdo cdi tdi ttgng hoang dam cua mdt em gai khac niia cua dng, nhur^ tinh cd dd gdy ra edi chet cua dng eg gia ddng chdt. Hai edi tdi nhd, mdt edi an to... Ldm the ndo ? Ong phdn van, vd diu nit tdc, luc ndo mat cimg ddm ddm ehidu chieu^^^ thdnh thu lgi thanh ra hgp thdi ttang, vi mat dng thdt diing cdi m$t mdt ngitdi liic gia dinh duong la tang gia bdi roL

Md bdi rdi that. Ngudi chdt, sau khi dugc quan ttdn khdm qua loa, da dugc khdm Udm ) ddn gin mgt ngay rdi, vay ma chtra thay eg Hdng ra Idnh phdt phgc^^^ mac diu mgi cdng vide eii hdnh tang ll da quyet dinh xong xudi. Phai ttl.

(1) Mgc sdng: chi ngudi chdng cd vp ngoai tinh. (2) Chu tin: ldng tin nhau, giii diing Idi hiia. (3) Ddm ddm chiiu chiiu (tu gdc Id ddm chiSu): bdn ldng suy n ^ , bdn khodn nhiiu bi. (4) Khdm liim: bpe thi the ngudi chet de ddt vdo quan taL (5) Phdt phuc: bit dau mdc do tang.

124

nghia Id bgn ddu eon, dd bit diu la d ldn ring phdi gid cham chgp. Cau tii Tan tiii cii didn ngudi ldn vi cau da san sdngjnay cdi mdy inh md mdi eau khdng dugc dung ddn. Bd Vdn Minh thi sdt ci rudt vi mdi khdng dugc mac nhiing do xd gai tan thdi, edi mu minfi^ tting viin den - dermdres crdations I' ). Nhimg cdi rit an vdi nhau ma tiem Au hod mdt khi dd Idng-xd' ) ra thi cd till ban eho nhtmg ai ed tang duong dau ddn vi ke chdt ciing dugc hudng chiit It hgnh phiic d ddi. Ong Typn^' rit bgc minh vi mdi khdng dugc thay nhimg sg chd tgo cua mmh ra mit cdng chiing de xem cdc bdo ehi phd binh ra sao. Ngudi ta do ldi cho dng Vdn Minh khdng khdo can thiep dl mgi vi?c phii tri hodn, cg Hdng eii nham mit lgi kdu khd lim, eg ba hay ll ldi, ve ehuyen ldi thdi. Ki thuy ^ sd di chua phdt phuc chi vi chuydn Tuydt, hay vi^c Xudn Tde Dd da gdy ra eho Tuydt vgy.

Sdng hdm sau, diing 7 gid thi eat ddm. Hai vidn cinh sdt thude bd thii 18 Id Min Dava Min Toa^^'> dd dugc thud giii ttdt tg cho ddm ma. Giiia liic khdng cd ai dang phgt md phgt, duang budn riu nhu nhimg nhd budn sip vd ng, may dng cinh bmh ndy dugc cd ddm thud thi sung sudng cge diem, dd ttdng nom rit hdt long. Thdnh thii tang gia ai ciing vui ve ci, trir mdt Tuydt. Tgi sao Xudn lgi khdng ddn phiing vidng ci ? Tgi sao Xudn lgi khdng di dua ? Hay Id Xudn khinh minh ? Nhimg cdu hdi iy da khidn Tuydt dau khd mdt cdch rit chinh ddng, cd thi mudn tg t6 dugc. Tim kiem khip mat trong bgn ngudi di dua ddm ma ciing khdng thiy "ban giai" dau ca, Tuydt nhu hi kim cham vdo long.

Hdm nay Tuyet mdc bd y phgc Ngdy tha - cdi do ddi voan mdng, trong cd codc-si •^ ttdng nhu hd ca ndch vd nua vii - nhtmg md viin den, vd ddi mdt cdi mii man xinh xinh. Thay ring thidn hg ddn minh hu hdng nhiiu qud, Tuydt bdn mdc bg Ngdy tha dl cho thidn hg phii bidt ring minh chtra ddnh mit ci chii trinh'^\ Vdi edi ttdp ttiu eau vd thudc Id, Tuydt mdi cdc quan khdch rit nhanh nh?n, ttdn mdt lgi hoi cd mdt vd budn ldng man rit diing mdt mgt nhd ed ddm. Nhimg dng bgn thdn eiia eg ed Hdng, nguc day nhimg huy chuang nhu: Bic Dau bdi tinh, Long bdi tinh, Cao Mdn bdi tinh, Vgn Tugng bdi tinh, van vdn... ttdn mdp vd cdm

(1) Ma mdn: mu bing vdi x6 trIng, hinh chdp, dung eho phu nii khi dua tang bd, mp hode chdng. (2) Demiires criations (tiing Phdp dpc la d6c-ni-e crfi-a-xi-dng): nhiing sdng t?io mdi nhit. (3) Ldng-xi (tiing Phdp: lancer): tung ra, dvra ra di qudng cdo. (4) dng Typn: dpc Id Tip-phd-nd, viit tit eiia cdu Tdi yiu phyi na; ddy Id tfin eua nhan vdt ho? si

chuyta ve mau 6 ti$m may Au hod cda vp chdng Vdn Minh. (5) Ki thuy {til cu): diu tita, khdi diu. (6) Min Da, Min Toa (phidn dm tiing Phdp: mille deux, mille trois): 1002,1003; sd hi$u cda hai

vi6n cdnh sdt Phdp. (7) Co6c-s^ (tiing Phdp: coreer): do ngpc eua php nii. (8) ChO tiinh: trinh tiit; ndi vi sp trong trlng cda ngudi eon gdi khi chua cd chdng.

125

diu dii rdu ria, hode ddi hode ngin, hode den hogc hung hung, hode liin phiin hay rim ram, lodn qudn, nhimg dng tai to mat ldn tiii sdt ngay vdi linh ciiu, khi ttdng thiy ldn da tting thdp thd ttong ldn do voan ttdn cdnh tay vd nggc Tuydt, ai niy diu cim ddng horn nhimg khi nghe tieng kdn Xudn nd 'i' ai oan, ndo nung.

Vdi mdt dam ma theo ca ldi Ta, Tdu, Tdy, ed kieu bdt edng ) JQH quay di lgng<3), eho den ldc bdc xoing'*' vd bu-dich^^\ va vdng hoa, cd ddn ba ttdm eau ddi, vdi ba ttdm ngirdi di dtra, lai ed cdu tii Tan chi huy, nhimg nhd tdi tu chgp inh da thi nhau nhu d hgi chg. That Id mdt dam ma to tdt ed the lam eho ngirdi chdt ndm ttong quan tdi cimg phai mim cudi sung strong, ndu khdng gat gii cdi diu...!

Khi di dugc bdn phd, giiia liic Typn vd bd vg, bd phd Doan vd dng Joseph (Gid-ddp) Thidt, vd miy ngudi niia duong Ido xdo phd binh thdi dg ciia Xudn thi thiy ci ddm phii diing dimg lgi nhu hdng diu gap phii mdt ngn xe eg vgy. Giiia liic ay, sdu chide xe, ttdn ed su chiia Bd Banh, xe ndo cimg che hai lgng, tir mdt nga len vdo chiem chd sau nam Id cd den. Hai vdng hoa do so, mdt eua bdo Gd mo, mdt eua Xudn, ciing len vdo hang diu. Cau tii Tan vdi chgy ldn bam may inh Idch tdch rdi xudng thua vdi me. Cg bd hdt hai chgy ldn, rdi cim ddng het sue, vi nd la phin cua dng Xudn, dng Xudn ddc td, va dng Xuan, cd vin bdo Gd md, ndn mdi co sg long ttgng nhu thd thdm cho dam ma. Cu sung sudng kdu : "Ay gid khdng co mdn ay thi Id thieu chtra dtrgc to, may md dng Xudn dd nghi hd tdi!". Su cu Tdng Phii thi sung sudng md venh vdo ngdi ttdn mdt chide xe, vi su cg chic ring ttong sd thidn hg diing xem d cdc phd, thd nao cimg ed ngirdi nhgn ra ring su cu da ddnh do dtrgc Hdi Phat giao, vd nhu thd thi la mdt eude die thing diu tidn cua bdo Gd md vdy.

Xudn Tdc Dd cit ddt ddu vdo day rdi mdi xuong ehd nhimg ngudi di dua. Tuydt dd Udc mdt dt?a tinh cho nd de td y cim on. Mgi ngirdi da nggi khen nd hoac ghen ghdt nd...

Ddm ma dua den ddu ldm huydn ndo ddn day. Ca mdt thdnh phd dd nhdn nhdo ldn khen ddm ma to, diing vdi y mudn eua eg ed Hdng. Thidn hg chii y dde bidt vdo nhimg kieu quin do tang eua tiem may Au hod nhu y dng Typn va

(1) Xudn nu: mdt dieu nhac cu hdnh trong ddm tang. (2) Kiiu bdt cdng {kiiu: mpt thii phuong tien di khieng ngudi di dudng gdm mdt ghe ngdi vd c6

mui che; khi dvmg di rude thin thdnh, dupe son son thep vang): Io?i kieu sang trpng, cd 8 ddn, 16 ngudi khieng.

(3) Lgn quay di lgng {long: do dvmg de che nIng mira, gidng hinh ehiie d, mat phlng, ehi diing' eho ngudi quyin quy hoac trong cdc ddm rude thin thdnh): dday, con Ipn quay dupe che long cho them phin "quy phdi" !

(4) Ldc bdc xoang: mpt loai nhac cu Tdu bdng kim loai; ten nhac cu dupe gpi theo Idi ddn da, mS phdng dm thanh md nd phat ra.

(5) Bd-dich (dpc ch^ch dm tiing Phap musique nghia Id am nhac): ktn ddng cua Tdy.

126

bd Vdn Muih. Cg bd sung sudng vi dng ddc Xuan dd khdng gidn md lgi giiip dap, phiing vidng den tiid, vd ddm ma nhu kl da Id danh gid nhit t i t ci .

Ddm cii dL..

Ken Ta, kdn Tay, ken Tdu lin lugt thay nhau md rdn len. Ai ciing ldm ra bd mat nghiem chinh, song le sg that thi vin thi thim vdi nhau chuydn trd vl vg con, vl nhd eua, vl mdt cdi tu mdi sim, mdt cdi do mdi may. Trong miy trdm ngtrdi di dua thi mdt niia la phu nii, phin nhiiu tdn thdi, ban cua ed Tuydt, bd Vdn Minh, ed Hodng Hdn, bd phd Doan, vdn vdn... That Id du giai thanh gdi lich^i', ndn hg chim nhau(2), cudi tinh vdi nhau, binh pham nhau, ehd bai nhau, ghen tudng nhau, hen hd nhau, bing nhiing ve mdt budn r iu eua nhiing ngudi di dua ma.

Chen ldn vao nhimg tieng khde ldc, mia mai nhau eua nhimg ngudi ttong tang gia, ngtrdi ta thiy nhimg cdu thi thdo nhu sau ndy:

- Con be nhd ai khdu thd ? - Con be bdn canh dep han niia! - U, ir, edi thing iy bgc tinh bd me ! - Xtra kia vg nd bd nd chd ? - Heii ddi chdng rdi! - Cdn xuan chdn! - Gdrm cdi nggc, dam^^' qud di m i t ! - Lam mdi eho td nhe ?- Md vdng hay md chi'*^ ? - Khdng, khdng hen hd gi ci . - Vg bdo thd, chdng giy the thi mge siing mi t ! Vdn vdn...

Vd cdn nhiiu cdu ndi vui ve, y nhi khde niia, r i t xiing ddng vdi nhimg ngudi di dua ddm ma.

Ddm eii di...

Den huyet, liic ha quan tdi, eau tii Tan ludm thudm trong chide do thgng tring dd b i t bd ttmg ngudi mdt, hode chdng gay, hode ggc diu, hode cong lung, hode lau m i t nhu the ndy, nhu the ng... d l cdu chup inh ki nidm liic hg huyet. Bgn hiiu cua cdu r im rd nhiy ldn nhiing ngdi m i khde md chup d l cho inh khdi gidng nhau.

Xuan Tde Dd diing cim md nghidm trang mdt chd, bdn cgnh dng Phdn mgc simg. Liic eg Hdng ho khgc mdu mdo vd ngat di, thi dng ndy ciing khdc to "Hiit!... Hiit!... Hut!...".

Ai ciing d l y ddn dng chdu r l quy hod iy.

(1) Giai thanh gdi lich: trai gdi thanh nhd vd lich sp. (2) Chim nhau : tdn tinh, ve vdn nhau. (3) Ddm (dpc chech tir tiing Phdp: dame): chi ddn ba. (4) Md vdng hay md chi: md vdng- y ndi gidu ed, nhiiu eua chim eiia ndi; md chi - y ndi nghdo,

tdi san khdng ed gi. 6 ddy tde gid giiu tdm Ii "ddo md" (moi eua cdi nhd vp di sdm dupe gidu ed) ciia dam thanh nien thupng lim.

127

Ong ta khde qud, mudn ldng di thi may cd Xudn dd khdi ngd. Nd chat vdt mdi ciing khdng ldm cho dng diing han ldn dugc. Dudi cdi khan tring to tudng, edi do thgng trang lod xod, dng Phdn eii oat ngudi di, khde mdi khdng thdi.

- Hiit!... Hiit!... Hiit!...

Xuan Tdc Dd mudn bd qudeh ra thi chgt thiy dng Phdn diii vdP tay nd mdt cai giay bac nam ddng gap tu... Nd nim tay cho khdi ed ngudi nom thiy, rdi di tim su eg Tdng Phii lgc trong dam ba tram ngudi duong budn riu vd dau ddn vl nhiing diiu so suit eua khd ehu.

{Tuyin tdp Va Trgng Phgng, tdp IE, NXB van hpe. Ha Npi, 1987)

HU6NG DAN HGC BAI

1. Hgnh phuc cua mdt tang gia Id mdt phin eua nhan dl chuong XV tieu thuyet So do do chinh Vii Trgng Phgng ddt. Anh (ehi) cd suy nghi gi vl nhan dl nay va tinh hudng trdo phiing cua dogn trich ?

2. Vi sao edi chdt eua cg ed td lgi Id niim "hgnh phiic" eua mgi thdnh vien trong dgi gia dinh eg ? Phdn tich nhimg mim "hgnh phiic" khde nhau cua mdi ngudi trong dai gia dinh cu ed Hong vd nhimg ngudi den dua ddm ma do edi chet ciia cu cd td dem lgi.

3. Anh (chi) hdy phdn tich canh "dam ma guong miu".

4. Ttr niim "hgnh phiic" eua eae nhdn vgt do edi chet eua cu cd td dem lgi va einh tugng cua cdi "dam ma guong miu", anh (chi) nhgn xet nhu the ndo vl xd hgi "thugng lim" thanh thi duong thdi ? Thai do ctta nha van ddi vdi xd h0i ndy ra sao ?

5. Anh (ehi) nhdn xdt 0. vl nghd thugt ttdo phiing cua Vii Trgng Phgng d doan trich ndy ?

^ GHI N H 6 ^

Bang nghd thudt trao phiing sic bdn, qua dogn trich Hanh phuc cua mdt tang gia, Vu Trpng Phung da phd phan mgnh me ban chit gia ddi va sg Id Idng, ddi bai eiia xa hdi "thugng luu" d thanh thj nhCrng ndm trudc Cdch mang.

LUYINTAP

1. Tun dgc todn bg tde pham Sddd ciia Vii Trgng Phgng.

2. Hay ehi ra nhiing mdu thudn vd nhimg chdn dung ttdo phiing d dogn tiich Hgnh phde ciia mgt tang gia.

128

PHONG CACH N G 6 N N G V BAD CHI

K^TQUACANOAT-

• Hidu dugc khai nidm ngdn ngu bdo chi, cac thd loai chu ydu cua van ban bag chi vd dac didm ciia phong cdch ngdn ngir bao chi.

• Bidt vidt mpt bai dua tin tren bao tudng, bidt phan tich mdt bai phdng su hode ti iu phim bao chi.

l-NGdNNGUrBAUCHi

1. Tim hieu mdt sd thi logi van ban bdo chi

a) Bdn tin

Thoib^lET. com -S3f.^'

TIN MC! HHAT

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•niM tl»t Ng*y niiy n*m .xim

V&> ban dfc Quing do TlMklfeMl

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G l A O D U G

ThOfba 27.03^007,10:58

T&n vinh 122 thii khoa nSm 2006 Theo tin to Trung ifOng Oota Thanh nKn

Cfng sin H< Ch( Minh, 122 thO khoa si dUfic

tuyin duong tf I Hji Nfl Ml ngiiy 29 djn 31 li.

Trong s666, c6 98 thCi khoa cua Id thi tuy in sinh dai hoc vci doat huy chirorig vSng d c^c ki thi 6-lim-p(ch qu6c t i , 24 thO khoa tdt nghi ip dai hpe nam 2006.

Chuong trinh t6n vinh thCi khoa nam nay mdr r^ng ve d6i tuong, khong chi ton vinh nhOng thCi khoa trong ki thi tuy in sinh m& c6n tuyindUdng cS nhCfng thO khoa t6t nghifp dai hpe.

C^c thCi khoa se duoc nh|in ph3n thudng va hpe b6ng trj giS mpt tr if u ddng do Trung UOng Bo^n tSng.

50 thCi khoa tiSu b i iu d§i dien cho 122 thd khoa d i n tif mpi mi in 16 qudc se tham gia cAc hoat d^ng nhu d ing huong t^i Van Milu, bao cdng va viing Bng ChQ tjch Hd Chf l\/llnh, tham gia budi gap gd vdi mdt sd M tanh dao cCia Chfnh phCi va giao luu vdi thanh ni in, sinh vi§n ThO dd.

SSp tdi, Trung uong Ooan se thanh lap CSu I9C b$ ThiJ khoa Vi i t Nam nhSm l i in k i t , tap hpp nhCtng sinh v i in gidi d l cCing trao ddi va chia s i kinh nghidm hpe tap.

HT

Mgt bdn tin can ed thdi gian, dia didm, sg kidn ehinh xdc n h ^ cung cap nhiing tin tiic mdi cho ngirdi dgc.

9 . MV11-T1-A 129

h) Phdng su

NOI DAU TIEN XOA XONG NHA TAM CHO DONG BAO DAN TOC

[...] Vugt gan ea ttdm kildmet dudng rimg, qua cua ehii A, ngim Ta Ld, ldn din ciia khau Cd Rodng - Nogng Ma vd phia ttdn la dinh Phu La Nhieh di tan mdt thay gan 500 ngdi nhd vimg chdi, khang ttang, mdi tdn dd thdm, hod quydn vdi bat ngdt rimg xanh ngdn ngdt. Ong Nguydn Cam San dd ehi U kill ndi rdng, kdt qud ttong ma ay mdt lan niia chiing minh siic mgnh eua cdng ddng cd thi ldm dugc nhiing diiu tvrdng nhu khdng thi ttong thdi gian khdng ddi. Tu bdn 39 eua ngudi A Rem den ban 51, 61, Cd Rodng eiia ngudi Ma Coong, hay ban Cu Tdn, Cd Dd, A Ki cua ngudi Khiia, ngudi Mudng, dudi nhiing mdi nha mdi tinh cdn tham mui gd la tieng hat, tidng cudi ndi dai ddi vdo vdeh mil.

{Theo bao Tien phong, ngay 22 - 1 - 2007)

Phdng sg bdo ehi vl thgc chat ciing la ban tm, nhtmg dugc md rdng phan tudng thudt ehi tidt sg kidn vd midu td bluig hinh dnh, de cung cap cho ngudi dgc mdt edi nhin day du, sinh ddng vd h^p ddn.

c) Tiiu phdm NHA...CHANTINH

- 6 thdnh phd ta viia ed them mdt sg lg. - Lg ^ ? Khdng Id lgi nan dtrdng ? - Nin dudng Id chuydn xua rdi Didm. Day Id xdy nhd. - 01! Xay nhd tiii eii mem. Nhung sao ?

- Cap phdp ba tang rudi, nay... mge thdm ndm tang rudi sau 16 lan sai phgm bj xuh.

- O ha! The la cii chdm lgi mge thdm. Bdc oi! Chac Id nhd... chin tinh. Ndy, sao hg khdng thira thdng xdc tdi nhi ?

- Xdc tdi lam g ?

- Sai phgm thdm vdi lan dl ndng... thdm vai tang. Nhung hg ed phep thu?lt ^nhi?

- Cd ehu! Mgt phdp thudt vgn ndng. - Phdp tiiuat ndo ? -Ldm cho khdc hai chdng qua vi tiin.

{Theob&o Sdi Gdn gidi phdng, ngay 13-4-2007)

Tiiu pham ttdn ddy cho thay bdo chi edn cd nhimg thi logi ggn nhe, vdi gigng van than mat, dan dd, thudng ed sdc thai mia mai, chdm biem nhung hdm ehiia mdt chinh kien vl thdi eude.

1 3 0 9-NV11-T1.8

2. Nhan xdt chung vl vdn ban bdo chi vd ngdn ngii bdo chi

a) Bdo chi ed nhiiu the logi. Ngodi cdc till logi tidu biiu kl ttdn cdn cd nhung thi loai khde nhu: thu bgn dgc, phdng vdn, qudng cdo, trao ddi y kiin, binh lugn thdisu,...

Bao chi tdn tgi d hai dgng chinh : dgng vidt (bdo vidt) vd dgng ndi (dgc, tiiuyet minh, phdng van midng ttong cdc budi phdt thanh vd truyen hinh). Ngodi ra, edn ed logi bdo hinh, kdm theo ldi ddn gidi, thuyet minh (bdo dnh, truyin hinh, bdo didntu).

b) Mdi the loai cd ydu eau ridng ve su dgng ngdn ngii. VI du: ngdn ngii bdn tm, ngdn ngii phdng sg, ngdn ngii tidu pham,... diu cd nhimg quy udc khdc nhau.

c) Tuy cd nhiiu the logi vd dgng nhu vdy, nhung ngdn ngu bdo ehi ed mgt ehiie ndng chung Id cung c^p tin tiic thdi su, phdn dnh du lugn vd ^ kidn eila quan chiing, ddng thdi ndu ldn quan didm, chinh kien eua td bdo, nhdm thiie day sg phdt trien eua xa hdi.

Do phgm vi thdng tm rgng rdi ttdn nhiiu mgt hogt ddng ciia xd hdi, ndn ngdn ngii bdo chi khdng hi gidi hgn d mdt Unh vuc ndo. Cd thi ndi nd bao gdm hau het cdc phgm vi su dgng ngdn ngu eua xd hdi.

. GHI N H 6 .

Ngdn ngu bdo chi la ngdn ngu dung de thdng bdo tin tiic thdi sg trong nudc vd qudc td, phdn dnh chfnh kidn ciia td bdo va du ludn quan chting, nhiim thdc ddy sg tidn bd eCia xa hdi. Ngdn ngu bdo ehi dugc sir dyng d nhung thd loai tidu bidu Id bdn tin, phdng sg, tieu phim,...

LUYiN TAP

1. Dgc mdt td bdo vd xdc dinh nhiing the logi vdn ban bdo chi trdn td bdo dd.

2. Phdn bi$t hai thi logi bdo ehi: bdn tin vd phdng sg.

3. Viet mdt tm ngdn phdn dnh tinh hinh hgc tap d ldp (ehii y nhimg chi tiet eg till vl thdi gian, hogt ddng, kit qua, sd Ueu,...).

131

TRA BAI LAM VAN S6 3

Ktr QUA CAN OAT

• Thay rd nhung uu didm vd han chd trong bai lam vdn sd 3.

• Riit ra nhung kinh nghidm ve vide vdn dung ket hgp eae thao tde lap ludn phan tfch vd so sdnh trong bdi vdn nghj ludn.

- Tham khao tidt Trd bdi ldm vdn sdi, dgc bidt chu y vide van dgng kdt hgp cdc thao tdc lap ludn phan tieh vd so sdnh ttong bai van. nghi lugn.

- Ciing ca ldp tham gia phan tich, xac dinh ydu <Au ciia de bdi va l^p ddn y.

- Luyen tap thao tde lap lugn phdn tich va thao tdc lap luan so sanh ttong vdn nghi ludn.

132

M0T S6 THi LOAI V A N HOC : THO, T R U Y I N

K T QUA CAN OAT -

• Hi lu khai quat ddc didm mpt sd thd logi van hoc : tha, truydn.

• Van dung nhung hidu biet do vdo vide dpc van.

Hinh thiie td ehiie tde pham vdn hpe dugc xdc dinh ttong logi (logi hinh, chung logi) vd thi {thi tdi, thd logi, kieu, dgng). Logi Id phuang thiie tdn tgi chimg; thila sg hidn thgc hod eua logi. Phin ldn cdc nhd nghidn ciiu diu tdn thdnh phan cae tdc pham vdn hgc lam ba logi ldn : trd tinh (lay cam xiic, suy nghi, tdm ttgng con ngudi ldm ddi tugng thi hidn chu ydu), tu su (diing ldi kl, ldi midu ta dl xdy dung cdt truy$n, khac hog tinh cdch nhan vat, dgng len nhimg biic tranh vl ddi sdng) vd kich (thdng qua ldi thogi va hdnh ddng eua cdc nhan vgt md tdi liien nhimg xung ddt xd hdi). Logi tru tinh ed cdc the : tha ca, khiie ngdm,... Logi tg sg cd cdc thi : truydn, ki,... Logi kich ed eae th i : chinh kich, bi kich, hdi kich,... Ben cgnh do cdn cd the logi khdc nhu nghi luan.

Dudi ddy ta di vdo tim hilu tha, truyin, kich, nghi lugn^^^ - nhimg thd logi vdn hgc gan gui thudng gdp.

I-TH0

1. Khdi luge ve tha

Tha Id mdt thi logi vdn hgc cd phgm vi phd bidn rdng vd sau. Tha tde dgng ddn ngudi dgc bdng sg nhdn thiic cugc sdng, nhiing Uen tudng, tudng tugng phong phii, nhung edi cdt ldi cua tha Id trii tinh. Tha ea bao gid cimg la tmn guang eila tdm hdn. Id tidng ndi eua tinh cam eon ngudi, nhimg rung ddng ciia ttdi tim trudc cudc ddi. Ld Quy Ddn khdng dinh : "Tha phdt khdi tir ttong ldng ngudi ta". Ngudi ta b day Id ban thdn nhd tiia vdi tu edeh mgt edi tdi tiii tmh, hode Id nhan vdt trii tmh ndo dd, vd cimg ed thi Id ngudi dpc tha.

Tha chu ttpng den edi d?p, phan thi vi cua tdm hdn eon ngudi vd cudc sdng khdch quan. Vd dep vd tinh chat gpi cdm, truyin cam ciia tiia ed dugc edn do

(1) Hai the loai kfch, nghi ludn se c6 bai rifing b Ngu vdn 11, tap hai.

133

ngdn ngu tha cd dgng, hdm siic, gidu hmh dnh vd nhgc didu. Sg phdn ddng vd hiep van cua ldi tha, cdch ngat nhip, su dgng thanh didu,... lam tdng sue dm vang va lan toa, tham sdu eua y tha.

Phdn logi tha theo ndi dung biiu hidn cd tha tra tinh (di sdu vdo tdm tu, tinh cdm, nhimg chiem nghidm eua con ngudi vl cudc ddi, nhu bdi Tg tinh cua Hd Xudn Huang), tha tu su (cdm nghi vgn ddng theo mgeh kl chuydn, nhu bdi Hdu Trdi ciia Tan Dd), tha trdo phung (phu nhdn nhiing diiu xau bdng ldi vidt dia egt, mia mai, khdi hdi, nhu bdi Vinh khoa thi Huang cua Tu Xuong). Theo cdch thiic td chiie bdi tha ed tha cdch lugt (vidt theo ludt dd dinh trudc, nhu tha Dudng ludt, lgc bat, song that luc bdt,...), thatudo (khdng theo ludt), thavdn xudi (cau tha gan nhu cdu vdn xudi nhung vin cd nliip didu).

Tha Id till logi ra ddi rat sdm. Nhimg bdi hdt ttong lao ddng cua ngudi nguydn thu^ dugc xem Id nhimg hmh thiic dau tidn eua tha ca. Trudc Cdng nguydn, b Trung Qudc, tir tha ca dan gian, Khdng Tu dd san dinh'" Kinh Thu Trong vdn hpe Viet Nam, tir trung dgi, can dgi cho ddn hidn dgi, tha la thi logi cd nhiiu thanh tuu nhat. Nguyin Trdi, Nguydn Du, Nguyen Dinh Ciiilu, Phan Bdi Chau, Ho Chi Minh, Td Hiiu, Che Lan Vidn, Xudn Didu, Huy Can, Nguyin Binh,... da dl lgi nhiiu dng tha hay.

2. Ydu cau ve dgc tha

- Can bidt rd ten bdi tiia, tap tha, tdn tde gid, ndm xuat ban, tim hilu hodn cdnh sdng tdc bdi tho. Cd thi xem sdch gido khoa, cdc logi sdch tham khao dl cd nhiing hieu bidt ban diu nay.

- Dgc kl bdi tha, cdm nhdn y tha qua cdu chii, hinh dnh, nhip dieu. Y tha d day Id cdm xuc, suy nghi, tam ttgng, nhimg sg vide, cdnh vdt,... Ddng cdm vdi nhd tha, dimg Udn tudng, tudng tugng, phan tich khd ndng biiu hidn ciia tung tu ngii, chi tidt, vin didu,... mdi cam nhgn dugc y tho, thau hidu hinh tugng tha, cdi tdi tru tinh, nhdn vat trii tinh.

- Tir nhiing cdu tha dep, ldi tha lg, y tha hay, tu hinh tugng tha, cdi tdi trii tinh, nhdn vat trii tinh, hay liii xa va nhin lgi dl U gidi, ddnh gid todn bdi tha ca ve hai phuang didn nghd thugt va ndi dtmg. Bdi tha cd ndt ^ dgc ddo, sang tgo ttong hinh thiic biiu hidn ? Tii tha, cdm hung, tu tudng bdi tha ed y nghia nhu thd ndo vdi cudc sdng vd con ngudi ? Can nhd : "Tha Id ngudi thu ki trung thanh ciia nhiing ttdi tim" (Duy Be-lay) va eon dudng ngdn nhat de den dich eua ngudi dpc tha Id: "Di tir trdi tun dl den vdi ttdi tun" (Pld-kha-ndp).

(1) San dinh: ghi ch6p va chinh U.

134

11-TRUYEN

1. Khdi luge ve truydn

Khde vdi tha ca m dgm dau an chCi quan, truypn phan dnh ddi sdng ttong tinh khdch quan eua nd, qua con ngudi, hdnh vi, sg kidn dugc midu td vd kl lgi bdi mdt ngudi kl chuydn (trin thudt) ndo dd. 6 ddy cdt truypn vdi mdt chudi cdc tinh tidt, sg kidn, bien ed xdy ra Udn tidp tgo ndn sg van ddng cua hidn thgc dugc phan dnh, gdp phan khde hog rd ndt tinh edeh cdc nhdn vdt, sd phdn timg cd nhdn. Nhdn vat dugc midu ta ehi tidt vd smh ddng ttong mdi quan he chdt chd vdi hoan cdnh, vdi mdi trudng xung quanh. Truydn khdng bi gd bd vl khdng gian, thdi gian, ed thi di sau vdo tdm ttgng con ngudi, nhimg cdnh ddi cg thi nhu Hai dua tre cua Thgch Lam, Chi Pheo cua Nam Cao, hay tdi hidn nhiing hue ttanh ddi sdng todn canh rgng ldn nhu Tdn trd ddi ciia Ban-dae, Chiin tranh vd hod binh cua L.Tdn-xtdi.

Truydn su dgng nhiiu hinh thiie ngdn ngii khde nhau. Ngodi ngdn ngu ngudi kl chuydn, cdn ed ngdn ngii nhdn vdt. Bdn cgnh ldi ddi ddp lgi cd ldi ddc thogi ndi tam. Ldi kl khi thi d ben ngodi, khi lgi nhgp vdo ldi nhdn v^t. Ngdn ngii truy$n gin vdi ngdn ngii ddi sdng.

Trong vdn hgc ddn gian, truyen ed nhieu kieu logi: thin thoai, truyin thuydt, ' truydn cd tieh, truydn cudi, truypn ngg ngdn. Van hgc trung dgi cd truydn vidt b ^ g chii Han {Truyin ki mgn lgc ciia Nguydn Dii) vd truydn tha Ndm {Truyin Kiiu ciia Nguydn Du, Truyin Lgc Vdn Tiin ciia Nguydn'Dinh Ctiilu). Trong vdn hgc hidn dgi, theo quy md vdn ban vd dung lugng hidn thuc, ngudi ta phdn ra truydn ngdn, truydn vira, truydn ddi. Truydn ngdn thudng It nhan vdt, sg kidn, nd hudng tdi mdt vdi manh nhd eiia cudc sdng, ed thi kl vl cd eude ddi hay mdt dogn ddi, mdt "chdc Idt" eua nhdn vdt, nhung ttong phgm vi hgn hep vin cd thi ddt ra nhiing van dl ldn lao, thd Wen nhiing tu tudng nhan sinh sdu sdc {"Vi hdnh" cua Nguyin Ai Qudc, Cha ngudi tu tu eiia Nguyin Tudn). Truydn viia Id the logi vdn xudi tg sg cd trung binh. Khdng cd sg phdn bidt that rgch rdi giiia truydn vira vd truydn ddi (tiiu thuydt). Ta-rdt Bun-ba eua Gd-gdn, Sddd cua Vti Trgng Phung dung lugng Id truypn vua nhimg mang diy dii nhiing dgc diim eiia tiiu thuyet. Vdi kha ndng phdn dnh ddi sdng mdt edeh todn ven, sinh ddng, ddng thdi di sau khdm phd sd phdn cd nhdn, su dung Unh hoat hu ciu, diin hinh hod, tdng hgp thu phdp cua cdc thi logi vdn hgc, nghd thudt khde, mang tinh da dgng vl mdu sde tham mi, tiiu thuydt dugc coi Id "hinh thdi ehu ydu cua nghd thudt ngdn tii" (Cd-gi-ndp).

2. Ydu ciu vl dpc truydn

- Tim hilu bdi cdnh xd hdi, hodn cdnh sdng tde dl ed ea sd cim nhdn cdc ting 16p ndi dung va y nghia cua tiiiydn.

135

- Phdn tich didn bidn cua cdt truydn qua cdc phin md dau, van ddng, ket thiic, vdi cdc tinh tiet, sg kidn, bien cd eg thi. Ldm rd gid tri eua cdc ydu td dd trong vide phan dnh hidn thgc cugc sdng va khde hog ban chat, tinh edeh cdc nhdn vat. Chii y tdi nghd thudt tu su: ngudi ke chuydn d ngdi thii nhat (ngudi kl xung tdi) hay d ngdi thii ba (ngudi kl ham an); diim niiin ttin thudt; edeh sap xep eae tinh tidt, sg kidn; thu phdp kl chuydn, midu ta; gigng didu ldi vdn,...

- Phan tich cdc nhdn vat ttong ddng luu ehuyen eua cdt truydn. Tap hgp thanh hd thdng vd lam rd y nghia cua cdc ehi tidt midu ta nhdn vat vl ngogi tiinh, hdnh ddng, ndi tdm, ngdn ngii. Tim hilu mdi quan he giiia nhan vdt nay vdi nhdn vdt khac, giiia nhdn vat vdi hodn canh xung quanh. Chii y tdi nghd thudt xdy dgng nhan vdt: sii dung chi tiet; tgo tinh hudng dl khdm phd bdn chat eua nhan vdt; each thiic midu ta ngogi hinh, hdnh ddng, biiu hidn ndi tdm,...

- Truydn ddt ra van dl g , ed y nghia tu tudng nhu thd ndo ? Cimg ed thi xdc dinh gid tri eua truydn d cdc phuang didn: nhgn thiie, gido due, tham mi. Cin thay dugc truydn khdng ehi "tai hidn lich su ddi sdng" md cdn la "hdnh ttinh di tim con ngudi ttong con ngudi" (M. Ba-khtin).

HUlorNG D A N H O C BAi

1. Logi vd thi ttong van hgc dugc xdc dinh nhu thd ndo ?

2. Hay ndu dde trung eua tha, cdc kieu logi tha vd ydu ciu vl dgc tha.

3. Tdm luge ddc trung eiia truydn, cdc kieu logi truydn vd ydu ciu vl dgc truydn.

^ GHI N H Q .

1 Tha tidu bi iu cho loai tru tinh. Tha thd hidn cdm xiic, suy nghT, tdm trang con ngudi bdng ngdn ngu cd dpng, gpi cdm, gidu hinh dnh va nhgc difu.

I Truydn tidu bidu cho logi tg sg, thudng cd cdt truydn, nhdn vdt, ldi kd. Truydn cd khd nang phdn dnh hidn thuc cudc sdng rdng Idn, di sdu vdo nhung mdnh dpi cy thd vd cd nhung di in bidn sdu xa trong tdm hdn con ngudi.

LUYEN TAP

1. Nghd thugt td canh, td tinh va su dung ngdn ngu ttong bdi tha Cdu cd miia thu eua Nguyin Khuyen ed gi dang ehii ?

2. Nhgn xdt ve ed't truydn, nhdn v^t, ldi kd ttong truyen ngan Hai dua tri cixa Thach Lam.

136

CHi PHEO NAMCAO

K^TQUACANOAT-

• Hidu dugc nhung ndt chfnh v l con ngudi, ve quan diem nghd thudt, cae d l tai chfnh, tu tudng chu dao va phong each nghe thudt cua Nam Cao.

• Hieu va phdn tfch dugc cac nhdn vat, dac bidt la nhdn vat Chf Pheo, qua dd thdy dugc gia trj hien thgc vd gia tri nhdn dao sdu sac, mdi md eiia tdc pham.

• Thdy dugc mdt sd net v l nghd thudt ciia tac pham nhu didn hinh hod nhdn vat, midu ta tdm' If, nghd thudt tran thudt, ngdn ngu nghd thudt,...

PHAN MdT : T A C GIA

I - VAl NET VE TIEU SUT VA CGN NGUfiTI

Nam Cao (1917 - 1951) tdn khai sinh la Trin Hiiu Tri, smh ttong mdt gia dinh ndng dan d ldng Dgi Hodng, tdng Cao Dd, huydn Nam Sang'", phii U Nhdn (nay Id xa Hod Hdu, huydn Li Nhan), tinh Hd Nam. Hgc hdt bgc Thdnh chimg. Nam Cao vdo Sdi Gdn kiem sdng vd bdt diu sang tde. Sau hon ba ndm, vi dm dau, dng phdi ttd vl qud. Sau dd, dng dgy hgc d mdt trudng tu thgc d ngogi d Hd Ndi. Nhung cudc ddi "gido khd trudng tu" dd cimg khdng yen : quan Nhgt vdo Ddng Duong, trudng ddng cua, dng phai sdng chgt vgt, lay Idt bdng nghl vidt vdn vd ldm gia su. Diu ndm 1943, dng tham gia nhdm Van hod ciru qudc b Ha Ndi. Bi dieh khiing bd gdt gao, dng phai Idnh vl qud rdi tham gia

(1) Biit danh Nam Cao 14 gh6p hai chu dau cua hai dia danh: huy$n Nam Sang vk tdng Cao Dk. NamCao

137

khdi nghia (thdng 8 - 1945) d phu Li Nhdn. Ndm 1946, vdi tu cdch Id phdng vidn mat trdn, dng cd mat trong doan qudn Nam tidn vdo den Nam Trung Bd- Mua thu ndm 1947, dng ldn Viet Bac ldm cdng tde bdo chi, tuydn truyin phgc vu khdng chien; ndm 1950, dng tham gia chidn dich Bidn gidi. Thdng 11-1951, trdn dudng vdo cdng tde d vimg dieh hdu Lidn khu III, dng hi gidc Phdp phgc kich vd sdt hgi.

Con ngudi Nam Cao nhin be ngodi ed ve lanh limg, vgng vl, it ndi (dng tg gieu minh Id ed "edi mat khdng choi dugc"), nhung ddi sdng ndi tdm lgi rat phong phu, ludn ludn sdi sue, ed khi cdng thang. Binh sinh. Nam Cao thudng day dut, hdi hgn, lay ldm xau hd vl nhimg vide lam, nhtmg y nghi md dng tg thay la tim thudng cua minh. Ngudi tti thiie "ttung thgc vd ngin" (ldi Td Hodi) ay ludn nghidm khdc dau ttanh vdi chinh minh de thodt khdi ldi sdng tim thudng, nhd nhen, khao khdt vuon tdi "tdm hdn ttong sgch vd ma udc tdi canh sdng, nhimg eon ngudi that dep"'il Gid tti to ldn cua sdng tdc Nam Cao, nhat la nhimg tdc phim vidt vl ngudi tri thiic ngheo, gdn Uln vdi cudc dau tranh ban than trung thue, dm thim md quydt Udt trong sudt eude ddi cim but cua dng.

Nam Cao Id ngudi ed tam long that ddn hgu, chan chiia ydu thuang. 6ng gan bd sdu ndng, gidu dn tinh vdi qud huong vd nhiing ngudi nghdo khd bi dp biic, khinh midt trong xa hdi cii. Ong quan nidm, khdng ed tinh thuong ddng logi thi khdng ddng ggi Id ngudi {Ddi thica). Dd ehinh la mdt trong nhimg U do din Nam Cao den vdi con dudng nghd thugt hidn thgc "vi nhdn sinh" vd tgo nen nhimg tde pham tham dugm tu tudng nhdn dgo sau sdc.

Cudc ddi lao ddng sdng tgo nghd thudt vi U tudng nhdn dgo vd sg hi sinh anh diing vi sg nghidp gidi phdng dan tdc ciia Nam Cao mdi mdi la tam guong eao dep cua mdt nhd vdn chdn chinh. Nam 1996, Nam Cao da dugc Nhd nude tdng Giai thudng Ho Chi Minh vl van hgc nghd thudt.

H-SIT NGHIEP VAN HOC

1. Quan diem nghe thuat

Trong eude ddi cim biit. Nam Cao ludn suy nghi vl van dl "sdng va viet", rat ed y thiie vl quan diim nghd thugt cua minh. Cd thi ndi, ddn Nam Cao, chu nghia hidn thgc ttong vdn hgc Vidt Nam tir 1930 ddn 1945 mdi thuc sg tg gidc diy du vl nhiing nguydn tdc sang tac eua nd.

(1) Nam Cao, nh$t ki 0 rung.

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Khi mdi cim biit. Nam Cao chiu dnh hudng eua vdn hgc ldng mgn duong thdi. Nhung dng da din nhdn ra thii vdn chuang dd rat xa lg vdi ddi sdng lim than cua nhan dan lao ddng vd dng dd dogn mydt vdi nd dl tim den con dudng nghd thugt hidn thgc chu nghia. Trong Gidng sdng (1942), dng phd phdn thii vdn chuong thi vi hod eude sdng den tdi, bat cdng, coi do la thii "dnh ttdng lira ddi" ; ddng thdi ydu ciu nghe thudt phai gdn bd vdi ddi sdng, nhm thang vdo sg that "tan nhdn", phai ndi ldn ndi khdn khd, cimg quan cua nhdn dan, vi hg md len tidng.

Trong truydn ngdn Ddi thua (1943), Nam Cao khdng tdn thdnh logi sang tde "ciii ta dugc cdi bl ngodi cua xa hdi" vd khing dinh : "Mdt tdc pham thgt gid tti, phdi vugt ldn ben ttdn tat ea cdc bd cdi vd gidi hgn, phai Id mdt tdc pham chung eho ed loai ngudi. Nd phai ehiia dgng dugc mdt edi gi ldn lao, mgnh me, vira dau ddn, lai viia phan khdi. Nd ca tung ldng thuong, tinh bdc di, sg cdng bmh... Nd ldm cho ngudi gin ngudi hon". Nhu vdy, trong quan nidm eua Nam Cao, tu tudng nhan dgo la mdt yeu ciu tat ydu ddi vdi "mdt tdc pham hay", "mdt tdc phim thgt gid tri". Nam Cao y thiic sdu sde vd ddi hdi rat eao sg tim tdi sdng tgo ttong nghl vdn: "Vdn chuong khdng cin ddn nhimg ngudi thg khdo tay, ldm theo mdt vai kieu miu dua eho. Vdn chuong chi dung ngp nhiing ngudi biet ddo sau, biet tim tdi, khoi nhimg ngudn chua ai khoi, vd sang tgo nhimg cdi gi chua cd" {Ddi thua). Ong ddi hdi nhd vdn phdi cd luong tam, cd nhdn cdch xiing ddng vdi nghl nghidp eua minh vd eho rdng sg ciu thd ttong vdn chuong chdng nhimg la "bat luang" md edn la "dd tidn".

Sau Cdch mgng, Neim Cao tieh cue tham gia khdng chidn, sdn sdng hi sinh thii "nghd thugt eao sidu" cua minh vdi f nghi: lgi ich eua dan tdP Id ttdn hdt. Tuy ap u hodi bao sang tdc nhung dng vdn tan tuy ttong mgi cdng tdc phgc vu khdng chidn vdi quan mdm "sdng dd rdi hdy viet", "gdp siic vdo cdng vi$c khdng nghd thu^t Mc nay chinh la dl sua sogn cho tdi mdt nghd thugt eao hon" (nhgt kl drung 1948).

2. Cdc de tai chinh

Sang tde ciia Nam Cao trudc Cdch mgng tgp trung vdo hai dl tai chinh : ngudi tri thuc ngheo va ngudi ndng ddn nghio.

6 dl tdi ngudi tri thiic, ddng ehii y Id cdc truydn ngdn Gidng sdng Ddi thica, Nhang truyin khdng mudn viit, Mua nhd, Truyin tinh, Quin diiu do, Cudi, Nudc mdt, ...va tiiu thuyet Sdng mdn. Trong nhiing tdc pham nay. Nam Cao da midu ta sau sdc tjui bi kich tinh thin ciia ngudi tri thiie nghdo ttong xd hdi eii, nhimg "gido khd trudng tu", nhiing nhd van nghdo, nhiing vidn chiic nhd, qua dd, ddt ra nhiing van dl cd tim tridt lugn sdu sdc, cd y nghia to ldn, vugt khdi pham vi ciia dl tdi. Hp la nhiing tti thuc cd y tiiiic sdu sde vl gid tri sg sdng vd nhdn phim, cd hodi bao, cd tam huydt vd tdi ndng, mudn xay dgng mdt su nghidp tinh thin eao quy,

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nhung lgi bi gdnh ndng do com va hodn canh xd hgi ngdt nggt ldm eho "chdt mdn", phdi sdng nhu "mdt ke vd Ich, mdt ngudi thira". Tdp trung midu td va phin tieh tinh ttgng "sdng mdn" hay "chet mdn" ciia con ngudi. Nam Cao da phd phdn sdu sde xd hdi ngdt nggt, phi nhdn dgo bdp nghet sg sdng, tdn phd tdm hdn con ngudi, ddng thdi, the hidn niim khao khdt mdt Id sdng ldn, khao khdt mdt cudc sdng sdu sdc, cd Ich vd thue sg cd y nghia, xiing dang la cudc sdng eon ngudi.

Khdng chi thdnh cdng ttong sdng tdc vidt vl tri thiic. Nam Cao edn la cay biit xuit sde vl dl tdi ngudi ndng dan. Ong dllgi chung hai chgc truydn ngdn vidt vl cudc sdng tdi tdm, sd phdn bi thdm eiia ngtrdi ndng dan ; tidu bidu la cdc tdc phim : Chi Pheo, Ldo Hgc, Dl Hdo, Lang Rdn, Mdt bda no, Mdt ddm cudi, Mua danh, Diiu vdn, Tre con khdng dugc dn thit chd, Tu cdch md, Nda dim ; ttong dd, Chi Phio xiing dang Id mdt kidt tde. Vidt vl di tdi ndy. Nam Cao da dgng len mdt biic tranh chdn thue vd ndng thdn Vidt Nam ngh^o ddi, xa xdc ttdn con dudng phd sdn, bin cimg, hdt siic the tham vdo nhung ndm 1940 - 1945. Ong thudng chii y tdi nhimg eon ngudi thip cd bd hgng, nhiing sd phan bi thdm. Hg cdng hiin lanh, cdng nhin nhgc thi cdng bi ehd dgp tdn nhan, phii phdng. 6ng dde bidt di sau vdo tinh canh vd sd phan nhtmg con ngudi bi day dog vdo cdnh nghdo ddi, cimg dudng, bi hdt hiii, ldng nhue mdt cdch tdn nhan, bat cdng {ChiPheo, Mdt bda no, Tuedch md, Lang Rdn, Nua dim,...). Vidt vl hidn tugng ngudi ndng ddi; bi day vdo tinh ttgng tha hod, luu manh hod. Nam Cao da kdt dn danh thdp cdi xd hgi tdn bgo da huy hoai nhdn tinh ciia nhimg con ngudi bdn chit vdn hiin Idnh. Nhd vdn khdng hi bdi nhg ngudi ndng dan rrid trdi lai, dd di sau vdo ndi tdm nhdn vdt de phdt hi^n va khing dinh nhdn pham vd bdn chit luong thi^n eua hg, ngay ea khi hg bi xd hdi vui dgp, cudp mat ca nhdn hinh, nhdn tinh.

Cd thi ndi, du viet vl ngudi ndng ddn hay vl ngudi tri thiie, vugt ldn ttdn f nghia cg thi eua dl tdi, sdng tdc eua Nam Cao ludn ehiia dung mdt ndi dung ttidt hgc sdu sde, cd khd ndng khdi qudt nhiing quy ludt chung eua ddi sdng nhu vdt chat vd y thiic, hodn cdnh vd con ngudi, mdi trudng vd tinh edeh,... Nam Cao ludn ttdn trd vl van dl nhdn phim, vl thdi dd khinh ttgng ddi vdi eon ngudi, ludn day diit tdi miic dau ddn trudc tinh trgng xd hdi vd nhdn dgo dd ddy dog con ngudi trong sg nghdo ddi, vui delp nhimg udc ma, ldm chit mdn ddi sdng tinh thin vd le sdng cao dep eua hg; ddng thdi ciing dau ddn vd hgn trudc tinh trgng eon ngudi bi xdi mdn vl nhdn phim, thdm chi bi hu; hogi ed nhdn tinh.

Sau Cdch mgng. Nam Cao Id cay biit tidu bieu eia vdn hgc giai dogn khdng chien chdng Phdp (1945 - 1954). Nhgt ki d rung (1948), truydn ngdn Ddi mdt (1948) Id nhimg tdc phim cd gia tii eua van xudi thdi ki diu khdng chidn.

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3. Phong cdch nghd thuat

Trong van xudi Vidt Nam hi$n dgi. Nam Cao Id nhd vdn cd phong cdch dde ddo. Nam Cao dde bipt quan tdm tdi ddi sdng tinh thin eua con ngudi, ludn ed hiing thii khdm phd "con ngudi trong eon ngudi" du vidt vl ngudi ndng dan hay ngtrdi tri thiic. Ong quan mem : "Sdng tiic Id cam gidc vd tu tuong. Sdng cOng la hanh ddng niia, nhung hdnh ddng chi la phin phu: cd cam gidc, cd tu tudng mdi sinh ra hdnh ddng. Ban tinh cdt yeu eua sg sdng ehinh Id cdm gidc vd tu tudng. Cam gidc cang mgnh, cdng Unh didu, tu tudng cdng ddi ddo cdng sdu sdc tiii sg sdng cang eao" {Sdng mdn). Nhu vdy. Nam Cao ludn dl cao eon ngudi tu tudng, d^c bipt chii y tdi hoat dgng bdn trong cua eon ngudi, coi dd la nguydn nhdn cua nhimg hdnh dpng bdn ngodi.

Vdi mdt quan nipm vl eon ngudi nhu the. Nam Cao ed khuynh hudng tim vdo ndi tam, di sau vdo the gidi tinh thin eua con ngudi. 6ng Id nhd vdn cd bi$t tdi didn td, phan tich tdm U nhdn vdt. Tdm U nhdn vdt ttd thdnh trung tdm ehii y. Id ddi tupng trge tidp cua ngdi biit Nam Cao. Ong td ra dde bidt sdc sdo ttong vide phdn tieh vd didn ta nhiing ttgng thdi, nhimg qud trinh tam U phiic tgp, nhimg hidn tugng ludng tinh dd say dd tmh, dd khde dd cudi, map md ranh gidi giiia tiiidn vdi de, giiia hiin vdi dii, giiia con ngudi vdi con vdt,...

Do am hilu tdm U nhan vgt ndn Nemi Cao dd tgo dugc nhiing dogn ddi thogi, dgc thogi ndi tam rat chan that, sinh ddng. Mdt khdc, cung do ydu ciu midu ta tdm U, mgeh tg sg ttong tdc phim cua dng thudng dao ldn thdi gian vd khdng gian, tgo ndn kiiu kit cdu tdm li viia phdng tiing, linh hogt vira nhat quan, chgt chd. Ngdi biit Nam Cao cimg thudng vidt vl cdi nhd nhdt, xodng xinh md nhd vdn ggi Id Nhiing truy$n khdng mudn viit Tit nhung sg vide quen thude, tham chi tim thvrdng ttong ddi sdng hdng ngdy, tdc phim eua Nam Cao dd ddt ra nhfing vin dl xd hgi cd y nghia to ldn, thi hidn ttidt U sdu sdc vl con ngudi, vl cudc sdng vd nghp thugt.

Nam Cao Id nhd vdn ed gigng didu ridng: budn thuong chua chdt; dtoig dung Ignh lung md diy thuong cdm, ddm thdm ydu thuang,...

* * *

Nam Cao Id nhd vdn hien thgc ldn, mdt nha nhan dgp chu nghia Idn. Sdng tdc eila dng da vugt qua dugc nhung thu tiideh khdc nghiet cua thdi gian, cdng thu thach lgi cdng ngdi sdng. Thdi gian cdng liii xa, nhiing tde pham cua dng lgi cang bgc lg y nghia hidn thgc sau sdc, tu tudng nhan dgo cao ca vd vd dpp ngh$ thugt didu luydn, ddc ddo. Ong ed nhiiu ddng gdp quan ttgng ddi vdi vi$e hodn tiiidn ti^iypn ngdn va tiiu thuydt Vidt Nam ttdn qud tnnh hi^n dgi I dgi hod d nita diu tiid ki XX

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HUONG DAN HOC BAI

1. Tiiu su vd eon ngudi nhd van Nam Cao ed nhiing ddc diem ^ giiip ta hilu thdm vl sg ngiiidp vdn hgc cua dng ?

2. Nhimg ndi dung chinh ttong quan diem nghe thugt eua Nam Cao ?

3. Viet vl ngudi tri thiie nghdo vd ngudi ndng dan cimg khd. Nam Cao thtrdng ttdn ttd, day diit nhat vl van dl g? ?

4. Neu nhiing ndt chinh eua phong edeh nghd thuat Nam Cao.

GHINH6.

• Nam Cao la nhd van hidn thgc Idn, nha nhan dao chii nghTa Idn, cd ddng gdp quan trgng ddi vdi qua trinh hidn dai hod truydn ngdn va tidu thuydt Vidt Nam nua dau the kl XX. Ong cd quan didm nghd thudt sdu sdc, tidn bd, dat dugc thanh tgu xudt sac v l di tai ngudi tri thirc nghdo va ngudi ndng dan cung khd. Ong dac bidt quan tdm den ddi sdng tinh thin eua con ngudi, ludn dau ddn trudc tinh trang con ngudi bj rai vdo tham cdnh sdng mdn, bi xdi mdn ve nhan phim, thdm chf bj hu^ hoai ca nhdn tinh.

• Nam Cao la nha vdn cd phong cdch ddc dao : ludn hudng tdi thd gidi ndi tdm eua con ngudi; cd bidt tdi trong vide midu ta vd phdn tfch tdm If; vidt ve cdi nhd nhdt hang ngdy ma ddt ra dugc nhCrng v in di cd y nghia xd hdi to Idn, cd t im triet If sdu sdc vd cd gigng vdn dac sdc.

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PHOHG CACH NGON NOV BAO CHl (Tidp theo)

II - CAC PHUDNG TIEN D I I N DAT VA DAC TRUNG CUA NGdN NGUTBAO CHJ

1. Cdc phuang tidn didn dat

a) vi tic vung

Ttt vung ttong ngdn ngii bdo ehi hdt siic phong phu, vd cd thi ndi, d mdi phgm ,vi phdn dnh, moi the loai bdo chi lgi ed mdt ldp tir vung rit ddc trung.

VI du : ban tin thudng dung danh tii ridng chi dia danh, ten ngudi, thdi gian, sg kidn,... phdng sg diing nhieu tir ngii midu td sg kidn, hinh anh dia phuang, nhdn v^t,... tiiu pham dung nhiiu tu ngii than mat, gin gdi, cd sde thdi mia mai, cham biem.

h)Vi nga phdp

Cau vdn ttong ngdn ngii bdo ehi rat da dgng, nhung thudng ngdn ggn, sdng siia, mgeh lgc dd dam bdo thdng tm chinh xdc. Cd the vidt cdu ngdn nhu ttong tm vdn, ed thi vidt nhiing cau ddi vdi kdt cau phuc hgp nhu ttong phdng sg, nhung cimg cd nhimg cdu gin vdi ldi ndi hdng ngdy nhu ttong tiiu phim.

e) vi cdc bien phdp tu tu

Ngdn ngii bdo ehi khdng hgn che cdc bi$n phdp tu tu til vgng vd cii phdp. Trong bdo chi, ta thay khdng it hmh dnh vi von, so sdnh, in dg, hodn du, dao ngii, song song phdi hgp cdu ngdn vdi cdu ddi,... Nhimg bidn phdp tu tu ndy nhdm vdo vide didn dgt ehinh xdc, cd hinh anh vd nhgc didu thich hgp vdi tiing ndi dung vd thd logi.

Ngodi ra, d bdo ndi, ngdn ngii bdo chi ddi hdi phdt dm rd rdng, khue chidt; d bao vidt thi chii y den khd chii, kiiu ehu phdi hgp vdi mdu sde, hinh dnh,... dl tgo nhimg diim nhan ttong tiidng tm.

Cdc phuang tidn diin dgt ndi ttdn thi hidn ddc diim ngdn ngu bdo chi rd net va gdp phan tgo ndn mdt phong cdch ddc lap - phong each ngdn ngii bao ehi.

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2. Dac trung eua ngdn ngii bao chi

Ngdn ngu bdo ehi cd ba dde trung:

a) Tinh thdng tin thdi su

Ngdn ngu bdo clii Id ngdn ngii thdng tm thdi sg egp nhat, truyin bd nhiing tin tiic ndng hdi hdng ngdy ttdn mgi Unh vge hogt ddng ciia xa hdi. Di dam bao chat lugng thdng tm, ngdn ngii phdi chinh xdc, nhit Id nhiing thdng tm vl dia diim, thdi gian, nhan vat, sg kipn,...

b) Tinh ngdn ggn

Vdn bdo ehi la ldi vdn ngdn ggn, Itrgng thdng tm eao. Tidu bieu eho sg ngdn gpn Id ban tin, dde bidt Id logi tm vdn, tm nhanh, quang cdo,... O do ed khi chi dirng mdt eau md ngudi dgc ed the ndm bdt dugc thdng tm cin thidt. Phdng sg ed the vidt ddi hon, nhung (trii trudng hgp ddc bidt) ciing khdng dai qud ba ttang bdo. O nhimg bdi ddi thudng ed kdm theo mdt tdm tdt ngdn, m ehii dam d diu bdi bao dl din ddt vd tdm luge ndi dung ea ban (xem cdc bdo Tiin phong, Tudi tre,...).

c) Tinh sinh ddng, hdp ddn

Khdng phai thi logi ndo ciing viet sinh ddng, hap din, nhung mudn thu hiit su chii y cua ngudi dgc, ngdn ngii bdo ehi phai kich thich sg td md hilu bidt ciia ngudi dgc. Diiu dd thi hipn d each diing tii va d$t cau, nhung trudc het Id d nhiing tidu dl (tit) cua bai bdo. VI du:

-Nhang trdi tim mdn mdi chdmd

(Bao Tiin phon^

-10 chiic d td mdt tich cung mdt ldc

(B4o Lao ddn^

- Bdo ddng tinh trgng khdng thudc khdng sinh

(Bdo Lao d0n0

-Wed gdi Lam Hg-hi sinh anh hiing vd37 nam im lgng

(Bao An ninh thigidi)

Ba ddc trung ndi ttdn dugc thi hidn bdng nhimg phuang tipn diin dgt thudng gap ttong ngdn ngii bdo chi.

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.GHINH6.

Ngdn ngu bao chf cd ba ddc trung ca ban : tfnh thdng tin thdi sg ; tfnh ngan gpn ; tinh sinh ddng, hap ddn. Cac ddc trung dd dugc th i hidn d nhung phuang tidn didn dat dam bao chiic ndng thdng tin cua bdo chf va tao ndn phong each ngdn ngu bao chi.

LUYiN TAP

1. Phdn tieh nhiing dgc trung ca ban cua ngdn ngii bdo chi (tinh thdng tin thdi sg, tinh ngdn ggn) thi hidn qua ban tin sau :

Ngdy 3-2, tinh An Giang long trgng ldm li ddn nhdn quyit dinh cua Bd Vdn hod - Thdng tin cdng nhdn di tich lich sic cdch mgng cdp qudc gia 0 Td Sdc thudc xd Luang Phi, huyin Tri Tdn. Ddy Id di tich cdp qudc gia thu 15 cua tinh An Giang. 6 Td Sdc la vung son lam rgng khodng 5 krr^ thudc nui Gidi. Vdi hi thdng hang ddng vd dudng mdn hiim trd, tu ndm 1962 din 1967, nai ddy Id cdn cdciia Tinh uyAn Giang, sau dd Id cdn cuduphdngcua tinh...

(BSo Lao d0ng, s6 35/2004)

2. Vidt mdt bdi phdng su ngdn mang tinh thdi sg (mdt vin dl hay mdt hidn tugng^ md du luan quan tam, vi dg : mdi trudng sdng, ngn cd bgc, hu tuc md tin d dia phtrong,...).

10 - NV11-T1-A 1 4 5

CHi PHEO NAMCAO

(Tiep theo)

PHAN HAI : T A C PHAM

T I E U D A N

Truyen ngSn ChiPheo nguyen co ten la Cdi Id ggch cu; khi in thanh sach lan dau (NXB Doi moi, Ha Npi, 1941), nha xuat ban tuy doi ten la Ddi luaxungddi. Den khi in lai trong tap Ludngcdy (Hoi Van hoa ciiu quoc xuat ban, Ha Noi, 1946), tac gii dat lai tfin la Chi Pheo.

Nam Cao sang tac ttr nam 1936, nhimg den tac pham Chi Phio, nha vin mol khang dinh duoc tai nang cua minh. Chi Pheo la mot kiet tac trong van xuoi Vi$t Nam hien dai, mpt truydn ngan CO gia tri hien thuc va nhan dao sau sic, m6i me, chiing to trinh dp nghe thuat bac thay cua mot nha van Ion.

VANBAN

Hdn vira di vua ehui. Bao gid ciing the, eii rugu xong Id hdn chui. Bdt diu han chui ttdi. Cd hi gi ? Trdi cd eua ridng nhd ndo ? Rdi hdn chui ddi. The cimg chang sao : ddi la tit ca nhung chang Id ai. Tiic minh, hdn ehui ngay tat ca ldng Vii Dai. Nhung ea ldng Vii Dgi ai ciing nhu: "Chdc nd trir minh ra!". Khdng ai ldn tidng ca. Tiic that! O! The nay thi tuc that! Tiic chet di dugc mat! Da tiid, hdn phai chui cha diia ndo khdng chui nhau vdi hdn. Nhung ciing khdng ai ra diiu. Me kiep! Thd cd phi rugu khdng ? The thi ed khd hdn khdng ? Khdng bidt diia chdt me ndo lgi de ra thdn hdn cho hdn khd den ndng ndi nay ? A ha ! Phai day, hdn cii the md chui, hdn eii ehui diia chet me ndo de ra than hdn, de ra edi thdng Chi Phdo ! Han nghien rdng vdo md chui cdi diia dd dd ra Chi Phdo. Nhung md bidt diia ndo dd de ra Chi Phdo ? Cd md ttdi bidt! Hdn khdng bidt, ea ldng Vti Dgi cimg khdng ai bidt...

(Luge mot dogn: Mot ngudi di thd dng luon nhgt dime Chi Pheo "trdn truong va xdm ngdt trong mot vdy dgp deben cdi Id ggch bo khong", sau dd, chuyin tay cho ngudi ldng nuoi. Ldn len, ldm canh dien cho li Kiin, Chi Pheo bi li Kien ghen, ddy vdo tu. Bdy, tdm ndm sau, ChiPheo ra tu...).

Hdn vl ldp ndy ttdng khdc ban, mdi diu chang ai bidt hdn Id ai. Trdng ddc nhu thdng sdng dd^^^! Cdi diu thi ttgc ldc, cai rang ego ttdng hdn, cdi mat thi den ma rat cong eong, hai mdt gudm gudm ttdng gdm chdt! Hdn mac quin ndi den voi cai do tdy vdngf2). Cdi nggc phanh, diy nhiing ndt chgm ttd rdng phugng vdi mdt dng tudng cim chuy' ), ca hai cdnh tay cimg thd. Trdng gdm chdt!

(1) Sdng dd (dpc ch$ch tir tieng Phap gendarme): canh sit. (2) Qudn ndi den, do tdy vdng: ndi la mpt loai vii d#t bing sgi to tim, qudn ndi den la quin may

bang vai nai nhupm den; do tdy vdng la ao mau vang may theo \6i Au phuc. (3) Chuy: vu khr CO bang g6 hoac kim loai dau tr6n va to c6 cin cam de dinh.

1 4 6 10 - NV11-T1-B

Hdn vl hdm trudc, hdm sau dd thay ngdi d chg udng rugu vdi thit ehd sudt tir trua den xe ehilu. Rdi say khudt, hdn xdeh mdt cai vd chai den cdng nha bd Kien, ggi tan tdn tuc^' ra md chui. Cu bd khdng ed nhd. Thay bg didu hung hang cua hdn, bd ca dim ba hai, bd hai thiic bd ba, bd ba ggi bd tu, nhung rdt cge chang bd ndo ddm ra ndi vdi hdn mdt vdi ldi phai chdng. Mdc cdi phai cai thdng liiu Unh qud, nd lgi say rugu, tay nd lgi nhdm nhdm cam edi vd chai, md nhd liic iy todn ddn bd ea... Thdi thi cii ddng cdi cdng cho that chdc rdi mac thdy cha nd, nd ed ehiri thi tai Uln midng day, chui rdi lgi nghe! Thanh thu chi cd ba con chd dii vdi mdt thang say rugu !... That Id im I! Hdng xdm phai mdt biia diee tai, nhung cd Id trong bgng thi hg ha : xua nay hg mdi chi dugc nghe bd ea, bd hai, bd ba, bd tu nhd eg bd ehui ngudi ta, bay gid hg mdi dugc nghe ngudi ta chui lai ca nhd cg bd. Md ehui mdi sudng midng ldm sao ! Mdi ngoa ngoat ldm sao ! Hg bao nhau : "Phen ndy cha eon thdng ba Kidn do cdn ddm vde mat di ddu nua ! Md ma td tidn den ldn ldn mat". Ciing cd ngudi hiin Idnh hon thi bao : "Phiic ddi nhd nd, chdc dng U khdng cd nhd...". Ong U day la dng U Cudng, con giai eg bd ndi tidng Id hdch dieh, coi ngudi nhu ram nhu rdc. Phai dng 11 Cudng thu cd nhd xem ndo ! Qua nhidn hp ndi ed sai ddu! Diy, ed tieng ngudi sang sang qudt: "Mdy mudn ldi thdi gi... edi thdng khdng cha khdng me ndy! Mdy mudn ldi thdi gi ?...". Dd bao md! Cdi tieng qudt thdo kia Id tidng U Cudng. Li Cudng dd vl ! Li Cudng dd v l ! Phai biet... A ha ! Mdt edi tdt rat kdu. Oi! Cdi gi the ndy ? Tidng dam, tidng dd nhau binh bich, thdi eii gpi Id tan xuong! Bdng "choang" mdt cdi, thdi phai rdi, hdn dap edi chai vdo cdt cdng... O hdn kdu... Han vira ehui vtra kdu ldng nhu bi ngudi ta cdt hpng. 0 hdn kdu !

- 6i ldng nudc di! Ciiu tdi vdi... Oi ldng nudc di! Bd con thang Kien nd ddm chdt tdi! Thdng U Cudng nd ddm chd't tdi rdi, ldng nudc di!... Vd hp thay Chi Phdo ldn ldn dudi dat, vira kdu vira liy manh chai cdo vdo mat. Mau ra loe lodt ttdng gdm qud ! May eon ehd xdng xdo quanh hdn, sua rit hang. LI Cudng hoi tdi mat, diing nhin md cudi nhgt, cudi khinh bi. Hir! Ngd la gi, chang hod ra ndm vg! Thi ra hdn dinh den ddy nam vg' )!

Ngudi ta tudn den xem. May cdi ngd tdi xung quanh dim ra bidt bao nhidu la ngudi. That dn do nhu chg. Bd ca, bd hai, bd ba, bd tu nhd eg bd vung dg vi ed anh U cimg xung xia ra ehiii gdp. That ra, cdc bd mudn xem Chi Phdo lam dn ra sao ? Khdng khdo nd ed y gieo vg cho cg dng phen ndy...

(1) Tin tuc: tSn cha me dat tvr khi moi sinh (bang tit Nom, thtromg khdng hay, theo quan ni6m m6 tin la d^ tranh sg chii y cda ma qu^), chi dung de gpi khi con nh6.

(2) Ndm vg: nam i ra de doi cho ki diroc mOt cai gi d6 hoac de bit d6n, nhan co cai ca nao do.

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Nhung kia eg dng da vl. Cg eat tieng rat sang hdi: "Cai ff. md ddng thd nay ?". Chd ndy "Lgy eg", chd kia "Lgy cg", ngudi ta kinh ein diing dan ra, vd Chi Phdo bdng ndm ddi, khdng nhiie nhieh, rdn khe nhu gin chdt.

Thoang nhin qua, eg dd hilu ca sg rdi. Lam U trudng rdi chdnh tdng, bay gjdlgi den lugt con eg ldm U trudng, nhimg vide nhu thd ndy cg khdng la ^ . Cg hay qudt may bd vg dang xung xia chgc tang cdng vdi chdng:

- Cdc bd di vdo nhd; ddn ba chi ldi thdi, biet g !

Rdi quay lgi bgn ngudi ldng, cg diu gigng hon mdt chiit:

- Ca cdc dng, cdc bd niia, vl di thdi chu! Cd ^ md xiim lai nhu the ndy ? Khdng ai ndi , ngudi ta lang din di. Vi ne cg bd cimg ed, nhung vi nghi den su

ydn dn cua minh ciing cd: ngudi nhd qud vdn ghdt ldi thdi. Ai dgi gi md diing y ra day, cd ldm sao hg trieu minh di lam chung. Sau edn tta lgi Chi Phdo vd cha con eg bd. Bdy gid eg mdi lgi gin hdn khd lay md ggi:

- Anh Chi oi! Sao anh lgi ldm ra the ? Chi Phdo Um dim midt, rdn ldn:

- Tao ehi liiu chdt vdi bd eon nhd may day thdi. Nhung tao md chdt thi co thdng sgt nghidp, md cdn rii tu chua bidt chimg.

Cu bd cudi nhgt, nhung tidng cudi gidn gid ldm ; ngudi ta bao cg hon ngudi ciing bdi cdi cudi :

- Cdi ctnh nay ndi mdi hay! Ai ldm ^ anh md anh phdi chdt ? Ddi ngudi chii co phdi con ngod dau ? Lgi say rdi phai khdng ?

Rdi, ddi gigng eg thdn mgt hdi:

- v l bao gid the ? Sao khdng vdo tdi choi ? Di vao nhd udng nudc.

Thay Chi Pheo khdng nhue nhieh, eg tiep ludn: - Ndo diing ldn di. Cii vao day udng nude dd. Cd edi gi, ta ndi chuydn tu te

vdi nhau. Cin gi md phdi lam thanh ddng ^ ldn nhu the, ngudi ngodi bidt, mang tieng ca.

Rdi vira xdc Chi Phdo, eg vira phan ndn:

- Khd qua, gid cd tdi d nhd thi cd ddu den ndi. Ta ndi chuypn vdi nhau, the ndo cimg xong. Ngudi ldn ea, chi mdt eau ehuyen vdi nhau Id du. Chi tai thdng li Cudng ndng tinh, khdng nghi trudc nghi sau. Ai chii anh vdi nd cdn cd hg kia day.

Chi Pheo chd biet hp hdng ra lam sao, nhung cimg thay ldng ngudi ngudi. Hdn cd ldm ra ve ndng ne, ngdi ldn. Cg bd bidt rdng minh dd thing, dua mat nhdy con mdt cdi, qudt:

- U Cudng ddu! Tdi may ddng chdt. Khdng bao ngudi nhd dun nude, mau ldn!

(1) Thanh ddng: huyen nao, 6n ao.

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(Luge mot dogn: Chi Pheo trd thdnh tay sai cua bd Kien, cdng ngdy cdng hung hdn, ngang ngugc vd trien mien say.

Chieu nay, nhu moi budi chieu, Chi Pheo lgi "vita di vita chdi". Vd cung nhu moi chieu, vdn khong mot ai ddp ldi hdn. Hdn rdt tuc toi, dinh ghe vdo bdt ki nhd ndo ddp be mot cdi gi cho bo tdc. Hdn re vdo nhd tg Ldng gida liic ldo ndy dang udng rugu mot minh dudi trdng. Chi Pheo sd xuong, cung uong. Khi da thod thue, hdn ldo ddo ra ve, nhung khong ve leu md di ra bd song gdn nhd. 6 do, Chi Pheo dd gap thi Nd - mot ngudi ddn bd xdu xi; ngdn nga, e chdng - ra sdng kin nudc ngoi nghi roi ngu quen. Ho dn ndm vdi nhau roi cung ngu say dudi trdng. Den nda dim, Chi Pheo dau bgng, non mua. Thi Nd diu hdn vdo trong leu, dgt lin chong, ddp chieu cho hdn roi ra ve...)

Khi Chi Phdo md mat thi trdi sdng dd ldu. Mat trdi chdc dd ldn cao, vd ndng bdn ngodi chdc Id rgc rd. Cii nghe chim riu rit ben ngodi du bidt. Nhung trong cdi leu am thap v in mdi ehi hoi Id md. O ddy ngudi ta thay ehilu Mc xe trua vd gap ddm khi bdn ngodi vdn sdng. Chua bao gid Chi Phdo nhdn thiy the bdi chua bao gid het say.

Nhung bdy gid thi ban tinh. Hdn bdng khudng nhu tinh day sau mdt con say rat ddi. Ciing nhu nhtmg rigudi say tinh day, hdn thay midng ddng, long ma hd budn. Ngudi thi bun run, chdn tay khdng budn nhac. Hay Id ddi rugu ? Nghl den rugu, hdn hoi riing minh. Rudt gan lgi ndn nao ldn mdt ti. Hdn sg rugu ciing nhu nhimg ngudi dm thudng sg cam. Tieng chim hdt ngodi kia vui ve qud! Cd tieng cudi ndi cua nhiing ngudi di chg. Anh thuyin chdi gd mdi chdo dudi cd. Nhimg tieng quen thudc ay hdm ndo cha ed. Nhung hdm nay hdn mdi nghe thay... Chao di Id budn!

- Vai hdm nay bdn miy ?

- Kdm ba xu, di g!

- The thi edn dn thua gi!

- Cd khdo eo mdi dugc mdt tam ndm xu.

- That thd day. Nhung chang Id rdng lgi choi...

Chi Phdo dodn chac rang mdt ngudi ddn bd hdi mdt ngudi ddn bd khdc di ban vai d Nam Dinh vl. Hdn lai nao nao budn, la vi mau ehuyen ay nhdc cho hdn mdt cdi ^ rat xa xdi. Hinh nhu cd mdt thdi hdn dd ao udc cd mdt gia dinh nho nhd. phdng eude mudn cay thud, vg ddt vai. Chiing lgi bd mdt con lgn nudi de ldm vdn Udng. Khd gia thi mua dam ba sdo rudng ldm.

Tinh day hdn thay ban gid ma vin cdn cd ddc. Budn thay eho ddi! Cd U ndo nhu tiid dugc ? Han da gid rdi hay sao ? Ngodi bdn muoi tudi diu... Diu sao, do khdng phai tudi md ngudi ta mdi bdt diu sua sogn. Hdn dd tdi cdi dde bdn kia cua ddi. O nhung ngudi nhu hdn, chiu dung bidt bao nhidu la chat ddc, day dog cge nhpe, md chua bao gid dm, mpt trdn dm ed thi gpi Id dau hidu bdo rang ea th i

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da hu hdng nhiiu. Nd la mdt eon mua gid cudi thu eho biet trdi gid rdt, nay mua ddng da den. Chi Pheo hinh nhu dd ttdng trudc thiy tudi gid cua hdn, ddi rdt va dm dau, vd cd dpc, edi ndy edn dang sg hon ddi rdt vd dm dau.

Cung may thi Nd vdo. Ndu thi khdng vdo, eii dl hdn vin va nghl mdi, thi din khdc dugc mat. Thi vdo cdp mdt cdi rd, ttong ed mdt ndi ^ day vung. Do Id mpt ndi chdo hdnh cdn ndng nguydn. La vi liic cdn ddm, thi ttdn trge mdt lat, thi bdng nhidn nghi rdng: cdi thdng Ulu Unh ay kl ra thi ddng thuong, cdn ^ dang thuang bang dau dm ma ndm cdng queo mdt minh. Gid thu ddm qua khdng cd thi thi hdn chdt. Thi kidu nggo vi da ciiu sdng cho mdt ngudi. Thi thiy nhu ydu hdn: do Id cai long ydu eua mdt ngudi ldm on. Nhung ciing ed ea ldng ydu eua mdt ngudi chiu on. Mdt ngudi nhu thi Nd cdng khdng qudn dugc. Cho ndn thi nghl: minh bd han liic nay thi cimg bac. Diu sao cdng da dn nam vdi nhau ! An ndm vdi nhau nhu "vg chdng". Tieng "vg chdng" thay ngudng ngugng md thinh thich. Dd vdn Id dieu mong mudn dm thim cua con ngudi khdn ngn ay chdng ? Hay Id sg khodi lgc ciia xdc thit da ldm ndi day nhimg tmh tinh md thi chua bao gid bidt ?

Chi bidt rdng thi mudn gap Chi Pheo, gap hdn md rihde lgi chuydn ddm qua thi chdc budn cudi ldm. Gdm! Sao lgi ed thii ngudi dau md U qua the! Ngudi ta ngdi day. md ddm xdn ldn ngay vdo, nd cha ngang ngugc md ngudi ta kdu bd, nd lai lam to ban. Md kl thi cimg ngu ngd. Cdi thing ttdi ddnh khdng chdt iy, nd cdn sg ai ma hdng kdu. Nhung md ddng kiep. Thd ttdn iy that Id phai bidt. Cii ggi Id hdm nay nhgc dir. Phai cho hdn dn ti gi mdi dugc. Dang dm the thi chi an chdo hdnh, ra dupe md hdi thi Id nhe nhdm ngudi ngay dd ma... The Id viia sdng thi dd chgy di tim gao. Hdnh thi nhd thi may lgi edn. Thi nau bd vdo edi rd, mang ra cho Chi Phdo.

Thdng ndy rat ngac nhien. Hdt nggc nhidn thi hdn thiy mdt hinh nhu uon udt. Bdi vi lin ndy Id lan thii nhat hdn dugc mdt ngudi ddn bd eho. Xua nay, ndo hdn ed thiy ai tg nhidn cho cdi gi. Hdn vin phai dog ngt hay Id gidt cudp. Hdn phai ldm eho ngudi ta sg. Hdn nhin bat chdo bdc khdi md bdng khudng. Thi Nd thi ehi nhin trdm hdn rdi lgi toe todt cudi. Trdng thi the md cd duyen. Tinh ydu ldm eho ed duydn. Hdn thay vua vui vira budn. Vd mdt cdi gi niia gidng nhu Id dn nan. Cung cd thi nhu thd ldm. Ngudi ta hay hdi ban vl tdi dc khi khdng du siie md dc nua. Thi Nd giuc hdn an ndng. Hdn cim liy bdt chdo dua ldn mdm. Trdi oi chdo mdi tham lam sao ! Chi khdi xdng vdo mui ciing dii ldm ngudi nhe nhdm. Hdn hiip mdt hiip vd nhdn ra rang: nhiing ngudi sudt ddi khdng dn chao hdnh khdng bidt rang chdo hdnh dn rit ngon. Nhung tgi sao mdi den tan bay gid hdn mdi ndm miii vi chdo ?

Hdn tg hdi rdi lgi tg tra ldi : Cd ai niu cho md dn ddu ? Ma cdn ai nau cho ma dn nua ! Ddi hdn chua bao gid dugc sdn sdc bdi mdt bdn tay "ddn bd". Hdn nha den "bd ba", edi con quy edi hay bdt hdn bdp chdn md lgi cii bdt bdp ldn ttdn, tren niia. Nd chi nghi den sao eho thoa nd ehii cd ydu hdn ddu. Hdi ay hdn hai muoi. Hai muoi tudi, ngudi ta khdng Id dd, nhung cimg khdng todn Id xdc thit. Ngudi ta

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khdng thich edi gi ngudi ta klunh. Va lgi hi mdt con ddn bd ggi den ma bdp chdn! Hdn thiy nhgc hon Id tiilch, hudng hd lgi sg. Qua that, tir khi bidt rang con vg chu sai hdn ldm mdt vide khdng chinh ddng, hdn vira ldm viia run. Khdng lam thi khdng dugc ; mgi vide ttong nhd, quyin bd ba. Chii hdn, hdn cdn long ndo ddu ! Den ndi ngudi ddn bd phdt cdu. Bd thay xa xdi khdng dugc, phai ldm den noi. Bd bao hdn rdng: "Mdy thgc thd qud! Con ttai ^ hai muoi mdi ma dd nhu dng gid". Hdn vin gia vd khdng hilu. Bd lang la bao : "Cha nhe tao ggi mdy vdo ehi dl bdp chan the ndy thdi u ?...". Vd thay hdn dung dang, bd mdng xoi xoi vdo mgt. Hdn chi thay nhgc, chii ydu duong gi. Khdng, hdn chua dugc mdt ngudi ddn bd ndo ydu ea, vi the md bdt chdo hanh cua thi Nd ldm hdn suy nghi nhiiu. Hdn ed thi tim bgn dugc, sao lgi ehi gay ke thu ?

Bdt chdo hiip xong rdi, thi Nd dd lay bat chdo vd miic thdm bdt niia. Hdn thay minh dim bao nhidu md hdi. Md hdi chay ra trdn diu, trdn mat, nhimg gigt to nhu gigt nudc. Hdn dua tay do qudt ngang mdt cdi, qudt miii, cudi rdi lgi an. Hdn cdng dn, md hdi lgi cdng ra nhiiu. Thi Nd nhin hdn, ldc diu, thuong hgi. Hdn thiy ldng thdnh tre con. Hdn mudn lam ndng vdi thi nhu vdi me. Oi sao ma hdn hiin, ai dam bao dd Id cdi thing Chi Phdo vdn dap diu, rgch mat ma ddm chdm ngudi ? Dd Id cdi ban tinh cua hdn, ngdy thudng bi lap di, hay trdn dm thay ddi hdn vl sinh li ciing thay ddi ed tdm 11 niia ? Nhimg ngudi ydu dudi vdn hay hiin Idnh. Mudn de, phdi Id ke manh. Hdn ddu edn mgnh nua. Vd cd liic hdn ngim minh ma lo. Xua nay hdn chi sdng bdng gidt cudp vd dog ngt. Neu khdng edn sue md gigt cudp, dog ngt nua thi sao ? Da ddnh, hdn chi manh vi Ulu. Nhung hdn ma hd thay rang sd cd mdt liic md ngudi ta khdng thi Ulu dugc niia. Biy gid mdi nguy ! Trdi oi ! Hdn thdm luong thidn, hdn mudn ldm hod vdi mgi ngudi biet bao ! Thi Nd sd md dudng cho hdn. Thi ed thi sdng ydn dn vdi hdn thi sao ngudi khde lgi khdng thi dugc. Hg sd thay rang hdn ciing ed thi khdng ldm hgi dugc ai. Hg se lgi nhgn hdn vdo edi xd hdi bang phang, than thidn cua nhiing ngudi luong thidn. Hdn bdn khodn nhin thi Nd, nhu tham dd. Thi vin im ldng, cudi tin ein. Hdn thiy tg nhidn nhe ngudi. Han bao thi: "

- Gid cii the nay mdi thi thich nhi ?

Thi khdng ddp, nhung cdi mui do ciia thi nhu cdng hgnh ra. Hdn thay thd cung khdng cd ^ la xiu. Bdng mdt cai gigng ndi vd mdt vd mat rat phong tinh'" theo y hdn, hdn bao thi:

- Hay Id minh sang ddy d vdi td mdt nhd cho vui.

Thi ludm hdn. Mdt ngudi tiidt xiu khi ydu ciing ludm. Hdn thich chi, khanh khdch cudi. Ldc tinh tdo, hdn cudi nghe tiidt hiin. Thi Nd lay ldm bang long ldm. Bay gid thi may bdt chdo y chiing dd ngam. Hdn thay ldng rat vui. [...]

(1) Phong tinh : ling lo, tinh tu.

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Chiing sd ldm thdnh mdt cap rit xiing ddi. Chiing ciing nhdn thiy the vd nhit dinh la liy nhau. Nhu the ndm ngdy chdn, thi d nhd hdn cd ngdy lin ddm, trii nhimg Mc di kidm tiin. Hdn khdng edn kinh rugu nhung ed udng eho that it. De eho khdi tdn tiin, nhimg nhd't la dl tinh tdo md ydu nhau. Dan bd khdng cd men nhu rugu nhung cung lam ngudi say. Vd hdn say thi ldm. Nhung thi lgi la ngudi dd hoi. Den hdm thii sdu, thi thi bdng nhd rang thi ed mdt ngudi cd d ddi. Ngudi ed iy ndi ngdy nay se vl. Thi nghi bung: hdy dimg ydu dl hdi ed thi dd.

Thay thi hdi, ba gid kia bat cudi. Bd tudng chdu bd ndi diia. Nhung chgt nhd ra rang chdu bd vdn dd hoi. Bd bdng ttd ndn hoang hdt. Bd nhgc cho dng cha nhd bd. Ciing cd le bd tui cho than bd. Bd nghi ddn edi ddi ddi dang dde eua bd, khdng co chdng. Bd thiy chua xdt ldm. Bd uat lie, uat lie vdi ai khdng bidt. Nhung rdi dd cdi uat lie ngay ldn chdu bd! Ngudi dan bd diic hanh thiy chdu ba sao md di the! That ddn mgt. Ngodi ba muoi tudi md chua trdt ddi. Ngodi ba muoi tudi... ai lgi cdn di lay chdng! Ai ddi lgi cdn di liy chdng! U! Ma ed lay thi lay ai chii ?... Ddn dng da chdt het ca rdi hay sao, md lgi ddm diu di liy mdt thang khdng cha. Ai lgi di liy thing chi cd mdt nghl Id rgch mat ra dn va. Trdi oi! Nhue nhd oi Id nhgc nhd! Hdi dng cha nhd ba ! Bd gdo ldn nhu eon me dgi. Bd xia xdi vdo mat cdi con chdu gai ba muoi tudi ma chua ttdt ddi. Bd bao phdt nd :

- Da nhin dugc ddn bdng ndy tudi thi nhin ban; ai lgi di lay thing Chi Phdo!

Thi. nghe thiy the md ldn rudt. Nhung thi bidt edi ba lam sao ? Con ngudi iy co quyin ndi the, bdi eon ngudi ay ndm muoi tudi rdi, nam muoi tudi cdn ai lay chdng. Thi biet cdi ldm sao ? Md khdng cai dugc thi gidn dii ndi ldn dimg dimg. Thi tiic ldm ! Thi tiic ldm ! Thi ein dd edi tiic iy ldn mdt ngudi. Thi ton ton chay ldn nhd nhdn ngdi'i'. Thi thay hdn duong udng rugu, vd vira udng vita lim bim chui thi vl nhd ldu. Hdn khdng quen dpi ; bdi phai dpi, hdn lgi ldi rugu, vd udng eho dd budn. Udng vdo thi phai ehui, quen mdm rdi! Nhung thi ldm ^ md ban ehui ? Md hdn ed quyin gi chui thi ? O, thi didn len mat! Thi gidm chdn xudng dat, rdi lgi nhay cdng ldn nhu thugng ddng^ ). Hdn thii vi qud, ldc lu cdi diu cudi. Lgi edn cudi! Nd nhgo thi. Trdi oi! Thi didn ldn mit, trdi oi Id trdi! Thi chdng tay vao hdng, vdnh venh cdi mat, vd ddn cdi mdi vi dgi ldn, tnit vdo mat ban tat ea ldi ba ed. Hdn nghi nggi mdt ti rdi hinh nhu hieu, ban bdng nhidn ngin ngudi. Thodng mdt edi, hdn lai nhu hit thiy hoi chdo hdnh. Hdn cii ngdi ngan mat, khdng ndi gi. Thi triit xong gidn rdi. Cdi mui do cua thi di xudng rdi lgi hgnh ra. Thi hd hd lam ldm. Thi ngoay ngody cai mdng dit di ra vl. Hdn siing sdt, diing ldn ggi lgi. Ai ma thdm lgi! Cdn mudn ldi thdi cdi gi ? Hdn dudi tiieo tiii, ndm liy tay. Thi ggt ra.

(1) Nhdn ngdi: nguoi tinh. (2) Thugng ddng: len dong (mpt nghi 16 gpi hon ngucli ch^t nhap vao nguoi sdng theo m& tin).

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lgi giiii tiidm eho mdt cdi. Hdn ldn khodo xudng sdn. Da ldn ra tiii hdn phai kdu : bao gid cha the. Hdn nhdt mdt hdn gach vd, toan dap diu. Nhung hinh nhu hdn chua that say. Vi hdn nghi: dap diu d ddy ehi thidt; dap diu d day, dl ma ndm dn vg ai ? Hdn tg phai ddn cai nhd con di Ndkia. Den de ddm chet ca nhd nd, dam chet edi eon khgm"' gid nhd nd. Neu khdng ddm dugc. Me iy hay dap diu ra kdu ldng. Mudn dap diu, phdi udng that say. Khdng ed rugu, liy gi ldm mdu cho nd chay! Phai udng thdm chai niia. Vd bin udng. Nhung tiic qud, cdng udng lgi cdng tinh ra. Tinh ra, chao di, budn ! Hai rugu khdng sac sga, hdn eii thoang thoang thay hoi chdo hdnh. Han dm mdt khdc rung nic. Roi lgi udng. Rdi lgi udng. Hdn udng den say mim ngudi rdi ban di. Hdn ra di vdi mgt con dao d thdt lung. Hdn lam nham : "Tao phai dam chd't nd ! Tao phdi ddm chdt nd !". Nhung hdn lgi eii thing dudng md di. Cdi g da ldm hdn qudn re vdo nhd thi Nd ? Nhimg thing didn vd nhimg thdng say rugu khdng bao gid ldm nhiing edi md Me ra di chiing dinh ldm.

Trdi ndng ldm, ndn dudng vdng. Hdn cii di, cii ehui, cii dog gidt "nd", vd cii di. Bay gid den ngd nhd cg bd. Hdn xdng xdng di vdo. Ca nhd di ldm ddng vdng, chi cd minh eg bd dang nam nghi trua. Nghe tieng hdn, eg thiy sao bgc minh! Chinh that thi eg da dang buc minh. Bdi vi eg thiy diu hoi nhiic. Cu dang mudn ed mdt bdn tay man mat xoa cdi diu. Ciing ed Id, cg ehi mudn bd tu dung di ldu qud the. Di lau the, khdng biet rang di ddu ? Sao bd ay edn ttd qud! Gin bdn muoi rdi md trdng cdn phdy phay, edn phdy phay qud di nua! Cu ndm nay dd ngodi sdu muoi. Gid ydu qud, nghi md chua xdt. Gid the thi bd ay ehi cung gid eho xong. Bd iy lgi cii tre, eii phdy phdy, cii dep nhu mdi ngodi hai muoi tudi, md sao da tinh. Nhin tW thich nhung md tung tiic la. Khde gi nhai mieng thit bd Igt sgt khi rung gin het rdng. Mdt bd, midng ba, cd duydn, nhung trdng dl ldm! Hoi mdt ti thi cudi toe todt, tit ca mdt lgi, cdi md thi hdy hdy. Md thay ghdt nhimg thing trai trd, gid Idm eon bd khdng ddng, md thay bd ddu cung diia. Chiing dua nhat nhu nudc dc, chi dugc edi thd tgc, md gap ai ddu cung cudi! Chang nghi gi den dia vi ea, ngudi ddu md vd tdm. Tuc la ! Cg ehi mudn cho tit ca nhiing thing trai trd di d tii... Nhimg Mc nhu the, thi mdt ngudi diu khdn ngoan cung khdng binh tinh dugc. Nhd't Id khi trdng thay mgt thdng ehi den vdi tiin udng rugu nhu Chi Phdo. Tuy vdy, eg cung mdc sdn ndm hdo. Thd mdc sdn dl tdng nd di eho chdng. Nhung mdc rdi, eg cung phdi qudt mdt cdu eho nhe ngudi :

- Chi Phdo day hd ? Ld bd vira vita chii, tdi khdng phdi Id cdi kho.

Rdi ndm bet ndm hao xudng dit, eg bao bin :

(1) Con khom {khom : lung cong xudng do tuoi tdc): ngudi dan bi gia (noi mpt cdch khinh ghet).

153

- c im lay md ciit, di di cho ranh. Rdi ldm md an chii cu bdo<" ngudi ta mai a ? Hdn ttgn mdt, chi vdo mat cg : - Tao khdng den day xin ndm hdo. Thay hdn toem ldm dii, cg ddnh diu gigng: - Thdi, cim liy vdy, tdi khdng cdn hon. Hdn vdnh cdi mat ldn, rit Id kidu nggo : - Tao da bao tao khdng ddi tiin. - Gidi! Hdm nay mdi thay anh khdng ddi tiin. The thi anh cin ^ ? Hdn ddng dgc: - Tao mudn ldm ngudi luong thidn. Bd Kien cudi ha ha: - O tudng ^ ! Tdi chi ein anh luong thidn eho thidn hg nhd. Hdn lac diu:

- Khdng dugc ! Ai eho tao luong thidn ? Ldm the ndo cho mat dugc nhiing vet manh chai ttdn mat ndy ? Tao khdng the Id ngudi luong thi^n niia. Bidt khdng! Chi ed mdt cdch... biet khdng!... Chi edn mdt cdch Id... cdi nay! Bidt khdng!...

Hdn riit dao ra, xdng vdo. Bd Kidn ngdi nhdm day, Chi Phdo dd vdng dao toi rdi. Bd Kidn chi ldp kdu mdt tidng. Chi Phdo viia chdm tiii bgi vita kdu ldng that to. Hdn kdu ldng, khdng bao gid ngudi ta vdi den. Bdi the khi ngudi ta den thi hdn ciing dd dang gidy ddnh dgch d giiia bao nhidu Id mdu tuoi. Mdt.hdn trgn ngugc. Mdm hdn ngdp ngdp, mudn ndi, nhung khdng ra tidng. 6 ed hdn, thinh thoang mdu vin edn li ra.

Ca ldng Vii Dgi nhao ldn. Hg bdn tdn rat nhiiu vl vu dn khdng ngd iy. Cd nhieu ke mimg thim. Khdng thidu ke mimg ra mat. Cd ngudi ndi xa xdi: "Trdi cd mat day, anh em g!". Ngudi khde tW ndi togc : "Thing ndo ehii hai thing iy chet thi khdng ai tide ! Rd that bgn chiing gidt nhau, nao ed phai cin den tay ngudi khdc ddu". Mimg nhat Id hg ki hdo d ttong lang. Hg tudn ddn de hdi thdm, nhung chinh Id di nhin li Cudng bdng nhiing con mat thoa man vd khidu khich. Ddi Tao, khdng ein kin ddo, ndi toang toang ngay ngodi chg trudc mat bao nhidu ngudi: "Thing bd chd't, thing con Idp ndy khdng khdi ngudi ta cho dn bun". Ai cha hilu "ngudi ta" do Id ehinh dng. Bgn ddn em thi bdn nhd : "Thing mgt gia

(1) CI? bao: cii an hai.

154

ay chet, anh em mmh ndn an mimg". Nhiing ngudi biet diiu thi hay ngd vuc ; hg chep midng ndi: "Tre gid mdng mge, tiidng iy chdt, cdn tiling khdc, chiing minh ciing chang Ipi ti gi ddu".

Bd cd thi Nd chi vdo tan mat chdu md day nghien:

- Phde ddi nhd mdy, con nhd. Cha dm lay dng Chi Phdo.

Thi cudi vd ndi lang:

- Hdm qua ldm bidn ban. If Cudng nghe ddu dd tdn gin mdt ttam. Thidt ngudi lgi thidt eua.

Nhung thi nghi thim :

- Sao cd Me nd hiin nhu dit.

Va nhd lgi nhiing Mc dn ndm vdi hdn, thi nhin trdm bd cd, rdi nhin nhanh xudng bgng:

- Ndi dgi, ndu minh chua, bdy gid hdn chd't rdi, thi lam dn the ndo ?

Dot nhidn thi thiy thodng hidn ra mdt edi Id ggch cu bd khdng, xa nhd eiia, vd ving ngudi lgi qua...

(Theo Nam Cao - Tdc phdm, tap 1,' ' NXB van hpe, Ha NOi, 1977)

HUioniG DAN HOC BAI

1. Cdch vdo truydn eua Nam Cao ddc ddo nhu the ndo ? Hdy ndu y nghia tidng ehui eua nhdn vdt Chi Phdo ttong dogn vdn md diu thidn truydn.

2. Vide gap gd thi Nd dd ed y nghia nhu the ndo ddi vdi cudc ddi Chi Phdo ? Nhimg gi dd diin ra trong tdm hdn Chi Phdo sau cudc gap gd do ?

3. Phdn tieh didn bien tdm trgng cua Chi Phdo sau khi bi thi Nd tit chdi chung sdng. Vi sao Chi Phdo ed hdnh ddng tiidt du ddi, bit ngd (udng rugu, xdeh dao di gidt bd Kien rdi tg sdt) ?

4. Qua hmh tugng Chi Phdo, hdy ldm ro nghd tiiudt dien hmh hod cua Nam Cao (chii y vide khde hog tinh cdch vd nghd thudt midu ta, phdn tieh tdm U nhdn vat).

5. Ngdn ngii kl chuydn cua tac gid vd ngdn ngii nhdn vdt trong truydn ngdn nay cdgiddcsdc?

6. Tu tudng nhdn dgo sdu sde, mdi me cua Nzun Cao qua truydn ngdn ndy ?

(1) C6 tham khio mOt vai van bin khdc.

155

GHI NHO-

• Chi Pheo la mdt kiet tac ciia nen vdn xudi Vidt Nam hidn dai. Qua truydn ngdn nay. Nam Cao khai quat mpt hidn tugng xa hpi 6 ndng thdn Vidt Nam trudc Cach mang : mgt bg phan ndng dan lao dgng luang thidn bj day vdo con dudng tha hoa, luu manh hod. Nha van da ket an danh thep cai xa hgi tan bao tan pha ca th i xac vd tam hon ngudi ndng dan lao dpng, dong thdi, khdng dmh ban chat luang thien ciia hp, ngay trong khi hg bi vui ddp mat ca nhan hinh, nhan tfnh. Chf Pheo la mpt tac pham cd gia tri hidn thuc vd gia trj nhan dao sau sac, mai me.

• Chi Pheo the hien tai nang truyen ngdn bac thay cua Nam Cao : xay dgng thanh cong nhCrng nhan vat dien hinh bat hu ; nghd thudt tr in thudt linh hoat, tu nhidn ma vin nhdt quan, chat che ; ngdn ngu nghd thuat ddc sdc. J

LUYEN TAP

1. Trong truydn ngdn Ddi thica. Nam Cao vidt: "Vdn chuang khdng ein den nhiing ngudi thg Idido tay, ldm theo mdt vdi kiiu miu dua cho. Vdn chuong chi dung ngp nhimg ngudi biet ddo sdu, bidt tim tdi, khoi nhiing ngudn chua ai khoi, vd sdng tgo nhimg edi g chua cd".

Vdi nhimg hilu bidt vl sg nghidp sdng tdc eua Nam Cao, anh (ehi) hay phdt biiu y kidn eua minh vl quan diim nghd thudt ndi ttdn cua nhd van.

2. Vi sao truyen ngdn Chi Pheo dugc coi Id mdt kidt tde eua nin vdn xudi Viet Nam hidn dai ?

156

THIJC HANH v i LUA CHON TRAT TV CAC B 6 P H A N T R O N G CAU

K^TQUACANOAT-

• Ndng cao nhdn thiic ve vai trd, tac dung cCia trdt tg cac bd phdn cdu trong vide th i hidn y nghTa va lidn ket y trong vdn ban.

• Cd y thiic cdn nhac, Iga chgn trat tgtdi uu cho eae bd phan cau ; cd kT nang sdp xdp trdt tg trong cdu khi ndi vd vidt.

I-TRATTITTRONGCAUDON

1. Dgc dogn trich sau, ehii y ttgt tg cdc bd phgn cdu dugc m dgm vd ttd ldi cau hdi.

Hdn mdc du mgi tui, di tim mdt cdi gi, hdn gia ra : dd Id mdt con dao nho, nhung rdt sdc. Hdn nghiin rdng ndi tiip:

- Vdng bdm cg khdng dugc thi con phdi ddm chit ddm ba thdng rdi cg bdt con gidi huy$n.

{NamCao, Chi Pheo)

a) Cd the sdp xdp phin in dgm theo ttgt tu "rat sdc, nhung nhd" ma cau van phu hgp vdi mach y ttong dogn vdn dugc khdng ?

b) Vide sdp xdp theo trdt tg "nhd, nhung rat sde" cd tdc dgng nhu thd ndo ddi vdi sg thi hidn y nghia cua cdu vd su Udn kit y ttong dogn vdn ?

e) So sanh vdi trdt tg eua cdc tu ngu do ttong trudng hgp sau:

Han cd mdt con dao rdt sdc nhung nhd. Dao dy thi ldm sao chgt dugc cdnh cdy to ndy ?

Trong mdi trudng hgp ttdn day, ttdt tg sdp xdp cdc bd phdn cdu ed mgc dich n ? (xdt ttong quan he vl y vdi cdc cdu di trudc, di sau)

2. Mdt hgc sinh Trung hgc ea sd cdn ludng lg ttong vide Iga chgn giua hai each vidt sau ddy. Anh (chi) hdy giiip em dd Iga chgn cdch Vjdt tdi im vd giai thich U do eua sg Iga chgn dd.

A - Bgn em nhd ngudi nhung rdt thdng minh. Thdy gido dd chgn bgn dy vdo ddi tuyin hgc sinh gidi.

157

B - Bgn em rdt thdng minh, nhung nhd ngudi. Thdy gido dd chgn bgn dy vdo ddi tuyin hgc sinh gidi.

3. Trong mdi dogn trich sau diu cd nhimg cdu van cd bd phdn biiu hidn thdi gian (phin m dam), nhung bd phdn do dugc dgt d nhtmg vi tti khdc nhau ttong cdu (diu, giiia, cudi cdu). Hdy phdn tieh tdc dgng ciia mdi cdch sdp xdp.

a) Mgt dim khuya. Mi nghe tiing gd vdch [...]. Mi vua budc ra, lap tuc cd mdy ngudi chodng din, nhit do vdo miing Mi rdi bit mdt, cdng Mi di.

Sdng hdm sau. Mi mdi biit minh dang ngdi trong nhd thdng li Pd Tra...

(To Hoai, Vg chdng A Phu)

b) Nhung md biit dua ndo dd de ra Chi Pheo ? Cd md trdi biit.' Hdn khdng biit, cd ldng Vu Dgi cung khdng ai biit...

Mdt anh di thd dng luan, mdt budi sdng tinh suong dd thdy hdn trdn trudng vd xdm ngdt trong mdt vdy dgp [...].

{Nam Cao, Chi Pheo)

c) Nhung rdi hdi ra mdi rd cd dy khdng phdi con gdi nhd Pd Tra : cd dy Id vg A Sii, con trai thdng li Pd Tra.

Cd Mi vi ldm ddu nhd Pd Tra dd mdy ndm.

U:bnodi,VgchdngAPhu)

H-THAT TU TRONG CAU GHEP

1. Trong nhimg cdu ghdp d cdc dogn trich sau, vi sao vd m dam lgi ddt d vi tri sau so vdi ve edn lgi ? Khi ddt ve dd d vi tri trudc thi ndi dung eua cdu vd mgeh y cua dogn ed gi thay ddi ?

a) Chi Phio dodn chdc rdng mdt ngudi ddn bd hdi mdt ngudi ddn bd khdc di bdn vdi dNam Dinh vi. Hdn lgi nao nao budn. Id vi mdu chuyin dy nhdc cho hdn mgt cdi gi rdt xa xdu Hinh nhu cd mdt thdi hdn dd ao udc cd mdt gia dinh nho nhd. Chdng cudc mudn cdy thai, vgdit vdt

{Nam Cao, Chi Pheo)

b)Thua eg, viic dd Id viic riing cua chi chdu. Tuyy chi chdu cuxu. Chdu khdng cd quyin lam bdn tdi, tuy ddi vdi chi chdu cung nhu ddi vdi quan huyen, chdu vdn Id ngudi chiu an.

(Khai Himg, Nda chimg xudn)

158

2. Lga chgn cdu van thich hgp nhat dl dung vdo vi tri bd ttdng d diu dogn vdn sau day:

|...| Trong cdc thdi ki khdc nhau trudc ddy, cdc nhd chinh tri, nhd vdn ldi lgc,... dd phdt triin nd vd hodn todn ndm viing nd. Vi dg: Na-pd-li-dng dgc tdc do 2000 tulphdt, Ban-ddc dgc tdc do 4000 tit/phut, Mdc-xim Go-ra-ki dgc mdi trang sdch chi mdt vdi gidy,...

(Theo Lich vdn hod tong hgp 1987 -1990)

A - Cdc phuang phdp dgc nhanh khdng phdi Id diiu mdi lg nhung trong nhOng ndm gdn ddy nd dd dugc phd biin khd rdng.

B - Trong nhiing ndm gdn ddy, cdc phuang phdp dgc nhanh khdng phdi Id diiu mdi lg nhung nd dd dugc phd biin khd rdng.

C - Trong nhiing ndm gdn ddy, cdc phuong phdp dgc nhanh dd dugc phd biin khd rdng, nhung nd khdng phdi Id diiu mdi lg.

D - Cdc phuang phdp dgc nhanh khdng phdi Id diiu mdi lg nhung nd dd dugc phd biin khd rdng trong nhiing ndm gdn ddy.

159

BAN TIN

KfTQUACANOAT-

• Ndm dugc ydu cau ca ban cua ban tin.

• Biet each viet bdn tin v l nhung sg kidn xay ra trong cugc sdng.

I - MUC DiCH, YEU CAU CU BAN CUA BAN TIN

Ban tin Id mdt thi logi bdo chi nhdm dua tin kip thdi, chinh xac nhimg su kidn thai sg cd y nghia trong ddi sdng xd hgi. Ban tin ed nhiiu logi: tin vdn, tin thudng, tin tudng thudt, tin tdng hgp,... Tin vdn Id logi tin khdng ed nhan de, dung lugng ngdn. Cdc logi ban tin khdc diu cd nhan dl nhung ndi dung vd cdch vidt khdc nhau. Tin thudng thdng bao ngdn ggn nhung tuong ddi diy du vl mdt sg kidn, la logi tin chiem ti Id cao nhat trong Unh vge bao ehi. Tin tudng thuat Id logi tin phdn dnh tir diu den cudi sg kidn mdt each chi tidt, cg the. Cdn tin tdng hgp nhdm mgc dieh thdng tin tdng hgp nhiiu sg kidn xung quanh mpt hidn tugng ndo dd cd van dl ddng quan tdm.

Trong cudc sdng hidn dgi ngdy nay, nhu ciu ndm bdt thdng tin mdt cdch nhanh chdng vd chinh xdc trd ndn bet siic ein thidt. Vi the, ban tin cin phdi ddp ling dugc mdt so ydu ciu ca ban.

Dgc bdn tm sau vd tta ldi eau hdi ndu d dudi.

Dpi TUY^N 0-UM-PiCH TOAN VI$T NAM X^P THU TU TOAN DOAN

Trong cudc thi 0-Um-pich Todn qudc te lin thii 45 didn ra tgi thu dd A-ten, Hi Lgp, tit ngdy 14 den 16 thang 7, ddi tuyin Viet Nam xdp thu tu todn dodn (dgt 196 diim). Ca sau thanh vidn ddi tuyen Viet Nam diu dogt huy chuang: bd'n huy chuong Vang, hai huy chuang Bgc. Doan Trung Qudc xdp thu nhat (dgt 220 diem, sdu huy chuong Vang). Cudc thi 0-Um-pIeh Todn lin nay ed hon 500 thi sinh ciia 85 nudc tham gia.

(Bao Nhdn ddn, ngay 19-7 -2004)

1. Ban tm ttdn thdng bdo tm ^ ? Tm dd ed y nghia nhu the ndo ddi vdi ngdnh Gido dgc ndi chung vd hgc sinh Viet Nam ndi ridng ?

2. Vi sao tin ttdn lgi ed tmh chat tiidi sg (d thdi diim cdng bd) ?

160

3. Cd cin dua vdo tin ttdn nhiing ehi tiet: dodn di vi bdng phuang tiin gi, ai ldm trudng dodn, cdc thi sinh dd mang vi dugc nhang qud luu ni$m gi,... khdng ?

4. Vide dua tm og thd, chinh xdc thdi gian, dia diim cudc thi vd kdt qud dgt dugc cua ddi tuyin 0-Um-pich Toan Viet Nam ed tac dgng ^ ? Vi sao ?

5. Theo anh (ehi), ydu ciu ca bin cua mgt ban tm la ?

H-CACH VIET BAN TIN

Nhu ttdn dd ndi, ed nhiiu logi bdn tm khdc nhau, nhung phd bidn nhit la tm thudng. 0 day chi tim hilu edeh vidt logi ban tm ndy.

1. Khai thdc va lua chgn tin

Dgc lgi bin tin d mge I vd cho bidt:

a) Co phai mgi sg kipn diu cd thi Id ngudn tm eua ban tm khdng ? Di dugc lga chgn dua tin, su kidn dd phai nhu thd ndo ?

b) Hay phan tich sdng td cdc ndi dung sau ttong bdn tm: - Vipe ^ dd xdy ra ? - Vide xiy ra d ddu ? -. Vide xdy ra khi ndo ? -Ailamvipcdd? - Vide xiy ra nhu thd ndo ? - Kdt qud ra sao ?

c) Tu vide phan tich ttdn, anh (chi) hay cho bidt tidu chuan di lga chgn tm vd nhiing ndi dung ca ban cin ldm rd ciia bin tm.

2. Viet ban tm

Di hmh dung cdch vidt bin tm, anh (chj) hay dgc hai bin tm sau vd thgc hidn nhiing ydu ciu ndu b dudi.

THUC HI$N HON 22 NGHIN CHUYDN BAY AN TOAN

Ddn ngay 17 thdng 7, Tdng cdng ti Hang khdng Vipt Nam tidp tuc bam sdt tiii trudng hang khdng dl dieu ehinh kd hogch khai thdc bay dgt hipu qua. Tdng doanh thu dgt 7690 ti ddng, todn ngdnh dd tiigc hidn ban 22 nghm chuydn bay an todn, van chuyin 2 tri^u 332 nghm lugt khdch, tdng 29% so vdi cimg ki ndm ngodi (khdch ttong nudc tdng 20%, qudc tdtdng 42%), vdn chuyin hon 45 nghin 143 tin hang hod, buu kidn, tdng 21,5% so vdi cimg ki.

II-NVII-TI-A 161

Ngdnh dp dung phg tiiu nhidn Ueu vdi dudng bay qudc td, giam gid ddc bi^t ttdn cac tuydn bay ttong nudc, Udn doanh chia chd vdi Air France, khai thdc dudng bay mdi ndi ddi chdng bay tii Hd Ndi - Thdnh phd Hd Chi Mmh - Mdt-xea-va (Nga) tdi Phrdng-phude (CHLB Diic). Tdng cdng ti dd xiic tidn triin khai md hinh cdng ti me - cdng ti con vd tidn hdnh ed phin hod mdt sd don vi thanh vidn, xiic tidn vide thud hai mdy bay B.777 vd mua 10 may bay A.320, A.321.

(Bao Nhdn ddn, ngay 19 - 7 - 2004)

BAN KET CUP BONG DA Q U 6 C GIA NAM Ml BRA-XIN - U-RU-GOAY

Cii ddnh diu dimg mdnh eua Mde-xen-ld Sd-xa d phiit thii 25 dd dua ddi myen U-ru-goay vugt ldn din trudc 1-0, tuy nhidn ddi tuyin Bra-xin khdng td ra vdi vd: Hg san bang ti sd d phiit diu tidn cua hiep hai vdi bdn thdng cua A-dri-a-nd tii mdt dgt phin cdng nhzinh. Trdn diu tidp tgc diin ra edn bdng, khdng ddi ndo ^ them dugc bdn thdng. Trong logt siit ludn luu 11m, thii mdn ddi tuyin Bra-xin, Ha-U-d Xd-da dd can dugc eii sut eua Xan-chdt ttong khi eae ddng ddi khdng phgm sai lim ndo. Thing 5 - 3 d nhimg eii siit Man luu, ddi Bra-xm sd tidp dpi tuydn Ac-hen-ti-na ttong ttgn chung ket.

(Bao Nhdn ddn, ngay 23 - 7 - 2004)

Ydu ciu: a) Cdch ddt tidu di ban tm - v l ndi dung: + Tidu dl cua ea hai ban tm ttdn ed quan he nhu thd ndo vdi ndi dung ? + Cdc tidu dl sau day ed g dgc bidt ?

Ai giit Tdng thdng Ken-na-di ? cdu thu ddt gid nhdt Bra-xin Hdnh Id chinh

- Vl hmh tinie va kdt eau: Tidu dl bin tm cd g dgc bipt ? b) Cdch md dau ban tm - Tim phin md diu ttong mdi ban tm ttdn. - Cae phin ma diu ttdn thdng bdo nhimg ndi dung ff. eua sg kidn ? Chiing cd

tim quan ttgng nhu thd nao ? e) Trien khai chi tidt ban tin - Hal bin tm ttdn dugc trien khai chi tidt nhiing ngi dung nao ? Chung cd quan

he vdi phin md diu nhu thd nao ? - Phin trien khai dugc viet eg thd eho phin tm khdi qudt b diu. Tuy nhidn, lgi

ed nhieu each trien khai khac nhau. Hay chi ra nhimg diim khdc bidt vd cdch triin khai ttong hai bin tm ttdn.

162 iivMvii-Ti**

; [ GHI NHd _—

' Bdn tin la mdt thd loai van ban bao chi nhim thdng tin mdt each chdn thgc, kjp thdi nhung sg kien thdi sg cd y nghTa trong ddi sdng.

I Trudc khi vidt tin, c in khai thac, Iga chgn sg kidn ed y nghTa cu thd, ehinh

xdc (khi ndo, d ddu, ai lam, xay ra the nao, kdt qua ra sao,...).

1 Tidu de vd phin md dau cCia ban tin thudng ndu trge tidp, chtra dgng nhCrng thdng tin khai quat quan trgng nhat. Phin sau cd thd chi tidt hod, giai thich nguydn nhdn hoac kdt qua, tudng thuat chi tidt sg kidn.

LUYlNTAP

1. Lga chgn nhiing sg kidn cd thi vidt ban tin:

A - Dgi hdi dgi bidu Dodn Thanh nidn Cdng san Ho Chi Minh cua tinh (thanh phd) viia kdt thiic thdng loi

B - Toan trudng dang sdi ndi khin truong chuan bi eho Hdi khod Phu Ddng

C - Gia dinh mdt bgn ttong ldp viia dn mung nhd mdi

D - Doan Thanh nidn Cdng sin Hd Chi Minh nhd trudng viia lam dugc mdt vide dd nghia : ddng gdp vd lay chii ki ling hd vg ngn nhan chit ddc da cam kidn cdc cdng ti hod chat cua MI

E - Ld khai mgc Dgi hdi dgi biiu Mat ttgn Td qudc Viet Nam lin thir tu

2. Trdn bao edn cd cdc thi logi: qudng cdo, phdng su diiu tra. Hai thi logi nay cd ^ gidng va khde vdi bin tm ?

3. Thu ehuyen mdt bin tin thudng (ttong bdi bgc) thdnh logi tm vdn.

163

jOOCTHEM. CHA CON N G H i A M A M ^ H6BI6UCHANH

L E Q U (Trich)

Tiiu DAN

H 6 Bieu Chanh (1885 - 1958) tto khai sinh la H 6 Vdn Trung, que 6 lang B'mh Thanh (nay li x4 Thanh C6ng, huy^n G6 C6ng TSy, tinh Tiin Giang). Thu6 nh6 hpe chu Nho, sau hpe chO qu^c ngu, lam c6ng chiic 6 nhieu noi, am biiu s^u sic cuOc s6ng va con ngu6i Nam BO. Nam 1909, 6ng vift truyen dai dau tay U tinh lgc bing th^ tho luc bat. 6ng sang tac diu d^ , can min, thii siic trong nhiiu linh vge (khio ciiu, ph6 binh, lam tho, viet tu6ng hat,.,.), nhung noi ti^ng hon cd trong linh vuc tiiu thuyet, dupe xem la m6t trong s6 It nhiing nguoi tidn phong dat nin m6ng cho tiiu thuyet Vi#t Nam hi$n dai. Ong dl lad 64 cu6n tiiu thuyit d$m dac dda an cuOc sdng va tinh each con ngudi Nam Bo.

Cha con nghia ngng \a tac pham thu 15 cua Hd Biiu Chanh, xuit ban ndm 1929. Trin Van SOu la mOt n6ng dan hiin lanh, cham chi. Suu My thi Lgu, sinh dupe ba ngudi eon: TI, Quyta, Sung. Siiu thuong vp, yfeu eon, nhtmg khdng may gap phii ngudi vp tinh each x£u xa. Mdt hdm, Siiu bdt gap vp ngo^i tinh vdi huong hao Hdi^ '. Thj Lgu da khdng bill hdi l6i, l?i edn an ndi hon hao, r6i niu giii chdng cho tinh nhan ch?iy thoat. Trong giay phdt tiic gign, Suu xd vp, khdng may vp nga vcip vao phan chet ngay. Suu bd trdn. Mpi ngudi lgi tirdng anh da nhdy xudng sdng tu tii. Anh em th^g Ti vl d vdi dng ngoai la huong thi Tao'^'. Simg dm chit, TI va QuySn di lam thu6 cho hi huong quSn Tdn'^', dupe ba thiromg, gay dgng gia dinh cho ci hai diia, va Quyen trd thanh con dau cua ba. Sau mitdi may nam trdn tranh, Siiu len vl qud tham con. Dupe bd vp cho biit cudc sdng cda hai diia con diu dn dinh va hgnh phiic, sg cd m$t cda anh liie nay la hix Ipi, S ^ vdi va ra di... Sau dd, Tran Van Siiu dirpc xoa an va cha con doan tg. Dogn trich dirdi day kl lgi sg vi^c Suu b6 di sau khi 16n vl tham con, thiing Ti chgy theo cha va hai cha con gap nhau tren cdu M6 Tiic.

VANBAN

Xudng tdi ciu Md Tiic, phin thi mdt, phin thi mdi cang, ndn Trin Vdn Suu ngii dga ciu ma nghi. Trdn ttdi ttdng thanh ving v$e; dudi sdng ddng bleh^*' nao nao. Canh im lim, md ldng lai bdi hdi; eon vui sudng, cdn cha thi siu nao.

Trin Van Siiu ngdi khoanh tay ngd ddng nudc chiy mdt hdi rdi ndi ttong tri rang: "Bdy gid minh cdn sdng niia lam ^ ! Bay lau nay minh ldn ldc chiu cge kho ma sdng, ay Id vi minh thuong eon, minh sg nd Ididng hieu vide xtra rdi nd ttd odn minh, minh sg nd ba va ddi rdch, md tdi nghidp than nd. Bdy gid minh bidt rd nd thuang minh, nd edn kinh ttgng minh, md nd lgi gin dugc gidu ed sung sudng hit thay. niia, vdy thi ndn chet rdi, chdt mdi qudn hdt vipe cu dugc, chdt ddng® hit budn riu cue khd niia".

(1), (2), (3) Hgi, Tdo, Tdn la ten ngudi; huang hdo, huang thi, huang qudn la nhOng ehtic djch ft lang que Nam Bd thdi thuc dan phong kiln.

(4) Ddng bich: ddng nudc biec. {S)Ddng:dL

164

Anh ta nghl vgy rdi nhim mdt lgi. Anh ta tiiay tiii Lgu nim ngay da ttdn bd vdn, midng nhlu^" may gigt mdu do ldm, mdt hdt tiiin ma edn md trao ttdo(2). Anh ta lgi thay budi ehilu anh ta d ngodi rudng di vl, eon Quydn thing Ti chay ra, dua niu do, diia ndm tay md ndi dd dd ). Anh ta tiiiy edi cinh gia dinh ngdy tirude rd rang trudc mdt, thi anh ta dau ddn ttong ldng qud, chiu khdng dugc, ndn vung diing day vd ndi ldn ldn ring : "Miy con oi ! Cha chdt nhd, Miy eon b lgi manh gidi, dl cha theo me eon eho rdi". Anh ta vua ndi vita chui qua lan can ciu. Anh ta vira mdi diit diu, bdng ed ngudi chgy ldn ciu va hdi ring : "Ai dd ? Phii cha dd khdng cha ?".

Trin Vdn Suu gi$t minh, thdo diu ttd vd, rdi day<'»J ma ngd. Thing TI chgy ridt^^) lgi ndm tay cha nd, ddm sat ttong mdt md nhin, rdi dm cung ttong ldng md ndi; "Cha di! Cha ! Cha chgy di ddu du vdy". Ldc ay Trin Vdn Suu mat tti khdn, bet nghi lgc, mdu ttong tim chdy thinh thich, nude ttong mdt tudn rdng rdng, diing xui xi xui la ^ khdng ndi dugc mdt tidng chi hdt.

Cha eon dm nhau md khde mgt hdi rdi budng ra. Trin Vdn Suu ngdi ttdn dgc dga lan ean eau, rdi ndi ring: "Thdi con vl di". Thing Ti lie diu ndi rdng:

- Con vl khdng dugc. Bay ldu nay con tudng cha dd chdt rdi, td ra cha cdn sdng. Vdy thi bay gid cha di ddu con theo do.

- Con dimg ed edi cha. Con phii vl ddng lo cudi vg. - Cudi vg ldm gi ? Cudi vg ddng bdo hgi nhu md bdo hgi cha hdi trudc dd sao ? - Con khdng ndn phiin ttdch'T^ ma eon. Md con ed quiy la quiy vdi cha, ehii khdng

quiy vdi eon. Ma cha dd qudn edi ldi cia md con rdi, sao eon edn nhd ldm ehi ? - Qudn sao eho dugc! - Phii qudn di, dimg cd nhd nua. Tgi mgng sd cua cha vdy, ehd khdng phii tgi

md eon ddu. Md md eon ldm quay, thi sg chet dd dd chudc edi quay^ ' hdt rdi; bdy gid quiy vl phin cha, ehd md con het quiy niia.

- Cha ndi vdy thi con xm nghe ldi cha. Thdi, cha ttd vl nhd vdi eon. - Huy! v l sao dugc ? -Sao vdy? - Vl rdi ldng tdng hg ddn bdt cdn gi ?

(1) Nhiu: ua ra. (2) Md trao trdo: md thao lao, md to. (3) Ndi dd de: ndi nhd nhe, thd thi. (4) Day: quay lgi. (5) Chgy riit: chgy th$t nhanh, vdi va. {la)Xuixixuila:\ir^. (7) Phiin trdch: phan nan, che tiach. (8) Qudy: sai trAi.

165

Thing Ti nghe ndi nhu vgy thi nd tinh ngd, nen ngdi ldng thinh ma suy nghi. Cdch mdt hdi nd mdi ndi rang:

-Bay gid ldm sao? - Dl cha di. Cha di cho bidt tich, ddng eon liy vg vd con Quydn cudi chdng mdi

tu td dugc. -Chadidau? - Di dau ciing dugc. - Hi cha di thi eon di theo. - Dl lam ^ ? - Di theo ddng ldm md nudi cha; chimg nao cha chet rdi con se vl. - Con dimg cd tinh bdy. Con phii g nhd ldm md nudi dng ngogi. - Cd ttau, cd Ilia sdn dd, dng ngogi ldm ma dn, cin gi con nudi niia. Lgi ed eon

Quydn d nha dd. Cdu Ba Giai cudi nd diy, nd gidu cd, thidu gi tiin bgc, nd giiip dd dng ngogi dugc rdi. Bay gid cd mdt minh cha nghdo khd, vdy con phii lam md nudi cha chii.

Trin Vdn Suu nghe con ndi may diiu hidu nghia ay thi anh ta cim xiic qud, ndn ngdi khdc niia. Liic iy anh ta liy ldm bdi rdi, khdng bidt Ueu Id ndo eho xudi. Thiy eon bin rin, mudn d lgi ddng cha eon sum hidp^^^ thi sg ldng tdng b i t ; nghi ddn eon ndn trdn ra di ddng bidt tich eho rdi, thi dau ddn di khdng ddnh. Hai cha con ngdi kbit mdt ben nhau, cha thi lo, con thi tinh, ci hai diu ldng thmh ; song mdt Idt thing Tl dgng cdnh tay nd vdo cdnh tay cha nd mdt edi, dudng nhu nd thdm chimg coi cha nd edn ngdi dd khdng.

Cha con dan diu bin rin cho den sao Mai mge, Tran Van Suu mdi ndi ring: - Cha tinh nhu viy, dl cha ndi cho con nghe thb coi dugc hay khdng. Cha liy giiy

thud than theo ddn Thd' ), ten cha Id Son Riun, bdy gid cha ndi tidng Thd gidi ldm. Cha tinh thdi de cha xudng Ldng Thd hode Ba Si, cha vd sdc ^ kidm ehd d ddu md lam mudn. Cd nhu vdy mdi khdi lo ai bdt dugc, md ldu ldu eon ldn den thdm cha.

- Theo ldi cha tinh do thi cha edn sdng md ciing nhu cha chdt. Phai giiu tdn giau hg hodi, con ddn thdm ciing phii niip ldn, khdng dam den chdn chudng'*'.

- Phii vdy mdi yen dugc. - Tinh sao cimg dugc, mien Id eon cdn ed the gin cha dugc thdi. Ma cha d vdi

Thg, thi cge khd tdi nghidp cho cha ldm. - Cd sao ddu ma tdi nghiep. Hon mudi ndm nay cha dau ldng cge xdc khdng

bidt chiing ndo md kl cho xidt. Bay gid cha dugc vui ldng rdi, diu lao khd tim than lgi nd g . Cha tinh phai ldm nhu vdy mdi xong, con phai nghe ldi cha ma ttd vl di.

(1) Sum hiip: sum hpp. (2) Thd (phtrong ngu Nam Bp) : each gpi ddng bao dan tdc thiiu sd trudc Cach mgng, bdy gid

khdng ddng; d day chi ngirdi Khmer. (3) Sdc (tieng Khmer): budn, lang. (4) Chdn chudng: b day cd nghia la thodi mai, thoi thich.

166

Thing TI ngdi ngdm nghi md ndi ring: - Con khdng ddnh dl cha di mdt minh. Con mudn theo cha md kidm chd cho

cha dn dydn noi rdi con sd vl. - Con di nhu vgy, dng ngogi khdng bidt con di ddu, dng ngogi lo sg, them cue

Idng' ' cho dng ngogi niia. - Thdi, cha trd vl nhd vdi eon mdt chiit ddng eon thua vdi dng ngogi hay, rdi

con di vdi cha. - Trd vl rdi eon Quydn nd thay nd cdng khd long niia. - Nd d dudi nhd bd huong quan, chd cd d nhd ddu md thiy. - Trdi gin sdng rdi, ttd vl Gidng Kd, hg gap cha rdi ldm sao ? Khdng dugc ddu.

Con ttdvl, dl cha di mdt minh, ttong it biia cha kiem chd dn dxqng rdi cha se len vl md cho con hay.

- Con khdng mudn dl cha di mdt minh. Nhu cha sg hg gap thdi thi cha Idri chdi mdng'2' eiia con d ttong ldng Phii Tidn, cha nam dd md chd eon. Con chgy vl Gidng Kd thua vdi dng ngoai mdt chut xiu rdi eon ttd lgi liin.

Trin Vdn Siiu ban diu edn due ddc'^', ma bi con thdi thiie qud, anh ta khdng thi'khdng ldm vira ldng nd dugc, ndn phdi dung day md di vdi nd ttd ldn Phu Tidn.

( H 6 BIEU CHANH, Cha con nghia ngng,

NXB Diic Luu Phuang, Sai Gdn, 1938)

HU6NG DAN DOC THiM 1. Dgc ki dogn ttich, gdn phin tdm tdt truydn d trdn vdi diin bien sg vide trong

dogn trich thdnh mdt mgeh truydn xuydn sudt. 2. Phdn tieh, ldm rd tinh nghia cha eon ttong dogn trich (tinh cha ddi vdi eon, tinh

con ddi vdi cha). \ 3. Dl thi hidn chi di "cha eon nghia ngng", tde gii dd tgo ra nhiing tinh hudng

nghd thugt cd kich tinh cao (mdu thudn giiia tinh cha thuong con vd hgnh phuc cua con, giua hgnh phuc eua eon vdi tinh con thuong cha). Hay tim hilu vd lam rd tinh hudng nghd thudt gidu kich tinh dd.

4. Qua hai nhdn vat Trin Vdn Suu vd thing TI, hay ndu ldn vii cam nghi ve tinh cdch con ngudi Nam Bd.

5. Nhgn xdt vl nghd thugt kl chuydn, midu t i nhdn vdt, sii dgng ngdn ngii ttong doan trich.

(1) Cge long: dau ddm trong ldng. (2) Chdi ru^ng: llu dl canh thu din pha cay cdi, hoa mau d rupng. (3) D^c dgc: trd trCt, ngin nggi.

167

ooc THEM, " V I H A N H ' ' " NGUYEN AlQUdcg)

LcaJ (Trich NhOng biic thu giii cd em hg do tac gii tu dich tir tiing An Nam)

TI^UDAN

"Vi hdnh" la mdt truydn ngan tieu biiu cho but phap van xudi hi?n dai va nghe thuat cham

biim sdc sao eda nhiing truyen. Id Nguyin Ai Qudc ra ddi vao dau nhimg nam 20 eua the ki XX

dPhap.

Nguyin Ai Qudc viit "Vi hdnh" di cdng vdi cac tac pham khac nhu vd kich Con rdng tre, truygn

ngin Ldi than vdn cuabd Trung Trdc,... tap trung da kich vua bu nhin Khii Dinh khi y sang Phip

du cudc dau xao (hdi chp) thudc dia d Mac-xay (1922). Tac pham dupe viet bang tidng Phap, dang

tren bao Nhdn dgo, ca quan ngdn lUgn cua Ding Cpng sin Phap, sd ra ngiy 19 - 2 -1923. Ban dich

dirdi day la cua Phgm Huy Thdng, in trong tap Truyin vd ki cua Nguyin Ai Qudc (NXB Van hpe,

Ha Ndi, 1974).

VAN BAN

- Hdn day!

- Ddu phdi! . .

- Diing md! Anh di bio la chinh hdn day.

- Chdc thdt d ? Em thi em dd thay hdn d trudng dua, trdng hdn cd ve nhdi nhdt hon, liing ta liing tiing hon ca, cd ci cai chgp ddn chup ldn cdi diu quin khdn, cdc ngdn tay thi deo diy nhimg nhdn.

- The hay la bin da dem tit ca cdc thii dd den tiem cim do rdi ? Nhung md nhin kl xem kia! Chang phai vdn cdi miii tet ay, vdn ddi mdt xdeh iy, vin edi mat bung nhu vd chanh ay diy d ?

(1) "Vi hdnh" (nguygn van tidng Phap incognito, ed nghia la khdng ai bidt): di mdt each kin dao, chi vide vua cii trang thanh thirdng din di lin vio dan chiing dl tim hieu su that vl dSn tinh (hoac de choi bdi ma khdng ai bidt - tie gii dung theo n ^ a mia mai nay trong trudng hpp Khii Dinh).

(2) v l tac gii Nguyin Ai Qudc - Ho Chi Minh se cd bii hoc rieng 6 chuang trinh Ngir van ldp 12.

168

- U nhi. Thi ciing cd thi Id anh diing. Nhung ban ddn day ldm ^ nhi, trong dudng xe didn ngim nay, vd tgi cdc dng quan ba kldc'i di theo thi dau ci ?

- Cd khi da gui tudt d kho hdnh U nhd ga dl di choi vi hdnh diy.

Diy, ed em hg thdn men cua tdi! Tdi da thudt lgi y nguyen eau chuydn giiia mdt ddi bgn ttd ngdi ciing toa xe vdi tdi. Hg ngau nghidn ttdng tdi vdi cdp mat ma mdnh, td md, nhung lgi ra bd khdng nhin tdi gi ci.

Cudc ddi thogi tidp diin nhu sau:

- Thd em nghi thd ndo vl ngudi khdch cua chiing ta ? - Ngudi con ttai hdi, nga tdi Id mdt dang hodng thugng vd tudng ring tdi khdng hilu hg ndi ^ vdi nhau.

- Hdn cdn ldm mmh bgt cudi han niia ea lue hdn deo ldn ngudi hdn du ci bd lga Id, dCi ci bg hgt cudm. - Ngudi bgn gdi dnh ta tri ldi.

- Hgt chdu bdu diy ehii! Em thich ed chd chdu bdu ay qud di, chii edn gi!

- Em md ed ay d, thi em ed tinh ddnh mat di, dl dugc bdo chi ndi den, vd the Id dugc ttd thdnh mdt ngdi sao. The edn anh, anh nghi gi vl ngudi ddn bao hd ciia chung ta ndo?

- Ich cho chiing ta lim diy. Cdi Id d Gdrig-be dd bdn rdi. Cdi ruong eua Hd-ra Midc-ten ciing da thanh todn rdi. Vg dn ngudi hi chdt ra timg khue thi khdng thu hut dugc cdng chiing ldm vi khdng thudc gidi thupng Itm. Vd thd Id cdi kho giai tti cia chiing ta sdp cgn rdo nhu B.D.D. ) y^y Nh^t bdo ching edn edi gi dl bdi bdc ldn giiy ca. Diing liie dd thi...

- Ddi xe d day ehii, anh ydu oi ? - Khdng, ga sau. Diing liic dd thi cd mdt anh vua ddn vdi chiing ta, - Em thi em thich Sdc-ld' ^ hon. Vdi lgi, vua, thi tdn ldm.

- Ddu ed ! Thd em edn nhd budi dg hdi thude dia d Nhd hdt Ca vii day ehii ? Phii tra nhiing nghin rudi pha-rdng dl xem vg Id ndng hiu vua Cao Midn, xem tui ldm ttd leo ttdo nhdo ldn cua su thdnh xii Cdng-gd ; hdm nay thi chung minh ed mit ti tiin ndo ddu md dugc xem vua dang ngay cgnh ? Nghe ndi dng biu Nhd hdt Miia rdi cd dinh ki giao kdo thud diy...

Tdu dd, cdp trai gdi budc xudng, mit cu hdc nhin ttgm tdi, vd tdi thi budn cudi qud, bdng dam ra nghi, vd nghi ddn cd. Tdi nhu edn ttdng thiy cdi ngdy md ed vdi

(1) Ongquan bd kiic: choi ehii, do trong tieng Phap, mandarin cd nghia la dng quan, thfim am "e" d sau thinh gidng cai la b i quan, nhung mandarine curig cd nghia la qud quyt, b day chi chuyin dupe phin nao y dda sang bin djch tiing Vidt (cd thi dich dng quan bd qu^t).

(2) B.D.D.: chQ viit tit cda cgm tir Bdng (tiic li ngan hing) Ddng Duang, dich tu cym tu tidng Phap B.I.C. (Banque dTndochine).

(3) Sdc-ld: vai hi ndi tiing cua didn inh, do diin vien ki€m dgo diin ndi tiing ngudi Anh la Sac-U Sa-phn sing tgo nfen.

169

tdi, ddi chiing ta, nhu ddi chim iy thdi, dau vdt vdo ttdn dau gdi dng bic than ydu, nghe bdc kl ehuyen cd tieh. Tdi nhd chuydn vua Thuan'", vi mudn dich than tai nghe mit thiy ddn cd bang ldng minh khdng, ndn cii ttang lam dan cay di dd la khdp xii. Lgi nhd ehuyen vua Pi-e nudc Nga' ) ^ i^m dig va ddn ldm vipc d cdc cdng trudng nude Anh. Bdn nhiing bic cii trang vi dgi ay mudn di siu vdo cudc sdng eua nhan ddn, ngay nay cdn ed nhimg dng hodng, dng ehiia, dl tidn vide ridng vd vi nhimg h do khdng eao thugng bang, cimg "vi hdnh" day.

Tdi khdng dugc rd y do nha "vi hanh" cua chiing ta ra sao. Phai chdng la ngai mudn bidt dan Phdp, dudi quyen ngu tti ciia ban ngai la A-leeh-xdng Dd nhit'^', ed dugc sung sudng, ed dugc udng nhiiu rugu va dugc hiit nhiiu thude phidn bdng ddn Nam, dudi quyin ngu tri eua ngai, hay khdng ? Phii chdng ngdi mudn hgc su dgng (theo kiiu Phdp) cdi him cua nhd ndng cung edi biia eiia thiy thg de sau eude ngao du, dem ve chiit am no mi ddm "ddn" *^ bat hgnh cua ngdi tdi nay hodn todn chang bidt ddn ? Hay Id, chdn canh ldm mdt dng vua to, gid ngdi lgi mudn ndm thu cudc ddi eua cac eau cdng tii bd'^' ?

The ndo thi the. It ldu nay tdi dd trd thdnh mdt dang hodng thugng bat ddc di. Bit eii tdi di dau, Id ed ngudi nhin tdi, ganh ti tdi, mim cudi vdi tdi, tan tgng tdi, di theotdi.

Cd em than men, ban ed bio tdi ring thd Id edi bdnh xe vd lugng'^' nd da quay rdi day. Ddn nay, tit ci nhimg ai d Ddng Duong cd mdu da ttdng diu Id nhimg bgc khai hod, thi bay gid den lugt tit ci rihiing ai ed mdu da vdng diu ttd thdnh hodng dd d Phdp.

Cd khdng the tudng tugng dugc cinh ddn tidp tdt dep ngudi ta ddnh cho chung tdi d ddy. Quan chung cii Id tg phat md biiu Id nhidt tinh khi vira thodng thay mgt

(1) Thudn: mdt dng vua trong truyen thuyet Trimg Qudc ndi tiing la hiin due.

(2) Pi-e nudc Nga: Pi-dt Dgi de, hoang d l nude Nga d cudi till ki XVII - dau the ki XVIII, da di hpe cdng nghe d Tay Au, sau dd vl nude tien hanh cii each, lim cho nudc Nga phong kien trd nen hung mgnh.

(3) A-lich-xdng Di nhdt {A-lich-xdng Min-la-rdng la Tdng thdng Phap luc bay gid) : gpi Tdng thdng Phap theo kiiu chi vua chua de n h ^ manh tinh hM hudc cda doan van, ddng thdi la de n6u ro su l6i thdi eua vua chiia, tiic ciing la dl cham biim Khii Dinh chua eay hom.

(4) "Ddn" dupe viet bang tieng Viet trong nguyen bin tiing Phip.

(5) Cdng td bi: tiiu cdng tudc, hay cdng tudc bi, trong nguydn bin tiing Phip. 6 dSy, tac gii giiu ept rit tinh vi vi choi chir rat t l nhi: tieng Phap vdn cd thanh ngir coi nhung dng hoang Nga, ma tudc hi^u la Dgi cdng tudc (grand-due), la nhimg tay an choi biia bai.

(6) Bdnh xe vd lugng: vdng quay trdn vd tgn, d day ehi sg "thay bgc, ddi ngdi" ndi tiep : "Tat ci nhiing ai d Ddng Duong cd mau da trlng diu la nhirng bgc khai hoi, thi biy gid din lirpt tat ci nhiing ai ed miu da vang diu trd thanh hoang d l d Phap".

170

ddng bdo ta. Nhimg tidng "Hdn diy!" hay "Xem hdn kia!" la nhimg ldi chdo mimg kin dao vd kinh ttgng ma chiing tdi thudng gdp dgc dudng.

Cdi vui nhat Id ngay den Chinh phu ciing chang nhgn ra dugc khdch that ciia minh niia, vd de chdc chdn khdi that thd trong nhidm vu tidp tan, Chinh phu ben ddi ddi vdi tat ca mgi ngudi An Nam vdo hdng vua ehiia vd phdi my tung di hd gid'" tudt! Dd Id nhimg ngudi phgc vg thim kin, rut rd, vd tu vd het siic tan my. Cdc vi chdng nl hd chiit cdng siie ndo dl bao vp bgn tdi, vd gia cd dugc trdng thiy cae vi dn ein theo ddi tdi chang khde bd me hiin rinh eon tha chgp chung budc di thii nhat, thi ban ed phai phdt ghen ldn dugc vl ndi mim du yem cua cdc v\ ddi vdi tdi. Cd thi ndi la cdc vi bdm liy dd gidy tdi, dinh chat vdi tdi nhu hinh vdi bdng. Vd that tinh Id cdc vi cudng cudng ci ldn ndu mat hiit tdi chi trong dam phut! Cd thu nghi, ldm sao ma khdng xiic ddng sdu xa dugc, khi dugc ddi ddi nhu the ?

Ngdy nay, eii mdi lin ra khdi eua, that tdi khdng sao ehe giiu ndi niim tg hdo dugc Id mdt ngudi An Nam vd sg kidu hanh dugc ed mdt vi hodng dd.

(NGUY§N AI QU6C, Truyin vd ki, NXB van hpe, Hi Ndi, 1974)

HUIDMG D A N D O C T H I M

1. Mdu thudn ttdo phung ea bin ciia truydn ngdn "Vi hdnh" ?

2. Mdt trong nhiing van dl then chdt eua nghd thugt truydn ngdn Id tgo dugc tinh hudng truydn dde ddo. Theo anh (ehi), tde gii da sdng tgo dugc tinh hudng ^ trong truydn ngdn ndy ? Tinh hudng do ed tdc dung nhu the ndo ttong vide the hidn chu dl cua tde pham vd khde boa nhdn vat Khii Dinh ?

3. Phdn tieh hinh tugng nhdn vgt Khii Dinh, qua do ldm rd tinh chidn dau mgnh me vi nghd thugt trao phiing sdc bdn cua ngdi biit Nguydn Ai Qudc.

(1) Tuy tdng di hd gid: quan tudng di theo dl bio v? vua. 6 day, tie gii im chi bpn mgt tham Phip.

171

ooc THEM. T I N H T H A N T H I DUC NGUYDN C6NGHOAN

TI^U D A N

Nguyin Cdng Hoan (1903 -1977) xuat than trong mdt gia dinh quan lgi Nho hpe thit thd; qud d ling Xuan Ciu, huy$n Van Giang, tinh Bic Ninh (nay la xa Nghia Trg, huydn Van Giang, tinh Hung Ydn). Trudc Cach mang thing Tim, dng vda dgy hpe vua vidt vdn. Ong bit dau vidt truydn tii nam 1920, tai nang dupe khing dinh khi xul t bin Kip TuBin (1935) - mdt tip truydn ngin die sic dupe du lugn hoan nghdnh, da lam niy sinh eude tranh l u ^ sdi ndi nhiiu nim vl "nghd thudt vi nghe thu$t" hay "nghd thu$t vi nhin sinh". Nguyin Cdng Hoan sang tie horn 20 tiiu thuydt va hon 200 truydn ngin, d$c bidt sd trudng vl tmydn ngin trao phiing ph§ phan mgnh me xa hdi thgc dan phong kiln dirong thdi. Sau Cieh mgng, Nguyin Cdng Hoan tiip tuc hogt dpng tren Unh vge bao chi, van hpe. Ong dupe biu lam Chii tieh Ban chap hinh Hdi Nha van Viet Nam khoa diu tien (1957-1958).

Nguyin Cdng Hoan la mdt trong sd nhiing tac gii dat nin mdng eho nin vin xudi ^^dt Nam hidn dai, mdt cay but trio phiing xuat sic, ddc dio, cd siic sing tgo ddi dao, dio dai. Hon nua thi ki cam biit, dng da dl lgi mpt sg nghidp van hpe dd sd. Toin bd tac phim ciia Nguyin Cdng Hoan la mdt biic tranh phong phii, sdng ddng vl xa hdi Viet Nam thdi Phap thudc. Nam 1996, dng da dirpc Nha nudc tang Giii thudng Hd Chi Minh vl vin hpe nghd thugt.

Tac pham chinh cda Nguyen Cdng Hoan: Trudc Cieh mang: cac tap truyen ngin Kip TuBin (1935), Hai thdng khdn ngn (1937), Ddo kip mdi (1937), Ngudi vg li bgn tdi (1939) ; cic tgp tiiu thuyet Ld nggc cdnh vdng (1935), 6ng chd (1935), Budc dudng cdng (1938),... Sau Cach mgng, ngoii eae tgp truyin ngin va tiiu thuydt, dng edn viit tgp hdi ki Ddi viit vdn cda tdi (1971).

Truydn ngin Tinh thdn thi due (dang trdn tuin bao Tiiu thuyit thd bdy, sd 251, ra ngay 25 - 3 - 1939) vgeh rd tinh chat bip bpm cda "phong trao thi due thi thao" duomg thdi ma thuc dan Phap cd ddng rim rp dl ddnh lac hudng thanh nifin.

172

VAN BAN

Cd linh huypn mang ttdt^" quan vl lang:

Quan tri huy$n huyin XX sud^^ huang Zp) xd Ngu Vgng tudn cu^'''\

Nay thica linh Tinh dudng, ngdy 19 mars^^^ ndy, tuc 29 thdng giing An Nam'-^\ tgi sdn v4n dgnghuyin cd cudc dd bdng thi, nhiiu chiin tudng dd rdt hay, mgi nhi.

Vdy sue cdc thdy phdi thdng bdo cho ddn ldng biit vd phdi thdn ddn du mdt trdm ngudi, ddng 12 gid trua din xem, khdng dugc khiim diin^"^.

Nhang ngudi dd cdt di dg cugc khdnh thdnh sdn thi dgc thdng trudc, thi ldn ndy dugc miin.

Ai cd mdt tgi sdn vgn ddng cung phdi dn mdc tu ti, di dOng nghiim chinh, vd phdi vd tay ludn ludn, vi hdm dy cd nhiiu quan khdch.

Ldng Ngu Vgng lgi phdi cdndmld cd, sdn sdng tulO gid sdng.

Viic ndy tuy Id viic thi dgc, nhung cdc thdy khdng dugc coi thudng niu khdng tudn linh si bi cHu^^K

Nay siie LfiTHANG

Anh Mich nhdn nhd, ndi: - Lay dng, dng ldm phuc tha cho con, mai con phii di ldm trii ng cho dng nghi,

kdo dng iy ddnh chdt. Cng II cau mdt, lie diu, gia roi song to bdng ngdn chdn edi len ttdi, ddm dog: - Kd mdy, theo Ipnh quan, tao ehidu sd dinh^ ', thi lin nay ddn lugt mdy rdi. - cdn cd eon lgy dng ttdm nghin md< ° lgy, dng md bdt eon di thi dng nghi ghdt

con, ci nhd con khd.

(1) Trdt: xem ehu thieh (1), tr.108. (2) Sdc: chi thj, truyin l^nh (tii dung trong cdng vin thdi phong kidn vi thdi Phap thude). (3) Huang li: chuc dich trong ling xa thdi Phap thupc. (4) Tudn cd {tudn: theo, ving theo; cd: dga theo): tuan theo trdt ma thi hanh (tir hanh chinh -

cdngvgcfl). (5) Mars (tidng Phap): thang ba. (6) Thdng giing An Nam: thang gidng am Uch. (7) Khiim diin: thiiu, ving m§t. (8) Ceu: khiin trich. (9) SSdinh {dinh : nhung ngudi dan dng thudc liia tuoi ddng thud thdn va di linh): s6 ghi danh

sach sd dan dinh trong lang. (10) Md {til ed): chi don vj sd lupng 10 vgn, tuc 100 nghin (thoTii Xuong: Trdm nghin vgn modi

vdo ddu); b ddy, trdm nghin md lgy cd nghia Id lgy rat nhiiu.

173

- Thi mdy hen lam ngdy khdc vdi dng ay, khdng dugc d ? - Ddi vdi dng nghi, con Id ehd diy td, con sg ldm. Con khdng ddm ndi sai ldi,

vi Id chd con nhd va quanh ndm. Ndu khdng, vg con con chdt ddi. - Chdt ddi hay chet no, tao ddy khdng bidt, nhung giiy quan da sure, tao eii

phdp tao ldm. Diia ndo khdng man, dl quan gdt, tao trinh thi rii tu^ '. - Lgy dng, dng thuang phgn ndo con nhd phan ay. - Mac kd chiing bay, tao thudng chiing bay, nhung ai thuong tao. Hdm iy may

md khdng di, tao sai tuin'^' den gd ed lgi, dixng kdu.

Bdc Phd gdi, diu ddng, ddt canh cau ldn ban, ngdi xdm dxd cua, gai tai, ndi vdi dng U:

- Lgy thiy, nhi eon thi chua eat eon, may lgi sg thiy mang ehui, ndn khdng ddm den kdu. Lgy thiy, quyin phep ttong tay thiy, thiy tha eho nhd con, diing bdt nhd eon di xem dd bdng vdi.

- O, vide quan khdng phai thii ehuyen ddn bd eua cae ehi! - Thu lgy thiy, thd nay, ldng ta thi ddng, thiy cdt ai khdng dugc. Tgi nhd eon dm

ydu, ndn xin thiy hoan eho den lugt sau. - Om gin chet ciing phai di. Lenh quan nhu the. Ai cimg lay ca dm ydu md

khdng di, thi ngudi ta dd bdng eho ehd xem d ? - Thua thiy, gid nhd eon khoe khodn, thi nha eon ehi ddm kdu. Nhung, thua

thiy, tii day ldn huydn, nhimg chin cay Id mdch, sg nhd con di ndng thi cam, rdi phai Igi ' thi Oem gia'*'.

- Day khdng bidt, ma day ciing khdng nghe dau. Vg chdng thu xdp vdi nhau thd nao, ddy mac kd!

- Thua, hay eon nghi budi chg de di thay nha con ed dugc khdng g ? - Khdng! Phai la ddn dng kia! Chii nii nhdn ngogi ide'^', ai ke. Ngudi ddn ba thdddi : - Thd thi con bidt lam the nao duac !

(1) i?u tM: chet ru trong tu. (2) Tudn (chu gpi tit eua tudn dinh hoac tudn phiin): trai trang trong lang dupe cit eii lam tuan

tra, canh phdng. (3) Phdi lgi: dm Igi. (4) Oan gia: b diy cd nghia Id tai vg, tai hog. (5) Nu nhdn ngogi t^c: dan ba la ngudi ngoai gia tdc (quan ludm phong kiln); d diy diing vdi

nghia la din ba khdng dupe kl ddn.

174

Bd cg phd Binh, mdt kdm nhdm, vua ndi, viia cudi rit vd duydn:

- Thi long thanh, dng h eii nhgn di eho chdu. Chdu hdm iy khdng ban di dn cudi thi chdu ciing xin vdng. Chdu da thud thing Sang di thay cho chdu ciing thd. Ong nga di Id dugc.

- Thd ngd quan bidt, cd chet tdi khdng!

- Quan diim du diu ngudi Id xong, chii ai xem the md dng sg.

- Tdi nhdn Id eua eon bd md tdi lo ldm. Vide quan ndo phai vide choi.

- Thi Cling nhu dng ldm phiic ay md li'^'.

- Nhung thdng Sang ed khdn do tu td, hay lgi dn mac nhu thing an may iy.

- Qng khdng phii lo vide iy. Nd dd dgm mugn dugc du ci rdi. Chdu mac ci vd da khodn du vdi nd nhu thd.

Ong h nhan mat, nhdt ba h&o, bd tiii:

- Ldm vide md cii gdp phii nhimg ngudi nhu con bd, thi tdi den chd't mit.

- Thi dng khdng cho phdp chdu d nhd, chdu phii thud ngudi khdc di thay cflng thd chii gi.

- The den gd gdy hdm 29, bd phai bao thing Sang chgc sdn d dinh, tdi din di.

- Ay, dng cho nd com nudc thong tha dd chii. Dd bdng it ra ba bdn gid ehilu mdi bdt diu kia md. Tdi tudng mudi hai gid a nhd di cflng vitat. Budi sdng, tdi edn mupn nd eude minh vudn.

- Ba bdn gid chieu mdi bdt diu, nhung quan bit ddn huydn tti 12 gid trua. Di ngdi diem. Md quan siic 12 gid, thi minh phdi ddn tit 11 gid cho sdm sua. Va lgi, tdi cdn phii mang ca ldn lue 10 gid, thi chi di tit 5,6 gid thi di vdo luc ndo ? Cho ndn, mgi ngudi phii ehd tdi d dinh tii gd gdy.

-Thdthi sdm qua.

Ong U gdt:

- Tdi khdng ldi thdi. Bd khdng bang long thd, thi tdi eii bit dich danh con bd. Mgc kd!

Bd phd sg hai:

- Khdng, Ipnh dng thi thd ndo tdi ehi phai nghe. Li tdi ndi ehuyen the day chii.

- Miy li(2) bao nhidu ngudi diu phai the, ehii ridng^ bd. Bd bao thing Sang ndm cam tii ehilu hdm trudc, ehii sdng hdm ay dgy mdi thdi thi khdng kip dau.

-Vdng.

(l)Md;z:maigi.

(2) M<ry/f: vdi lgi.

175

Ngay tu sdng td md hdm 29, d sdn dinh ldng Ngu Vgng, da cd tidng dng II qudt thdo om sdm:

- Thidu nhimg mudi tdm thing kia a ? Tuin ddu, ddn tan nhd chiing nd, ldi cd chiing no ra ddy. Chii da hen di lgi cdn dinh chudn phdng!

Sau tidng dg ran, nhiing nggn dude linh tinh kdo di cdc ngi. Ong h ddn theo, tidng oang oang:

- Hi diia ndo ldo, cii danh sde tid't'^' chung nd ra, tdi va dng chiu. Me bd chiing nd ! Vide quan thd ndy ed chdt cha ngudi ta khdng! Chiing bay gd cd ea, giii cho diigc ra day cho dng!

Lgi mdt tidng dg niia, giiia nhiing tidng chd rdng day. Nggn lua dd jihu ndi linh binh ttong biin suong mu.

Thi dgi khdi cdi einh didn ra nhu thd ndy:

Hai ngudi tuin, mdt ngudi cim dude, mdt ngudi cim tay thudc, dap cua vao nhd thdng Cd. Sau khi tim sue khdp gian ngodi, budng ttong, khdng thiy mdt ai, hip xudng bdp, chgc tay thudc vdo cdt gio vd bd ttau. Rdi hg limg ra md sau nhd. Cimg vd hipu.

Nhung bdng cd tidng tte khdc thdt ldn, thi hai anh tuan mdi khdm phd ra chd ngudi ttdn: Thing Cd ndm ep vdi cgn d cgnh ddng ram, phu ldn minh diy ram.

Nd bi ldi ra ngodi. Nd van lay:

- Lgy cdc bdc, cdc bdc eho tdi a nha lam dn.

- Sao anh da hen vdi dng 11, lgi khdng di, di dng ay ehui dia' ) ldn Ida kia.

- Tdi di thi tdi mit ci ngdy, md mit budi lam thi tdi vdi chau nhin ddi.

-Tdi khdng bidt!

- Miy li tdi khdng mugn ddu dugc quan do.

- Khdng bidt! Anh ra dinh md kdu vdi dng 11.

Thing bd con nhim nghiin mdt, dm chdt lay bd. Nd sg qui, khdng khdc dugc niia. Thing Cd chua kip tta ldi, dd bi ldi xinh xdnh di.

(1) Sdc tiet: hpe miu mdm, mau miii. (2) Chia dia: ehiii Im I.

176

Cudc sdn dii rdo ridt den ddu cimg khdng sao trde'^' du mdt tram ngudi phai di xem da bdng. Ddm sdu anh khdn ngoan, dd keo den ngu nhd nhd khdc, hoac ldng khde. Hg ldm nhu Idnh ngn.

Khi thay dd chain gid, dng h trudng nghien rdng ndi: - Chiing nd ngu nhu lgn. Ngudi ta eho xem dd bdng ehii ai ldm gi md cung phai

bdt. Rdi quan thay khdng du sd, lgi ehui dng khdng tan tam. Roi dng ra Idnh : - Chin muoi tu thing d ddy, xep hdng ndm lgi, di cho diu budc. Tuin, chiing

bay phai kdm chung quanh giup tao. Diia ndo trdn vl thi ong bio. Dogn dng lo ldng, di cudi cung, mdt nhanh nhen dl coi can than nhu coi

til binh. - Me bd chung nd, cho di xem dd bdng chii ai gidt chdt md phai trdn nhu

ttdn gidc! 1938

(Theo Tuyen tap Nguyin Cong Hoan, tap I, NXB van hoc. Ha Npi, 1983)'

HUdNG O A N DOC THEM

1. Bd cge vd edeh dgng truyen eiia Nguydn Cdng Hoan ttong truydn ngdn ttdo phiing ndy cd gi ddc bidt ? {Gtyi y : Sau dogn md dau gidi thidu td ttdt cua tri huydn Ld Thdng, truydn gdm miy einh, cdc cinh dd cd quan he vdi td trdt vd quan he vdi nhau nhu the ndo ?)

2. Mdu thuin trdo phiing ca ban cua truydn ? Trdn ea sd cua mau thuan ea ban do, mdu thudn trdo phiing ridng timg einh la gi ? Phdn tieh truydn dl ldm rd mau thudn ca ban vd nhiing mdu thuin ridng dd.

3. Hay ndu y nghia phd phdn cua truydn Tinh thdn thi due.

(l)7ydc:blt.

12-NV11-T1-A 1 7 7

LUYEN TAP VliT BAN TIN

KET QUA CAN OAT-

• On tdp, Cling cd each viet ban tin. • Vidt dugc ban tin vl nhCrng sg kidn xay ra trong

ddi sdng.

1. Phdn tich cau tnic, dung lupng vd eho bidt bin tin dudi day thudc Idgi tin ndo.

VIET NAM DUNG DAU KHU VUC CHAU A - THAI BINH DUOTVG VE BINH DANG GIOI

Theo bdo cdo tinh hinh tte em the gidi 2006 dugc UNICEF cdng bd ngdy 11-12, trong vdng nhiiu nam qua, Viet Nam ludn din diu khu vge chdu A - Thdi Binh Duong vl cdc ehi sd binh dang gidi. Nhm chung, Viet Nam thgc hidn tdt vide cung cip cdc dich vu y te vd gido dgc tdi cdc trd em gdi vd tre em trai, phg nii vd nam gidi. Sg chdnh lech vl ti Id nhdp hgc giiia cdc em nu vd cdc em nam Id rit thap (91% vd 97%, giai dogn 2000 - 2005). Ti Id mu ehu cua nu gidi so vdi nam gidi ngdy cdng giam. Ti Id tham gia cdc hogt ddng kinh td khdng khde bidt nam - nu: 85% : nam gidi vd 83% nu gidi d do tudi tit 15 - 60. Tuy nhien, bat binh dang gidi vdn tori tgi dai dang : bgo lgc gia dinh ddi vdi phu nii, ngn bdc lot phg nii de hdnh nghl mgi dam vd budn bdn phg nii; ti Id sa sinh tu vong vd phg nii tte ddn tde It ngitdi mu chii edn d miic eao so vdi thdnh thi.

(Bio Thanh niin, ngay 12 - 12 - 2006)

2. Ndi dung chu ydu eua ban tin dudi day Id gi ? Ldm thd ndo de nhanh chdng ndm bdt dugc ndi dung thdng tin do ?

VIET NAM LOT VAO DANH SACH UNG VIEN CHO GlAl THUONG "MOI TRUONG VA PHAT TRIEN 2007"

Chuang ttinh Mdi trudng Lien hgp qudc (UNEP) dd cdng bd danh sdch 10 ling cu vidn eho ndm giai thudng "Mdi tiiidng vd phdt ttiln 2007", trong do ed mdt dg an eua Viet Nam. Dg dn dugc thgc hidn tgi Sa Pa (tinh Lao Cai) tit ndm 2003 vdi ndi dung chinh la phdt triin vd dua cdy dugc hdu Viet Nam ra thi trudng the gidi. Day cung Id dg dn duy nhit cua khu vge Ddng A Igt vdo danh sdch nay.

178 MVII-TI-B

"Mdi trudng va phdt triin" la giii thudng qudc td ddnh cho cdc doanh nghidp dia phuang, cdc cdng ddng ddn cu, cdc cdng ti vd td chiic khdc tham gia chuong trinh phdt triin bin vimg. Giii thudng dugc ttao cho nhiing chuong trinh va dg dn khuyen khieh cdc doanh nghidp vd td chiie dia phuong thiic day kinh td, phdt triin xd hdi vd bio vd mdi trudng.

Trong thdng cdo bdo ehi phdt ttdn website www.unep.org, dng A. Stay-na -Gidm dde UNEP nhin mgnh tim quan trgng eua cdc dg dn vd doanh nghidp dia phuong ttong cudc chien chdng ddi nghdo vd coi ddy Id "nhimg hgt gidng hi vgng". Ong nhin mgnh rdng md hinh va tdc ddng eua dg dn ndy Id vd cung to ldn ddi vdi vide cii thidn cudc sdng eiia ngudi ddn dia phuong vd bao vd mdi trudng.

{Theo bAo Tudi tre, ngay 27-1-2007)

3. Sip xdp lgi ndi dung trong "bin tin" dudi ddy eho hgp U.

"DUONG TOI THANH CONG" - SAN CHOI MOI DANH CHO SINH VIEN

Sau thdnh cdng cua chuong trinh Ldm gidu khdng khd ttdn VTVl, Dai Truyin hinh Vidt Nam vd Hiang Truyin thdng Hodng gia tidp tgc phdi hgp ldm tidp chuong trinh Ldm gidu khdng khd phidn ban 2 mang tdn Dudng tdi thdnh cdng. Ddy Id sdn choi ddnh cho sinh vidn cdc trudng dgi hgc kinh td trdn todn qudc, dugc td chiic dudi dgng gameshow vdi sg tham gia thi dau eua ba ddi choi. Den nay dd ed 50 trudng dgi hgc trong ed nudc ddng ki tham gia cudc thi. Ddi thing ttong trdn chung kdt sd dugc nhgn giii thudng 30 ttieu ddng. Mdi ttdn cdc ddi sd ttai qua ba vdng thi: nhimg minh ghep thdnh cdng, ke hogch ldm gidu, ru-bic y tudng. Ddi chidn thdng d ttdn dau logi sd dugc thcim gia vdo cudc thi quy.

4. Viet bin tm phu hgp vdi mdi tinh hudng cho dudi ddy:

a) v l ttdn diu bdng dd giao him giua ddi tuyin cua trudng anh (chi) vdi trudng bgn.

b) v l nhimg hogt ddng chdo miing Ngdy Nhd gido Viet Nam d trudng anh (chi). ,

e) v l hogt ddng quyen gdp giup da ddng bdo bi bdo Igt d trudng anh (ehi).

179

PHONG VAN VA TRA LOI PHONG V A N

K T QUA CAN OAT -

• Thay dugc muc dfch, tdm quan trgng ciia phdng vdn va tra Idi phdng van trong ddi sdng.

• Nam dugc nhung ydu cau ca ban va each thire thgc hidn phong vdn cung nhutra Idi phdng van.

I - MUC DICH, TAM QUAN TRONG CUA PHONG V A N VA TRA LCH PHONG VAN

1. Ke lgi mdt vdi hogt ddng phdng van vd tri ldi phdng van thudng gap ttong ddi sdng (khi xerii truyen hinh, nghe dai phdt thanh, khi dgc sdch bdo, khi xin vide lam, dang ki du hgc,...).

Trdn ea sd dd, cho bidt: Ngudi ta phdng vjui vd tra ldi phdng van dl lam ^ ? {Di chuydn ttd, de bidt rd hon vl mdt ngudi ndi tidng, dl bidt quan diim ciia ngudi dugc hdi ve mdt chu dl cd y nghia xd hdi, dang dugc du ludn quan tdm; hay cdn nhdm mgc dich ndo niia ?)

2. Mdt xd hdi thgc sg dan chu, vdn minh khdng thi khdng dl cao vai ttd quan ttgng eua cdc hogt ddng phdng vin. Ndi nhu the diing hay khdng diing ? Vi sao ?

II - NHONG YEU CAU C 0 B A N DOI von HOAT DONG PHONG VAN

1. Chuan bi phdng vin

a) Nhiiu ngudi vdn nghi rang, ed the tidn hdnh ngay mdt cugc phdng vin khi da xdc dinh rd ehu dl phdng van (phdng van ve dieu ^) , mge dieh phdng van (phdng vin dl ldm gi) vd ddi tugng phdng van (phdng van ai, mdt hay nhiiu ngudi).

Nhung trong khdu chuin bi phdng van, ndu ehi xdc dinh dugc se hdi cdi , dl lam gi vd hdi ai thi da du chua ? Vi sao ed the coi la dd (bode chua) d i ?

b) Ai cung biet, dd phdng van thi phai ndu eau hdi. Song phai hdi the ndo de dgt dugc muc dich phdng van ? De hieu rd diiu ndy, anh (ehi) hay:

- Xdc dinh mge dich eua nhimg eau phdng van md nhiing ngudi tuyen dung thudng ndu ra eho cdc img vidn nhu:

+ Banco thigidi thiiu vi bdn thdn minh khdng ?

180

+ VJ sao bgn mudn nhdn cdng viic ndy ? (hode: Vi sao bgn mudn ldm viic dcdng ti chdng tdi ?)

+ Bgn biitgi vi cdng ti chung tdi ? + Bgn si Idmgi dicdng hiin cho cdng ti ? + Bgn nghlgi vi vi tri cdng tdc mdbgn si nhgn ? + Bgn cd tin vdo sd trudng ciia minh khdng ?

(Jheo Tudi tre Online, ngay 30-11-2006)

- Cho bidt, dl thu thap dugc nhiiu thdng tin ein thidt, ngudi phdng van ndn chgn eau ndo ttong hai cdu hdi sau :

A - Trong tinh hinh giao thdng nhu hiin nay, chi thdy di lgi ngodi dudng cd an todn khdng ?

B - Di lgi ngodi dudng trong tinh hinh giao thdng nhu hiin nay, chi cd cdm gidc thi ndo ?

2. Tien hanh phdng van

a) Khi phdng van, cd phai bao gid ngudi phdng vih ciing ehi su dgng nhimg cdu hdi da chuan bi sin khdng ? Tgi sao ?

b) Trong qud tnnh phdng vin, ngodi sg khiem tdn, nha nhdn vd chdm chii ldng nghe, ngudi phdng van cin cd thdi do the ndo ?

c) Kdt thiic phdng van, ngudi phdng vin cin nhd ldm vide gi dl bdy td sg trdn ttgng ddi vdi ngudi tra ldi phdng van ?

3. Bidn tap sau khi phdng van

Budi phdng van cd thi dugc phdt trge tiep ttdn truyin hinh hay trdn sdng phdt thanh, nhung cflng cd thi chi dugc cdng bd sau khi da bidn tap. Theo anh (chi), khi bidn tap, ngudi phdng vin cd dugc phdp :

a) Sua lgi ldi ndi cua ngudi tta ldi phdng vin eho hay hon vd diing y cua minh hon khdng ? Vi sao ?

b) Ghi lgi net mat, dnh mit, cu chi cua ngudi tri ldi phdng vin ididng, hay chi dupe ghi ldi ndi eua hp ? Vi sao ?

Ill - N H O N G YEU CAU DOI von NGUlOn TRA LOn PHONG VAN

Ngudi tti ldi phdng van phii ndu that trung thgc, rd rang y kien eua minh vl diiu dugc hdi vdi thdi dd thing thin, chdn thdnh.

181

Nhung edn ydu ciu ndo ma ngudi tta ldi phdng van cin ed ging de dgt tdi niia khdng ? Hdy tri ldi eau hdi do sau khi xdt vi dg dudi day:

Khi dnge cdc nhd bdo nude ngodi dl nghi eho biet vl tinh hinh chien dieh Didn Bidn Phu, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh ddp :

"Ddy la Diin Biin Phu, - Ngudi ndi vd lat ngugc chide mu cdt trdn bdn, - ddy Id nui, - Ngudi dung nhflng ngdn tay minh de, rdn rdi dua theo vdnh mfl. - Chung , tdi dang dday. Cdn phia dudi, - tay Ngudi ddt xudng ddy mfl, - Id thung lung Diin Biin Phu. Qudn Phdp dddy. Chung khdng thi thodt ra khdi ddy dugc. Cd thi chung si cdn d ddy ldu, nhung diit khodt khdng thi thodt ra dugc."

{E.C6-he-lep, Ddng chi Ho Chi Minh, bin dich tiing Vi6t cua NXB Tiin bd va NXB Thanh nien, 1985)

, CHI NHO ,

• Phdng van va tra Idi phdng van la mdt cudc hdi - dap cd muc dfch, nhim thu thap hoac cung cdp thdng tin ve mdt chu d l dugc quan tdm.

• Ngudi phdng van, tir khi chuan bj den luc tien hdnh va trinh bay ket qua phong van, can tim nhung each thiic huu hieu di khai thac dugc nhieu nhdt cac thong tin chan thgc, dac sac v l chii de dugc hdi.

• Ngudi tra ldi phdng vdn can cung cap diy dti nhung thdrig tin trung thgc, phu hgp vdi chii d l phdng van. Cau tra Idi phai ro rang va cd gdng dugc trinh bay sao cho hdp d in .

• Trong qua trinh phdng van, ca ngudi hdi va ngudi tra Idi deu phai giu thai dp Ijch thidp, tdn trgng ldn nhau.

LUYEN TAP

1. Hdy theo ddi mdt budi phdng van trdn truyin hinh (bode ddi phdt thanh, bdo chi) vd nhdn xdt xem : a) v l phia ngudi phdng van: ^ - Phdng vidn (hay ngudi dan chuong trinh) cd chuan bi kl khdng ? - Cdu hdi cd hgp li, cd nhiiu kha ndng khed thdc thdng tm khdng ? - Cdch din ddt ed tg nhidn, khdo ldo khdng ; cdch giao tiep ed than tinh, nhd

nhdn khdng? b) v l phia ngudi tra ldi phdng van: - Ngudi tra ldi phdng vin ed thing thin, trung thgc khdng ? - Cdu, tta ldi cd phu hgp vdi cdu hdi vd cd rd rdng, thu vi khdng ? - Thdi do giao tiep ed thidn chi, chdn thdnh vd lich thiep khdng ?

2. Gia su anh (ehi) mudn dugc vdo ldm vide d mdt noi md minh ydu thieh. Nhd tuyin dgng tidn hdnh phdng van cd ndu ra cdu hdi:

Bgn cd thi ndi cho tdi nghe vi nhugc diim ldn nhdt cua minh khdng ?

182

Anh (chi) se tra ldi the ndo dl ai cimg phii thita nhdn minh trung thuc; nhung khdng vi the md gdy ttd nggi cho ea hdi tim kiem vide ldm ?

3. Dl thu thap du ludn cua cdc ban trong ldp vl thi hidu thudng thiic ea nhgc (hogc xem phim, chgp inh, dgc tha, truydn,...), anh (ehi) hay:

- Trong vai ngudi phdng vin, dg kidn nhflng cdu hdi dung mgc diCh, ed the lay dugc nhiiu y kien thu vi eiia cdc bgn.

- Sau dd, trong vai ngudi tra ldi phdng van, tim edeh tra ldi cdc eau hdi trdn sao eho vira chdn thue viia di ddm, thdng mmh.

ca DQC THEM

- Tha la gi ? Ngudi ta dinh nghia tha la gi hd anh ?

- Tdi thay hinh nhu tha la tieng ndi hdn nhidn nhd't eua tdm hdn con ngiiqi trudc cudc ddi, trudc td't ea nhiing gi didn ra xung quanh minh. Id tidng ndi eiia tdm hdn con ngudi trudc con ngudi vd trdi dit [...]. Nd Id tieng ndi eua ngudi ndo dd den vdi nhimg ngudi ndo do ed sg cim thdng chung dga trdn ea sd ddng y ddng tinh [...]. Vdn nghp ndi chung Id vdy, tha lgi cdng nhu vdy, tit ci nhimg cdi gi cd'u tgo ndn tha diu mang mdu sdc nhd't dinh, tit tinh tha, y tha, tii tha, den gigng didu, hinh anh,...

- Vd cd cha nghia nua ?

- Dung, ed ehu nghia. Nhung ehu nghia khdng chi Id chu a, chu b md Id ci edi tieng vang ldn trong ehu, tidng vang eua ca khoang each giua nhiing ehu, nhiing ddrig. [...]

- Riing y anh cho mdt bdi tha thi ndo la hay ?

- Bdi tha hay ldm eho ngudi ta Ichdng edn thay cdu tha, ehi edn cam thay tinh ngudi. Qudn ring do la tidng ndi cua ai, ngudi ta thiy nd nhu tieng ca tii trong long minh, nhu Id cua minh vdy. Tha Id tidng ndi tri dm. Khdng cd tri dm thi eude ddi nghdo di bidt miy, thi ngudi ta ldm sao sdng dugc anh nhi!

- Ldm tha "cho minh" hay "cho ngudi", anh nghl thi ndo vi cdu hdi dy ?

- Nhung cd nen phdn bidt minh vdi ngudi ? Khi minh Id ngudi va ngudi cimg Id minh thi van di iy edn dgt ra ldm ehi niia. Neu minh chua phai Id ngudi thi minh hay ddn vdi ngudi di [...]. Dd la mdt qua trinh nhiiu khi dau khd, nhung phii thd thdi, cd thi ndo khdc dugc ? [...] Cd Id ndo vidt cho minh mdi Id "that". Id hay, cdn viet cho ngudi thi pd thi ddi, ed thi tdi ? Tha cho ngudi phai Id tha hdt minh mdi dimg.

(Lupe trich theo : Td Hiru, Xdy dung mgt nen vdn nghe ldn xdng ddng vdi nhdn ddn ta, vdi thdi dai ta,

NXB Van hoc, Ha Npi, 1973)

183

ViNH BIET CUU TRUNG OAl NGUYfiN HUY TUONG

(Trich Vii Mil/rd)

^

K^TQUACANOAT-

Hieu va phdn tfch dugc xung dot kjch, tfnh each, didn bien tdm trang vd bi kjch cua Vu Nhu Td vd Oan Thiem trong doan trfch.

Ndm dugc nhung net dac sac ve nghe thudt ciia vd kjch qua doan trfch.

TIEU D A N

Nguyin Huy Tudng (1912 - 1960) xuat than trong mpt gia dinh nha nho, que a lang Due Tu, huygn Tir Son, tinh Bac Ninh (nay la xa Due Tu, huyen Dong Anh, Ha Npi). 6ng som tham gia each mang, boat ddng trong nhimg td chuc van hoa van nghd do Ding lanh dao (nam 1943, tham gia HSi Van hoa ciiu qudc; thang 8 - 1945, la dai biiu Van hoa ciiu qudc di du Qudc dan Dai hdi d Tan Trdo). Nguyin Huy Tuong cd thien hudng khai thac dl tai lich sii va cd ddng gdp ndi bat 6 the loai tieu thuyit va kich. Van phong ciia 6ng viia gian di, trong sang, vira ddn hau, tham tram, sau sdc. Nam 1996, 6ng dupe Nha nudc tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh vl van hoc nghe thuat.

Tac pham chinh cua Nguyin Huy Tudng : cac vd kich Vu Nhu Td (1941), Bdc San (1946), NhOng ngudi d lgi (1948), kich bin phim Luy hoa (1960); cac tiiu thuyet Dim hdi Long Tri (1942), An Tu {1945), Sdng mdi vdi Thu do {1961) •,\d :Kisg Cao-Lgng {1951),...

Vu Nhu Td la vd bi kich lich su nam hdi viet ve mdt su kien xiy ra 6 Thang Long khoang nam 1516-1517, dudi triiu Le Tuong Due. Tac pham dupe Nguyen Huy Tudng viet xong vao miia he nam 1941, de tga thang 6 - 1942. Tir v6 kich ba hdi dang tren tap chi Tri tdn nam 1943 -1944, dupe su gdp y cua nhieu nha van tidn bd, Nguyin Huy Tudng da siia lai thanh vd kich nam hdi.

Tdm tat tac ph im: Vil Nhu To, mpt kien tnic su thien tai, bi h6n quan'^^ Ld Tuomg Due bat xay dgng Cim Triing Dai dl lam noi hudng lac, vui choi vdi cac cung nii. Vdn la mpt nghd si chan ehinh, gin bd vdi nhdn dan, cho nen mac dd bi Le Tuong Due doa gilt, Vii Nhu To vin ngang nhien ehui mdng ten hon quan va kien quyit tu chdi xay Cuu Triing Dai (hdi I).

Dan Thilm, mpt cung nu da thuyit phuc Vu Nhu Td chap nhan ydu eau ciia Le Tuomg Due, loi dung quyin th i va tiin bac cda ban, trd hit tai nang dl

Nguyin Huy Tudng (1) Hdn qudn: 6ng vua tdi tam, ngu ddt.

184

xay dung cho dat nudc mpt toa lau dai vi dai "bin nhu trang sao"; cd thi "tranh tinh xao vdi hoa cdnjg"' ' de eho "dan ta nghin thu edn hanh dien".

Theo ldi khuyfin, Vfl Nhu To da thay ddi thai dp, chap nhan xay Cuu Trung Dai. Tir do, ong ddn hit tam tri va bing mpi gia xay dung toa dai sao cho that hung vi, trang le. Ong da vo tinh gay biet bao tai hoa cho nhan dan: De xay dung Cuu Triing Dai, trieu dinh ra lenh tang them suu thue, bat th6m thp gioi, troc na, haHh ha nhirng ngudi chdng ddi. Dan cam phin vua lam cho dan cung, nudc kidt; thp oan Vu Nhu To bdi nhieu ngudi chit vi tai nan, vi ong cho chem nhiing ke chay trdn. Cdng cudc xay dung "cang gan ke thanh cong thi mau thuin giiia tap doan thdng tn sdng xa hoa, truy lac vol tang lop nhaa dan ngheo khd, giiia Vu Nhu To vdi nhflng ngudi thp lanh nghe vd ngudi dan lao dpng md dng hang yeu men cang cang thang, gay git (hdi II, III, IV).

Lpi dung tinh hinh rdi ren va mau thuin ay, Quan cdng Trinh Duy Sin - ke cam diu phe ddi lap trong triiu dinh - da day binh ndi loan, ldi keo thp lam phan, giet Le Tuong Due, Vfl Nhu Td, Dan Thilm. Cuu Trung Dai bi chinh nhiing ngudi thp noi loan dap pha, thieu buy (hdi V).

van bin dudi day la hdi V {Mgt cung cdm) cua vd kich.

VANBAN

Ldp I Vu Nhu Td - Dan Thiim

Vu Nhu Td - Cd vide gi md bd chgy hdt ha hdt hai ? Mat ba cit khdng cdn hdt mdu.

Dan Thilm {thd hdn hin) - Nguy den noi rdi... Ong C i !

Vu Nhu Td - Lg chua, nguy ldm sao ? Ddi Cuu Trung chia nam dd dugc mdt phin.

Dan Thilm - Ong trdn di, mau ldn khdng thi khdng kip.

Vu Nhu Td - Sao bd ndi lg ? Ddi Cuu Trung chua xong, tdi ttdn di ddu. Ldm gi phdi ttdn ?

Dan Thiem - Ong nghe td i ! Ong ttdn di ! Ong nghe tdi ! Ong phii trdn di mdi dugc!

Vu Nhu Td - Ldm sao tdi ein phii ttdn ? Bd ndi rd cho Id vi sao ? Khi trudc tdi nhd bd mdch dudng chgy ttdn, bd khuydn khdng ndn, bay gid bd bao tdi di ttdn, the Id nghia gi?

Dan Thiem - Cd nghia ldm. Tdi khdng ldm mdt vide ^ vd U ci . Khi trudc ttdn di thi dng nguy, bdy gid ttdn di thi dng thodt chd't.

VuNhuTd-Sao the?

(1) Tranh tinh xdo vdi hod cdng: tranh tai vdi trdi dat, tu nhien.

185

Dan Thilm - Logn den noi rdi. Ddn gian ddi kdm ndi ldn tu tung. Gidc Trin Cao trudc da bi quan qudn dudi ddnh, nay lgi vl ddng d Bo Dl, thanh the rit mgnh. Trong trieu, Nguydn Qudn cdng Trinh Duy San vi ean vua md bi ddnh, nay muu vdi may tdn ddng chi, gia mugn tieng di dep gidc rdi quay binh vl lam logn.

Vu Nhu Td - Tdi ldm gi ndn tdi ? Dan Thilm - Vay ma ai cd cflng eho dng la thu phgm. Vua xa xi la \d dng, cdng

khd hao hgt la vi dng, dan gian lim than la vi dng, man di odn gidn Id vi dng, thin nhdn trdch mdc la vi dng. Cuu Trung Dai, hg ed ein ddu ? Hg day nghia cdt giet dng, phd Cuu Trimg Ddi.

Vfl Nhu Td - Phd Cuu Triing Ddi ? Khdng ddi ndo ! Md tdi thi khdng ldm gi ndn tdi. Hg hieu nhim.

Dan Thilm - Ong phai trdn di. {Cd tiing qudn dm dm, tiing trdng, tiing chiing, . tiing tu vd, tiing ngua hi). Ong phai trdn di {ldi cd ve van Ion). Trong liic bien cd ndy, dng hay tgm Idnh di. Khi dan ndi ldn, hg ndng ndi vd cung. Hg khdng phdn bidt phai trdi. Ong trdn di. Tdi kia khdng ndn dl udng. Ong md ed mdnh he ndo thi nude ta khdng cdn ai td diim nua.

Vfl Nhu Td - Bd khdng ndn lo eho tdi. Tdi khdng trdn ddu. Ngudi qudn tu khdng bao gid sg chd't. Ma vgn nhit cd chdt, thi cflng phii dl cho mgi ngudi biet ring cdng vide mirih ldm chinh dgi quang minh. Tdi sdng vdi Cug Triing Ddi, chet cflng vdi Cuu Trung Ddi. Tdi khdng thi xa Cuu Triing Dai mdt budc. Hon tdi dl ea ddy, thi tdi chgy di ddu ?

Dan Thilm - Ong Ci! Ong nghe tdi. Trdn di dl chd ca hdi khdc. Dgi sg hdng rdi. Vu Nhu Td - Da ta bd. Tim ldng cua bd, ehi cd ldng cha me tdi mdi sdnh kip.

Nhung tdi da quydt, khdng chiu rdi Cuu Triing Ddi mgt budc. Tdi quyet d day. Dan Thilm {thdt vgng) - Ong Ca oi!

Ldp II Nhang ngudi trin, thim Nguyin Vu' '

Nguydn Vfl {Idt ddt vd xdc xich) - Kia, thiy Ca. Vu Nhu Td - Lgy Cg ldn. Nguydn Vfl - Thiy cd bidt vide khdng ? Vu Nhu Td - Bam Cg ldn, khdng. Duy ed bd Dan Thilm day vita mdi bao vdi

chung tdi ring Nguydn Qudn cdng lam phan. Nguydn Vfl {hdt hdm hoi Dan Thiim) - The ndo ? Dan Thilm - Chiing tdi cflng khdng rd. Nghe nhu Quan cdng ldm phin. Cg ldn

ed biet tin gi them khdng ?

(1) Nguyin Va: quan Ddng cac d^ hpe si, dupe vua Le Tuong Due tin dung.

186

Nguyin Vu - Diing the day. Ta vita chgy den day. Thien tu ddu ? Chiiu hdm kia ta cdn udng rugu trong ngi dien vdi Hoang thugng.

Dan Thiem {ru lin) - Cai ^ do ? {Cd tiing ddng dm dm d xa). Hg tien lgi day chdng ? {Quay bdo Vu Nhu Td) Ong trdn di, mau len, khd lam {ldng tai). Cd tieng qudn reo... (/I'u Zr OT).

Nguyen Vu - Ta lo cho Hoang thugng ldm. Duy San la mdt diia tieu nhan. Nd van cam gian Hoang thugng va ta. Ta hdi khdng can Hoang thugng, lai de cho Ngai sai ddnh nd qua dau, ma lai a ngay giua chg. Then qud hod gian, diia tieu nhan thi nghi chi den nghia vua tdi!

Dan Thiem {quay bdo Vu Nhu Td) - Ong dinh chd't d day sao ? Ong gan qua. Quan cdng cd ua ^ dng ddu ?

Vu Nhu Td {sang) - Bd de mac tdi. Tdi tg cd each khu xii.

Dan Thilm - Day, tieng reo mdi liic mgt gan. BQa, thai giam, chdc cd tin g ?

Ngi gidm hodng hdt vdo.

Lap III Nhiing ngudi trin, thim Li Trung Mgi^^^

Le Trung Mai - Bam Cg ldn, \nguy den noi rdi. Kia mg Dan Thiem sao lai d day ? Mg ra Id gidng quai...

Nguyin Vii - Cd vide chi, Trung Mgi ?

Le Trung Mgi - Bam Cg ldn, Trinh Duy San muu vdi lu Le Quang Dd, Trinh Tri Sam lap vua khdc, dem qua da keo qudn vao cua Bac Than...

Nguyin Vu - Thidn tu dau ?

Le Trung Mai - Bam, nguyen Trinh Duy San sdm sua thuyin be khi gidi, hgp d ben dd Thai Cge, ndi reo ldn la di danh Tran Cao, rdi duang dem dem ba nghin qudn Kim Ngd hg vd vao cua Bdc Than ddt lua cho sang...

Nguydn Vu {ndng rudt, gidm chdn gdt) - Thidn tu dau ? Ndi mau ldn.

Le Trung Mai - Hoang thugng trdng thay lua sang, hdt hoang tudng Id giac dp den vdi len ngga ldn ra cua Bao Khanh, trdi thi tdi md cii lao minh di khdng den duoc g ca. Khi Ngdi qua cua Thai Hgc ddn ao Chu Tudc d phudng Bich Cdu thi vita gap Duy San...

Nguyin Vu - Gap Duy San ? Trdi! The thi cdn ^ ? Ndi mau ldn.

Le Trung Mgi - Ngdi hdi nd : Gigc d dau ? Nd khdng dap, ngoanh mat di cudi nhgt. Ngdi quit ngga vl phia tdy, nd sai vd si Id tdn Hach dudi theo, dam vua nga ngga rdi giet chet (fcfedc).

(1) Li Trung Mai: thdi gidm than can cua hoang hau.

187

Nguydn Vfl {khdc) - Hodng thugng oi! Hg thin mdi nghe cdu ehuyen dd dodn ngay ed sg nay {cdm ddng qud, ngd xudng).

Le Trung Mai {nuc nd) - Khdn ngn, Khdm due Hodng hdu thuong vua ciing nhay vdo lua chdt... {khdng ndi dugc nda).

Vu Nhu Td - Xm Cu ldn hay de nghe xem ed thgc khdng da. Khdng ed Id... {vuc Nguyin Vu day). Bam Cg ldn.

Nguydn Vu {vdn khdc) - Thgc day rdi. Thdi dl mac ta. Duy Sin ta da bidt, nd tan nhdn vd cung. Hodng thugng oi ! On tri ngd mdi dugc tdm nam... Hodng thugng bang hd, ldo thin cimg khdng yen dugc vdi chiing. An ldc cua vua, xm chet vi ngn cua vua. Ldo thin khdng mudn kdo ddi kiep sdng tdn ldm gi nua {rut dao ddm cdtutuvd ngd ldn ra).

Le Trung Mai - Trdi oi! Cu ldn Ddng cdc! {Vuc day, mdu me ddm dia).

Nguydn Vu - Thdi mac ta cho ta chd't. Sdng ehi thdm nhgc nhd. {Ngdt di).

Vu Nhu Td {nhin Dan Thiim, nhin thdy Nguyin Vu) - Tham ndo chua ?

Ld Trung Mgi {sd ngudi Nguyin VO) - Cd Id Cg ldn chdt rdi. Sao chdng the dugc ? Chd't thgc rdi.

Dan Thilm {thd ddi) - Bidn den thd Id cung!

Mdt bgn ndi gidm nua vdo.

Ldp IV Nhang ngudi trin, thim mdt bgn ndi gidm khdc

Mdt tdn ndi giam - Cg ldn ldm sao ? Tinh the nguy ngdp ! Diing d ddy dl chet ci Ifl u ?

Ld Trung Mai - Vide ehi niia ?

Ten ndi giam - Trinh Duy San giet Thidn tu, hdi triiu dinh lap con Mgc Y Vuong la Quang Tri ldn ngdi. Cd Vd Ta Hiu Id Phimg Mai diing ldn mdng quan phan nghich. Ding ae bit Phimg Mai chdm ngay d nhd Nghi sg. Trong triiu edn dang rdi logn thi An Hod Hiu Nguyin Hoing Dg, d bdn Bd De dugc tin vua bi giet, kdo qudn vl dot phd kinh thdnh. Thg xdy Cuu Triing Ddi qud nua theo vl qudn phan nghich. Tmh till nguy ngdp ldm rdi.

Vu NhuTd - Thg theo qudn phin nghich ? Thd cdn Cuu Triing Ddi ?

Tdn ndi giam - Ke phd, ngudi dot...

VuNhuTd-Vdh'.

Bgn ndi gidm - Vd U ? Vd U ? Dl Cuu Triing Dai lam gi ? Vi ddu md ed qudn phin nghich ? An Hod Hiu dang eho tim may Ifl cung nu de phanh thdy ldm ttdm minh. May khdng bidt tdi hay sao ?

188

Vii NhuTd -Vd U. {Cd tiing kiu mdi luc mdt gdn: "Bao chua dd chdt. Cdn thing Vfl Nhu Td, dem phanh thdy ttdm manh". Cd tiing do dm dm. Hg chgy cd).

Le Trung Mai {nhdy bgn ndi gidm) - Tam thdp lgc ke, tau vi thugng sdch. Tham quyin cd vi gi, anh em nghi sao ?

Bgn ndi gidm - Chgy di anh em oi! {Hg chgy not).

LdpV Vu Nhu Td - Dan Thiim

Dan Thilm - Ong Ci ! Ong chgy di! Ong ed nghe tidng gi khdng ? Qudn gidc dang tim dng d iy : ttdn di!

Vu Nhu Td - Hg tim tdi, nhung ed h ^ hg giet tdi. Tdi ed gay odn gay thu ^ vdi ai ?

Dan Thilm - Ong dimg ma mdng niia. Ddn chiing ndng ndi, de sinh tan dc. Hg khdng hieu cdng vide eua dng. Trdnh di! Trdn di! Dgi thdi Id thugng sdch. Dung de phi tdi trdi. Trdn di!

Vu N h u T d - C d n bd?

Dan Thilm - Tdi d day. {Cd tiing qudn reo du ddi: "Giet chd't Vfl Nhu Td, giet chet Ifl cung nii").

Vu Nhu Td {than nhiin) - Bd d ddy. Vdy tdi cimg d ddy, nguy bidn ta cimg chiu.

Dan Thilm - IQidng dugc ! Tdi chdt di khdng thidt hgi cho ddi. Cdn dng, dng phai di di mdi dugc. {Cd tiing rihd do, tiing cua do). Ong di di khdng thi khdng kip. {Ndng chdp tay lgy) Tdi xin dng, dng nghe tdi trdn di.

Cd tiing gidy dip nhdn nhdo. Bgn cung nu hdt hodng di vdo.

LdpVI Nhiing ngudi trin - Kim Phugn^^^ - cung nd

Kim Phugng {khdc ldc) - Ldm the ndo bdy gid ? Cua didn bi chung pha rdi! Chung diing diy ngodi san. {Hdi Dan Thiim) Day ed eua ra dang sau khdng ?

Dan T h i l m - Den diy Id dudng cimg rdi! Ddy Id tu dia!

Cung nvr - Trdi oi!

Dan Thiem {bdo Vu Nhu Td) - Ong Ca oi ! Cd ttdn cung khdng dugc nua. Ong nguy mi t {ndng khdc).

Qudn khdi logn keo vdo, guam gido sdng loe.

LdpVII Nhiing ngudi trin, thim Ngd Hgch^^^ vd qudn khdi logn

Quan khdi loan - Ddy rdi! Vu Nhu Td ! Lfl cung nu!

(1) Kim Phugng: thd phi eua vua L6 Tuong Dgc, dupe vua rlit y6u quy, ehilu chupng. (2) Ngd Hach: vo si cua Trjnh Duy Sin, quan cdng cam diu phe ndi lo?in gilt Ld Tuomg Dgc.

189

Ngd Hach - Qudn bay, vdo bit lfl cung nu trudc.

Cung nii ( My xudng) - Tram lgy tudng qudn, ttdm lgy tudng qudn.

Ngd Hach - Ta vang tudng lenh vdo bdt cdc nguoi.

Kim Phugng {quy xudng) - Chi em chung tdi khdng ed tdi ^ . Xin tudng qudn sinh phuc. {Dan Thiim biu mdi thd ddi). Ke hay xuc xiim vua Id a kia {chi Dan Thiim). Chinh nd me hode vua. Chinh nd dan diu vdi Vfl Nhu Td, lam ud tgp noi cung cim, ehinh nd Id thii phgm.

Cung nu - Chinh nd Id thu phgm.

Dan Thilm - Lfl ydu qudi khdng dugc ddt de ndn nhdi, tudng qudn ndn thau eho. Tdi khdng sg chet, nguydn xin dugc chet. Nhung tdi khdng phai Id con ngudi bat chinh, tdi ndi the khdng hd vdi quy thin hai vai, khdng hd vdi thanh thidn bach nhgt.

Cung nii - Chinh eon Dan Thilm Id thu phgm. {Nhin ldng la, bgn qudn si nhu bi quyin ru).

Ngd Hach - Ta dd bidt! Qudn bay, vdo bit liy gian phu ddm phg.

Dan Thilm - Tudng qudn khdng ndn ndi thd.

Vu Nhu Td - Giet thi cii gidt, nhung diing nghi oan.

Dan Thilm - Tudng qudn nghe tdi. Bao nhieu tdi tdi xin chiu het. Nhung xin tudng qudn thd eho dng Ca. Ong iy Id mdt ngudi tdi...

Quan khdi loan {cudi dm) - The md edn md mdm cdi. Mdy chdt de chdng mdy sdng d.

Dan Thiem - Cdc ngudi chi nghl nhimg diiu qud qudt.

Quan khdi loan - Chung dng chi cd thd, eon di gid cam midng.

Ngd Hach - Trdi ed nd lgi. . ^

Dan Thiem {quy xudng) - Tudng qudn tha cho dng Ci. Nudc ta edn cin nhiiu thg tdi de td diim.

Ngd Hach {cudi ha hd) - Cin thg tdi dl td diim. Di hao hgt cdng khd, dl ddn gian lim than.

Vfl Nhu Td - Dan Thilm, bd diing day. Sao bd lan thin thd, lgy ea mdt diia tiiu nhdn?

Dan Thiem {dung ddy) - Tudng qudn hay nghe tdi, dimg phgm vdo tdi dc. Dimg gidt dng Ci. Keo tudng qudn mang ban vl mudn ddi! Tha eho dng Ca. Tdi xm chiu chet.

Ngd Hach {truyin) - Trdi cd eon di gid lgi.

Dan Thilm - Tudng qudn tha...

190

Quan khdi logn {xdm vdo trdi ndng) - Dimg ndi nua vd Ich, eon ddm phu.

Dan Thilm-... Tha eho dng Ci.

Ngd Hach {thdy Nhu Td chgy lgi) - Trdi thing Vfl NhuTd lai {qudn si xdng vdo trdi chdng cd ve ddc y).

Dan Thilm {thdt vgng) - Chi tgi dng khdng nghe tdi, dung dang mdi. Bay gid... {ndi vdi Ngd Hgch)'Km tuang quan...

Ngd Hgch - Din nd di, khdng cho nd ndi nham niia, rdm tai {qudn si ddn ndng ra).

Dan Thilm - Ong Ci ! Dai ldn tan tdnh ! Ong Ci oi ! Xin cung dng vinh bidt! {Hg keo ndng ra tdn nhdn).

Ldp VIII Nhiing ngudi trin, tru Dan Thiim

Vu Nhu Td - Xin da tg tim ldng tri ki. Dan Thilm, xin cung bd vinh bidt! {Budn rdu, trdn tinh ngay) Ddi ta chua tan, mdnh ta chua cung. Ta sd xdy mdt ddi vi dgi de tg ldng tti ki.

Ngd Hach {chi bgn cung na bdo mdy tin qudn) - Ddn hg vl dinh ta dgi Idnh.

May tdn qudn - Xin vdng lenh {ddn cung ndra).

Vu Nhu Td {khinh bi) - Mi thgc Id mdt tdn bi di. Sao trdi lgi dl cho mi sdng ldm nhgc cuong thudng!

Ngd Hach - Din thing niy vl trinh chu tudng.

Vu Nhu Td {day hi vgng) - Din ta ra mit An Hod Hiu, dl ta phdn trin, de ta giang giii, cho ngudi ddi bidt rd nguydn vgng eua ta. Ta tdi gi. Khdng, ta ehi cd mdt hodi bdo Id td didm dat nude, dem hdt tdi ra xdy cho ndi gidng mdt tod ddi hoa Id, thdch ea nhimg cdng trinh sau trudc, ttanh tinh xdo vdi hod cdng. Vdy thi ta ed tdi ^ ? Ta xdy Cuu Trung Ddi ed phii ddu dl hgi nude ? Khdng, khdng, Nguyin Hoang Du sd bidt cho ta, ta khdng ed tdi vd ehu tudng cdc ngudi sd cdi trdi eho ta dl ta xdy ndt Cuu Trung Ddi, dung mdt ki cdng mudn thud...

Quan si {cudi dm)- Cam ngay di. Qudn didn rd, cdm ngay di khdng chiing dng vd vd midng bay gid. May khdng biet miy nghin ngudi chd't vi Cuu Trung Ddi, me mat con, vg mit chdng vi mdy do u ? Ngudi ta odn mdy ban odn quy. Cdm ngay di.

Vu Nhu Td - ... Vdi ndm nua, ddi Cuu Triing hodn thdnh, cao ca, huy hodng, giua cdi ttin lao lgc, cd mdt canh Bdng Lai...

Quan si - Cam mdm!

Vu Nhu Td -... Xuit hidn...

Quan SI - Cdm mdm! {Hg xdm vdo vd miing Vu Nhu Td).

191

Vu Nhu Td - Ta cd thu odn gi vdi cdc ngudi ? Ngd Hach - Din nd ra phdp trudng. Khdng dl nd ndi nham trudc mat ehu

tudng mat thi gid. Quan si - Ra phdp trudng! Vfl Nhu Td - Khdng, din ta ra mdt chu tudng. Ta mudn ndi chuydn vdi An Hod

Hiu. Cdc ngudi khdng hilu dugc ta. {Cd tiing dm dm nhu long trdi Id ddt).

Mgi ngudi - Cai chi nghe kinh ngudi ? Mdt lu qudn vdo.

Ldp IX Nhiing ngudi trin, thim mdt lu qudn

Ngd Hach - Chung bay di ddu ? Lu quan - Bim tudng quan ! Kinh thdnh phdt hoi! Ngd Hach - Ai ra lenh iy ? Mdt tdn quan - Chinh An Hod Hiu! Vu Nhu Td - Chiiih An Hod Hiu! The Ciiu Trung Ddi ? Lu quan - Cuu Trimg Ddi u ? Da ttdng xe cdt ^ ! Cuu Triing Dai sdp Id mdt ddng

tto tdn! Vu NhuTd-VdhlVdU! Ngd Hach - Rd quan ngu mudi! Den diu may cha chac, ndi ehi ddn Cuu Triing

Ddi md edn tin tudng. Vu Nhu Td - Ddi ta khdng quy bang Cuu Trimg Ddi. Quan si - Gidng vdt khdng bidt nhgc. Ngd Hach - Dan nd di. {Chgt cd dnh Ida sdng rue, cd tdn than, bgi khdi bay vdo). Vu Nhu Td {nhin ra, ru lin) - Dd't thgc rdi! Ddt thgc rdi! Oi dang dc! Oi mudn

phin cdm gidn! Trdi oi! Phu eho ta edi tdi lam gi ? Oi mdng ldn! Oi Dan Thilm! Oi Cuu Trung Ddi! (Cd tiing hd vui ve: "Cuu Trung Ddi dd chdy!")

Quan si - Thgc dang dn mung. Vu Nhu Td {chua chdt) - Thpi the Id hdt. Din ta den phdp trudng!

Mdn hg nhanh. Mua hg ndm 1941

(Theo Tuyin tap Nguyin Huy Tudng, t |p I, NXB van hpe. Ha Ndi,' 1984)

(1) Dd trdng xe cdt (nghia an du): vi6c lam tdn cdng vd ich (ca dao : Dd trdng xe cdt biin Ddng-Nhgc ldng md chdng nin cdng cdn gi).

192

HUlorNG D A N H O C B A I

1. Cdc mau thuin ca bin cua kich Vu Nhu Td dugc thi hien eg thi nhu the ndo trong hdi V ?

2. Phdn tich tinh each, diin bidn tam trgng eua Vfl Nhu Td vd Dan Thilm trong dogn ttich.

3. Mdu thuin giua quan ni$m nghd thudt cao sidu, thuin tuy cua mudn ddi vd lgi ich thidt than cua nhdn ddn chua dugc tac gia giii quyet diit khodt. Diiu dd dugc thi hidn nhu thd ndo d hdi cudi cung cua vd kjch ? Theo anh (ehi), ndn giai quyet mdu thudn ay nhu the ndo ?

4. Ddc sdc vl nghd thudt eua kich Vu Nhu Td dugc thi hidn qua dogn trich ?

, GHI NHO .

• Qua tan bi kjch ciia Vu Nhu Td, tac gia da ddt ra nhCrng van d l sau sdc, cd y nghTa mudn thud ve mdi quan hd giiia nghd thudt vdi cudc sdng, giua If tudng nghd thuat cao sieu, thuan tuy cua mudn ddi vdi Igi fch thiet than va trge tiep cua nhan dan,...

• Doan trfch the hidn nhung dac sdc ve nghd thudt kjch cCia Nguydn Huy Tudng : ngdn ngO kjch dieu luyen, cd tfnh tong hgp cao ; dung ngon ngCr, hanh dgng ctia nhdn vat de khac hoa tfnh each, midu ta tam trang, ddn dat va diy xung ddt kjch ddn cao trao.

LUYEN TAP

Trong ldi dl tga kich Vu Nhu Td, Nguyin Huy Tudng viet:

"Than di! Nhu Td phdi hay nhiing ke giit Nhu Td phdi ? Ta chdng biit.

Cdm but chdng qua cung mdt binh vdi Dan Thiim."

Bdng nhiing hiia bidt vl dogn trich vd vl vd kich, anh (chi) hay phdt biiu y kidn cua minh vl ldi dl tua ttdn.

13-NV11-T1-A 193

THUC H A N H VE Sir D U N G MOT S 6 KIEU CAU TRONG VAN BAN

K^TQUACANOAT-

• Cling cd va nang cao kien thiic ve mgt sd kieu cau thudng dung trong tieng Viet : cau tao va tac dung lidn kdt y.trong van ban ciia chiing.

• Bidt phan tfch va Imh hgi kieu cau trong van ban, biet each Iga chgn ki iu cdu thfeh hgp de didn dat khi ndi vd viet.

^

I - DUNG KlIU CAU Bl DdNG

1. Dgc dogn trich sau vd thue hidn cdc yeu ciu neu d dudi. Hdn chi thdy nhue, chu yiu duong gi. Khdng, hdn chua dugc mdt ngudi dan bd

ndo yiu cd, vi thimd bdt chdo hdnh cua thi Nd ldm hdn suy nghi nhiiu. Hdn cd the tim bgn dugc, sao lgi chi gdy ke thu ?

{Nam Cao, Chi Pheo)

a) Xdc dinh cdu bi ddng trong dogn trich. b) Chuyin cdu bi ddng sang eau chu ddng ed nghia ca bin tuong duong. c) Thay eau ehu ddng vdo vi tti cdu bi ddng vd nhdn xdt vl su Udn kdt y d dogn

vdn dd ed sg thay the do.

2. Xdc dinh cdu bi ddng ttong dogn trich sau vd phdn tich tdc dgng eua kiiu cau bi ddng vl mat Udn kdt y trong vdn bin.

Han tu hoi rdi lgi tu trd ldi: Cd ai ndu cho md dn ddu ? Md cdn ai ndu cho md dn nda! Ddi hdn chua bao gid dugc sdn sdc bdi mdt bdn tay "ddn bd".

{NamCao, Chi Phio)

3. Bdi tap vl nha : Viet mdt dogn vdn vl nhd van Nam Cao, ttong dd cd dung cau bi ddng. Giai thich tdc dgng eiia cdu hi ddng dd.

II - DUNG KIEU CAU CO KHOTI NGQT

1. Dgc dogn ttich sau vd thuc hidn yeu ciu ndu d dudi.

Phdi cho hdn dn tigi mdi dugc. Dang dm thi thi chidn chdo hdnh, ra dugc md hdi thi Id nhe nhdm ngudi ngay dd md... Thila vita sdng thi dd chgy di tim ggo. Hdnh thi nhd thi may lgi cdn. Thi ndu bd vdo cdi rd, mang ra cho Chi Pheo,

• (NamCao, CWPh^o)

1 9 4 13 - NV11.T1-B

a) Xdc dinh khdi ngu vd nhimg eau cd khdi ngu.

b) So sdnh tdc dgng ttong vdn bin (vl mat lien kdt y, nhin mgnh y, dd'i lap y,...) cua kiiu cdu cd khdi ngu vdi kiiu eau khdng cd khdi ngu.

2. Lga chgn cdu van thich hgp nhat dl dimg vdo vi tri bd ttdng ttong dogn vdn sau:

Tdi Id con gdi Hd Ndi. Ndi mdt cdch khiim tdn, tdi Id mdt cd gdi khd. Hai bim tdc ddy, tuangddi mim, mdt cdi cocao, kiiu hdnh nhu ddi hoa loa ken. \...\

{Theo Ld Minh Khue, Nhiing ngdi sao xa xdi)

A - Cdc anh ldi xe nhdn xet vi mdt tdi: "Cd cd cdi nhin sao md xa xdm!".

B - Mdt tdi dugc cdc anh ldi xe bdo Id: "Cd cd cdi nhin sao md xa xdm!".

C - Cdn rndt tdi thi cdc anh ldi xe bdo: "Cd cd cdi nhin sao md xa xdm I".

D - Mat tdi theo ldi cdc anh ldi xe Id cd cdi nhin xa xdm.

3. Xdc dinh khdi ngii ttong mdi dogn ttich sau vd phan tich ddc diem cua khdi ngu vl cdc mat:

- Vi tri eiia khdi ngu ttong cdu. - Dau hidu vl quang ngdt (diu phay) bode hu tit sau khdi ngu. -Tdc dgng cua khdi ngii dd'i vdi vide thi hidn dl tdi cua cdu, ddi vdi sg lidn ket

y vdi cdu di trudc, sg nhin mgnh y, su ddi lap y,...

a) Tdi mong ddng bdo ai curig tap thi dgc. Tu tdi, ngdy ndo tdi cung tap.

(Ho Chi Minh, Ldi kiu ggi todn ddn tap the due)

b) Chd dung chinh cua vdn nghi la d tinh yiu ghet, niim vui budn, y dep xdu trong ddi sdng thiin nhiin vd ddi sdngxd hdi cua chung ta. Cam gidc, tinh tu, ddi sdng cdm xdc, dy la chiin khu chinh cua vdn nghi. Tdn-xtdi ndi vdn tdt: Nghi thudt Id tiing ndi cua tinh cdm.

(Nguyin Dinh Thi, Tuyin tgp, tap III, NXB van hoc. Ha Ndi, 1997)

III - DUNG KIEU CAU Cd TRANG NGUT CHJ TINH HUONG

1. Dgc dogn trich sau, chu y cdc tit ngii in dam vd tti ldi eau hdi.

Thi nghi bung: hdy dimg yiu di hdi cd thi dd.

Thdy thi hdi, bd gid kia bgt cudi. Bd tudng chdu bd ndi dua.

(Nam Cao, ChiPheo)

a) Phin in dam nam d vi tti ndo ttong cdu ?

195

b) Nd cd ciu tgo nhu the ndo (Id danh tit, ddng tit. Id cum ddng tit, cum tmh tit,...) ?

e) Chuyin phin m dam vl vi tri sau chu ngu vd nhdn xdt su gidng nhau vd khde nhau vl cau tgo, vl ndi dung eua cdc cdu trudc vd sau khi chuyen.

2. 6 vi tri dl ttdng ttong dogn vdn dudi ddy, tde gid dd lga chgn eau nao ttong sd cae kieu cau ndu d dudi ? Hay giai thich sg lga chgn dd.

- Em thdp den lin chi Liin nhe ?

- Hdng thong thd mdt Idt nda cung dugc. Em ra ngdi ddy vdi chi keo d trong dy mudi.

{TheoTh^chLam,Haidiiati-e)

A - Khi nghe tiing An, Liin dOng day trd ldi: B - Liin nghe tiing An, Liin diing day trd ldi: C - Nghe tiing An, Liin ddng day trd ldi: D - Liin nghe tiing An, ddng day trd ldi:

3. Dgc dogn trich sau vd thgc hidn cdc yeu ciu ndu d dudi. Nhgn dugc phiin trdt cua Son Hung Tuyin ddc bd dudng viin quan coi nggc

quay lgi hdi thdy tha lgi giup viic trong di lao: - Ndy, thdy bdt, cu cdng vdn ndy, thi chdng ta sdp nhdn dugc sdu tin tu dn chem.

(Nguyin Tuan, Cha ngudi tii tii)

a) Xdc dinh ttgng ngu ehi tinh hudng. b) Ndu tdc dgng cua vide ddt cau cd ttgng ngu ehi tinh hudng vl mdt phdn bidt

thdng tin thu ydu ttong cdu (thi hidn d trgng ngu) vd thdng tin quan ttgng (thi hidn d vi ngu eua cdu).

IV - TONG KET VE VIEC SUT DUNG BA KIEU CAU TRONG V A N BAN

1. Thdnh phin ehu ngu ttong kiiu cdu bi ddng, thdnh phin khdi ngii vd thdnh phin ttgng ngu chi tinh hudng chidm vl tri ndo -ttong nhimg kiiu cdu ehiia chiing ?

2. Qua cdc ngu Ueu da phdn tieh ttong bdi, hay chiing imnh ring thdnh phin ehu ngu cua cdu hi ddng, thdnh phin khdi ngu vd thdnh phin ttgng ngii chi tinh hudng thudng thi hidn thdng tm dd bidt tu vdn ban (tit nhiing cau di trudc) bode thdng tm dl ddng Udn tudng tit nhiing diiu dd bidt.

3. Phan tieh dl khdng dinh tdc dgng Udn kdt y ttong vdn bin eua cdc thdnh phin kl tten vd cua cdc kiiu cau ehiia chiing.

196

TiNH YEU VA THU H A N U. SECH-XPIA

(Trich Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Cam nhan dugc tinh ydu cao d^p bat chap thu han giua hai ddng ho cua Rd-me-d va Giu-li-et.

• Phdn tfch dugc didn bien tdm trang nhan vat qua ngdn ngu dd'i thoai trong doan trfch.

• Hieu dugc tinh yeu chan chfnh tao ra tinh cam va nhdn each trong sang, nang dd, cd vu con ngudi vugt qua thu hdn.

TIEU D A N

Uy-li-am Seeh-xpia (1564 - 1616) la nha tho, nha viit kich thien tai eua nude Anh va cua nhan loai thdi Phuc hung, thdi ki dupe coi la "budc ngoat tien bp vi dai nhat tu trudc den bay gid loai ngudi chua tirng thdy, mdt thdi dai can din nhiing con ngudi khdng Id va da sinh ra dupe nhiing con ngudi khdng Id"'^'. Sech-xpia la mdt con ngudi khdng Id nhu thd. Ong sinh tai thi tran Xto-ret-phdt dn fi-von thupc miin tay nam nudc Anh trong mdt gia dinh budn ban ngu cdc, len, da. Nam 1578, khi gia dinh sa sut, dng phai thdi hpe. Nam 1585, dng 16n thu dd Luan Ddn kiim sdng va giup vific cho doan kich cua Hau tudc Xto-ren-gio, vl sau trd thdnh Nha hat Dia Cau. Day cflng la noi dng gia nhap dai gia dinh nghe thuat. Lue nay, nudc Anh dang d giai doan phdn thinh, la manh dat thuan Ipi eho li tudng nhan van'2' phat trien. 6ng da dl l^i 37 vd gdm kich lich su, bi kich va hai kich, ma phan ldn la kiet tac cua van hpe nhan loai. Tac pham eua dng la tieng ndi cua luong tri tidn bd, ciia khat vpng tu do, cua ldng nhan ai bao la va cua niim tin bat diet vao kha nang hudng thien va kha nang vuon d|y de khing dinh cupe sdng cua eon ngudi. U. Sich-xpia

(1) Din theo Cac Mac - Phri-drich Ang-ghen, Tuyin tap, tap V, IM ndi ddu cudn Bien chiing cua tu nhiin, NXB Su thait. Ha Npi, 1983, tr. 465.

(2) Li tudng nhdn vdn : cdn gpi la chu nghia nhdn vdn, mdt trao luu tu tudng tien bp cua thdi ki Phuc hung vdi ndi dung chinh la dl cao, ca ngpi, khing dinh eon ngudi, lay con ngudi lam chuin muc do ludng mudn loai va thi gidi.

197

Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-itla vdbi kich ndi tieng dau tien eua Sich-xpia, dupe viit vao khoang nhiing nam 1594 - 1595, gdm nam hdi bing tho xen lin vSn xudi, dua tren cau chuyfin cd that vl mdi h|ta thu giiia hai ddng hp Mdn-ta-ghiu va Ca-piu-ldt, tai Ve-rd-na (I-ta-li-a) thdi trung ed.

Tdm tat tac pham: Cau chuydn bat diu tu ddm da hpi hoa trang do gia dinh Ca-piu-ldt td chiic nhan dip con gai hp la Giu-li-et trdn 14 tudi. Rd-me-d, con trai nha Mdn-ta-ghiu, dang budn ba vi bi Rd-da-lin tCr chdi da ciing cac ban hoa trang di vao nha Ca-piu-let, m$e du trudc dd Rd-md-d da cd cudc loan di vdi nhiiu thanh vien cua ddng hp nay. T^i day, chang da gap Giu-li-et, ngudi ma ba tudc Pa-rit, chau cda Vuong chu thanh Ve-rd-na dang mudn ciu hdn. Rd-md-d say dam trudc ve dep tuyet vdi cua Giu-li-et va cflng nhan dupe su ddng cam eua Giu-li-et. Tinh ydu eua hp niy nova biing len manh lidt (hdi I). Ciing trong dem ay, Rd-me-d trd lai, leo len bd tudng ddi dien vdi phdng ngii cua Giu-U-6t, diing luc Giu-U-6t ciing ra dirng bdn ciia sd, thd Id ldng minh (xem doan trich Tinh yiu vd thu hgn). Hp hen udc, thi nguyin vdi nhau. Hon thd, hp edn nhd tu si Lau-rdn lam phep cudi bf mat (hdi II). Nhung mdi ban thu sau sic giua hai ddng hp lgi nd ra khi Ti-ban, anh hp Giu-li-6t, gidt chit Mo-kiu-xi-d, ngirdi nha Mdn-ta-ghiu. Rd-me-d da gilt chit Ti-ban va phai di day biet xii tai thanh Man-tua. Giu-U-et budn ba vd ciing. Gia dinh Ca-piu-llt ydu ciu Giu-li-6t phii nhEin ldi lay Pa-rit (hdi III). Giu-li-et phai nhd Lau-ran giiip dd. Tu si khuyta Giu-li-6t gia vd nhan ldi va dua cho nang Ip thudc ngu cd hidu luc 42 gid. Trong thdi gian dd, tu si se chb gpi Rd-md-d vl. Dung nhu du tinh cua Lau-ran, gia dinh Ca-piu-let tudng ring con gai minh da chit, thay vi dam cudi, hp td chiic dam tang (hdi IV). Ngudi dua thu eua Lau-rdn hudng ve Man-tua, cung luc mpt ngudi nha than tin ciia Rd-me-d, sau khi da chiing kiln mpi viec xiy ra vdi Giu-U-dt, ciing di vl thanh Man-tua. Thanh phd nay dang bi dich hsich. Ngudi dua thu eua Lau-ran danh quay ve, cdn ngudi nha Rd-me-d da vao dupe thanh phd. Nhpi dupe tiri du, Rd-md-d tuy$t vpng, trd vl ngay va khdng quen mua sdn mdt Ip thudc dpc. Chang gap Pa-rit d khu him md va gilt chdt anh ta. Budc vao him md, chang tim den noi Giu-U-et nim, rdi udng thudc ddc chit. Giu-U-dt tinh day, thiy Rd-me-d da chet ben canh, Giu-U-dt nit con dao ma Rd-m6-d thudng mang theo ben minh, quydn sinh ludn. Lau-ran nhan lai buc thu Uln den ngay ham md. nhung khdng kip. Hai gia dinh Mdn-ta-ghiu va Ca-piu-llt cflng do xd din. Tu si da kl lai mpi chuydn. Vuong chii thanh V6-rd-na len an hai ddng hp. Hp tu nguyen xoa di mdi thu truyin kiep va dung cho Rd-md-d va Giu-U-dt biic tupng bing vang (hdi V).

Vd bi kich dua trdn xung ddt giiia khat vpng yeu duong manh liet vdi hoan cinh thu dich vay ham. Mdi tuih cua hp khing dinh siic sdng, siie vuon day vupt len trfin mpi hoan canh trdi budc con ngudi. Mdi tinh dd cflng la Ipi kit an danh thep, td cao thanh kidn phong kiln, nguydn nhan thu h |n ciia tinh ngudi, cua ehu nghia nhan van. Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et cflng dat tdi tim cao vl nghe thuat td chiic kjch tinh, qua viec din dit hanh dpng kich va ca thi hoa ngdn ngu nhan vat.

van ban dudi day trich ldp 2, hdi II ciia vd kich.

198

VAN BAN

Vucn nhd Ca-piu-let Rd-mi-d ra.

Rd-md-d - Kd chua tung hi thuong thi ha sg gi seo'i).

Giu-li-it xudt hiin trin cua sd.

Ay, khe khd ehii! Anh sang ndo vita lod ttdn cua so kia ? Day Id phuong ddng, vd ndng Giu-U-dt Id mat trdi ! - Vimg duong dep tuoi oi, hdy hidn ldn di, vd giet chdt a Hing Nga' ) do ki, hdo hon va nhgt nhgt vi dau buon khi thay ed hiu cua d® lgi d^p hon i rit nhiiu. A ghen vdi em thd thi em theo a lam gi ? Bd canh ddng cdt'*' eua a xanh xao nhgt nhat, ehi hgp vdi nhimg do ngu xuin'^', em hay viit nd di. Diy Id ngudi ta quy. Oi! Diy la ngudi ta ydu! 6i, gid ndng bidt nhi! - Ndng dang ndi kia, nhung ndng cd ndi ^ ddu: vdy Id ^ the ? Ddi mat ndng ldn tieng, ta sd ddp ldi. Ta lieu qua: cd phai ndng ndi vdi ta ddu, chang qua hai ngdi sao dep nhat biu trdi cd vide phai di ving, da thidt tha nhd mdt nang lip Idnh, ehd den liie sao vl< '. U, neu mdt ndng ldn thay cho sao, vd sao xudng nam dudi ddi ldng mdy kia thi the ndo nhi ? Vd rgc rd eua ddi gd md ndng se ldm cho cdc vi tinh tii ay phai hd nguoi, nhu dnh sang ban ngdy lam cho ddn ndn phii then thimg; cdn cap mdt ndng ttdn bau ttdi se rgi khdp khdng gian mdt ldn dnh sang tung bimg den ndi chim chdc se ldn tidng hot vang va tudng la ddm dd tdn. Kia, ndng ti ma ldn ban tay! 6i! Udc ^ ta la chide bao tay, dl dugc mon ttdn gd md iy!

Giu-h-et - Oi chao !

Rd-md-d - Ndng ldn tidng! Hdi ndng tidn long ldy, hdy ndi niia di! Bdi ddm nay, ndng toi dnh hdo quang, ttdn diu ta, nhu mdt sii gid nhd trdi ed cdnh, dang cudi nhimg dng mdy limg id ludt nhe ttdn khdng trung, khien nhimg kd ttin tgc phai cd ngudc ddi mdt ttdng dd ldn md chidm ngudng.

(1) Sau cudc gap gd, mdt tinh yeu bung 16n manh Uft nfen Rd-me-d, ngay giira d6m khuya hdm dd, da trd lai nha Ca-piu-let. Cau ndi nay thi hidn su chap nhan Ulu minh.

(2) Hdng Nga : nu thin Mat trang, theo thin tho^i La Ma nu thin nay cd ten la Di-a-na. NO thin nay khdng lay chdng, sdng trinh bach sudt ddi. Diiu nay trdi vdi khat vpng cua Rd-me-d nen chang mdi thdt ra nhiing ldi le nhu thi ddi vdi nu than Mat trang.

(3) Cd hdu cua d: ehi cdc ed gdi dong trinh, thudng dupe coi la thi nu cda nii thin Mat trang; d day la Giu-U-et.

(4) BO cdnh ddng cdt: bd quan do cda cdc ba ddng cdt theo me tin.

(5) NhOng do ngu xudn: b day dung dl chi nhiing ed gai khdng chiu lay chdng.

(6) Chd din ldc sao vi: each ndi vi von, chi Rd-me-d dang diing dudi thip cdn Giu-U-et thi diing ben eiia sd trfin cao. Khi ngudc nhin l^n, Rd-me-d cim thay ddi mit eiia Giu-li-et sdng lung Unh hoa vao biu trdi sao.

199

Giu-U-dt - Oi, Rd-md-d, chdng Rd-md-d! Sao chdng lai la Rd-md-d nhi ? Chang hdy khudc tit cha chdng vd tit chdi ddng hg cua chdng di; hode ndu khdng thi chdng hdy thi Id ydu em di, vd em se khdng edn Id eon chdu nhd Ca-piu-let niia.

Rd-md-d - ndi riing - Minh eii nghe them niia, hay minh ndn ldn tidng nhi ?

Giu-U-et - Chi ed tdn hg chdng la thu dich cua em thdi. Ndu chang phai Id ngudi hg Mdn-ta-ghiu thi chdng ciing vdn cii Id chdng. Mdn-ta-ghiu la cdi gi nhi ? Dd ddu phai Id ban tay, hay bdn chdn, hay cdnh tay, hay mat miu, hay mdt bd phdn ndo day cua ca thi con ngudi. Chdng oi ! Hdy memg ten hg ndo khdc di! Cdi tdn nd cd nghia ^ ddu ? Bdng hdng kia, gid chiing ta ggi bdng mdt tdn khac thi huong tham cimg vdn nggt ngdo. Vdy neu chdng Rd-md-d chang mang tdn Rd-md-d niia, thi mudi phan chdng ciing vdn ven mudi... Rd-md-d chdng oi, chdng hdy vut bd ten hg ciia chdng di; chdng hay dem tdn hg ay, nd dau phii xuong thit cua chdng, ddi liy ci em ddy!

Rd-md-d - Diing Id midng em ndi thd diy nhd! Chi cin em ggi tdi Id ngudi yeu, tdi se thay ten ddi hg ; tit nay, tdi sd khdng bao gid edn Id Rd-md-d niia.

Giu-U-dt - Ngudi Id ai, md khuit trong ddm tdi, chgt bidt dugc diiu tdi ap u ttong long ?

Rd-md-d - Tdi khdng bidt xung danh cung em the ndo. Ndng tidn ydu quy cua tdi oi, tdi thii ghet cdi ten tdi, vi nd Id ke thii eua em. Ndu ehinh tay tdi da vidt tdn dd, thi tdi xd nat nd ra.

Giu-U-et - Tai tdi nghe chua trgn mdt ttdm tidng tiidt tit midng dd ra md tdi dd nhdn ra tidng ai rdi. Chang phai anh Rd-md-d, vd Id hg nhd Mdn-ta-ghiu day u ?

Rd-md-d - Hdi ndng tidn kiiu didm, chang phai Rd-md-d cimg chang phai Mdn-ta-ghiu, ndu em khdng ua ten hg do.

Giu-U-et - Anh ldm thd ndo tdi dugc chdn nay, anh oi, vd tdi ldm gi thd ? Tudng vudn ndy eao, rat khd tteo qua; vd noi tu dia, anh biet minh Id ai rdi diy, ndu anh bi hg hdng nhd em bit gap noi ddy.

Rd-md-d - Tdi vugt dugc tudng ndy Id nhd ddi cdnh nhe nhdng eua tinh ydu ; miy biic titdng da ngdn sao dugc tinh ydu ; ma cdi gi tinh ydu ed the lam Id tinh ydu ddm ldm; vdy ngudi nhd em ngdn sao ndi tdi.

Giu-U-et - Hg md bit gap anh, hg sd gidt chdt anh.

Rd-md-d - Em oi ! Anh mdt cua em cdn nguy hiem cho tdi ban hai chgc ludi kidm cua hg; em hdy nhin tdi du yem Id tdi chang nggi gi Idng hdn thu eua hg niia dau.

Giu-U-et - Em chang ddi ndo mudn hg bdt gap anh noi day.

{Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et, dua theo ban dich cua DANG THE BINH, trong Tuyin tap kich Sich-xpia, NXB San khau. Ha Ndi, 1995)

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HiriDMG D A N HOC BAI

1. Doan trich cd mudi sdu Idi thoai. Sdu ldi thogi diu cd ^ khdc bigt vdi nhiing ldi thogi sau ? Hinh thuc cua cdc ldi thogi do la ^ ?

2. Um nhung cgm tii chiing minh tinh yeu cua Rd-md-d va Giu-U-dt didn ra ttong bdi cinh hai ddng hg thu dich.

3. Phdn tich didn bidn tam ttgng ciia Rd-md-d qua hinh thuc so sdnh Udn tudng ttong ldi thogi dau tien cua nhan vat ndy.

4. Ldi thogi "Chi cd ten hg chang la thu dich ciia em thdi..." cho thay didn bidn ngi tam phiic tgp ciia Giu-U-et. Phan tich didn bien ngi tdm cua Giu-U-dt de Idm rd Sdch-3q)ia da mieu ta tuydt vdi tam trgng ngudi thieu nii dang ydu.

5. Chiing minh ring vsui de "Tinh yeu va thu ban" dd dugc giai quydt xong ttong mudi sdu ldi thoai nay.

GHI NHO

Thdng qua cdu chuydn tinh ydu vugt Idn tren thu hdn ciia R6-me-d va Giu-li-dt, tdc gia ca nggi va khdng djnh vd dgp cua tinh ngudi, tinh ddi theo If tuong cua chti nghTa nhdn van.

LUYiN TAP

1. Qua dogn trich Tinh yiu vd thu h$n, chiing minh rdng: "Ca nggi tinh ydu chan chinh cCia con ngudi cimg chinh Id khang dinh con ngudi".

2. Nhdp vai Rd-me-d vd Giu-U-et, trinh bay lai cdnh gdp ga qua Wnh thuc mdt man kich ngdn.

M-NV11-T1-A 201

ON TAP PHAN VAN HOC

K^TQUACANOAT-

Ndm vung va he thdng hod nhiing tri thuc ca ban v l vdn hgc Viet Nam hidn dai vd vdn hgc nudc ngodi da hgc trong chuong trinh NgCr van Idp 11, hgc ki I trdn hai phuong didn Ijch su vd the loai.

Cd nang Igc phdn tfch vdn hgc theo timg c ip do : sg kidn, tac pham, hinh tugng, ngdn ngir van hgc,...

I -NOI DUNG

Nhimg tdc gii vi tdc pham van hgc Viet Nam thdi trung dgi da dugc dn tap ttong bai On tap vdn hgc trung dgi Vi$tNam. Bdi nay chi ndi ve van hgc Viet Nam tii diu thd ki XX den ndm 1945 vd vdn hgc nudc ngoai.

Bdi Khdi qudt vdn hgc Viet Nam tuddu thiki XX din Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 dd cung cap nhiing tri thiic khdi qudt, ea bin vl thdi ki vdn hgc ndy. Khi dn tap, ngodi vide ndm vimg nhtmg dgc diem ea bin, nhiing thdnh tiiu ehu ydu, ciing ein thiy dugc ca sd xa hdi vd vdn hod cua thdi Id vdn hgc tu 1900 den 1945.

vi mat xd hdi, cin luu y, sau gin nua thd ki tidn hanh chidn ttanh xdm luge, ddn diu thd Id XX, thuc dan Phdp da ea bin "binh dinh" xong Vidt Nam, ra sue cung CO bd mdy chinh quyin. Tit chd boat ddng qudn sg Id ehinh, chiing chuyin mgnh sang hogt ddng kinh te, Udn tidp tien hanh hai cudc khai thdc thude dia vdi quy md ldn, bien nudc ta tii mdt nudc phong kien thdnh mdt nudc thgc ddn nua phong kidn. Ttt Ncim ra Bic, nhiing dd thi, thi ttin cd tinh chit tu ban chu nghia mgc ldn; nhimg ting ldp xd hdi mdi xuit tiien: cdng nhdn, tu sin, tieu tu sin, dan ngheo thdnh thi,...

Thgc dan Phdp dd dp ddt mdt ehd do thdng tti hit sue tan bgo, va vdt tdi nguydn cua dit nude ta, bdc lot thdm td nhdn ddn ta. Nhung chiing dd vip phai tinh thin phin khdng kidn cudng, bit khuit cua mdt ddn tde ed truyin thdng ydu nudc ndng ndn, ed siie sdng tilm tdng, mdnh Udt. Siic sdng tilm tdng, mdnh lidt eua ddn tde khdng ehi the hien qua nhimg phong trdo ydu nude ngdy c ^ ^ phdt triin mgnh me din ddn thing lgi eua Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 ir& edn dugc bdc Id trong sg phdt ttiln vdi mdt tde do nhanh chua tiing ed eua van hgc thdi ki ndy.

2 0 2 14 - NV11.T14

vi mat vdn hod, ein luu y, tii diu the ki XX, van hod nude ta dih din thodt khdi inh hudng cua van hod phong kidn Trung Hoa. Quan 'he giao luu van hod tit chd chi gidi hgn d khu vuc van hod chdu A md chu ydu id vdn hod eo, trung dgi Trung Hoa, liie nay dd md ra tiep xiic, giao luu vdi vdn hod phuong Tay hidn dgi, trudc hdt Id vdn hod Phdp. Sg dp ddt chinh sach nd dieh eua ehinh quyin thuc ddn, tuy rit ndng nl, nhung vin khdng ngdn can dugc anh hitdng mgnh md, tich cge eua nhidu xu hudng van hod tidn bd eua the gidi qua nhiing tri thiic ydu nudc vd cdch mgng.

Nhimg tde pham vdn hgc Viet Nam hidn dgi dugc hgc ttong sdch giao khoa N^ vdn 11, tap m^t gdm cdc truydn ngan Hai dua tre ciia Thgch Lam, Chd ngudi td tu ciia Nguyin Tuan, Chi Pheo ciia Nam Cao, "Vi hdnh" eua Nguyin Ai Qudc (dgc thdm), Tinh thdn thi due ciia Nguyin Cdng Hoan (dgt thdm). Khi dn tap, cin ndm dugc mdt sd kidn thiic U ludn ca bin vl thi logi truydn ngin dl vdn dgng vdo vide phan tich tdc pham. Ngodi vide ndm vimg ndi dung tu tudng cdc tde pham dugc hgc, ndn so sdnh dl ldm ro nhimg ndt dde sde vl nghd thudt eua mdi truydn : tinh hudng truydn, xdy dgng nhdn vat, nghd thudt ttin thudt, ngdn ngii nghd thugt,... 6 day, mdt mat can nhdn ra nhiing ndt dde, sac eua tung tde phim thi hidn tu tudng vd phong. edeh ngh$ thudt eua mdi nhd van, mat khde lgi ein thiy dugc phin ndo sg phong phii da dgng eua truydn ngin thdi ki ndy.

vl tiiu thuyet* sdch gido khoa trich myln di hgc vd dgc thdm cdc dogn trich ttong tiiu thuydt Sd do cua VU Trgng Phgng, Cha con nghia ndng ciia Ho Biiu Chdnh (dgc thdm). Qn tgp cdc chuong tiiu thuydt ndy, bdn cgnh vide ndm dugc ddc trung chung ciia thi loai tiiu thuydt, cin chii y den dde diim ridng eua tiing tdc pham. Cha con nghia ruing ciia Ho Biiu Chinh mang dgc jdilm tiiu thuydt cua giai dogn vdn hgc giao thdi, cdn Sddd ciia Vu Trgng Phung Id mdt tidu thuydt ttdo phiing dimg hinh thiic gidu nhgi di lat tay sg gia ddi, bip bgm eua xd hdi trudng gii nhiing nam trudc Cdch mgng.

Ngodi truydn ngdn vd tiiu thuyet, sach gido khoa edn trich myln hdi V - hdi cudi vd kich VuNhu To eua Nguyin Huy Tudng. Khi dn tap, cin luu y Vd Nhu Td Id mdt vd kich rat tidu biiu eho khuynh hudng cim hutng cua Nguyin Huy Tudng: cim hiing bi kich vdi nhimg khung canh cd quy md hodnh ttdng, Tim hilu dogn trich, ein nim dugc chu dl cua tdc pham qua vide phdn tieh xung dot, each ttien khai va giii quydt xung dot kich cua tac gii, qua vide phan tich tinh each, diin bidn tdm trgng cua Vu Nhu Td vd Dan Thilm.

Phin vdn bgC. nude ngodi ed dogn trich vd kich Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et ciia Sdch-xpia - nhd vidt kich thidn tdi cua nudc Anh.

203

H - PHUDNG P H A P O N TAP

Hgc sinh cd thi van dung nhimg hinh thiic dn tap sau : - Lam bdi tap tgi ldp. - Thuydt trinh. - Thio ludn d Idp (cd thd theo tung nhdm). -Vidt bdo, Cd the lgp dl cuong dn tap theo hd thdng cdc VMI dl vd eau hdi sau:

1. Vdn hgc Viet Nam tg diu thd ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm nam 1945 ed sg phan hod phiic tgp thdnh nhiiu bg phgn, nhiiu xu hudng nhu thd nao ? Ndu nhimg ndt ehinh ciia mdi bg phan, mdi xu httdng vdn hgc dd.

Hdy lam rd ngudn gdc sdu xa ciia tdc dd phdt triin hdt sue nhanh chdng cua vdn hgc thdi ki tit diu the ki XX ddn Cdch mang thdng Tdm riam 1945.

2. Tiiu thuyet hidn dgi khde vdi tieu thuydt trung dgi nhu thd ndo ? Nhiing yeu td ndo cua tieu thuydt trung dgi tdn tgi ttong tiiu thuydt Cha con nghia ndng ciia Hd Biiu Chdnh?

3. Phan tich tinh hudng trong cdc truydn ngdn "Vi hdnh" (Nguydn Ai Qudc), Tinh thdn thi due (Nguyen Cdng Hoan), Cha ngudi tii til (Nguyin Tuan), ChiPheo (NamCao).

4. Dgc sde vl nghd thugt eua cdc truydn ngdn Hai diia tre (Thgch Lam), Cha ngudi tu tu (Nguydn Tuan), ChiPheo (Nam Cao).

5. Ndu nhiing ndt chinh ttong nghd thugt ttdo phiing cua Vii Trgng Phgng thi hidn qua dogn trich Hgnh phuc cda mdt tang gia. Qua doan trich ndy, Vii Trgng Phgng da tap trung phd phdn diiu gi cua xd hdi "thugng luu" thdnh thi nhiing ndm trudc Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 ?

6. Quan diim nghd thudt cba Nguyin Huy Tudng dugc thi hign nhu thd nao qua vide triin khai vd giai quydt mdu thuin kich trong dogn Vihh bi$t Ciiu Triing Ddi {tiichVu Nhu Td)^

7. Binh ludn quan diim nghd thugt cua Nam Cao: "Vdn chuong khdng cin nhung -ngudi thg khdo tay, ldm theo mdt vdi kidu mdu dua eho«. Vdn chuang ciii dung ngp nhiing ngudi bidt ddo sdu, bidt tim tdi, khoi nhung ngudn chira ai khoi, vd sang tgo nhiing cdi chua cd..." (Ddi t Mifl).

8. Phdn tich khdt vgng hgnh phiic ciia Rd-md-d va* Giu-li-dt ttong dogn trich Tinh yiu vd thu hgn.

* Luu y: Nhiing tde phim khdc, hgc sinh dga vao Hudng ddn hgc bdi va Hudng ddn dgc thim di dn tap.

204

LUYEN TAP PHONG VAN VA TRA LOI PHONG VAN

K^QUACANDAT-

• Cling cd hieu bidt vl phdng van vd tra Idi phdng vin.

• Budc dau bidt phdng vin vd tra Idi phdng van vl mgt chii di lidn quan mdt thidt den ddi sdng ciia hoc sinh.

1. Gii dinh anh (ehi) cin phdng van va tti ldi phdng vmi vl vide giing dgy vd hgc t|ip mdn Ngu van THPT.

Hdy lin lugt thgc hidn nhiing budc sau day:

a) Chudn bi

- Xdc dinh ehu d l : Qud trinh phdng van vd tti ldi phdng van se dl cap den todn bd hay ehi mdt mat ndo do cua vide dgy vd hgc Ngii van ttong trudng THPT (nhu chuang trinh, SGK ; vide giang dgy cua thiy gido, ed gido ; vide bgc tap cua bgc sinh; van dl kiim tta, thi cu) ?

- Xdc dinh mge dich: Cdng vi^c phdng van vd tti ldi phdng van dugc tien hdnh nham mgc dich (ehi dl ndm dugc thgc ttgng eua vide dgy vd hgc Ngii vdn hay cdn dl tim ra nhimg bidn phdp ndng cao chat lugng giing day vd hgc tap mdn hgc do) ?

- Xdc dinh ddi tugng tta ldi phdng v£m: Ndn phdng vin ca hgc sinh vd gido vidn hay chi phdng van hgc sinh; ndn phdng van plillu ngudi hay chi mdt ngudi; ndn phdng van chi mdt logi ddi tugng hay nhiiu logi ddi tugng khdc nhau (vl ttinh dd, vl hodn canh hgc tap vd hodn einh sdng,...) ?

- Xdc dinh he thdng eau hdi phdng vin (nhdm hgc tap cimg nhau xdy dgng he thdng cau hdi phdng vin, sau dd thio ludn):

+ Nhimg cdu hdi dd dd bam sdt ehu de chua ? Cdn cd cdu ndo lgc dl bode chua sdt chii dl khdng ? Ndu ed thi ndn sua lgi the ndo ?

+ Cdc cdu hdi dd thgc sg hgp thdnh mdt he thdng hgp U chua ? Cd ein diiu chinh lgi thii tg cdu hdi eho mgeh lgc va chat chd hon khdng ?

+ Cdc cdu hdi dd giiip ngudi phdng van thu thap va khai thac dugc that nhiiu thdng tm ein biet chua ? Cd cdu hdi ndo thidu td nhi, dd bi hilu lim la thieu tdn ttgng ngitdi dugc phdng vin khdng ? Vd Ueu edn cau hdi ndo md ngudi tti ldi ed thi ehi ein ddp cd bode khdng, sai bode dung la dugc.

205

b) Thuc hiin

- Phdng vin : Tidn hdnh phdng van trdn ca sd nhiing cdu hdi da chuan bi, sau do, ci nhdm (hode ci ldp) gdp y xem :

+ v l ndi dung : Ngudi phdng van da nim chdc ehu dl, mge dich, ddi tugng phdng vin chua ? Da thu thap dugc nhiing thdng tin ein thidt cho chu dl dl dgt dugc mge dieh phdng van chua ?

+ v l phuong phdp : Ngoai he thdng cau hdi da chuan bi sin, ngudi phdng van dd cd them nhimg cdch nao dl ddn ddt cudc ttd chuydn dugc tg nhidn, diing hudng vd khoi ggi dugc nhidt tinh, hiing thii ciia ngudi tti ldi phdng van ? Trong trudng hgp khdng ddng y vdi ngudi tti ldi, ngudi phdng vin da ling xur ra sao, ed khdo ldo khdng ?

+ v l thdi dd: Ngudi phdng vin cd td ra khiem ton, nhd nhdn, tdn trgng vd ddng cam vdi ngudi tri ldi phdng vin hay khdng ?

- Tri ldi phdng vin : ,

+ v l ndi dung: Ngudi tra ldi phdng vin dd cung cip du thdng tin ein thidt cho ehu dl phdng vin chua ? Nhtmg y kien eua ngudi tti ldi phdng van da that trung thgc, vd ed nhimg ndt ridng bidt khdng ? Cd nhimg cdu tta ldi ndo thd vi, sdu sic, thdng minh, di ddm ?

+ v l thdi do : Ngudi tra ldi phdng van ed td ra thing thin, nhung vin khidm tdn, nhd nhdn, tdn trgng vd cd thidn ehi hgp tde vdi ngudi phdng v ^ hay khdng ?

c) Rut kinh nghiim

Sau budi luydn tap, anh (ehi) thiy minh da rd thdm vd da nim vimg thdm nhimg gi vl kidn thiic ciing nhu ki ndng phdng vin vd tta ldi phdng van ? Anh (chi) tg thay bin than minh cdn cd nhimg didm yeu ndo khi thuc hidn phdng vin va ttd ldi phdng van ? Anh (chi) phai khde phgc nhtmg diem ydu iy bdng each ndo ?

2. Hdy cimg vdi nhdm hgc tap eua minh bidn tap va chinh stta lgi ban phdng vin md nhdm dd tidn hdnh (d bdi tap 1), sau do kiem tta lgi xem bin ghi chep dd trung thgc, rd rdng vd sinh ddng hay chua.

3. Cung cdc bgn trong nhdm tiep tuc luydn tap phdng vin va tra ldi phdng van vl dl tai: Hdi chuydn mgt ngudi bgn tit mdt vung qud (hode tit mdt qudc gia khde) ddn.

206

ca o o c THtM

HOA HAU HOAN VU 2004: " T 6 I Y£U VlfiT NAM"

"Khdng khi d ddy thdt mydt vdi", "Cdc bgn cd thiy cinh nhdn nhip ding sau lung tdi khdng ?", "Tdi ydu noi nay"... Vita ndi, vita cudi, viia lam nhimg ddng tde tay biiu cam vd duydn dang trudc dng kinh, Hoa hau Hoan vti 2004 J. Hd'p-kin dang ldm rat tdt cdng vide ngudi gidi thidu chuong trinh du lich.

- Phdng vidn (PV): Cdm nhdn ciia chi vi ddt nudc Viit Nam nhu thi ndo ?

- J. Hdp-km (J. H) : Viet Nam eua cdc bgn rit dep. Dudng phd ddng diic, eon ngudi thdn thidn, dd gin. Tdi rat thieh khdng khi nhdn nhip noi day.

- PV: Mgc dich chuyin di cua chi tdi Viet Nam Idgi?

- J. H : Hidn tgi, tdi ldm vide eho kdnh truyin hinh Sa-nen 7 eua 6-xttay-li-a. Chiing tdi thgc hi$n cdc dogn phim tu lieu qudng bd hinh anh cho cdc qudc gia tten thd gidi. Tdi da ed ea hdi tdi nhiiu noi nhu: Hdng Kdng, Ba-ha-ma, Bra-xin, Cdng hod Sdc, Diic, Hi Lgp, Xinh-ga-po, In-dd-ne-xi-a, Ca-na-da, Ta-ri-ni-ddt vd Td-ba-gd, Cu-ba, An Dd, fi-eu-a-do, Md-hi-cd, Pu-ee-td Ri-cd, Thdi Lan,... Vd bay gid, diim dimg chdn tidp theo ciia chiing tdi Id dit nude cdc bgn. Ngudi ddn noi ddy rit thdn thidn, dd mdn. Ai cung mim cudi rat nhiiu. Chiing tdi se quay mdt bd phim quing bi vl dat nude vd eon ngudi Viet Nam. Tdi va dodn ldm phim sd di tit Bdc vdo Nam.

-PV: Kitu khi nhdn vuang mien Hoa hdu Hodn vu 2004 din nay, cudc sdng cua chi thay ddi thi ndo ?

- J. H: Mgi thii ddu thay ddi ngodi siic tttdng tugng eua tdi. Trudc day, tdi chi Id mdt ed gdi binh thudng, nhung kl tii liic gidnh vuong midn Hoa hdu, tdi dd Id ngudi cua cdng chiing. Mgi vi$e tdi ldm can thgn hon tdi timg chi tidt. Ciing nhd danh hidu cao quy ndy, tdi dugc ldm cdng vide ydu thich Id mdt ngudi din chuong trinh truyin hinh. Sau cudc thi, ngodi 6-xtfay-U-a vd Hdng Kdng - hai dia diim ldm vide ehinh, tdi dugc tpi rit nhiiu noi ttdn thd gidi. Tdi thieh du lich vd dam me vide di khdp noi ttdn the gidi, khdm phd canh dep vd nin van hod cua cdc nude.

- PV: Vgy chi ddnh thdi gian ndo cho cdc hogt ddng cdng ddng ?

- J. H: Tdi vdn Udn tgc tham gia cdc chidn dich tit thidn, van ddng ung hg eho ttd em tdt nguyin vd nghdo ddi ttdn thd gidi ttong sud't ba ndm qua. Ngodi cdc hogt ddng eho cgng ddng, tdi trirjh didn eae chuong trinh thdi ttang tit thidn. Bdn cgnh dd, tdi mudn lam that tdt cdng vide ngudi din chuong trinh du lich cua minh. Dugc di nhiiu noi, gidi thidu nhiing canh dep ttdn khip the gidi la mim dam me cua tdi.

(Theo V«ficpre55, ngdy 4 - 12 - 2006)

207

KIEM TRA T 6 N G HOP CU6l HOC Kl I

^

K^TQUACANOAT-

• Trd Idi chfnh xdc cdc cau hdi trdc nghidm.

• Vidt dugc mdt bai vdn nghj ludn cd ludn didm, ludn CU" chfnh xdc, ldp ludn hgp If de thd hidn nhung y kidn chdn thgc ciia ban thdn v l mdt di tai gan gui, quen thude trong dai sdng hoac trong vdn hgc.

I - HUDNG D A N CHUNG

Day Id bdi kiim tra tdng hop cudi hgc ki I. Di bdi gdm hai phin. Phin thu nhat cd 12 cau hdi trdc nghidm. Nhiitjg eau hdi ttde nghidm ndy dugc ra ttong phgm vi iddn thiie vd Id ndng ea ban vl Tidng Vidt vi Vdn hgc md anh (ehi) dd hgc d hgc Id 1. Phan thii hai - phin tg ludn - gdm khoing 2 - 3 dl ldm van, bao gdm ci nghi ludn xd hdi vd nghi ludn vdn hgc. Hgc sinh dugc chgn mdt trong cdc dl dd dl vidt bai. Didm tdi da ddnh cho phin trie nghidm Id 3 vd phin tg ludn Id 7.

De bdi vidt dgt kdt qui tdt, anh (ehi) ein ldm cdc cdng vide sau :

1. Dgc lai nhimg tde pham (dogn trich) da hgc dphin Vdn hgc va bai giing cua thay gido, ed gido ; ghi lgi nhimg y kidn, nhimg ddnh gia, nhimg diiu mudn bdn ludn eua minh vl todn bd hode vl timg mat, timg khia cgnh trong tdc pham (dogn trich).

2. On luyen nhimg kidn thiic va ki ndng da hoc vl Tidng Vigt di tra ldi ehinh xdc cdc cdu hdi trdc nghidm vd luydn cdch vidt, cdch didn dit ehinh xac, rdnh mgeh, chat ehd hon.

3. On luydn phuong phap ldm bdi kiim tta trde nghidm.

4. On lgi nhiing kien thiie vd ki nang lam vdn nghi ludn da hgc (d THCS vd nhit Id dhgekilidp 11). Chii y rdn lUyen thdm nhung khdu md anh (ehi) cam thay bin than minh edn yeu (d khdu phdn tich dl, lap ddn y, hode tim II Id, ddn chiiiig, van dgng ket hgp cdc thao tdc lap ludn; hode d khau diin dgt,...).

208

ll-GOIfDiBAl

Phan ttdc nghigm (3 diem)

1. Ngudi vidt Chiiu cdu hiin Id ai ? A - Ld Thanh Tdng C - Quang Trung B - Thdn Nhan Trung D - Ngd Thi Nham

2. Pham chat chu yeu ndo eiia ngudi ndng dan dugc Nguyin Dinh Chiiu nggi ea ttong Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giudc ? A - c in cu, gian di C - Dimg cim chidn diu hi sinh vi To qudc B - Chiu thuang chiu khd D - Lap chidn tich ve vang

3. Tde phim ndo dd ndi den sg hi sinh thim lgng eua ngudi phg nii ? k-Tu tinh (bdi II) C - Thuang vg B - Khdc Duang Khui D - Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giugc

4. Trong sd nhimg vdn bin dudi day, van ban ndo dugc vidt theo thi hdt ndi ? A - Bdi ca ngdn di trin bdi cdt C - Vinh khoa thi Huang B-Li ghet thuang D - Bdi ca phong cdnh Huang San

5. Vdn hgc Vidt Nam tit diu thd ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm 1945 phdt triin dudi chd dd xd hdi ndo ? A - Phong kidn C - Thgc ddn, nua phong kidn B - Thgc ddn, phong kien D - Nua thgc ddn, nua phong kidn

6. Vi sao vidn quin nggc ttong Cha ngudi tu tii nhdn minh Id "ke me mudi" ? A - Dd khdng thay het tdi vidt chii eua dng Huin Cao B - Dd khdng nhdn rd Id sdng eao dep eua eon ngudi C - Dl td ldng tdn kinh ddi vdi ngudi eho chii D - Dl td thdi dg khidm tdn, nhiin nhudng

7. Trong dogn trich Hgnh phuc cua mdt tang gia„ tidng cudi ttdo phiing vd ldng cdm phdn cua tdc gia Vu Trgng Phgng nhdm vdo ddi tugng ndo ? A - Nhiing ke edn giii thdi phong kidn hu ldu B - Nhimg ke dua ddi "tdn thdi" - Au hod C - Nhimg ke vi ham eua, bgm cua ma mit bet tinh ngudi D-Ca bay ttdn

8. Nhiing ldi ndi cudi cimg cua Chi Phdo thi hidn tam ttgng ndo ? A - Khao khdt sdng B - Liiu chdt C - Cam hdn khi thay minh da bi luu manh hod D - Uat lie, tuydt vgng vi bi eg tuydt quyin ldm ngudi

209

9. Ddng ndo ndu diy du vd chinh xdc tac dgng cua vide su dgng thanh ngii ? A - Smh ddng; hdm siie; gin,giu vdi ngudi lao ddng B - Ham siie; gidu hinh inh, cim xuc; gin giii vdi ngudi lao ddng C - Sinh ddng; hdm siic; gidu hinh inh, cim xiic D - Gin gdi vdi ngudi lao ddng; sinh ddng; gidu hinh anh, cim xiic

10. Trong dogn tha : Ldn lgi thdn cd khi qudng vdng - Eo seo mat nudc budi dd ddng-Mdtduyin hai ngdu ddnh phdn -Ndm ndngmudi mua ddm qudn cdng (Tran Te Xuong, Thuang vg) cd may thanh ngii ? A-Hai C-Bdn B - Ba D - Ndm

11. Trong hai eau tha: Md thdm khdng khua md cung cdc - Chudng sdu chdng ddnh cdsao om (Hd Xuan Huong, Tu tinh - bai I) cd hidn tugng su dgng tii ngii theo phuong thiic chuyin nghIa ndo ? A-Andg C-Md rdng phgm vi nghia B - Hodn du D - An dg vd hodn dg

12. Ddng nao ndu day du vd chinh xdc nhiing thdnh phin eau ed tac dgng Udn kdt y ttong vdn ban ? A - Chii ngii; thdnh phan phg ehii; ttgng ngii ehi tinh hudng B - Chu ngii ttong kidu cau bi ddng; khdi ngii; ttgng ngii chi tinh hudng C - Chii ngu; thdnh phin phg chu; khdi ngii D - Khdi ngii; thdnh phan phu ehu; trgng ngii chi tinh hudng

Phan tu luan (7 diim - chgn mdt ttong hai de)

1. Bdn vl lgi ich vd hiing thu cua vide tu hgc.

2. Ndu y kidn cua anh (ciii) ve chii de cua truydn ngdn Hai dua tre. Theo anh (ehi), do la cau chuydn vl mdt ngay tan, mdt phidn chg tan vd nhiing cudc ddi tan tg hay la cdu chuydn ve mim khdt khao vuon tdi mdt eude sdng tdt dgp hon ?

Ill - GDI Y CACH L A M BAI

Phan ttdc nghidm 1. Van dgng nhimg kidn thuc vd ki nang da hgc dl tta ldi chinh xac cae cau hdi.

Chii y: mdi cdu chi cd mdt phuong dn diing. 2. Binh tinh lam tung cau, cau ndo bidt chdc chdn ldm trudc, eau nao edn hd nghi,

phan van dl lgi ldm sau. 3. Suy nghl can than, khdng hap tap dl ttdnh nhimg nham ldn dang tide. 4. Trdnh nhimg sai sdt vl ki thugt lam bdi kiim tta ttde nghiem.

210

Phin tu luan

1. Dgc ki dl bdi di xdc dinh rd :

- De bdi ydu ciu phii trinh bdy y kien cua bin than vl sg vgt, hidn tugng, vin dl bode vl tdc phim (dogn trich) ndo ?

- Nhimg y kidn do ein dgt nhiing ydu ciu cg thi gi ? (phu hgp vdi dl bdi, vdi Id phii, vdi sg that ciia ddi sdng (hay tdc pham) ; chdn thdnh, khdng gia tgo, khdng khudn sdo ; dugc bdc lg rd rdng, chat che ; ed siie thuydt phuc II tri vd tinh cam eua ngudi dgc,...)

2. Tim vd chgn hd thdng ludn diem, lugn cii ddp ling dugc cae ydu ciu do.

3. Xdy dgng ddn y sao eho cdc y kidn cua minh dugc ndi bat ldn d bdi lam : phan md bdi phai gidi thidu dugc dl tdi nghi lugn vd gdy dugc hiing thii cho ngudi dgc; phin thdn bdi phii lin lugt trinh bdy cdc ludn diim, ludn cii theo mgt tien trinh lap ludn hgp 11, chat ehd (ein chii y su dung kdt hgp cdc thao tdc lap ludn phdn tich, so sdnh dl bdi vdn thdm siie thuyet phgc); phin ket bdi phii thau tdm dugc tinh thin va ndi dung ca bin cda bai ldm, ddng thdi luu lgi nhimg suy ngdm sdu xa ttong ngudi dgc.

4. Chu y khdng mdc ldi vl didn dgt (ehinh ta, tit ngii, ngii phdp). Cd gdng su dgng hgp U, sdng tgo cdc quan he tit, cdch chuyin y, chuyin dogn, cdc bidn phdp tu tit dl cdc cdu, cae dogn van thdm chat ehe vd hip din.

Q OOC TH£M

TU HOC LA MOT CAl THU

(Trich)

Ta khdng thi ghdt sg tg hgc dugc : nd Id mdt cudc du lich. [...]

J.J. Ru-xd vd V. Huy-gd, hai vdn baa d Phdp diu ca tung thii di choi bg.

J.J. Ru-xd ndi: "Liie nao mudn di thi di, mudn ngtmg thi ngung, mudn van ddng nhiiu hay It my y. Cdi gi thich thi nhdn xdt, cinh ndo dep thi ngimg lai. Chd ndo tdi thiy thu thi tdi d lgi. Hi thiy chdn thi tdi di, tdi chi tuy thude tdi, tdi dugc hudng tat ci sg tu do mi mdt ngudi cd thd hudng dugc".

Cdn V. Huy-gd thi viet: "Ngudi ta dugc tu ehu, tg do, ngudi ta vui ve. Ngudi ta di, ngudi ta ngung, ngudi ta lgi di, khdng ed gi bd huge, khdng ed gi ngdn cin".

211

Cai tini tu bgc ciing gidng cdi thii di choi bd iy. Tg hgc cimg Id mgt cudc du lich, du lich bang tri dc, mgt eude du lich say md gap ttdm du lich bing chan, vi nd Id du lich ttong khdng gian lan thdi gian. Nhiing sg hilu biet eila Iddi ngudi la mdt the gidi mdnh mdng. Kl ldm sao hdt dugc nhiing vgt hiiu hinh vd vd hinh ma ta sd thay ttong eude du lich bang sdch vd ?

Ta ciing dugc tg do, mudn di dau thi di, ngung ddu thi ngimg. Bgn thich cdi xa hdi d thdi Dudng bdn Trung Qudc tiii da ed nhimg thi nhan dgi tai ta vidn "Dg minh chdu" eua Dudng Mmh Hodng, khiie "Nghd thudng vii y" eua Duong Quy Phi eho bgn bidt. Tdi thich nghidn ciiu ddi eon kidn, con sau - mdi vat la ci mdt thd gidi huyen bi diy, bgn g - thi da ed J.H. Pha-bra vd hang chuc nhd smh vgt hgc khde sdn sdng kl chuydn eho tdi nghe mdt each hdm hinh hode thi vi.

Duong hgc vl kinh td, thay chdn nhiing eon sd u ? Thi ta bd nd di md di coi einh hd Ba Bl d Bac Cgn hay einh mil non d Thuy Si, cinh trdi biin d Ha-oai. Hode khdng mudn hgc niia thi ta gip sdch lgi, chdng ai ngdn cin ta ci. [...]

Ta lgi dugc quyin lga chgn gido su.

Ta duong hgc hg ma bd ngang, hg khdng hi gidn, liic khdc mudn hgc lgi thi hg vin sin sang ehi bdo [...]. Gido su cua ta nhiiu vd kl, ta tha hd lga chgn. Hg sdng ddng thdi vdi ta hogc trudc ta ci chgc the ki, d ngay trong xu ta hogc cdch ta ea vgn cay sd. Hdt thiy deu tg than dem nhiing tinh hoa nhit cua hg ra dgy ta md ddi vdi ta Id phep vd dn tdn, thdn mat nhu ban bd.

Ndo phai hg ehi dgy ta'md thdi. Hg cdn an iii ta niia, kl le tdm su vdi ta. Ta thiy . trong ndi budn khd, lo ldng cua hg, ndi budn khd, lo ldng eua ta vd ta hilu rdng chiing ta khdng phai cd ddc trong the gidi ndy. [...]

Tg hgc cdn Id mdt thii vui rat thanh nhd, nd ndng eao tdm hdn ta ldn. Ta thiy nhu tg bdc dugc mdt edi eau giiia tdm hdn ta vd tdm hdn eua cdc danh nhan ttong mudn thud.

Chdc bgn edn nhd ldi cua Von-te: "Ngudi sidng hgc lan lan tg khode eho minh mdt edi tdn vgng md chiic tude, cua eii diu khdng eho dugc". [...]

Thidng Udng thay sg tg hgc ! Mdi lan vdo mdt thu vidn cdng cdng, tdi diu cd cam gidc rdn rgn ma ldng ldng nhu vdo mdt tod din [...]. 6 day khdng ed huong, khdng ed ttam, nhung ed hdng chgc, hang ttdm ngudi dang tgng nigm, vi dgc sdch cd khdc chi tgng kinh vd sdch ndo diing ddn md chang Id mdt cudn kinh ?

{Theo Nguyin Hidn Le, Tg hgc - mdt nhu cdu thai dgi, NXB van hoa - Thdng tin. Ha Ndi, 2003)

212

TRA BAI Kl iM TRA T 6 N G HOP CU6l HOC Kl I

K^QUACANOAT-

• Thiy dugc uu diem vd han che trong bai kiim tra tdng hgp vl ca hai phdn : trdc nghiem vd tg ludn.

• Hied' rd nguydn nhdn ddn den thanh cdng vd han chd trong bai lam.

• Cd y thiie phat huy uu diim, khdc phuc nhugc didm dl dat ket qua tdt hon d hgc ki II.

Ngodi nhiing ndi dung da dl cap ddn ttong tidt Trd bdi ldm vdn sol, anh (chi) can luu f thdm nhimg diim sau:

1. Chii y theo ddi thiy gido, cd giio ehiia cac cdu trie nghidm, rdi dd'i chidu vdi bii lam cua minh xem cdn cd sai sdt 0. khdng. Ndu ed, thi sai sdt dd Id do ddu : do chua ndm vimg ndi dung kidn thiic, ki ndng dd hgc ; do edeh suy nghi chua chinh xdc; do hap tap, chu quan hay do khdng thgc hidn diing nhimg quy dinh vd ki thugt ldm bdi kiim tta ttdc nghidm ? Tit dd, anh (ehi) ed the nit ra nhung bdi hgc kinh nghidm cin thiet cho ban thdn.

2. Phin ldm vdn ttong dd kiim tta tdng hgp d bdi ndy ydu eau anh (ehi) phii trinh bdy nhimg suy nghi chdn thdnh, ddc lgp vl mdt hidn tugng (mdt van dl) xd hdi hode mdt tdc pham vdn thd. Qua bdi lam nay, anh (chi) hay xdt xem bin thdn minh edn nhimg mat ndo ydu: thidu quan tdm tdi ddi sdng vd vdn hgc; khdng mgnh dgn suy nghi dl cd y kidn thgt cua minh, hode khdng ddm ndi ldn suy nghi eua bin thdn md cdn dga dim, nghl theo ngudi khdc ; cdn liing tiing khi sip xdp vd diin dgt y kidn eua minh... Trdn ca sd dd, anh (chi) cd thi ddt ra nhimg kd hogch thidt thgc dl phdt huy nhimg diim mgnh md minh dd cd vd hgn ehd nhimg diim ydu md minh edn mic phii.

213

MUC LUC

Tuan Ten bai Trang

1 • Vdo phu chua Trinh (trich Thugng kinh ki su) 3 • Tit ngdn ngu chung den ldi ndi cd nhdn 10 • Viet bai lam van sd 1: Nghi ludn xa hgi 14

2 mTu tinh (bai II) 18 • Cdu cd miia thu (Thu dieu) 21 • Phan tich de, lap dan y bdi van nghi ludn 23 • Thao tac lap luan phan tich 25

3 m Thuong vg. 29 • Dgc them : Khdc Duong Khue _ 31 • Dgc them: Vinh khoa thi Huong 33 • Tii ngon ngii chung den ldi noi ca nhdn (tidp theo) 35

4 • Bdi ca ngdt ngudng 37 • Bdi ca ngdn di tren bdi cdt (Sa hdnh doan ca) ;40 • Luydn tap thao tdc lap luan phan tich 43

5 • Le ghit thuang (trich Truyin. Lgc Vdn Tien) ..45 • Dgc them : Chgy gigc .......s 49 • Doc them: Bdi ca phong cdnh Huong Son (Huong San phong canh ca) 50 • Tra bai lam van sd 1 _ ...52 • Viet bai lam van sd 2 : Nghi ludn van hgc (bai lam d nha) 53

6 • Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giugc 56 • Thgc hanh ve thdnh ngii, dien cd 66

7 • Chieu cdu hien (Cau hien chieu) 68 • Dpc them: Xin lgp khoa ludt (trich Ticdp bdt diiu) 71 • Thgc hanh ve nghia cua tii trong su dung 74

8 •On tap van hoc trung dai Viet Nam ...76 • Trd bai lam van sd 2 „. 78 • Thao tac lap luan so sanh 79

214

Tuan Ten bai Trang

9 •Khai qudt van hgc Viet Nam tir dau theki XX den Cdch mang thang Tdm nam 1945 82

• Vidt bdi lam van sd 3 : Nghi ludn vdn hoc 92

10 • Hai diia tre 94 • Ngir canh 102

11 • Chti ngudi tu tu 107 • Luyen tap thao tac lap luan so sanh 116 • Luydn tap vdn dung ket hgp cac thao tac lap luan phan tich va so sanh ...120

12 • Hgnh phuc cua mgt tang gia (trich Sddd) 122 • Phong cdch ngon ngu bao chi 129 • Tra bai lam van sd 3 132

13 • Mot sd the loai van hgc : Tha, truyen 133 • ChiPheo 137 • Phong each ngon ngu bao chi (tiep theo) 143

14 • Chi Phio (tiep tiieo) 146 • Thgc hanh vl lga chpn trat tg cac bd phan trong cau 157 • Ban tin 160

15 • Dgc them: Cha con nghia ndng (trich) 164 • Dgc them: "Vi hdnh". 168 • Doc them : Tinh thdn thi due 172 • Luydn tap viet ban tin 178 • Phong van vd tra ldi phong van 180

16 • VTnh biit Ciiu Triing Ddi (trich Vu Nhu Td) 184 • Thgc hanh vl su dgng mdt sd kieu cau trong van ban 194

17 • Tinh yeu vd thu hdn (trich Rd-me-d vd Giu-li-it) 197 • On tap phan Van hoc 202

18 • Luydn tap phdng van vd tta ldi phong vdn 205 • Kiem tra tdng hgp cudi hoc ki I .: 208 • Trd bdi kiim tra tdng hgp cudi hgc ki 1 213

215

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216

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HUAN CHl/ONG HO CHl MINH

Q U A L I T Y C R O W N

VLfONG MIEN KIM CJONG CHAT LUONG QUOC TE

\ SP SACH GIAO KHOA LOP 11 7 1. TOAN HOC

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5. NGLJVANII (tap mot, tap hai)

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7. DjAL111

8. TIN HOC 11

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11. GlAO DUC QUOC PHONG -AN NINH 11

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