taRtaIya AQyaayataRtaIya AQyaayataRtaIya AQyaayataRtaIya AQyaaya

AnausaMQaana kxa kxayaaAnausaMQaana kxa kxayaaAnausaMQaana kxa kxayaaAnausaMQaana kxa kxayaa-- --nvayananvayananvayananvayana

3.1 AnausaMQaana pawtaI

3.1.1 eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI

3.1.2 paayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI

3.1.3 vaNa-naatmakxósavao-XaNa AnausaMQaana pawtaI

3.1.4 pastauta AnausaMQaana pawtaI

3.2 namaunaa cayana

3.2.1 AcCo namaunao kxI ivaSaoYataaeM

3.2.2 namaunaa cayana pawtaI

3.2.3 namaunaa cayana kxa Aakxar

3.3 saamaga`I saMkxlana kox saaQana

3.4 nyaasakxI ivaSlaoYaNa pawtaI AaOr saaMiKyakxI

3.5 AnausaMQaana kxa pa`tyaXa kxayaa-nvayana

3.1 AnausaMQaana pawtaI3.1 AnausaMQaana pawtaI3.1 AnausaMQaana pawtaI3.1 AnausaMQaana pawtaI

AnausaMQaana yah ekx sauinayaaoijata pa`ikxyaa hO | AnausaMQaana kox ilae AavaSyakx saamagaI

yaaogya pamaaNa maoM paapta kxrakxr donaovaalaI ivaQaI kxao AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxhtao hO |

kxao[- BaI saMSaaoQana kxaya- Saas~aSauw pawtaI sao ikxyaa jaanaa AavaSyakx hO, [sakox ilae

saMSaaoQana kxI yaaogya pawtaI kxa cayana kxrnaa AavaSyakx hO | saMSaaoQana kxI pawtaI kxaOnasaI haonaI

caaihe yah samasyaa kxa svar]pa, pairisqataI Aaid GaTkxaopar inaBa-r hO |

SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana vaO&aainakx pawtaIsao ikxsa tarh ikxyaa jaataa hO yah AnausaMQaana kox

samasyaa kox svar]pa par inaBa-r hO | SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana yah ivaiBanna pawtaIsaoópakxarsao ikxe jaatao

hO | AnausaMQaana kxrtao samaya AnausaMQaana kox {d\doSya, takxnaIkx, saaQana, Xao~a AaOr

kxalamaanaókxalaKaMD kxa ivacaar ikxyaa jaataa hO | [sa tarh kxa maulaBaUta AaQaar haonaovaalao SaOiXakx

AnausaMQaana pawtaIkox taIna pa`kxar bataae jaa sakxtao hO |

AnausaMQaana pawtaI AnausaMQaana pawtaI AnausaMQaana pawtaI AnausaMQaana pawtaI

eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana vaNa-naatmakx ósavao-XaNa AnausaMQaana paayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana

pawtaI pawtaI pawtaI

(BaUtakxala sao saMbaMiQata (vata-maana kxala sao saMbaMiQata (BaivaYyakxala sao saMbaMiQata

samasyaa kxa AnausaMQaana) samasyaa kxa AnausaMQaana) samasyaa kxa AnausaMQaana)

à paMiDta bansaI ibaharI, SaOiXakx kRxita AnausaMQaana, inatya naUtana

pa`kxaSana, pauNao, paRYz k. 29

3.1.1 eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI (3.1.1 eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI (3.1.1 eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI (3.1.1 eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI (Historical Research))))

BaUtakxala maoM GaiTta GaTnaa iBannaiBanna vya@taIósaMsqaaAaoM nao ikxe hue kxaya- kox saMbaMQa maoM

ikxyaa huAa AnausaMQaana kxao eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana kxhtao hO | vata-maanakxalaIna GaTnaaAaoM kxa Aqa-

lagaanao kox ilae BaUtakxalaIna GaTnaaAaoM kxa saMdBa- saamagaI kox r]pa maoM {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO |

eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI yah paacaIna pawtaIyaaoMmaoM sao parMparagata calatao Aa[- hu[- pawtaI hO |

[sa pawtaImaoM saaQanaaoMkox icaikxtsaa kxao AtyaMta mahtvapaUNa- sqaana hO | [sa AnausaMQaana pawtaImaoM

BaUtakxalaIna GaTnaaAaoM kxa sausaMgata, yaqaaqa- AaOr vastauinaYz vaNa-na evaM Aalaaocanaa kxI jaataI hO |

à Da. kx%haDo baI. ema., 2007, Saas~aIya AnausaMQaana pawtaI, ipaMpaLapauro

A^nD kM. paiblaSar, naagapaUr, paRYz k`. 24ó25

eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxa mahtva eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxa mahtva eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxa mahtva eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxa mahtva

1) samaaja maoM AMQaivaSvaasaógalatafxhmaI kxa inarakxrNa kxrnaa |

2) ikxsaI BaI tarh paXapaata naa kxr sahanauBaUtaIpaUva-kx ivacaar kxrnaa |

3) AlagaAlaga kxalaKaMD kox ókxalakox AadSa- samaJaanaokox ilae |

4) iBannaiBanna camatkxairkx GaTnaa samaJanao kox ilae |

5) Aadró&aana donao kox saMbaMQa maoM ivaSvaasa inamaa-Na kxrnaa |

6) samaaja kox baDo vya@taI AaOr saMsqaakox kxaya- samaJanaokox ilae |

eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana ko pakxareoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana ko pakxareoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana ko pakxareoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana ko pakxar

1)jaIvanacair~a 2)saMsqaa AaOr saMGaTnaa 4)vaO&aainakx AnausaMQaana 5)saMdBa- AnausaMQaana

kxa [itahasa AaOr ga`Mqa AnausaMQaana

3) SaOiXakx ivacaar pa`vaah kxa [itahasa

eoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana kxI saIZIyaMaeoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana kxI saIZIyaMaeoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana kxI saIZIyaMaeoitahaisakx AnausaMQaana kxI saIZIyaMa

1) samasyaa kxa caunaava (selection of the problem)

2) saamagaI saMgah (collection of data)

3) pa`apta saamagaI kxI Aalaaocanaa (criticism of data)

4) saamagaI ivaSlaoYaNa AaOr Aqa-inava-cana (Interpretation of data)

5) AnausaMQaana Ahvaala laoKana (Writing of the research report)

à Da. iBaMtaaDo iva. ra., 2010, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI, inatya naUtana

pa`kxaSana, pauNao, paRYz k. 82

3.1.2 pa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI (3.1.2 pa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI (3.1.2 pa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI (3.1.2 pa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI (Experimental Research))))

ivaiSaYT pa`yaaoga kxrnao kox baad {pakxmaaoM kxa Aayaaojana kxrnao kox saaqa pairisqataImaoM

kxaOnasaa badlaava haotaa hO yah doKanao kxao pa`ayaaOigakx pawtaI kxhtao hO |

@yaa hao sakxtaa hO? yaa @yaa haonaa caaihe? eosao BaivaYyakxalaIna GaTnaaAaoMsao saMbainQata

[sa pa`kxarkxI jaanakxarI pa`ayaaOigakx pawtaI maoM AataI hO | Aaja Aistatva maoM rhnaovaalaI parMtau

pa`yaaoga sao inamaa-Na kxrkox [icCta BaivaYyakxalaIna pairisqataI pa`ayaaOigakx pawtaI maoM AataI hO |

[sa pawtaI maoM kxaya-kxarNasaMbaMQa kxa inaQaa-rNa kxr SaOiXakx pagataI kxI taulanaa kxrkox

maUlyaaMkxna ikxyaa jaataa hO | pa`tyaXa inarIXaNa kxrkox ivaivaQa maapanaaoMkxI sahayataa sao maUlyaaMkxna

haotaa hO | saamaga`I saMkxlana kox ilae inarIXaNa, saaXaatkxar, samaajaimataI, manaaovaO&aainakx

kxsaaOTIya^Ma, safxlataa kxsaaOTIya^Ma, payaaoga Aaid saaQanaaoM kxa {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO | inarIXaNa

kxa svar]pa yah inayaMi~ata inarIXaNa kxa haotaa hO |

[sa AnausaMQaana pawtaImaoM samasyaa kox Anausaar kxmasao kxma dao samaUh kxI AavaSyakxtaa

haotaI hO, yah dao samaUh inamnailaiKata hO |

1. pa`ayaaOigakx samaUh

2. inayaMi~ata samaUh

pa`ayaaOigakx samaUh par pa`yaaoga ikxe jaatao hO, Aqavaa {pacaar ikxe jaatao hO | taqaa inayaMi~ata

samaUh par payaaoga nahIM ikxe jaatao hO Aqavaa {pacaarsao paUNa-ta: Ailapta rKaa jaataa hO | AnausaMQaana

kox pa`ikxyaa maoM hmanao ikxe hue pa`yaaoga Aqavaa {pacaar kxa @yaa pairNaama huAa? yah doKanao kox ilae

hmaoM [sa pa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaImaoM {payau-@ta dao samaUh kxI AavaSyakxtaa haotaI hO |

[sa pawtaImaoM {pacaar paUva-parIXaNa ikxyaa jaataa hO taqaa {pacaarkox baadkxa {ttar

parIXaNa ikxyaa jaataa hO |

à marazo ema. jaI., 2005, kRxtaISaaoQa hstapauistakxa, ma.ra.SaO.saM.va pa.

pa. , pauNao, paRYz k. 24

pa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxI saIZIyaMapa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxI saIZIyaMapa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxI saIZIyaMapa`ayaaOigakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxI saIZIyaMa

(1) (3) (5) (7)

samasyaa kxqana namaunaa cayana ikxe hue kxayaa-nvayana inaYkxYa- inakxalanaa

kxa maapana

(2) (4) (6) (8)

saMbaMiQata saaihtya pa`tyaXa saamagaI ivaSlaoYaNa Ahvaala

kxa savao-XaNa kxayaa-nvayana AaOr Aqa-inava-cana laoKana kxrnaa

paayaaOigakx pawtaI kxa mahtva paayaaOigakx pawtaI kxa mahtva paayaaOigakx pawtaI kxa mahtva paayaaOigakx pawtaI kxa mahtva

pa`ayaaOigakx pawtaI yah ekx mahtvapaUNa- pawtaI maanaI jaataI hO | kRxitaSaaoQana maoM yah pawtaI

baDI maa~aa maoM {payaaoga maoM laayaI jaataI hO | [sa pawtaIkxa mahtva hma inamnailaiKata bataa sakxtao

hOMx|

1) pa`ayaaOigakx pawtaI kxa kxaya- Saas~aSauw pawtaI sao calataa hO | iva&aana ivaYaya maoM [sa

pawtaI kxa {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO | [sa pawtaImaoM jahMa AavaSyakxtaa haotaI hO vahMa

badlaava ikxyaa jaataa hO |

2) pa`yaaoga kxrnao kox baad Aanaovaalao pairNaama kxa inaiScata kxarNa kxaOnasaa hO? yah [sa

pawtaIWara samaJataa hO |

3) [sa pawtaImaoM Aanaovaalao Anaumaana pairSauw haotao hO, nahIM taao {samaoM pairSauwtaa laanao kxa

pa`yaasa ikxyaa jaataa hO |

4) AnausaMQaana maoM jaao paa@kxlpanaa rKaI jaataI hO {sakxI jaMaca saMKyaaSaas~aIya pawtaI sao

kxrnaa yaaogya haotaa hO | [sailae [sa pawtaI maoM paa@kxlpanaa kxI jaMaca kxI jaataI hO |

à Da. GaaormaaoDo ko. yaU.ó Da. GaaormaaoDo kxlaa, 2008, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana kox

maUlatatva, ivaVa pakxaSana, naagapaUr, paRYz k. 301

3.1.3 vaNa3.1.3 vaNa3.1.3 vaNa3.1.3 vaNa-- --naatmakxósavaonaatmakxósavaonaatmakxósavaonaatmakxósavao-- --XaNa AnausaMQaana pawtaIXaNa AnausaMQaana pawtaIXaNa AnausaMQaana pawtaIXaNa AnausaMQaana pawtaI

vaNa-naatmakx AnausaMQaana maoM vata-maana isqataI sao saMbainQata parIXaNa ikxyaa jaataa hO | taqaa

pa`SnaaoM kox {ttar Kaaojanao kox ilae AaQaar saamagaI kxI sahayataa sao saamaga`I saMkxilata kxI jaataI

hOx| Aae hue janasamaudaya kox paitasaad sao {sa janasamaudaya kox laXaNaaoM kox baaromaoM inaYkxYa-

inakxalanao kxa payaasa ikxyaa jaataa hO |

“Aaja @yaa hO?” [sa pa`Sna kxa {ttar hmaoM vaNa-naatmakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI sao imalataa hO |

SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana maoM savao-XaNa AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxa AiQakx pamaaNa maoM {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO |

SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana maoM savao-XaNa AnausaMQaana pawtaI kxao pa`mauKa pawtaI maoM Saaimala ikxyaa jaataa hO |

vyavahar maoM AiQakx pa`maaNa maoM [sa pawtaI kxa {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO | savao-XaNa pawtaI sao ikxsaI

ekx samasyaa kxa maulaBaUta kxarNa Kaaojaa nahIM jaataa bailkx isaf-x samasyaa AaOr {sakox kxarNa kxa

sahsaMbaMQa dSaa-yaa jaataa hO | [sa pawtaIkxa bahutaaMSaI pamaaNa maoM {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hao taao BaI

[sa pawtaI kxao Anaokx naama sao saMbaaoiQata ikxyaa jaataa hO | 1) savao-XaNa pawtaI (Survey

Method) 2) vaNa-naatmakx pawtaI (Descriptive Method) 3) AadSa-maUlakx savao-XaNa

pawtaI (Normative survey Method)

savao-XaNa pawtaI maoM vata-maanapar bala idyaa jaataa hO | [sa pawtaI maoM ekx tarfx maoM isaf-x

jaanakxarI haotaI hO taao dusaro tarfx sao saaocao taao payaaoga hO, [sailae koxvala saamaga`I kxa {samaoM

samaavaoSa haotaa hO taqaa payaaogaSaIlataakxI AaOr {samaoM sao Anaumaana inakxalanaokxI vaRttaI BaI {samaoM

idKaa[- dotaI hO | [na saBaI tarfx sao ivacaar kxrtao hue savao-XaNa yaanao pa`cailata taqyaaoMkxa saMkxlana,

vaNa-na, spaYTIkxrNa evaM maUlyaaMkxna haotaa hO, yah kxha jaa sakxtaa hO | [samaoM savao-XaNa AaOr vaNa-na

BaI hO |

savao-XaNa sao hma taIna pahlaUAaoMkxI jaanakxarI paapta kxrtao hO

1) vata-maana isqataI

2) ApaoiXata isqataI

3) AavaSyakx saaQanaaoMkxa baaoQa

vaNa-naatmakx AnausaMQaana kxI sahayataa sao inamna taIna paSnaaoMkox {ttar Kaaojao jaatao hO

1) saMbaMiQata SaOiXakx samasyaa kox baaromaoM AajakxI pairisqataI @yaa hO?

2) [samaoM AanaovaalaI samasyaaeM AaOr ~auTIyaMa kxaOnasaI hO?

3) imalao hue jaanakxarI kox saharo ivaivaQa taj&aaoM kxI raya laokxr SaaoQakxtaa- nao Kaudkox

&aana AaOr AnauBava ivacaar maoM laokxr [sa samasyaapar kxaOnasaa {paaya Kaaojaa?

savaosavaosavaosavao-- --XaNa pawtaI kxI ivaSaoYataaeM XaNa pawtaI kxI ivaSaoYataaeM XaNa pawtaI kxI ivaSaoYataaeM XaNa pawtaI kxI ivaSaoYataaeM

1)1)1)1) ivaiSaYT samaya maoM AiQakx jaanakxarI ivaiSaYT samaya maoM AiQakx jaanakxarI ivaiSaYT samaya maoM AiQakx jaanakxarI ivaiSaYT samaya maoM AiQakx jaanakxarI

[sa pawtaImaoM jaanakxarI saMkxlaIta kxI jaataI hO | jyaada sao jyaada jaanakxarI kuxC

mayaa-idta samaya maoM hma paapta kxr sakxtao hO | Alaga Alaga paSnaavalaI dokxr ó saaXaatkxar

laokxr bahutasaI jaanakxarI kxma samaya maoM pa`apta kxI jaataI hO |

2)2)2)2) vatavatavatavata-- --maana saamagaI maana saamagaI maana saamagaI maana saamagaI saMkxlana kxao mahtvasaMkxlana kxao mahtvasaMkxlana kxao mahtvasaMkxlana kxao mahtva

savao-XaNa yah janasaMKyaa kox ivaSaoYataaAaoM sao saMbaMiQata hO taqaa vah AlagaAlaga {ma`gauT

sao saMbaMiQata hO | [sailae AlagaAlaga {ma`gauT kxI vata-maana ivaSaoYataaeM saMkxilata ikxe jaatao

hO |

3)3)3)3) samaUhkxI ivaSaoYataaAaoMsao samaUhkxI ivaSaoYataaAaoMsao samaUhkxI ivaSaoYataaAaoMsao samaUhkxI ivaSaoYataaAaoMsao saMbaMiQatasaMbaMiQatasaMbaMiQatasaMbaMiQata

savao-XaNa maoM AnausaMQaana yah janasaMKyaa kox ivaSaoYataaAaoM sao saMbaMiQata hO Aqaa-ta samaUhkox

kox ivaSaoYataaAaoM sao saMbaMiQata hO | vah ikxsaI BaI vya@taIkox ivaSaoYataaAaoM sao saMbaMiQata nahIM haotaa

hO | savao-XaNaWara ikxsaI BaI ivaSaoYa vya@taI yaa saMsqaa kxI GaTnaaAaoM kxI ivaSaotaaAaoM kxI

jaanakxarI jaana laonaa yah hotaU nahIM haotaa hO taao samaUh kox ólaaokxpavaah kxI pavaRttaI jaana laonaa

yah savao-XaNa kxa mauKya hotaU hO |

4)4)4)4) savaosavaosavaosavao-- --XaNamaoM saMKyaatmakx AaOr gauNaatmakXaNamaoM saMKyaatmakx AaOr gauNaatmakXaNamaoM saMKyaatmakx AaOr gauNaatmakXaNamaoM saMKyaatmakx AaOr gauNaatmakx pahlaUx pahlaUx pahlaUx pahlaU

savao-XaNa yah saMKyaatmakx taqaa gauNaatmakx BaI haotaa hO | inarIXaNa kox saharo ikxe hue

ikxsaI ekx samaUhmaoM ó GaTkxmaoM kxaOnasao gauNa hO [sa pakxarkxI jaanakxarI imalaanao kox ilae

savao-XaNa kxa {payaaoga haotaa hO | taqaa ikxsaI ekx samaUh maoM ó GaTk xmaoM gauNaivaSaoYataa haonaovaalaaoM

kxI saMKyaatmakx jaanakxarI paapta kxr sakxtao hO |

5)5)5)5) BaaYaa kxao mahtvaBaaYaa kxao mahtvaBaaYaa kxao mahtvaBaaYaa kxao mahtva

savao-XaNa maoM BaaYaa kxao mahtva haotaa hO [saI kox saaqa gaiNata kox saaMkoxitakx BaaYaakxa BaI

pa`yaaoga haotaa hO |

6)6)6)6) sqaainaksqaainaksqaainaksqaainakx star kxI samasyaaAaoMkxa inarakxrNa x star kxI samasyaaAaoMkxa inarakxrNa x star kxI samasyaaAaoMkxa inarakxrNa x star kxI samasyaaAaoMkxa inarakxrNa

savao-XaNaWara sqaainakx star kxI samasyaaeM kxaOnasao hO taqaa {na samasyaaAaoMkox

inarakxrNa kox ilae sqaainakx Anaumaana laonaokox ilae yah pawtaI {payao@ta hO |

7)7)7)7) savaosavaosavaosavao-- --XaNa maoM gaiNataI icanhaoM kxa {payaaogaXaNa maoM gaiNataI icanhaoM kxa {payaaogaXaNa maoM gaiNataI icanhaoM kxa {payaaogaXaNa maoM gaiNataI icanhaoM kxa {payaaoga

savao-XaNa kxrtao samaya SaaoQakxtaa- gaiNata kox icanhaoM kxa {payaaoga kxr sakxtaa hO |

samasyaa kxao idSaaMikxta tarhsao hla kxrnao maoM sahayataa haotaI hO | Saaibdkx BaaYaa AaOr

gaiNatakox icanh [nakox {payaaoga sao savao-XaNa kxao idSaa paapta haotaI hO |

à mauLo ra. Sa. {maazo iva. tau., 1977, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana kox maUlatatva, saaihtya

pa`saar koMxd` saItaabaDI-, naagapaUr, paRYz k. 112à113

à Da. iBaMtaaDo iva. ra., 2010, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana pawtaI, inatyanaUtana pa`kxaSana,

pauNao, paRYz k. 92

saaraMSa maoM savaosaaraMSa maoM savaosaaraMSa maoM savaosaaraMSa maoM savao-- --XaNa pawtaI kxI ivaSaoYataaeM XaNa pawtaI kxI ivaSaoYataaeM XaNa pawtaI kxI ivaSaoYataaeM XaNa pawtaI kxI ivaSaoYataaeM

1) savao-XaNa yah saamaanyata: taIqa-kx Codatmakx haotaa hO |

2) ivaiSaYT kxalakxI jaanakxarI Anya ikxsaIBaI pawtaIsao yahMa baDI maa~aa maoM saMkxilata kxr

sakxtao hO |

3) janasaMKyaa baDI haotaI hO |

4) savao-XaNa samasyaakxa svar]pa inaiScata haotaa hO AaOr hotaU sauspaYT haotaa hO |

5) savao-XaNamaoM BaaYaa kxao mahtva hO |

6) savao-XaNa yah vya@taIkox ivaSaoYataaAao sao saMbainQata naa haokxr samaUh yaa janasaMKyaa kxI

ivaSaoYataaAaoMsao saMbainQata hO |

7) savao-XaNa yah gauNaatmakx taqaa saMKyaatmakx hO |

8) sqaainakx samasyaaAaoMkxa inarakxrNa [sa pawtaIsao paBaavaI r]pasao kxr sakxtao hO |

9) Saaibdkxx vaNa-nakoxx saaqa gaiNatakox icanhaoMkxa BaI {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO |

10) samasyaakxI vata-maana isqataI samaJakxr {_oSya, saamagaI saMkxlana, Aalaaocanaa AaOr

Aqa-inava-cana [na baataaoMkxa QyaanapaUva-kx ivacaar kxrkox yaaojanaa [sa pawtaI maoM kxI jaataI hO |

savaosavaosavaosavao-- --XaNaWara jaanakxarI pa`apta kxrnaa XaNaWara jaanakxarI pa`apta kxrnaa XaNaWara jaanakxarI pa`apta kxrnaa XaNaWara jaanakxarI pa`apta kxrnaa

savao-XaNaWara SaaoQakxtaa-kxao inamnailaiKata jaanakxarI paapta kxrnao maoM sahayataa haotaI hO |

1)1)1)1) AavaSyakx saamagaI kxI KaaojaAavaSyakx saamagaI kxI KaaojaAavaSyakx saamagaI kxI KaaojaAavaSyakx saamagaI kxI Kaaoja

savao-XaNa maoM SaaoQakxtaa- kxao ApaoiXata isqataIkxI pahcaana haotaI hO | [sa isqataI maoM

inaima-ta samasyaaAaoMkxa {ttar Kaaojanaa jar]rI haotaa hO | [sailae AnausaMQaanamaoM AavaSyakx

saaQanasaamaga`IkxI AaOr payatnaaoMkxI jar]rta lagaogaI [sa ivaYayamaoM jaanakxarI imalataI hO |

2)2)2)2) vatavatavatavata-- --maana isqataI maana isqataI maana isqataI maana isqataI

savao-XaNamaoM ivaiSaYT Xao~akxa savao-XaNa ikxyaa jaataa hO [sailae {sa Xao~a kox

vata-maanakxalaIna pairisqataIkxI jaanakxarI {palabQa haotaI hO | Aqaa-ta kxaOnasaI pairisqataImaoM

kxaOnasaI jaanakxarI paapta kxI jaa sakxtaI hO [sa baaromaoM jaanakxarI imalataI hO |

3)3)3)3) ApaoiXata isqataI ApaoiXata isqataI ApaoiXata isqataI ApaoiXata isqataI

savao-XaNamaoM SaaoQakxtaa- kxao kuxxC samasyaa inamaa-Na hu[- taao {sakxa inarakxrNa kxrnaokox

ilae kuxC {paaya Kaaojanao haotao hO | [na {paayaaoMkox ilae SaaoQakxtaa- kxao AavaSyakx pairisqataI

ikxsa tarh haonaI caaihe [sa ivaYaya kxI jaanakxarI savao-XaNaWara paapta hO |

savaosavaosavaosavao-- --XaNa kox pa`kxarXaNa kox pa`kxarXaNa kox pa`kxarXaNa kox pa`kxar

(1) (3) (5) (7)

skUxla savao-XaNa savao-XaNa AavaR<aI namaunaa cayana savao-XaNa parIXaNa

AQyayana savao-XaNa

(2) (4) (6)

savao-XaNa namaunaa sahayataa

maUlyaaMkxna savao-XaNa AQyayana

savaosavaosavaosavao-- --XaNa pawtaI kxa mahtva XaNa pawtaI kxa mahtva XaNa pawtaI kxa mahtva XaNa pawtaI kxa mahtva

savao-XaNa pawtaIkox mahtva hma inamnailaiKata bataa sakxtao hO |

1)1)1)1) vatavatavatavata-- --maana isqataI kxI Kaaojamaana isqataI kxI Kaaojamaana isqataI kxI Kaaojamaana isqataI kxI Kaaoja

savao-XaNakxa mauKya {_oSya AlagaAlaga Xao~aaoMkox vata-maana isqataI kxI Kaaoja kxrnaa hO |

kuxC samaya vata-maana isqataIkxI Kaaoja laokxr badlaava laanao kox ilae {palabQa taqyaaoMkxa

maUlyaaMkxna ikxyaa jaataa hO | [sa {parantasao yaaogya maaga-dSa-na kxrnao maoM sahayataa imalataI hO |

2)2)2)2) vasvasvasvastauinaYz pawtaIkxa AnausaMQaana tauinaYz pawtaIkxa AnausaMQaana tauinaYz pawtaIkxa AnausaMQaana tauinaYz pawtaIkxa AnausaMQaana

AnausaMQaanakox savao-XaNa pawtaImaoM Anaokx pakxarkxI samasyaaeM mahsaUsa haotaI hO | laoikxna

ifxrBaI inaima-ta samasyaaAaoMkxa inarakxrNa ikxyaa jaataa hO | [sailae pairisqataIkxa Aakxlana

ikxyaa jaataa hO | [sailae savao-XaNakxa {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO |

3)3)3)3) saaQanaaoMkxI inaimasaaQanaaoMkxI inaimasaaQanaaoMkxI inaimasaaQanaaoMkxI inaima-- --taItaItaItaI

savao-XaNa pawtaImaoM jaanakxarI paapta kxI jaataI hO [sailae saaQanaaoMkxI inaima-taI kxI

jaataI hO |

4)4)4)4) ivacaar AaOr spaYTIkxrNaaoMkxI pahcaanaivacaar AaOr spaYTIkxrNaaoMkxI pahcaanaivacaar AaOr spaYTIkxrNaaoMkxI pahcaanaivacaar AaOr spaYTIkxrNaaoMkxI pahcaana

AnausaMQaanamaoM samasyaa inamaa-Na hu[- taao samasyaa samaJakxr {sakox Anausaar ivacaar AaOr

spaYTIkxrNa dokxr yaaogya pawtaIkxa {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO |

5)5)5)5) paUrkx jaanakxarI {palabQapaUrkx jaanakxarI {palabQapaUrkx jaanakxarI {palabQapaUrkx jaanakxarI {palabQa

ikxsaI BaI maUlaBaUta AnausaMQaanamaoM savao-XaNa pawtaIkxa {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO | [sakox

ilae AnausaMQaanamaoM paUrkx jaanakxarI {palabQa kxrnaa AavaSyakx haotaa hO |

saaraMSa maoM savaosaaraMSa maoM savaosaaraMSa maoM savaosaaraMSa maoM savao-- --XaNa pawtaI kxa mahtva XaNa pawtaI kxa mahtva XaNa pawtaI kxa mahtva XaNa pawtaI kxa mahtva

1) vata-maana SaOiXakx GaTkxaoMkxI pahcaana haokxr SaaoQakxtaa-kox samasyaaAaoMkxa inarakxrNa ikxyaa

jaataa hO |

2) yaaogya {payau@ta saaQanaaoMkxa {payaaoga kxrkox saamaga`I kxa saMkxlana ikxyaa jaataa hO |

3) vata-maanakxala kox ilae {payau@ta BaUtakxalakxa AByaasa kxrkox BaivaYyakxalaIna pa`gataI kxa

ivacaar ikxyaa jaataa hO |

4) AnausaMQaana Xao~amaoM nayaoM GaTkxaoMkxa ivacaar haokxr ivaYayaXao~amaoM &aana kox Xao~a maoM vaRwI haotaI

hOx|

à Da. GaaormaaoDo ko. yaU., 2008, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana kox maUlatatva, ivaVa

pa`kxaSana, naagapaUr, paRYz k. 254

3.1.4 pa`stauta AnausaMQaana pawtaI3.1.4 pa`stauta AnausaMQaana pawtaI3.1.4 pa`stauta AnausaMQaana pawtaI3.1.4 pa`stauta AnausaMQaana pawtaI

pa`stauta AnausaMQaana maoM SaaoQakxtaa-nao vaNa-naatmakxxAnausaMQaana pawtaI kox pa`kxaraoM maoM sao savao-XaNa

pawtaI kxa caunaava ikxyaa hO |

3.2 namaunaa cayana3.2 namaunaa cayana3.2 namaunaa cayana3.2 namaunaa cayana

ikxsaI BaI AnausaMQaana kxa saMbaMQa ijasa janasaMKyaa sao Aataa hO, {sa janasaMKyaa kox baaromaoM

pa`apta jaanakxarI kxI sahayataa sao inaYkxYa- inakxalao jaatao hO | [na inaYkxYaao-Mkxa saamaanyaIkxrNa

ikxyaa jaataa hO | janasaMKyaa baDI hao taao {palabQa samaya maoM baDI janasaMKyaa sao jaanakxarI paapta

kxrnaa kxizna haotaa hO | pairNaamasvar]pa samaya jyaada lagataa hO | taqaa baDI saMKyaa par inayaM~aNa

rKakxr kxayaa-nvayana kxrnaa kxizna hao jaataa hO | [sailae [sa janasaMKyaakxa paitainaiQatva

kxrnaovaalaa CaoTa samaUh (namaunaa) caunaa jaataa hO, [sa namaunao kxao namaunaa cayana (Sample) kxha

jaataa hO | baDo janasaMKyaa kox bajaaya namaunaosao jaanakxarI pa`apta kxrkox inaYkxYa- inakxalao jaatao hO |

inaYkxYa- kxa saamaanyaIkxrNa ikxyaa jaataa hO, [sailae ikxsaI BaI AnausaMQaanamaoM namaunaa cayana kxa

mahtva haotaa hO |

SaOiXakx AnausaMQaanakox samasyaaAaoMkxa {ttar Kaaojakxr AnausaMQaana pa`ikxyaa paUNa- kxrnao kox

ilae jaao jaanakxarI paapta kxrnaI haotaI hO {sao vya@taI Aqavaa saMsqaa Wara pa`apta kxrnaI haotaI hO |

eosaI jaanakxarI donaovaalaa GaTkx kxao paitasaadkx kxhtao hO | {nhaoMnao ide hue pa`itasaad kox kxarNa

{nhoM paitasaadkx kxhtao hO | ivaiSaYT pa`itasaadkxaoMmaoM kuxC gauNaQama- samaana haotao hO eosao samaana

pa`itasaadkxaoMkxa samaUh ikxyaa jaataa hO | ikxsaI ivaSaoYa samaUh kox saBaI paitasaadkxaoMkxao ekxsaaqa

janasaMKyaa kxhtao hO |

namaunaa cayana kox saMbaMQa maoM George and Hatt kxhtao hO,

“A sample as the name implies is smaller representative of large

whole.”

à Da. iBaMtaaDo iva. ra., 2010, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana kox pawtaI,

inatyanaUtana pakxaSana, pauNao, paRYz k. 72

baaogaaDbaaogaaDbaaogaaDbaaogaaD-- --sasasasa

namaunaa cayana yaanao paUva-inayaaoijata yaaojanaa kox Anausaar (baDo samaUh sao) caunao gayao paitaSata |

AnausaMQaana sao imalao hue jaanakxarI kox AaQaar sao inaYkxYa- inakxalao jaatao hO | eosao inaYkxYaao-M

kxa saBaI AQyayana Xao~a kox ilae {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO | [sailae SaaoQakxtaa- kxao Apanao

jaanakxarI kox AaQaar par saamaanyaIkxrNa kxrnaa haotaa hO | eosao saamaanyaIkxrNa kox ilae saMpaUNa-

AQyayana Xao~a kxa AQyayana kxrnaa AsaMBava haotaa hO | kx[- baar AQyayana Xao~a [tanaa ivastaRta haotaa

hO kxI {sasao saMpaUNa- AQyayana Xao~a kxa AQyayana kxrtao samaya {samaoM badlaava hao sakxtaa hO AaOr

[sailae namaunaa cayana sao saamaga`I kxa paRqa:kxrNa kxrkox ivaSvasanaIya inaYkxYa- inakxalao jaatao hO |

laoikxna [sakox ilae caunaa huAa namaunaa AQyayana ivaYaya kxa sahI paitainaiQatva kxrnaovaalaa caaihe |

DblyaU. jaI. kxakxhDblyaU. jaI. kxakxhDblyaU. jaI. kxakxhDblyaU. jaI. kxakxh-- --na na na na

[nakox Anausaar patyaokx Saas~a kxa AQyayana kxrtao samaya &aanasaMvaQa-na kox ilae kuxC Baaga

kxa hI AQyayana kxrnaa haotaa hO | saBaI AQyayana Xao~a kxa pairpaUNa- AQyayana kxrnao kox ilae hmaaro

paasa saaQanaaoM kxI samaRwtaa nahIM hO AaOr saBaI AQyayana Xao~a kxa AQyayana kxrnaa patyaXa maoM saMBava

BaI nahIM hO [sailae saIimata BaagaaoM kxa AQyayana kxrnao ko yaaogya maaga- kxao namaunaa cayana kxhtao hO |

AnausaMQaana kox paikxyaa maoM saMpaUNa- janasaMKyaa kxa hma AnausaMQaana kox ilae {payaaoga kxr

sakxtao hO, laoikxna vah samaya AaOr Kacao- kox dRYTIsao takxlaIfxdoh saaibata haotaa hO, [saI ilae saBaI

kxao ekxsaaqa naa lao sakox taao BaI janasaMKyaa kxa pa`aitainaiQakx namaunaa AaOr yaadRicCkx namaunaa

caunanaokxI saMkxlpanaa Aagao Aa[- | SaaoQakxtaa-nao Apanao AnausaMQaana paikxyaa maoM Agar saMpaUNa- janasaMKyaa

kxa samaavaoSa ikxyaa taao {sa SaaoQakxtaa- kxao janasaMKyaa kox caunaava kxI jar]rta nahIM lagataI hO

laoikxna {sanao Agar janasaMKyaa kxa paaitainaiQakx namaunaa ilayaa taao {sao namaunaa cayana pawtaIkxa

{payaaoga kxrnaa haotaa hO |

namaunao kox cayana pawtaI kxa yaaogya {payaaoga kxrkox Agar AnausaMQaana kxa inaYkxYa- inakxalaa

taao Aanaovaalao inaYkxYa- maoM paUNa-ta: ekxjaOsaa pana Aanaovaalaa na hao taao BaI saaQaarNata: najaidkxI

pa`itaSata dr Aataa hO | [sailae [sa pawtaIsao najaidkx pairSauw inaYkxYa- inakxalatao Aatao hO |

[sasao eosaa kxha jaa sakxtaa hO kxI, ijana GaTkxaoM kox ivaYaya maoM AnausaMQaana kxrnaa hO vah

{nakxI saMKyaa yaanao AQyayanaXao~a AaOr AQyayana Xao~a sao caunaa huAa CaoTa Baaga yaanao namaunaa |

namaunaa caunaava kxa yah tatva hO, kxI jaiTlataa maoM ekxijanasaIpaNaa, paitainaiQatva, saMpaUNa- sahI

jaanakxarI kxI Saur]Aata AavaSyakx nahIM haotaI hO |

namaunaa cayana kxrtao samaya imalaI hu[- jaanakxarI paitainaiQakx na hao taao Anaokx ~auiTyaMa

rhtaI hO | [saIilae namaunaa ivaSvasanaIya haonaa AavaSyakx hO | yah Qyaana maoM laokxr hI SaaoQakxtaa- nao

zaNao ijalao kox AaidvaasaI Xao~a kox koMxd`pamauKaaoM kxa samaavaoSa ikxyaa hO |

3.2.1 AcCo namaunaa cayana kxI ivaSaoYataaeM 3.2.1 AcCo namaunaa cayana kxI ivaSaoYataaeM 3.2.1 AcCo namaunaa cayana kxI ivaSaoYataaeM 3.2.1 AcCo namaunaa cayana kxI ivaSaoYataaeM

namaunaa ijatanaa yaqaaqa- haotaa hO {tanaa {sakxI ivaSvasanaIyataa yaaogya samaJaI jaataI hO,

[sailae AcCo namaunao kxI ivaSaoYataaeM hma inamnailaiKata bataa sakxtao hO |

AcCa namaunaaónamaunaa cayana kxI ivaSaoYataaeMAcCa namaunaaónamaunaa cayana kxI ivaSaoYataaeMAcCa namaunaaónamaunaa cayana kxI ivaSaoYataaeMAcCa namaunaaónamaunaa cayana kxI ivaSaoYataaeM

à Da. kx%haDo baI. ema., 2007, Saas~aIya AnausaMQaana pawtaI,

ipaMpaLapauro AND kM.x paiblaSar, naagapaUr, paRYz k. 141

namaunaa

paaitainaiQakx

haotaa hO

vyaavahairkx

AnauBavapar

AaQaairta haotaa hO

paXapaata AaOr

paUva-ga`h sao

vaMicata haotaa hO

AQyayana ivaYaya

kox {_oSyaaoMsao

saMbaMiQata haotaa hO

payaa-pta

Aakxar

saamaanya&aana AaOr

tak-xpar AaQaairta

janasaMKyaa maaQyamaaoMkxa

sahI AMdaja

3.2.2 namaunaa cayana kxI pawtaIyaMa 3.2.2 namaunaa cayana kxI pawtaIyaMa 3.2.2 namaunaa cayana kxI pawtaIyaMa 3.2.2 namaunaa cayana kxI pawtaIyaMa

namaunaa cayana pawtaI kox pakxar

à Da. GaaormaaoDo ko. yaU.ó Da. GaaormaaoDo kxlaa, 2008, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana kox

maUlatatva, ivaVa pakxaSana, naagapaUr, paRYz k. 416 sao 421

pamaaNabaw namaunaa

Apa`maaNabaw namaunaa

Baaryau@ta namaunaa

sauivaQaanausaar namaunaa

sahotaUkx namaunaa

kxaoTa namaunaa

svayaMinavaa-icata namaunaa

la^aTrI pawtaI

kxaD- yaa iTkxT

gaID inayaimata AMkxna pawta

itappaoT pawta

kxaoTa pawta

Ainayaimata AMkxna pawta

saMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana (Probability Sampling)

saada yaadRicCkx namaunaa (Random

Sampling)

AsaMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana (Non-Probability Sampling)

starIya yaadRicCkx namaunaa (Stratified

Random Sampling)

vyavasqaapanabaw namaunaa (Systematic

Sampling)

bahustarIya namaunaa (Multiphase

Sampling)

bahupadI yaa ekxkx pauMja namaunaa

(Multistagr or

cluster Sampling)

namaunaa cayana kxI dao pawtaIya^Ma hO |

1. saMBaavyataapar AaQaairta pawtaI

2. AsaMBaavyataapar AaQaairta pawtaI

1) saMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana pawtaI1) saMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana pawtaI1) saMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana pawtaI1) saMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana pawtaI

nyaadiSa-ta janasaMKyaasao hr ekx GaTkx kxao namaunao maoM Saaimala haonao kxa Avasar

ikxtanao pa`maaNa maoM imalaogaa yah hma bataa sakxtao hO, taBaI {sa caunaava pawtaI kxao saMBaavyataa

cayana pawtaI kxhtao hO |

2) AsaMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana pawtaI2) AsaMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana pawtaI2) AsaMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana pawtaI2) AsaMBaavyataa namaunaa cayana pawtaI

SaaoQakxtaa- Kaudkxao Aaramadayakx laganaovaalaa namaunaa [sa pawtaIsao caunataa hO {sa

samaya Apanao &aana AaOr AnauBava kxa {payaaoga vah paaitainaiQakx namaunaa cayana kox ilae kxr

sakxtaa hO |

3.2.2.1 saugama yaadRicCkx namaunaa cayana (3.2.2.1 saugama yaadRicCkx namaunaa cayana (3.2.2.1 saugama yaadRicCkx namaunaa cayana (3.2.2.1 saugama yaadRicCkx namaunaa cayana (Simple Random sampling Method))))

[sa pawtaImaoM janasaMKyaamaoM kox hr ekx GaTkx kxao caunao jaanao kxa samaana Avasar

haotaa hO, [sailae ekx kox caunaava sao dusarokox caunaavapar kxao[- BaI pairNaama nahIM haotaa hO |

3.2.2.2 la^aTrI pawtaI (3.2.2.2 la^aTrI pawtaI (3.2.2.2 la^aTrI pawtaI (3.2.2.2 la^aTrI pawtaI (Lottery Method))))

namaunaa cayana kxa yah dusara Aasaana pa`kxar hO | ivaYaya vastaukxI yaa saamagaI kox

saBaI ekxkxaoMkxao kxmaaMkx dokxr vah kxmaaMkx svataM~a ica$IyaaoMpar ilaKao jaatao hO | vah ekx

D/ma yaa paoTImaoM rKakxr D/ma yaa paoTI kxao Z@kxna lagaayaa jaataa hO | D/ma {parinacao

Gaumaakxr saBaI ica$IyaMa ekx dusaro maoM imalaa[- jaataI hO baad maoM ijatanao namaunao caunanao hO

{tanaI ica$IyaMa {sa D/ma maoM sao AbaaoQa baalakx yaa vya@taI kox haqasao A^MaKa baMd kxrkox

inakxalaI jaataI hO, {nhIMkxa hI samaavaoSa namaunaa cayana maoM ikxyaa jaataa hO |

3.2.2.3 saarNaI pawtaI 3.2.2.3 saarNaI pawtaI 3.2.2.3 saarNaI pawtaI 3.2.2.3 saarNaI pawtaI

Saas~aIya pawtaIsao taOyaar ikxe hue saarNaImaoMsao hmaoM AavaSyakx namaunaa caunanao

Aatao hO | ifxSaor iTpaoT gaoTsa\ kox eosao saarNaIyaMa paisaw hO |

3.2.2.4 ga`ID pawtaI 3.2.2.4 ga`ID pawtaI 3.2.2.4 ga`ID pawtaI 3.2.2.4 ga`ID pawtaI

jaba ikxsaI ekx ivaiSaYT BaaOgaaoilakx padoSasao kuxC Baaga ekxkx kox r]pa maoM caunanaa

haotaa hO taba yah pawtaI {payaaoga maoM laa[- jaataI hO |

3.2.2.5 gaucC namaunaa 3.2.2.5 gaucC namaunaa 3.2.2.5 gaucC namaunaa 3.2.2.5 gaucC namaunaa

janasaMKyaa yah AsaMKya eosao sava-saaQaarNa jaOsao samaUh maoM ivaBaajaIta haotao hO taba

gaucC namaunaa cayana pawtaI kxa {payaaoga haotaa hO |

namaunaa cayana pawtaI kox {payaaoga sao SaaoQakxtaa- kxao AnausaMQaana ivaYayakxa saKaaola AQyayana

kxrnaa saMBava haotaa hO | taqaa pa`itasaadkxaoMkxI saMKyaa mayaa-idta haonao sao mayaa-idta jaanakxarI kxI

yaaogya Aalaaocanaa, saarNaIkxrNa, Aqa-inava-cana kxrnaa SaaoQakxtaa- kxao saMBava huAa AaOr mayaa-idta

pa`itasaadkxaoM kox kxarNa jaanakxarI imalaanao kxa kxaya- saulaBa huAa | taqaa mayaa-idta paitasaadkx haonao

kox vajah sao AnausaMQaana saKaaola AaOr saivastaar haokxr {sasao inakxlao hue inaYkxYa- AiQakx vaOQa,

ivaSvasanaIya AaOr pairSauw isaw haoMgao |

3.2.3 namaunaa cayana kxa Aakxar (3.2.3 namaunaa cayana kxa Aakxar (3.2.3 namaunaa cayana kxa Aakxar (3.2.3 namaunaa cayana kxa Aakxar (Size Of Sample) ) ) )

namaunao kxa Aakxar zhratao samaya AQyayana ivaYaya, {palabQa janasaMKyaa, AQyayana pawtaI,

{palabQa saamagaI, janasaMKyaa kxa vagaI-kxrNa, namaunaa cayana pawtaI, BaaOgaaoilakx Xao~a, pairSauwtaa

star [na saBaIkxa ivacaar kxrnaa haotaa hO |

pa`stauta AnausaMQaana kox janasaMKyaa maoM SaaoQakxtaa- nao zaNao ijalao kox 07 tahsaIla kox 90

koMxdpamauKaaoMkxa caunaava ikxyaa gayaa |

3.3 saamagaI saMkxlana kox saaQana3.3 saamagaI saMkxlana kox saaQana3.3 saamagaI saMkxlana kox saaQana3.3 saamagaI saMkxlana kox saaQana

SaaoQakxtaa-kxao caunao hue ivaYayakxao hla kxrnao kox ilae ivaivaQa pakxarkxI jaanakxarI

(saamagaI) paapta kxrnaI haotaI hO | {sakxa saMkxlana kxrkox {sakoxWara Aqa-inava-cana kxrnaa haotaa hO

| laoikxna yah jaanakxarI paapta kxrnao kox ilae {sao ivaivaQa saaQanaaoMkxa {payaaoga kxrnaa haotaa hO,

yah {payaaoga ikxe hue saMdiBa-ta saaQanaaoMkxao AnausaMQaana kox saaQana kxhtao hO | AnausaMQaana yah sahI

Aqa-sao saamagaI kox ivaivaQa pa`kxar par inaBa-r hO | [sailae SaaoQakxtaa- kxao saamaga`I saMkxlana kox

ivaivaQa saaQanaaoMkxa AQyayana kxrkox yaaogya saaQana kxa caunaava kxrnaa haotaa hO | Apanaa caunaava kOxsao

yaaogya isaw hao sakxtaa hO [sakxa ivacaar saaqa- haonao kox ilae saamaga`I saMkxlana kox ivaivaQa

saaQanaaoMkox samaIXaNa kxI jaanakxarI SaaoQakxtaa- kxao haonaa AavaSyakx haotaI hO |

AnausaMQaana kox saaQana

1. manaaovaO&aainakx kxsaaOTIya^Ma

2. inarIXaNa

3. saaXaatkxar

4. laoKana saaQana

[saI kox saaqahI Aagao paSnaavalaI, paDtaala saUcaI, padinaScayana Ea`oNaI, gaunaaMkxnapai~akxa

jaOsao Anaokx saaQanaaoMsao SaaoQakxtaa-nao yaaogya saaQanaaoMkxa caunaava kxrnaa AavaSyakx haotaa hO |

AnausaMQaana saaQanaaoMkox pakxar

inarIXaNa paSnaavalaI SaaoiQakxa pa`maaiNata kxsaaOTI

saaXaatkxar padinaScayana Ea`oNaI samaajaimataI AMkxpa~a

AiBavaRttaI maaipakxa paDtaala saUcaI pa`XaopanaSaIla takxnaIkx

à mauLo ra. Sa. {maazo iva. tau., 1977, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana kox maUlatatva,

saaihtya pasaar koMxd saItaabaDI-, naagapaUr, paRYz k. 181

3.3.1 pa`SnaavalaI 3.3.1 pa`SnaavalaI 3.3.1 pa`SnaavalaI 3.3.1 pa`SnaavalaI

pa`stauta AnausaMQaanamaoM SaaoQakxtaa-nao paSnaavalaI [sa saaQana kxa {payaaoga ikxyaa hO | namaunaa

samaUh kxao Aqavaa paitasaadkx kxao donao kox paSnaaoMkox saU~abaw tarIkox sao ikxe hue saMkxlana kxao

pa`SnaavalaI kxhtao hO | paSnaavalaI Aqaa-ta iBanna iBanna vya@taIyaaoM sao ijasakox {ttar maMgaae jaatao hO

eosao pa`SnaaoMkxI taailakxa, ijasasao pa`maaiNata {ttar paapta haotao hO, {nakxa {payaaoga saaMiKyakxIkox

ilae ikxyaa jaataa hO |

pa`SnaavalaI yah SaaoQakxtaa-kxaox ApaoiXata Qyaoya takx pahu^McaanaovaalaI ekx Ea`RMKalaa hO |

{sakoxWara SaaoQakxtaa- samaUh kxa manaaogata jaanakxr {nakxa gaUTaoMmaoM vagaI-kxrNa kxrtaa hO AaOr

saMKyaaSaas~aIya pawtaI sao {sapar ivacaar ikxyaa jaataa hO |

AnausaMQaana ivaYaya kox saMdBa- maoM [sa AnausaMQaanaWara saMKyaatmakx AaOr gauNaatmakx eosao daonaao

pa`kxarkxI jaanakxarI paapta kxI jaataI hO | paitasaadkxaoMkxI saMKyaa AaOr {nakxa SaaoQakxtaa- kox

vaastavya sao ikxtanaa dUr vaastava hO [na dao GaTkxaoMkxa ivacaar kxrkox vya@taIgata saMpak-x ASa@ya hao

taao paSnaavalaI kxa {payaaoga ikxxyaa jaataa hO |

3.3.2 pa`SnaavalaI kox pa`kxar (3.3.2 pa`SnaavalaI kox pa`kxar (3.3.2 pa`SnaavalaI kox pa`kxar (3.3.2 pa`SnaavalaI kox pa`kxar (Types of Questionnare))))

paSnaavalaI kox pakxar

3.3.3 {ttama paSnaavalaI kox gauNa 3.3.3 {ttama paSnaavalaI kox gauNa 3.3.3 {ttama paSnaavalaI kox gauNa 3.3.3 {ttama paSnaavalaI kox gauNa

1. {ttama paSnaavalaI Aakxar sao CaoTI AaOr saImaIta haotaI hO |

2. pa`Sna ina:saMidgQa AaOr vaOQa haotao hO |

3. AavaSyakx vahMa saUcanaa ilaKaI haotaI hO |

4. jaanakxarI spaYT AaOr samaJanaomaoM Aasaana hao eosao pa`SnaaoMkxa svar]pa haotaa hO |

5. pa`SnaavalaI AakxYa-kx AaOr k`xmabaw haotaI hO |

6. pa`SnaaoM kox gauTaoMkxa ivaBaajana ikxe haotao hO |

7. pa`SnaaoMkxI paunaravaRttaI nahIM haotaI hO |

8. {sakoxWara imalao hue AaQaar saamagaI kxa gaNana, ivaSlaoYaNa AaOr Aqa-inava-cana kxrnaa

saulaBa haotaa hO |

9. pa`itasaadkxaoM kxI vaOyai@takx jaanakxarI pa`apta kxr sakxtao hO |

10. saamagaI saMkxlana kxI rFtaar baZa sakxtao hO |

11. {ttar ilaiKata svar]pamaoM haonao sao sabaUta rhtaa hO |

12. tanaavaivarihta vaataavarNa maoM ó mau@ta vaataavarNa maoM paitasaadkx paSnaavalaI Bar sakxtaa hO |

13. pa`SnaavalaI paaosTsao BaI BaojaI jaataI hO |

14. dUr rhnaovaalao paitasaadkxaoM kxao pa`SnaavalaI yah ekx AcCa maaga- hO |

saMricata pa`SnaavalaI (Structured

questionnare)

baMidsta paSnaavalaI (Close

questionnare)

ica~amaya pa`SnaavalaI (Pictural

questionnare)

AsaMricata paSnaavalaI (Non structured

questionnare)

mau@ta paSnaavalaI (Open

questionnare)

imai~ata paSnaavalaI (Mixed

questionnare)

paSnaavalaI kox fxayapaSnaavalaI kox fxayapaSnaavalaI kox fxayapaSnaavalaI kox fxayado ó gauNa AakRxtaI do ó gauNa AakRxtaI do ó gauNa AakRxtaI do ó gauNa AakRxtaI

à Da. paarsanaIsa homalataa, 2006, SaOiXakx AnausaMQaana saamagaI saMkxlana takxinakx

AaOr saaQana, inatya naUtana pa`kxaSana, pauNao, paRYz k. 34

3.3.4 pa`SnaavalaI kxI saImaae^M 3.3.4 pa`SnaavalaI kxI saImaae^M 3.3.4 pa`SnaavalaI kxI saImaae^M 3.3.4 pa`SnaavalaI kxI saImaae^M

1. paSnaavalaIkxI vaOQataa paitasaadkxkox baaOiwkx saamaqya-par AaOr sahI jabaaba donaopar inaBa-r

haotaI hO |

2. kx[-baar saMSaoQakxWara ikxtanaa BaI Qyaana sao paSna taOyaar ikxyaa hao taao BaI {sakxa Aqa-

paitasaadkx kxBaIkxBaI Alaga lagaanao kxI saMBaavanaa haotaI hO |

3. paSnaavalaI Bar donao kxa pamaaNa kxma haotaa hO |

4. paitasaad kxBaIkxBaI kxma imalataa hO |

5. kxBaIkxBaI ApaUNa- jaanakxarI imalataI hO |

6. saKaaola AQyayana ASa@ya hO |

7. Anya kox sahayataa kox bagaOr {ttar ide jaatao hO |

8. vaadga`sta maud\daoMpar mata donao par {paoXaa kxI jaataI hO |

9. paitasaadkx kxa Karaba hstaaXar

10. kxBaIkxBaI paSnaavalaIkxa gaaMiBaya- QyaanamaoM naa Aanaosao paSnaavalaI laaparvaahIsao BarI jaataI

hO |

fxayado

kxma Kacao-kxI

SaaoQakxtaa- paiSaiXata haonaa AavaSyakx nahIM

vaOyai@takx pa`Baava paDtaa nahIM hO |

vastauinaYz jaanakxarI imalataI hO |

paitasaadkxaoMkox ilae Aasaana haotaa hO |

ivaSaala Xao~a kxa AQyayana ikxyaa jaataa hO

samaya kxI bacata haotaI hO |

saaMiKyakxIya pa`yaaoga kxrnaa Aasaana

{i_YTanaugaamaI saMkxlana kxr sakxtao hO |

paunaravaRttaI kxr sakxtao hO |

svayaMpaSaaisata

pa`stauta AnausaMQaanamaoM SaaoQakxtaa-nao paSnaavalaI yah saaQana kxa {payaaoga kxrnao kxa inaiScata

ikxyaa hO | koMxd`pamauKaaoM kox namaunaa gauTaoMsao ApaoiXata jaanakxarI paapta kxrnao kox ilae SaaoQakxtaa-nao

koMxdpamauKaaoM sao pa`SnaavalaI Bar laI hO |

koMxdpamauKaaoM kxI pa`tyaXa maulaakxata laokxr {nhoM pa`SnaavalaI dI AaOr {samaoM kox paSnaaoMkxa

svar]pa {nakox QyaanamaoM na Aayaa taao {nhoM samaJaakxr bataayaa AaOr baadmaoM {nhoM vah hla kxrnao kox

ilae do idyao |

3.4 nyaasakxI (saMkxilata saamagaI) ivaSlaoYaNa pawtaI AaOr saaMiKyakxI3.4 nyaasakxI (saMkxilata saamagaI) ivaSlaoYaNa pawtaI AaOr saaMiKyakxI3.4 nyaasakxI (saMkxilata saamagaI) ivaSlaoYaNa pawtaI AaOr saaMiKyakxI3.4 nyaasakxI (saMkxilata saamagaI) ivaSlaoYaNa pawtaI AaOr saaMiKyakxI

AavaSyakx saamagaIkxa saMkxlana yah AnausaMQaana kox ilae sabasao AavaSyakx pahlaU haotaa hO |

laoikxna {sakox ilae vah saamagaI pairSauw haonaI caaihe AaOr {sakxa vyavasqaapana kxrnaa

AavaSyakx haotaa hO | AnausaMQaana maoM ivaivaQa paSnaaoMkox yaa gauTaoMkox saMdBa-maoM jaanakxarI {palabQa haotaI

hO eosaI jaanakxarI ekxhI dRYTIXaopamaoM jyaadasao jyaada AaOr samaga AaKaaoMkox saamanao Aanaokox ilae

saarNaIkxa {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO | paapta kxI hu[- saamagaI Sabd yaa AMkxaoMkox sahayataa sao

ekxi~ata r]pamaoM ekx taailakxa maoM donao kxao saarNaIkxrNa kxhtao hO |

kxaoYTkxIkxrNa kox ilae staMBa AaOr paM@taIyaaoMkxa {payaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hO | {sao SaIYa-kx BaI

idyaa jaataa hO | hr ekx paSna yaa gauT kox {ttar kox calaaoMkox baarMbaairtaa kxao jamaa kxrkox eosao

taailakxa taOyaar kxrnao AataI hO | yahI taailakxa AiQakx saUcakx haonao kox ilae yaaogya sqaana par

pa`itaSata dr donaa haotaa hO |

pa`stauta AnausaMQaanamaoM SaaoQakxtaa-nao paSnaavalaI yah AnausaMQaana saaQanaWara pa`apta saamagaIkox

{_oSya kox Anausaar ekxi~akxrNa kxrkox imalao hue jaanakxarI kxo Alaga Alaga gauTaoMmaoM vagaI-kxrNa

kxrnaokxa inaiScata ikxyaa hO | {sakox Anausaar baarMbaarItaa taailakxa kxa {payaaoga kxrkox vah

jaanakxarI ekxi~ata svar]pamaoM taailakxa maoM donaokxa AaOr AavaSyakxtaa kox saMKyaatmakx saamagaI kxa

pa`itaSata dr maoM r]paaMtar kxrnaokxa inaiScata ikxyaa |

saaMiKyakxI saaMiKyakxI saaMiKyakxI saaMiKyakxI

inaYkxYa- inakxalanao kox ilae saaMiKyakxI svar]pamaoM jaanakxarI pamaaNaBaUta maanaI jaataI hO,

[sailae pa`SnaavalaIWara imalao hue saamagaIkxa vagaI-kxrNa kxrkox baarMbaarItaa inakxalanaokxa

zhrayaax|

“ApaUNaa-Mkx kxI ikxmata AaQao yaa AaQaosao jyaada hao taao paUNa- maananaa” yah gaiNataIya tatva

kox Anausaar 50X sao jyaada haonaovaalaa AMkx paUNa- ikxyaa jaataa hO | laoikxna 50X sao jyaada yaanao

inaiScata kxaOnasaa AMkx haogaa [sasao nahIM samaJataa hO | [sailae vah AMkx kxaOnasaa yah inaiScata

kxrnaokox ilae SaaoQakxtaa-nao Aagaokox saMKyaaSaas~a kxa AaQaar laIyaa hO |

saMKyaaSaas~aIya ivacaar saMKyaaSaas~aIya ivacaar saMKyaaSaas~aIya ivacaar saMKyaaSaas~aIya ivacaar

paitaSata dr kxI yaqaaqa-taa SaaoQakxtaa-nao Aagao kox saU~a kxa {payaaoga kxrkox inaiScata ikxyaa

hO |

paitaSata dr kxI pamaaNa ~auiT SE % = √ PQ (1.97) N

ikxiTkxla roSaao (kxainakx AMkx) CR = P1 - P2 (1.238) SE %

P ã hMa paitasaadkxaoMkxa pa`itaSata dr ................. Q = 1 - p

N ã kuxla paitasaadkx = P + Q daonaao pa`itaSata dr kxa Baod = P1 – P2

pa`itaSata dr kxI yaqaaqapa`itaSata dr kxI yaqaaqapa`itaSata dr kxI yaqaaqapa`itaSata dr kxI yaqaaqa-- --taataataataa

baosalaa[-na = 50 – 50, SE% = 0.02, N=90

P1 CR 0.05 starpar gaahyataastarpar gaahyataastarpar gaahyataastarpar gaahyataa

55% 0.94 gaahya nahIM

56% 1.13 gaahya nahIM

57% 1.32 gaahya nahIM

58% 1.51 gaahya nahIM

59% 1.70 gaahya nahIM

60% 1.89 gaahya nahIM

61% 2.08 ga`ahya

sao

100% 9.43 ga`ahya

(pairiSaYT ‘h’ doiKae)

{payau-@ta Tobala sao CR kxI ikxmata 1.96 sao kxma haotaI hO taba vah raya gaahya nahIM maanaI

jaataI hO AaOr vah ikxmata 1.96 sao jyaada haotaI hO taao vah raya saMKyaaSaas~a dRYTIsao gaahya maanaI

jaataI hO | {parkox Tobala sao eosao QyaanamaoM Aataa hO kxI 61% paitasaadkx rhtao hO taba CR kxI

ikxmata 2.00 hO | yah ikxmata 1.96 sao jyaada hO, [sailae vah AaOr {sakox Aagao kox saBaI raya

SaaoQakxtaa-nao ga`ahya maanao hO | [sailae SaaoQakxtaa-nao inaYkxYa- inakxalatao samaya AaOr Saur]AatamaoM maanaa

huAa inakxYa inaiScata ikxyaa hO |

3.5 AnausaMQaana kxa patyaXa kxayaa3.5 AnausaMQaana kxa patyaXa kxayaa3.5 AnausaMQaana kxa patyaXa kxayaa3.5 AnausaMQaana kxa patyaXa kxayaa-- --nvayananvayananvayananvayana

3.5.1 AnausaMQaana kxayaa3.5.1 AnausaMQaana kxayaa3.5.1 AnausaMQaana kxayaa3.5.1 AnausaMQaana kxayaa-- --nvayana kox nvayana kox nvayana kox nvayana kox saaopaanasaaopaanasaaopaanasaaopaana

sahI idSaa maoM AnausaMQaana kxI paik`xyaa haotaI hO, taao naitajao BaI sahI haotao hO | pa`tyaXa

kxayaa-nvayana kox ilae inamna {_oSya saamanao rKakxr AnausaMQaana kxa kxayaa-nvayana ikxyaa gayaa hO |

1. koMxdpamauKa pad inaima-taI paaSva-BaUmaI kxa AQyayana kxrnaa |

2. maharaYT/ rajya kox SaOiXakx vyavasqaapana kxa AQyayana kxrnaa |

3. koMxdpamauKa kox kxta-vyaaoM kxa AQyayana kxrnaa |

4. AaidvaasaI Xao~a kxI SaOiXakx samasyaaAaoM kxa AQyayana kxrnaa |

5. inarIXaNa saUcaIWara koMxdpa`mauKa kxamaaoM kxa jaayajaa laonaa |

6. koMxdpamauKaaoM kox ilae pa`SnaavalaI taOyaar kxrnaa |

7. koMxdpamauKaaoM kxao pa`SnaavalaI dokxr saamaga`I paapta kxrnaa |

8. saamagaI kxa ivaSlaoYaNa kxrkox inarIXaNaaoMkxao dja- kxrnaa |

9. pa`apta inarIXaNaaoMsao inaYkxYa- inakxalanaa AaOr AavaSyakx sauJaava donaa |

pa`stauta AnausaMQaana kox ilae paaqaimakx ivaValayaaoM kxa sainayaM~aNa kxrnaovaalao koMxd`pamauKaaoM kox

ilae pa`SnaavalaI kxI inaima-taI kxI | zaNao ijalao kox AaidvaasaI Xao~a kox 7 KaMD sao 96 koMxd`pa`mauKaaoM

kxao paSnaavalaI dI ga[-, {namaoM sao 90 koMxd`pamauKaaoM nao pa`SnaavalaI Barkxr vaapar laaOTa[- | zaNao ijalao

kox AaidvaasaI Xao~a kxI 12 pa`aqaimakx ivaValayaaoM kxa SaaoQakxtaa- nao inarIXaNa kox ilae svayaM daOra

ikxyaa {sasao pa`SnaavalaIWara paapta saamagaI kxI ja^Maca kxrnao kox ilae fxayada huAa | paitasaadkxaoM

kxa naama pairiSaYT maoM dja- ikxyaa hO | [sa pa`SnaavalaIWara pa`apta saamagaI kxa kxaoYTkx maoM r]paaMtarNa

kxrkxo ivaSlaoYaNa idyaa gayaa hO |

3.5.2 AQyaaya kxI rcanaa 3.5.2 AQyaaya kxI rcanaa 3.5.2 AQyaaya kxI rcanaa 3.5.2 AQyaaya kxI rcanaa

pa`stauta AnausaMQaana Ahvaala kox ilae SaaoQakxtaa-nao inamnailaiKata AQyaaya kxI rcanaa

kxrnaokxa inaiScata ikxyaa hO |

1. AnausaMQaana ivaYaya kxI pahcaana

2. saMbaMiQata saaihtya kxa AQyayana

3. AnausaMQaana kxa kxayaa-nvayana

4. saMkxilata saamaga`I (nyaasa) kxa ivaSlaoYaNa AaOr Aqa-inava-cana

5. saaraMSa, inaYkxYa- AaOr sauJaava

[na paaca AQyaaya kox AaKarI maoM pa`itavaodna kox Anausaar pairiSaYT AaOr sadBa- saUcaI donaokxa

inaiScata ikxyaa hO |

3.5.3 paqadSaI3.5.3 paqadSaI3.5.3 paqadSaI3.5.3 paqadSaI-- -- AQyayana AQyayana AQyayana AQyayana

paqadSaI- AQyayana kxa samaavaoSa patyaokx AnausaMQaana maoM haotaa hI hO eosaa nahIM | ijana Xao~a maoM

jyaada AnausaMQaana {palabQa nahIM haotaa hO {sa samaya {sa AnausaMQaana kxao SaaoQakxtaa- AnausaMQaana

kxhtaa hO AaOr {samaoM paqadSaI- AQyayana Ainavaaya- haotaa hO |

pa`stauta AQyayana kxao maaga-dSa-kx AQyayana BaI kxhtao hO | paqadSaI- AQyayana yaanao vaO&aainakx

pawtaIsao paUNa- ikxyaa huAa CaoTo pamaaNa kxa saMpaUNa- AnausaMQaana hO | [sao maaga-dSa-kx AQyayana BaI

kxhtao hO |

AnausaMQaana maoM AanaovaalaI ADcanao, {nakox saMBaavya {ttar kxa AMdajaa laokxr AnausaMQaana

kxa maaga- idKaanaovaalao CaoTo pamaaNa maoM Aayaaoijata AnausaMQaana kxao paqadSa-kx AQyayana kxhtao hO |

[saIilae paqadSa-kx AQyayana mayaa-idta pamaaNa maoM mauKya savao-XaNa maoM AanaovaalaI samasyaaeM

samaJakxr taqaa savao-XaNa kxI rcanaa inadao-Ya kxrnao kox ilae ikxyaa jaataa hO | savao-XaNa kox ilae

pa`SnaavalaI maoM AMtaBaU-ta ikxe hue paSnaaoM kxI ja^Maca kxrnao kox ilae pamauKata: paqadSa-kx AQyayana

pawtaI kxa {payaaoga kxrkox BaI jaba {ttar donaovaalao vya@taI saMKyaa maoM kxma haotao hO taba

gauNavattaapaUva-kx AnausaMQaana kox ilae BaI paqadSa-kx AQyayana {payau@ta haotaa hO |

namaunaa cayana kxrtao samaya galataIyaMa haonao kxI saMBaavanaa haotaI hO | pa`SnaaoM kxI rcanaa kxrnaoM

maoM, {nakxa kxma inaiScata kxrnao maoM, ivaSaoYa r]pa sao savao-XaNa sao pavaRttaI kxao Aajamaanao kox ilae

{payaaoga ikxe jaanaovaalaI paSnaavalaI paqadSa-kx AByaasa maoM jaMacaI jaataI hO | [sa baaro maoM inamna

pa`kxar hO à

1. pa`SnaavalaIWara paqadSa-kx AQyayana

2. inarIXaNaWara paqadSa-kx AQyayana

3. AnaaOpacaairkx saaXaatkxar Wara paqadSa-kx AQyayana

4. saaQana inaima-taI kox ilae paqadSa-kx AQyayana

[samaoM sao SaaoQakxtaa- nao paSnaavalaIWara paqadSa-kx AQyayana ikxyaa hO |

[sa paqadSa-kx AQyayana sao caunao hue samasyaa kox ilae paUva-AQyayana kxrnaa, samasyaa sao

saMbainQata vata-maana isqataIkox ivacaar maoM ivasaMgataI kox baaro maoM AnauBaUtaI haotaI hO | taqaa taj&aaoM sao

vaOcaairkx laonaàdona kxrnao kxa Avasar imalataa hO | saaraMSa maoM saMKyaatmakx AaOr gauNaatmakx

AnausaMQaana kox ilae paqadSa-kx AQyayana laonao sao SaaoQakxtaa- kxao fxayada haotaa hO |

SaaoQakxtaa- nao pa`stauta samasyaa kox AnausaMQaana kox ilae inaiScata ikxe hue {_oSyaaoM par

AaQaairta pa`aqaimakx paSnaavalaI taOyaar kxrkox AnauBavaI koMxd`pamauKaaoM sao {sakxI kximayaaoM kxI

jaanakxarI laI ga[- | [sapar saMpaUNa- ivacaar kxr sauJaae gae sauQaarNaaAaoM kxao Qyaana maoM laokxr

sauQaairta paSnaavalaI taOyaar kxI ga[- hO | [sa paSnaavalaI kxa {payaaoga kxrkox pa`stauta AnausaMQaana kox

iloae saamaga`I saMkxilata kxI ga[- hO |

pa`SnaavalaI inadao-Ya kxrnao kxI dRYTI sao maaga-dSa-kx taj&aaoM sao AaOr sahkxarIyaaoM sao cacaa-

kxrkox [sa pa`SnaavalaI maoM kxaOnasao GaTkx CuTo hO, kxaOnasao saMidgQa GaTkx hO yah jaanakxr vah dI

ga[- saUcanaa AaOr kximaya^Ma dUr kxr AMitama svar]pa kxI paSnaavalaI taOyaar kxI ga[- hO |

mauKya AnausaMQaana AaOr maaga-dSa-kx AQyayana maoM AMtar isaf-x paitasaadkxaoMkxI saMKyaa AaOr

saaQanaaoMkox svar]pamaoM haotaa hO | maaga-dSa-kx AQyayana maoM jyaada sao jyaada saaQanaaoM kxa {payaaoga haonaa

caaihe, ijasasao Agar kxao[- saaQana kox payaaoga maoM kuxC kxiznaa[-yaMa AataI hO taao mauKya AnausaMQaana

kox ilae {nako svar]pa maoM badlaava ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hO AaOr galaitayaaoMkxI saMKyaa kxma hao sakxtaI

hO | maaga-dSa-kx AQyayana kox baad mauKya AnausaMQaana kox ilae baDI saMKyaa kox paitasaadkxaoM sao

sauQaairta {payau@ta saaQanaaoM kxI sahayataa sao pa`apta saamaga`I kxa ivaSlaoYaNa kxrkox Aqa-inava-cana

kxrkox Saur] maoM inaiScata ikxe hue pa`a@kxlpanaa isaw haotao hO, yaa {samaoM sauQaar kxrnaa hO yah

inaiScata ikxyaa jaataa hO | paqadSaI- AQyayana sao inakxlanaovaalao inaYkxYa- SaaoQakxtaa- AnausaMQaana kox

inaYkxYa- kox r]pa maoM pa`kxT kxrtaa hO | patyaXa AnausaMQaana kox baad hI yah kxaya- paura haotaa hO |

sahyaaoga donaovaalao paitasaadkxaoM kxa caunaava SaaoQakxtaa- kxrtaa hO |

3.5.4 AnausaMQaana kxa kxayaa3.5.4 AnausaMQaana kxa kxayaa3.5.4 AnausaMQaana kxa kxayaa3.5.4 AnausaMQaana kxa kxayaa-- --nvayana nvayana nvayana nvayana

paqadSaI- AQyayana sao inakxalao hue inaYkxYa- kxI ja^Maca kxrnao kox ilae koMxd`pamauKaaoM kxI saaoca

kxa savao-XaNa kxrnaa AavaSyakx haotaa hO, [sailae paSnaavalaI taOyaar kxrnao kxa inaiScata ikxyaa |

pa`SnaavalaI paqama kxccao svar]pa maoM taOyaar kxrkox maaga-dSa-kx kxao idKaayaa AaOr {nasao

maaga-dSa-na ilayaa | {nhaoMnao ikxe hue saUcanaaAaoMkxao naaoMd kxr ilayaa | paSnaavalaI kxI

yaaogyaàAyaaogyataa, {payau@tataa jaanakxar vya@taIyaaoMsao cacaa- kxrkox ja^Maca laI | {nhaoMnao ide hue

sauJaaAaoM sao paSnaavalaI maoM payaa-pta badlaava ikxe |

pa`SnaavalaI maoM pa`qama inajaI saamaga`I pa`apta kxrnao kox ilae 13 paSna rKao gayao | koMxd` kox baaro

maoM Anya saamaga`I paapta kxrnao kox ilae paSnaavalaI maoM 17 paSna rKao gayao, [na paSnaaoM sao koMxd` kxI

BaaOitakx sauivaQaaAaoM kxI jaanakxarI paapta kxI jaa sakxtaI hO | paSaasakxIya samasyaaeM,

vyavasqaapakxIya samasyaaeM, saMinayaM~aNa kxI dRYTI sao samasyaaeM, SaOiXakx samasyaaeM, Aaiqa-kx

samasyaaeM Aaid pa`kxar kxI samasyaaAaoM kox ilae AaOsatana 7 payaa-ya ide gayao qao ijanakox Aagao

isvakRxtaIóAisvakRxtaI kxI inaSaanaI lagaanaI qaI | koMxd`pamauKa kxI maaisakx saBaa maoM ijasa ivaYaya maoM

jyaada dor cacaa- haotaI hO {sao paSnaavalaI maoM paaQaanya kxma donaa qaa AaOr kuxC pa`Sna mau@taaottarI qao,

jahMa paitasaadkxaoM kxao (koMxd`pa`mauKaaoM kxao) mau@ta ilaKanao kxI CUT qaI | samasyaaAaoM kox ilae jaao

payaa-yaI {papaSna idyao qao {nakox javaaba isvakRxtaIóAisvakRxtaI kox samaya yaanao hMaónahIM tarIkox sao

donao qao |

AnausaMQaana kox kxayaa-nvayana kox ilae koMxd`pamauKa kox ilae paSnaavalaI dokxr Bar laonao kox

ilae 96 koMxd`pa`mauKaaoM kxao nyaadSa- kox r]pa maoM caunaa gayaa | paapta ikxe hue saamagaI ko AaQaarpar

taailakxa taOyaar kxrkox pa`itaSata dr dja- kxrkox ivaSlaoYaNa kxrkox Aqa-inava-cana ikxyaa gayaa AaOr

AMitama inaYkxYa- inakxalakxr sauJaava ide gayao |