Teacher Huo’s lecture for the whole school year

includes the following( 霍仲弟老师初三级英语提高班一学年的教学课件2005,9-2006,4 Total: 187 pages ):

1. Introduction: Grammar and Usage 2. Members of the Sentences 3.Prepositions （ including 100 multiple choices) 4. Adverbial Clauses 5.Agreement of verb with subject

• I. Grammar and Usage• 1. What is Grammar? • As a branch of linguistics, grammar deals with the structure of a language. As is usually

the case , every language has its own grammatical structure. One language may borrow grammatical terms and words from another, but its structure is always unique. A survey of the vocabulary of modern English shows that around 50 percent of the words in it were borrowed from Latin and French. Despite the conspicuous presence of this foreign element, the structure of the language remains native. In fact. What marks one language as being different from another is more or less a matter of grammar. For instance, the Chinese language does not

• distinguish tense in the verb and number in the noun as the English language and the English language does not distinguish number, case and gender in the adjective as the Russian language.

• In the arrangement of words, one language is again different from• another. In English , we ask “Who is he ?” but in Chinese“ 他是谁• ?” These and many other aspects concerning the structure of a

• These and many other aspects concerning the structure of a language, when summed up in terms of rules, are what we call grammar.

• II. Members of Sentence• 1.General Remarks • A sentence consists of different parts known as members of the

sentence. It is general acknowledged that there are two principal members in the sentence---- the subject and the predicate.

• 2. The subject• The subject denotes the person or thing about which something• is said. It is usually expressed by a noun , a noun phrase , a

pronoun, a numeral , an infinitive, a gerund , participle , substantivized adjective or clause.

• e.g. Knowledge is power. (noun)• Lost time is never found again. (noun phrase)• All of us are in favour of the proposal. (pronoun)•

• Some went sightseeing, others visited the exhibition being shown in the famous museum in our capital. (pronoun)

• Four (of them) are going by boat. (numeral)• To deal with this situation is usually hard for me. (We usually say:

It is usually hard for me to deal with this situation. ) (infinitive)• Does smoking do him any good? (gerund)• Where he is going is unknown. (subject clause)• The most aged of the three is my uncle. (adjective)• The wounded and the sick were taken good of by the doctors and • nurses in this hospital. (substantivized adjective)• 3. The Predicate• The predicate is formed by a verb phrase may be an intransitive

verbs, a transitive verb together with an object or a link verb with a predicative.

• e.g. His grandfather came back home from abroad after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. ( intransitive verb)

• This famous book has been translated into many kinds of languages. (transitive verb)

His sister has been a League member for six years. (link verb)(=His sister became a League member six years ago.) (link verb)• 4. The Predicative• The predictive denotes the state, quality or status of the

subject. It may be expressed by a noun, a pronoun, a adjective, adverb, infinitive, a prepositional phrase, a gerund, a present and past participle and a clause.

• e.g. It looks a fine day. (noun)• The sight is indeed a beautiful one. (pronoun)• The weather will continue cold/ mild/ warm throughout the

next few days. (adjective)• Our job is to teach English for the only five year-old boys and

girls in this kindergarten. (infinitive)

• My job is teaching. (gerund)• We are worried about your health. (past participle)• The news we heard just now was very exciting. (present participle)• Is the gas on/off? (adverb)• Everything in the room is in good order. (prepositional phrase )• The question is whether we can get much raw material. (clause)• More practice is what you need at present. (clause)• Time factor is what we must first take into consideration. (clause)• 5. The Object• 1) The direct object• The direct object denotes the person or thing that receives the action of a transitive verb or is

produced by the action of the verb.• It usually comes after a transitive.• e.g. He hit me on the head.• Farmers grow rice.

• 2)The indirect object• The indirect object is a noun or a pronoun which denotes the

person or some other living being towards whom the action of the verb is directed. It usually goes before the direct object. Verbs that take two objects are: buy, hand, give , lend, pass, offer, send, show, write, tell, teach, etc.

e.g. He gave the house a new coat of paint last year. (noun) His brother sent me a piece of information last night. (pronoun) • The prepositional indirect object is also used if the direct object• is a pronoun and the indirect object is a noun, or if both objects

are personal pronouns.• e.g. He gave me a book yesterday. (Passive voice: A book was

given to me by him yesterday.= I was given a book by him yesterday. )

• Send it to him, please.• 3) The cognate object (cognate （同源） : a word in one language

that is similar to one in another language and has the same origin. ) An intransitive verb may sometimes be followed by a noun which 　 is similar in meaning to the verb. Such a noun is called　 a cognate 　 object.

• Most cognate objects have the same form as the verb and are usually modified by an adjective preceding them.

• e.g. He laughed a scornful laugh.(scornful 轻蔑的 )• Liu Hulan died a glorious death.(glorious 光荣的 )• She slept a peaceful sleep and dreamed a wonderful dream.• 4) The complex object （复合宾语）＿• (complex: a word or sentence consisting of a main part and one or

more other parts.)• Some transitives, besides taking an object, still need some

expressions to complete the sense(=meaning) of the predicate. Such an expression is called the object complement. The object

• and its complement make up the complex object. The complex object is expressed by:

• (1) A noun ( or: pronoun) +an infinitive, • e.g Let a hundred flowers blossom. (noun)• The headmaster’s words made me think a lot .(pronoun)• (2) A noun (or: pronoun) +a participle •

• e.g. I’m going to get my watch repaired this afternoon.• Her job kept her standing from opening till closing time.• When speaking English, you must make yourself understood.• His funny words made everybody present laughing.• (3) A noun (or: pronoun) + an adjective• e.g. The cold weather is turning the leaves yellow.• We must keep the room neat and tidy.• (4) A noun (or: pronoun)+ a noun• I consider that a downright( 彻头彻尾 / 完全的 ) lie.• They all called her Big Sister.• (5)A noun (or: pronoun) + an adverb (or: prepositional phrase)• e.g. I went to a dentist’s to have a tooth out.• They regarded him as a fool.• 6. Attribute• The attribute is a word ,a phrase or a clause that modifies a noun

or pronoun. It may be expressed by an adjective, a present

• past present , a noun, a pronoun, a numeral, an• infinitive, an adverb, a prepositional phrase or a

clause.• e.g. He made some mistakes in his exercises.• (pronoun)• The world situation is very favourable to us.• (noun)• Both the writer’s pen and the soldier’s sword are

weapons to fight freedom. (noun in the possessive case)

• He is sitting in the fourth row. (numeral)• This is the best way to solve the problem.• (infinitive)

• The building there is a school. (adverb)• I want a cake of soap. ( prepositional

phrase)• This is a city three times the size of

Changsha. ( group of words)• China has many high mountains, long rivers

and big lakes. (adjectives)• The principal told us encouraging situation

about our country. ( present participle)• The workers in our school repaired the

broken desks and chairs yesterday.• ( past participle)

• There is a big swimming pool near our school. ( gerund )

• Please save the running water! ( present participle)

• The man talking with /to our class teacher is from the United States of America.

• (present participle phrase)• I have enough things to do today./ I have

things enough to do today. (adjective)• I have something important to tell you now.• .(adjective) The book on the desk is mine. (prep.phr.)

• The little girl who plays the piano well studies well. (attributive clause)

• This is the place where I was born.• (attributive clause)• This is the reason why I was late for school

yesterday. (attributive clause)• How can I forget the day when I joined the

Youth League?• This is the student whose English

pronunciation is the best in our class.• (attributive clause)• 7.The appositive( 同位语 )

• The appositive as a special kind of attribute differs from other kinds of attributes. It doesn’t describe the noun but gives it another name which often defines(给 [ 词或概念 ] 下定义 ), explains or further identifies ( 确认 )it. An appositive may be expressed by a noun, a pronoun, a numeral ,clause or the possessive case of

• ‘of’ :• e.g. Mr. Steve, our foreign teacher,

encourages us middle school students to learn English well. (noun phr.)

• We all have a common desire to• reunite our motherland. (pronoun)

• The earth itself is matter. (pronoun)• These English materials are for you three.• (numeral)• The city of Shanghai has been greatly

changed. (noun in the possessive case )• We are very interested in the fact that water

turns to ice.( appositive clause)• 8.The Adverbial• Adverbials may be classified(把……分为 )

into three kinds , namely, adjuncts( 修饰性状语 ), disjuncts( 评注性状语 )and conjuncts( 连接性状语 ).

• 1) Adjuncts( 修饰性状语 )

• Adjuncts are adverbials used to modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb or the predicate as a whole. They are most commonly(=usually=generally) expressed by:

• (1)Adverbial or adverbial phrases, e.g.• He gladly accepted our invitation.• Tom speaks English quite naturally.• (2) Prepositional phrases, e.g. • She is not satisfied with her achievements.• (3) Infinitive phrases, e.g.• You were wrong not to accept the • suggestion.

• (4) Participles or participial phrases, e.g.• Not knowing the road, I lost my way.• (5)Adverbial clauses, e.g.• Turn off the lights before you leave the room.• We must hurry up so that we may get there in time.• 2) Disjuncts ( 评注性状语 )• The difference between disjuncts and adjuncts

( 修饰性状语 ) is that disjuncts are not used to modify a verb, an adjective or an adverb or the predicate as a whole, but to express the speaker’s attitude to the statement or to give some explanation to it. Disjuncts may be expres-

• sed by:

• Actually, you owe me more than this.• Fortunately, he found the money he’d lost.• Strictly speaking, you should not have

spent too much time (in ) studying English.• 3) Conjuncts( 连接性状语 ) • Conjuncts (or: Conncetives) as adverbials

are not used to modify a verb, an adjective or the predicate as a whole, nor are they used to explain the state-

• ment, but to connect one clause or one sentence with another, e.g.

• They’ll be here in 10 minutes.

• —Was the concert nice?• —Yes, as a matter of fact, it was wonderful.• John is smart, polite and well-behaved. In a word, he is admirable( 令人钦佩 { 赞美 }的 ).It’s cold, but on the other hand, it’s not raining.

That’s　all　for　today.　　　　　　　　　　Thank　you　for　your　attending　my　class!　　　See　　　　　　　　　　you　next　time.

介词 (prepositions) 的用法和练习• 一 . 介词的语法意义• 介词又称前置词 , 是一种虚词 , 表示名词或代词和句中其他词之间的关系。介词不能单独作句子成分 , 通常放在名词或代词前 , 构成介词短语。通常介词短语才能作句子成分。在介词后面的名词或代词又可称为介词的宾语。其后若是代词 ,须用宾格。介词后也可跟动名词 (v.+ing) 。• 　　 对于介词我们的主要问题是 : 一些介词的意思相近 , 使用中该用哪一个。下面把初中所学的介词作详细的介绍。

• 二 . 部分常用介词的用法 • 1. 用于表示时间和日期的 at, on, by, before,

after:• (1) at, on • at a time , 一个具体的时间 : at noon at six • at midnight at 4:30• at an age: at sixteen / at the age of sixteen • e.g. She got married at eighteen.• on a day / date, 具体的一天 : on Monday • on 4 July on Christmas Day • 例外 :at Christmas( 这里是指圣诞期间 , 而不是圣诞那一天 ) 。 　 on the morning / afternoon /

evening /night of a certain( 某一天 )date:

• They left for New York on the morning of the fifth .

• (2) by, before, after• by a time / date / period( 时期 )=at that time or

before / not later than that date, 常含有“ before that time / date ( 在那时 / 天之前 ) ” 的意思 :

• e.g. The train starts at 6:10, so you’d better be at the station by 6:00.

• “by+ 时间短语”常跟完成时态连用 :• By the end of this summer holiday I have read

all those books.• Before(在…之前 ) 可作介词 , 连词或副词 :

• before (在…之前 ) 可作介词 , 连词或副词用 : e.g.Before breakfast, I wash my face and hands. (prep.)Before I have breakfast, I wash my face and hands.(conj.)I haven’t seen him before. (adv.)after(在…之后 ) 可作介词或连词用。 e.g.Don’t run after a meal / eating. （ prep. ）What will you do after you finish middle school?(conj.)(3) on time, in time on time 的意思是“准时 , 不迟不早” :

• The 8:00 train started on time.( 火车就在 8 点正开出 )• in time 的意思是“按时 , 及时 , 不迟于” :• Passengers should be in time for their train.• ( 火车可能 8 点开 , 乘客应该 8 点前到 )• (4) at the beginning/end, in the beginning/ end• at the beginning (of) 的意思是“在……开始 , 在……开端” : at the end (of) 的意思是“在 (…的 ) 最后 ,在 (…的 )尽头” :• At the end of a book there is often a table of contents. 书的开头常有目录。• At the end of the book there may be an index. 书的最后有索引。• in the beginning=at first, 意思是“起初 , 首先” , 常含有“后来有变化”的意思：• In the beginning we used hand tool. Later we had machines.开始我们用手工具 , 后来我们有了机器。

• in the end = at last, 意思是“最后” :• At first he wanted to go , but in the end he agreed to stay

with me. 开始他想走 , 但最后同意留下陪我。• 2. 用于表示时间的 from, since, for, during, in:• (1)from, since, for• from 一般与 to 或 till/ until 一起用 , 除了表示时间 , 还 可以表示地方 :• Most people work from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. • It takes me over half an hour from my home to school.• Where are from? I am from the United States of

America.• since 只用于表示时间 , 而不能用于表示地方。其意思是• “从…以来 ,… 以后” 。常与现在完成时或过去完成时连用：

• She has been there since Monday. ( 从星期一到现在 )• She wondered where she was. They had not seen each

other since their quarrel( 争吵 ).• since 还可以用作连词 , 引导时间状语从句或原因状语从句 :

• I have worked in this factory sinceI left school. • It is six years since I joined the League.= I joined the

League six years ago. / I have been a League member for• six years.• Since everyone is here, let’s begin our class.• Since we’ve got no money, we can’t buy a new car. (since引导原因状语从句时 , 它的意思是“因为 ; 既然”　 , 表示从已存在事实的基础上作出的推断。 )

• 这里顺便说一下 ,除 since外 ,because, as, for 还可用于表示原因。• because“ 因为” ; “ 由于” , 指直接的、明确的原因 , 用来回答 why 的问句 , 语气最强。 as“ 由于；鉴于” , 表示一种显而易见、谈话双方已知的理由 ,与 since 接近 ;for

“ 因为 , 由于” , 表示一种间接 原因 , 甚至只是一种附带的说明。 e.g.• The boy was absent because he was ill.• Since you have already known it. I needn’t tell you.• She stayed at home as she had no car.• This was where he spent his spare time, for he had

nowhere else to go.• It must have rained last night, for the road is wet.• for 用于表示一段时间 :• The baby kept crying for half an hour.

我去年在欧洲旅行了两个月 .I travelled in Europe for two months last year.我将永远记住我入团的那一天 .I will remember the day when I joined the Leaguefor ever.“for + 一段时间”也可以与现在完成时或过去完成时连用 , 表示一个动作一直持续到说话的时候 :他住在广州差不多三十年了。He has lived in Guangzhou for nearly/ almost 30years.for 的这种用法可以用“ since+ 一段时间 ( 表示动作在什么时候开始 )”替换 :

• Mr. Steave 在我校已经工作了两年。• Mr Steave has worked in our school for two years• →Mr Steave has worked in our school since two

years ago.• (2)during, in, for• during 用于指特定的时期 :• during the summer during 1945 during

Christmas during my holidays• 动作可以持续整个时期或只发生在时期内的某个时间 :• 他上周生病了三天 , 在这期间他什么都没有吃。• He was ill for three days last week, and during this time

he ate nothing.

• 去年他在假期的某个时候曾回过一次家。• He went home once during his holidays last year.• in 也适用于上面的情况 , 与 during 的用法一样 , 也就是说 , 多数情况下 , 当我们不强调对比或持续时间 ,in 或 during都可以用 , 两者没有意思上的区别 :• 我们将在今年七月间休假。• We’ll be on holidays in / during July this year.• 我整晚醒着。• I woke up in / during the night.• 我晚间醒过三次。• I woke up three times in / during the night.

• 当表示“确切什么时候”我们用 in 而不用 during:• 例如 ;• 我们通常在七月度假 , 但去年我们在八月。• We usually go on holiday in July, but last year we

went in August.• 但“在…期间”要用 during 而不用 in 。• 这家商店在整个八月期间不营业（关着门）。• The shop is closed during the whole of August.• for （表示目的）也可用于“特定时期”前：• 我去年到那儿度假。• I went there for my holidays last year.

• 3. 用于表示时间的 to, till / until:• to 可表示时间 , 也可表示地方 ;till / until 只可用于表示时间。我们可以用 from…to 或 from…till / until:• 我们每天从早上 8 点到下午 5 点工作。• We work from 8 a.m. to / till 5 p.m. every day.• 如果没有 from, 我们用 till / until 而不用 to:• 让我们坚持工作到最后。• Let’s keep working hard till the end of time.• not…till / until 的意思是“直到…才” :• 他直到凌晨三点才回家。• He didn’t g back home until 3 a.m.

• till / until 常用作连词 , 引导时间状语 :• 我们将会 在这里呆到雨停。• We’ll stay here until it stops raining.• 母亲直等到我回来才去睡觉。• Mother didn’t go to bed until I came home.• 4. 用于表示运动方向或方式的 from, to ,

toward(s), at, in, by, on, into, onto, off, out, out of:

• (1) 前面我们提到“从一个地方到另一个地方”用 from…to 后面跟表示目的地的名词。

• 他们去年从伦敦飞到巴黎。• They flew from London to Paris last year.

• 你什么时候回到英国 ?• When are you going back to British?• (2)arrive at / in, get to, reach• 到达大的地方我们用 arrive in, 小地方用 arrive at:• 我们昨天到达上海时天已经黑了。• It was very late when we arrived Shanghai yesterday.• 我昨天很晚才到达那家旅店。• I arrived at the hotel very late yesterday.• get to 和 reach都可以指到达任何地方 ,都可以用于以上的例句中。• (3) 用于交通工具的 by, on, get in / into/onto/off/out of• 请留意下面句子中的介词的用法 :

• We can travel by car( in the/ my car), or by bus/rain/plane/air/ ship / sea, etc.

• We can walk or go on foot. We can cycle or go on a bicycle or go on a bicycle or by bicycle. We can ride or go on horseback.

• We get into a car / bus. We get / onto a bus / bicycle / horse, etc.• We get out of a car / bus. We get off a bus / bicycle / house, etc.• (4) 当要表示进出建筑物 ,大学和国家有点困难时 , 我们用 get

in / into / out / out of 而不用 go/ come / return 等。• in 和 out 在这里用作副词 :• I’ve lost my keys! How can I get into my house• / get in my house.• The house is on fire! We’d better get out of the house /• get out soon.

• It’s not easy to get into a university.• (5) to, toward (s)• to 的意思是“到 ( 某处 ),向 ( 某个方向 )”:• I have never been to Beijing. • It is very far from here to my home.• I shouted to him.• toward(s) 可以表示“向 ,朝” , 说明动作或静止的状态 , 或表示“对 ( 某人 , 某物的看法 , 态度等 )”:

• The window opens towards the south.• He is standing there with his face towards us.• What’s your attitude towards this matter?• 注意以上情况不可用 to 。

• 5.at, in, on; in, into, on, onto:• (1)at, in, on 表示时间 :• at 用于表示具体的时间 :• Let’s meet outside the school gate at half past

two p.m. • in 用于表示上午 , 下午和傍晚 : in the

morning / afternoon / afternoon / evening• 但晚上我们用 at night.• 前面提到 , 当我们说到 某一天的上午 , 下午或傍晚 , 或者要描述它们时 , 该用 on 而不用 in:• See you on Monday morning.

• On a cold evening in January, I was wandering sadly in the street by myself.

• on 用于具体的某一天 :• Come back on Saturday.• We’re going to give her a surprise present on

her birthday.• 整个公众假期我们用 at, 假期里的一天我们用

on:• Are you going home at New Year?• The children always get up early on Christmas• Day.• 周末英国人说 at the weekend, 美国人说 on the weekend 。

• 一些长的时期 ,如星期 ,月 ,季节 , 年和世纪用 in 。• It happened in Easter( 复活节 ) week.• What month were you born in?• I was born in May.• Our factory was built in 1960.• They usually go to the North in the summer.• What’ll happen in the 21 century?• in 还可以用来表示多快或多久 :• He can run 100 metres in 9 seconds.• I’ll come again in three days.• 下列情况是不用介词的 :

• 含有 next 或 last 的短语前 :• They are coming next Tuesday.• I stayed with my family last Easter.• 含有 this 或 that 的短语前 :• What are you doing this afternoon?• I didn’t feel well that day.• 含有 one, any, each, every, some或 all 的短语前 :• Let’s have a meeting one evening next week.• You can come any day.• We go cycling every Sunday.• We’ll meet again some day.

• My grandpa was ill all winter last year.• (2) at, in, on 表示地点 :• at 用来表示某个地点 , 这时我们并不考虑其大小空间 :• I’ll wait for you at the restaurant.• I was at school from 1980 to 1992.• at 含用于群体活动的名称前 :at a party at a

meeting at the match• in 用来表示在某个地方 , 这个地方有空间有大小 :• I left my glasses in the bathroom.• Let’s go on / for a picnic in that field / in the

country.

• “ 在天上 , 在空中”我们说 in the sky.• on 用来表示在沿线上或表面上 :• Uncle Wang is on his way home.• We spent the afternoon in a boat on the lake.• “在…页”我们说 on page …,• 在身体的不同部位用不同的介词 :• on the forehead / ear / shoulder/ nose /neck, etc.• in the eye / stomach / mouth, etc.• “打某人的脸”我们说 hit somebody in the face, 但脸上表情用 on:• There was a big smile on the face.在某个部位有伤痛用 in: I’ve got a pain in my head.

• The soldier was wounded in the shoulder.• 关于地址 ,门牌号码用 at, 街道用 in, 楼层用 on:• I live at number 18. • She lives in Dongfeng Road.• He lives at 10 Xihua Road.• He lives on the fifth floor.• at 用于一些动词后表示攻击的目标 :• shoot at throw…at shout at laugh at • 当没有攻击的意思时就用 to: • throw…to shout to• 　“对…微笑” 是 smile at 。

• 请记住一些固定的没有冠词的短语 :• in bed in hospital in prison at home at

school at work at university at college( 在美国英语中却用 in school / university / college)• (3)in, into和 on, onto• in 用来表示位置 , 而 into 用来表示运动的方向 :• She is in her room.• She went into her room.• 动词 put 后面可以用 in 或者 into:• He put his hands in / into his pockets.• in 可以用作副词 : • come in =enter get in = (into the car)

• on 用来表示位置或运动方向 ,onto 常表示运动中位置水平的变化 :• His name is on the blackboard. • Snow fell on the hills.• We lifted it onto the table.• The monkey jumped onto the horse’s back.• on 可以分开写成 on to 。• on 可以用作副词 : Go on. Come on. • 6. 其它表示方位的介词 :• (1) above, over• 　　 两词都有“在…上面 , 高于…”的意思 , 有时可以通用 :

• Flags waved above / over our heads.• My house is near the airport The planes fly over /

above my head and make great noises.但 over 通常是指“垂直于…上面 , 正上方” :There’s a bridge over the river.I am in room 501, and he is in room 601. He is right

over me.over 还有“多于”的意思 , 可以和 more than互换 :There are over one thousand students in our school.(2) below, under　　　 两词都有“在…下面”的意思。 under 用于上下之间有接触的情况 ;below 用于上下之间有空间的情况 :

• She put the book under her arm.• The glass bloke under his feet.• They live below us.• (3)• beside, by, near• Beside(=at the side of ) 的意思“在…旁边 ,指…身边 ;从…旁边 ;在…旁边 (经过 ) ” 。有时可以与 beside 通用 :• His brother stood by me.• I put the vase on the table by the window.• I go by the park every day.

• His brother passed by me without saying hello to me this morning .

• She was by / beside the girl student dressed in a blue skirt.

• near 的意思是“在…附近” , 和 by 相比距离远一些 :

• The Whites live near the sea.( 在海的附近但可能看不到海 )• The Wangs live by the sea. ( 可以看到海 )• (4) between, among• between 指两者之间或多个中每两个之间 :• Lily was sitting between Lucy and Ann.• Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.

• among 指一群 , 一组或一堆之间 :• She was standing among a crowd of people.• There’s a big lake among the mountains.• 7. with 的用法 :• (1) “和 ··· 一道” : • Will you play games with me?• I can get on well with them.• It’s going to rain. Don’t forget to take an

umbrella with you.• (2) “对… ( 的 态度 )”:• I am angry with what you said just now..

• The teacher was very pleased with the students’ performances last night.

• (3) “用 , 以” :• The little girl began to learn to write with a pen.• (4) “有 , 带有” :• He gave her brother a beautiful box with

something in it.• She is a pretty girl with long brown hair.• (5) 说明伴随情况 :• I saw the man sitting there, with his head in his• hands.• His sister came in with a big smile on her face.

• 8.to 的其他用法 :• (1) “对 ,向 , 给” , 表示动作对象 :• I have to say sorry to my mother.• Mother gave everything to her children.• (2) “ 对于 ,对…来说” :• He’ always polite to others. It means nothing to

me.• (3) “…比…”表示对比关系 :• The result of the football match is 2 to 1.• (4) 表示所属关系 :• Have you got the key to the lock?

• (5) to one’s surprise 的意思是“使 ( 某人 )惊奇” :• To our great surprise, he didn’t die. He was still alive.• 9. across, through• across 指从表面过 ,through 指从里面穿过 :• I walked across the street to the post office.• It took us two hours to walk through the forest.• 三 . 上面提到的都是一些容易用错的介词 , 另外还有一些用法比较清楚 , 不容易用错的常用介词，它们是 : against

(反对 , 对着 ),along(沿着 ),around(在…周围 ), as( 作为 ), behind(在…后面 ),except(除…之外 ),inside(在…里面 ), like(象 , 跟…一样 ), of (…的 , 关于 ),outside(在…之外 ), past(经过 , 过了… ),upon(在…上面 ), without(没有 ) 。

• 四 . 一些介词和形容词 , 分词的固定搭配

• 不同的形容词或分词后面跟不同的介词 :• afraid of bad at / for fit for frightened• of/ at good at / for good / nice / kind of • interested in ready for sorry for tired of• pleased with • She is afraid/frightened of rats.• He is bad/ good at tennis. (a bad / good player)• Running is bad / good for you . (unhealthy/healthy)• I’m sorry for that woman. 我同情那妇人。• I’m very sorry for being late.很抱歉我迟到了。• It’s kind / nice/ good of you to say so.

• 五 . 很多词可以用作介词或着副词。比较常见的有 : before, behind, by, in, near, off, on, over, round, up等。

• He was here before seven. (prep.)• He hasn’t been to China before. (adv.)• Tom is behind us. (prep.)• Tom is a long way behind. (adv.)• We have over(=more than) a hundred men here.

(prep.)• Class is over(=finished). (adv.)• Put it on the table. (prep.)• Come on with me. (adv.)• The hotel is just round the corner. (prep.)

• You can come round at any time. (adv.) He ran up the stairs. (prep.)• The kites are flying high up in the sky. (adv.)• Is your mother in? (adv.)He is in the classroom now. 二 . 介词的分类

类别 例词按形态分类

简单介词 at, before, behind, for, from, in, like, of, on, to,合成 ( 复合 ) 介词 into, inside, without, out of, towards, within

短语 ( 成语 ) 介词 in front of, on top of, because of, according to

二重介词 from under, from behind, until after, 分词介词 considering(考虑到 ),including(包括 ) 按词义分类

表示地点 at, near, over, under, below, above

表示时间 at, after, before, during, since, until

表示原因 , 目的 for, because of, owing to,( 由于 )

表示所属或伴随 of, with表示方式 , 手段 in, by, with, without

• 上一页我们讲了介词的类别 , 现在我们再复习一下一开始我们讲的介词的意义 :

一 . 介词的语法意义 介词又称前置词 , 是一种虚词 , 表示名词或代词和句中其他词之间的关系。介词不能单独作句子成分 , 通常放在名词或代词前 , 构成介词短语。通常介词短语才能作句子成分。在介词后面的名词或代词又可称为介词的宾语。其后若是代词 , 须用宾格。介词后也可跟动名词(v.+ing) 。

三 . 介词短语的构成与句法功能类 例 功能 举例 备注介词 + 名词

介词 + 代词

介词 + 副词

状语 He’ll come before 6:30in the afternoon.

介词短语作定语时 , 要置于其中心词之后 ; 作状语时 , 位置比较灵活。

定语 The pear(梨 ) on the table is for you and me.

表语 We’re in the same boat. He’s at home.

补语 He found himself in the hospital.

• 注意 : 介词短语与短语介词是两个概念。前者可单独作句子成分 ; 后者是相当于介词的词组 , 因而不能单独作句子成分。 类别 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　举例 备注名词 / 代词 a map of the world, before them. (1)仅在

but / except 少数介词后可用不定式作其宾语 ;(2) 作“介词”的从句不能用”if” 引导 ,须将” if”换成whether;(3)引导的 句作”介宾”时 , that 通常不能省

动名词 She is fond of singing.

副词、形容词等since then, until now, before long, at once, for ever( 永远 ), from here, in short(简言之 ), in general (大体上 ),by far( 远远地 ),for good ( 永久 )

从句 from what I saw(据我所见 ) 短语 till after supper, except on Sunday

不定式 She has no choice but / except to wait.Autumn harvest is about to start.( 秋收即将开始 )

介词 100题

• 1. Don’t read ____ the sun.• A. under B. below C. in D. at• 2.We were all out then. Mr. Black and I were

___ the cinema.• A. in B. at C. on D. into• 3. Here are coats _____ young people.• A. of B. about C. for D. on• 4. We are going to have a talk ___ the history

of the party.• A. at B. in C. on D. for• 5. Go down the street, then turn right ____ the

second crossing, you ‘ ll find the past office.• A. in B. on C. at D. for

• 6. There are many sheep _____ the other side of the river.

• A. in B. on C. at D. for• 7. The monkey jumped ____ the bank and

climbed into the tree.• A. into B. onto C. in D. on• 8. The boy jumped ____the boat and went

down into the water.• A. of B. off C. out D. away• 9. Tom picked up a stone and threw it _____the

dog.• A. into B. after C. at D. in

• 10. Your son will be all right ____supper time.• A. on B. in C. of D. by• 11. Beijing is ____the north of China.• A. in B. on C. at D. over• 12. There are many cars ____the road.• A. to B. at C. on D. in• 13. Is there anything important _____ today’s

newspaper?• A. of B. at C. on D. in• 14. We have no classes ____Sundays.• A. on B. in C. at D. of

• 15. The foreign friends got to Shanghai ____the evening of May 23.

• A. in B. at C. on D. from• 16. What do you usually do ____?• A. in an evening B. in the evening• C. on an evening D. on the evening• 17. Most of us go to school ______.• A. on feet B. on foot• C. with feet D. with foot• 18. I met an old friend of mine when I was

____the way to the cinema yesterday.• A. in B. at C. about D. on

• 19. Can you tell the story ___ English?• A. with B. by C. in D. for• 20. Alice has done much better ____ Chinese

this year.• A. on B. in C. at D. about• 21. People often go swimming _____summer.• A. in B. at C. when D. while• 22. when the first bell rang, we were all sitting

____our seats.• A. at B. on C. in D. over• 23. I sat down _____ my desk and began to

write a letter.• A. at B. on C. in D. over

• 24. Classes begin ____half past seven in the morning.

• A. at B. in C. on D. of• 25._______ the end of this term we shall have

anther English party.• A. At B. By C. As D. When• 26. Look! There are some monkeys____ the

trees. A. on B. at C. in D. above• 27. Spring is here. It’s time ____ planting trees.• A. of B. about C. to D. for• 28. The boy can climbed trees ____a monkey.• A. as B. like C. seems D. just

• 29. Can you tell the difference ____the two questions?

• A. from B. between C. among D. about• 30. There are many boys under the tree, ____• them is John.• A. from B. between C. among D. about• 31. The small house is made _____wood.• A. with B. by C. for D. of• 32. China is a great country _____a long history.• A. of B. with C. have D. has• 33. Do you know the girl _____ flowers in her

hand?• A. has B. of C. with D. by

• 34. Nobody can live ____air.• A. with B. without C. out D. on • 35.I’ll be back _____ two weeks .• A at B. on C. in D. about• 36.Don’t look out ___the window, Boys.• A. through B. over C. of D. on• 37. They’ ll build another bridge ____the river.• A. over B. on C. of D. in• 38. The ships are passing ____the bridge one

by one.• A. under B. on C. of D. in

• 39. My grandma is ______seventy, but she is still in good health.

• A. over B. more C. on D. in• 40. As a child, Edison showed great interest

____ science.• A. about B. to C. in D. of• 41. We had a good laugh _____ what he said.• A. for B. on C. over D. about• 42. There was a very big hole ____ the ship.• A. on B. in C. over D. about• 43. There are two windows ____ the wall.• A. on B. in C. inside D. outside

• 44. Tom hit the thief _____ the face.• A. on B. in C. about D. over• 45. I have to spend a few days ____ it.• A. in B. about C. to D. on• 46. Come and sit ____ me please.• A. beside B. near C. to D. on• 47. Manners are important to happy relations• ____ people.• A. of B. for C. between D. among• 48. The professor handed the cup_____ the

class of students.• A. over B. to C. around D. through

• 49. We ‘ ll have you ______our best friend.• A. as B. like C. for D. of• 50. The spaceship flies ____ about eleven kilometres

a second.• A. for B. on C. at D. with• 51. The match is ____ a Japanese team and a

Chinese team.• A. against B. between C. among D. over• 52. The mother wouldn’t leave her baby _____herself.• A. for B. to C. by D. of• 53. It takes three hours to get to the city ____ train.• A. in B. on C. by D. with• (They have been checked by me.Nov.16,2005 )

• 54._____ those days in prison, Joe wrote many fighting songs.

• A. on B. For C. At D. During• 55. I’ll help you whenever you are ____ trouble.• A. with B. under C. in D. at• 56. Do you know the French word ____

chickens?• A. of B. for C. to D. about• 57. I hear she’ll come back_____ an hour.• A. after B. for C. in D. during• 58. The police found that the letter was

written___ English.• A. in B. with C. by D. after

• 59. Spring is the best season _____the year.• A. about B. of C. within D. through• 60. The king built the pyramids ____ their tombs.• A. on B. over C. under D. in• 61. On day two young men were going ___ the forest.• A. over B. pass C. through D. throughout• 62. We have friends _____ the world.• A. through B. throughout C. all D. over• 63.---May I use your pen for a moment?• ---I am sorry . I have no pen ____me.• A. on B. in C. around D. with

• 64. The boys are hiding ____ the wall.• A. around B. before C. behind D. on• 65. Ask the doctor to give some medicine ____

his cold.• A. of B. for C. about D. to • 66. Dare you go ___ the forest alone?• A. towards B. over C. through D. for• 67. The sun had gone down ___ the hill when

we got there.• A. under B. over C. behind D. back• 68. On the way ___ the cinema, I met a group

of Japanese students.• A. of B. for C. to D. between

• 69. I helped the teacher to put up a map ____ the middle of the blackboard.

• A. on B. in C. at D. of• 70. He has spent a lot of money ____books.• A. at B. into C. on D. to• 71. The game is good _____ you.• A. at B. for C. on d. to • 72. The desk is beside the window. It’s___ the

window.• A. between B. among C. near D. far

from• 73. “I’m wrong,” said the boy____ a low voice.• A. with B. in C. on D. during

• 74. The Smiths were sitting _____ the lunch table when I got there.

• A. over B. in C. at D. near• 75. We’ll have a basketball match ___ the end of this

month.• A. at B. in C. on D. during• 76. ____ the end Peter worked out the difficult

problem.• A. At B. In C. On D. During• 77. I’ve got two tickets _____ tomorrow.• A. of B. for C. about D. on • 78. My brother isn’t ____ home. He is ____ work.• A. in …..at B. at….in C. at….on D. at… at

• 79. Now we can send and receive TV programs _____ man-made satellites.

• A. over B. through C. between D. from• 80. Will you come back ____ lunch?• A. eat B. have C. for D. at• 81. How do you know the old man is blind ____

the right eye?• A. at B. on C. with D. in • 82. I’ll come back ___ the end of the month.• A. by B. on C. at D. for• 83. A good leader is always ____ the people.• A. between B. among C. on D. above

• 84. He said it was very cold _____ Moscow.• A. in B. at C. for D. of• 85. Man-made satellites have been sent up into

space ____ many countries.• A. for B. by C. with D. to• 86. ____ the time the bell rang, every student of

the class was busy____ .• A. At / reading B. By / reading • C. To / to read D. For / to read• 87. Li Lei was very angry ____ Fred for playing

this trick ____ him.• A. with / to B. in / on C. with /on D. of / at

• 88. His brother is going to help me ____ my English.• A. with B. on C. in D. to• 89.Tom is good ____ Chinese.• A. in B. of C. at D. for• 90. Jenny looks ____ her mother very much.• A. like B. as C. of D. in • 91. This program was sent to Japan ___ China ___

satellite.• A. in/of B. of/in C. from/by D. by/from• 92. China has built a Great Green Wall ____ the

northern part ____ the country.• A. to/in B. cross/of C. across/of D. from/to

• 93. Which team are you going to play____?• A. with B. against C. about D. by• 94. Please leave ____ 8:00, then you’ll able to get

there ____ time.• A. after/in B. before/on C. till/on D. when/on• 95. All of us, ____ Xiao Li, went to XiangShan Park

last Sunday because he had caught a bad cold.• A. besides B. except C. beside D. for• 96. The teacher has their names ____ a piece ___

paper.• A. on/of B. in/of C. on/to D. with/on• 97. It is a fine day ____ a walk, isn’t it?• A. have B. for C. to D. of

• 98. A: How are you getting ____ with each other.

• B: Very well. We have made good friends _____each other.

• A. on/with B. on/to C. in/with D. at/on• 99. English is spoken ____ the first language

___New Zealand.• A. for/in B. as/in C. as/on D. for/on• 100. Dose Liu Hong sit _____ the back of the

classroom?• A. in B. at C. to D. on

• 提高班 (11月 30 日起 ) 课件• 状语从句 ( 副词性从句 )• 一 . 概述• 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause) 也叫副词性从句 ,它在复合句中担任主句的状语 , 表示主句动作行为的时间、地点、比较、原因、结果、目的、条件、方式或让步等关系。状语从句可以位于句首、句中或句末。位于句首时 , 从句末通常有逗号与主句隔开 ; 位于句中时 , 它的前后都有逗号 ; 位于句末时 , 它的前面可以不用逗号。状语从句均由从属连词引导。从属连词可以是单词形式 , 也可以是词组形式。从属连词仅起引导作用 , 本• 身不担任从句的某一成分。

• 我们现在学习的状语 ( 或副词性) 从句 , 也是主从复合句中的一种。我们来回顾一下什么是简单句、并列句和复合句。• 简单句 : 由一个主语 ( 或并列主语 ) 和一个谓语( 或并列谓语) 所构成的句子 , 叫简单句 (The simple sentence).

• 简单句的五种基本句型 :• 1) 主语 + 不及物动词 (+ 状语 )• 2) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语• 3) 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语• 4) 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语• 有些及物动词 ,如 bring, give, pass, send,show

tell等 , 需要有两个宾语 , 一个表示动作的直接对象或结果 , 叫做直接宾语 (Direct Object);

• 另一个表示动作的方向或目标 , 叫做间接宾语 (Indirect Object) 。 直接宾语通常指物 , 间接宾语通常指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。如果间接宾语放在直接宾语之后 , 须在间接宾语前加介词 to , 如果直接宾语是 it或 them, 间接宾语通常就由 to 引起的介词短语表示。

• He showed it to me . 而不能说 He showed me it.• 5) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 ( 也叫复合宾语 )• 复合宾语 : 有些动词除了跟一个宾语外 , 还需要有一个词或短语说明宾语的身份或状态 , 以补充其意义的不足 , 这个表示宾语的动作或状态的词或短语叫做宾语补足语 (• Object Complement) 。宾语和宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上主语和谓语的关系 , 即宾语占有主语的位置 , 宾语补足语占有谓语的位置。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语 (Complex

Object) 。• 例如 : We consider the experiment very important.• The people on the train told the boy not to shout.

• 并列句 (The compound sentence)• 由并列连词将两个或两个以上的互不关联而又各自独立的分句 ( 即简单句 ) 连在一起 , 这样构成的句子叫并列句 (The Compound Sentence) 。其基本句型是 :• 简单句 + 并列句 + 简单句• 根据连词意义的不同 , 并列句有下列种 :• 1) 表示附加或同等的并列句 , 连词有 (and, not

only…but (also)…, nor…(neither…) 等。例如 :• Not only was Einstein a world-famous scientist,

but also he was a fairy good violinist.

• 2)表示语气转折的并列句。连词有 but ,yet, still, however, while(而 , 然而 ),when(这时, 就在这个( 那个 ) 时候 ) 等。如：

• He is seriously, still there is hope of his recovery.他病得厉害, 不过还有复元的希望。

• Feathers fell to the ground slowly while stones fell much faster.

• One evening some of napoleon’s soldiers were drinking together when a young Frenchman brought a friend to their table.

• 3)表示选择的并列句 , 连词有 or, either…or, • otherwise等。如 :• Either come in or go out.• 4)表示推论的并列句 , 连词有 for, so 等。• The days are short, for it is now December.

• Mr Black was ill, so she was taking his class• instead.• 5)无连词的并列句。有的并列句可不用连词连接 , 而只用标点符号分开。如 :

• The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.

• ( 用分号 )•比较 :The wind blew hard and the snow fell heavily.

• A new year begins, new work begins. ( 用逗号 )• 比较 : A new year begins and new work begins ,too.

• 复合句 (The Complex Sentence)• 由一个主句和一个或几个从句构成的句子叫复合句

(The Complex Sentence) 。在复合句中 , 主句是全句的主体 ; 从句从属于主句 , 是全句的一个成分 , 不能独立。按其在句子中的作用 , 从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句( 形容词性从句 ) 和状语从句 ( 副词性从句 ) 三大类。

• 在复合句 ( 主从复合句 ) 中具有名词性特征的从句叫名词性从句 (Noun Clause ) 。就其不同的句法功能来说 , 名词性从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四大类。

• 　　　　　　　　定语从句 (Attributive Clause/Relative Clause)• 也叫形容词性从句 (Adjective Clause), 是具有形容词性修饰功能的分句 , 通常用来修饰主句中的名词或代词 , 有时也可修饰部分主句或整个主句。

• 定语从句必须用关系代词或关系副词来引导 , 引导定语从句的关系代词有 :that, which, who, whom, whose, as等 ; 关系副词有 :where, when和why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间 , 起联系作用 , 同时又作定语从句的一个成分。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。

• 限制性定语从句 (Restrictive Attributive Clause) 是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语。如果去掉它 , 主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切 , 书写时 , 它与先行词之间不用逗号隔开。• e.g. Do you know the professor who (or that) gave

us a talk yesterday?• 　　　非限制性定语从句 (Non-Restrictive Attributive

Clause) 和主句的关系不十分密切 , 只是对先行词作些附加、补充的说明 ,使主句多一层意思 ,没有它主句也能也独立存在 , 而且意思仍然清楚。这种从句

• 这种从句和主句之间通常用逗号隔开。例如 :• Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where • there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.

• 1.时间状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Time)•时间状语从句说明主句动作发生的时间 , 主句动作可能先于或者后于从句动作 , 或者与从句动作同时发生。通常由 before, after, when, while,whenever, once, as soon as, till, until, since,

instantly(= immediately=directly) , no sooner than(= hardly/scarcely/barely…when一…就… ), 以上红体部分的词组所引导的句子主句动词用过去完成时。兰色部分和红色部分都表示“一…就… .” 。

• 1) when, whenever• when 指的是“在某个具体时间”； whenever指的是“任何一个不具体的时间”。例如 :• 我走进屋子时 , 他正在工作。• When I went into(=entered) the room, he was at work.

• 你喜欢什么时间来 , 就什么时间来。• Come whenever you like.• 要注意下面的句子里的 when起并列连词作用 , 意思是“这时”或“就在那个时候” ,when所连接的两个分句是并列 :• 一个阿拉伯人正独自在沙漠里行走 , 这时他碰见了两个人。• An Arab was walking alone through the desert when he met two men.

• 2)while, as

• While 既可以表示“在一段时间里” , 也可以表示•“与……同时“当……时候” , 表示后一个意义时 , while 和 as以及 when 同义。

•在英国哨兵搜查他的衣服时, 这个美国青年不动声色地站着。• The young American stood quietly while the British guards searched his clothes.

•我沿着大街往前走的时候, 注意到 37号门前停着一辆警车。• When / As / When I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of

• Number 37.

• 但应当注意：当强调主句和从句的动作或事情同时发生，作“一面……一面”解时，只能用 as, 而不能用 while或when 。例如：

• 学生们边走边唱。• The students sang as they went along.• （注） while 和 when 也可引导现在分词短语，表示分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，而 as则不能。例如：

• While discussing the matter(=While they were discussing the matter), many people got very excited.

• When going home(=When she went home), she met Betty.

• 3) till , until• till 和 until 意义相同，表示一段时间的终结，意为“直到……为止”。例如：

• 要等到火车停稳。• Wait until the train stops.• 烟越来越多，越来越浓，直到看上去像一大层雾。• The smoke grew heavier and thicker till/

until it looked like a great fog. • 但放在从句句首时，大都用 until, 一般不用 till 。例如：• 她 20岁以前，从未离开过家乡。• Until she was twenty she had never been

away from her hometown.• not…until与 not…before 同义，意为“直到……才……”。例如：

• 直到他离开，他们才走。• They didn’t go until he left.• 4)since / ever since• since表示一般时间的起点，所以在 since中，采用瞬间动词过去时，主句则用完成时。例如：• 自从我离开学校，就一直住在这里。• Since I left school, I have lived here.(=• I have lived here since I left school.)• 自从他 2001年中学毕业以来，他一直在部队服役。• He has been in the army ever since he graduated from the high school in 2001.

• ( 注 )ever since和 since都可作“自从……”“自从……以来”解，属同义用法，如以上二例所示。但 ever since

• 还可以“从那时起”解，作副词性短语用，而则 since则不能。例如：

• 我于 2002年来到番禺，自从那以来就一直住在那里。• I came to Panyu in 2002 and have lived there ever since.

5) as soon as, no sooner…than, once hardly…when, immediately, directly这几个连词都有“一…就……”的意思。例如：

• 我一得到你的口信就立刻来了。• I came directly I got your message.• 她一来我就告诉她了。• I told her immediately she came.• 我一看见他就会把这事告诉她的。• I’ll tell him about it as soon as I see her.• 比较： No sooner had he left( or did he leave) home than it began to rain.或 Hardly had he left ( or did he leave ) home when it began to rain.

•用 once造句•亚里斯多德一旦认定重的物体总是比轻的物体下落得快，就把这作为真理教给他的学生。• Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to

• his students.• 6 ） the moment, the day, every time 等。•例如：我一收到你的来信就动身了。• I started the (very) moment(=as soon as)

• your letter arrived.

• 她到达那天他就不见了。• He disappeared the day she arrived.•我每次乘船都晕船。• Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.(The above taught)

• 2.地点状语从句（ Adverbial Clause of Place）

•地点状语从句表示主句动作发生的地点。引出地点状语从句的连词主要有 where和 wherever等。•他现在住在他喜欢的地方。• He lives where he likes.•哪里有烟，哪里就有火。• Where there is smoke, there is fire.

• ( 谚语) 有志者事竟成。• Where is a will, there is a way.•我们大学毕业后要到祖国最需要的地方去工作。• We will go to work wherever the motherland

• needs us most after graduation from university.

•还有 anywhere和 everywhere也可以引导地点状语从句。例如：• Put the lamp anywhere it fits.• Sit anywhere you like.• His cat follows him everywhere he goes.3.方式状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Manner）

• 方式状语从句说明主句动作进行的方式。通常由 as, as if, just as, as though/if和 like( 非正式用法，尤其在美国英语中 ) 引导。例如：

• 1) as• 你愿意怎么干就怎么干（你愿意怎么干都行）。 You may do

as you please.• 鲸像人一样用肺呼吸空气。• The whale breathes air through its lungs as people do.• Do you make break like you make cakes?• 这牛排做得正和我意（正是我所喜欢的）。 The steak is cooked just as I like it. 2)as if, as though• 这两个连词同义，可以互换。从句的动词即可采用陈述语气，表示可能符合事实，也可采用虚拟语气，表示与事实不符或相反。例如：

• 他对待我就像他的孩子一样。He treats me as if / as though I’m were a stranger.他看上去好像很年轻。He looks as if /though he were young. 在口语中可以用 the way (that) 和 how 引导的方式状语从句。例如： 他用我喜欢的方式做火鸡。She cooks turkey the way I like.这肉正是按我所喜欢的方式做的。The meat is cooked just how I like it.4. 比较状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of

Comparison)

• 在比较结构中，主句中的陈述就某个比较标准与从句中的陈述进行比较。主句中具体表示比较标准的那个分句成分是比较成分，比较基础在比较从句中。• 比较状语从句的引导词是 than, as (so) as, not as

(so)…as 等。• 1）同等程度的比较，肯定句用 as…as , the same • …as, such as 引导。否定句用 not as…as , not so…

as, not the same as, not such…as 等引导。• 桂林和杭州一样美丽。• Guilin is as beautiful as Hangzhou (is).（在本句中比较标准是 beautiful 。 as beautiful 是比较成分， as Huangzhou 是比较基础。）

• 我吃得不如你多。• I don’t eat so (as) much as you do.• 2)不同程度比较可用 than引导，表示比较的标准。• 火车比汽车跑得快。• A train runs faster than a car.• 注意：本句的 a train, a car是泛指。（泛指：普通而不定的意义。）• 冬天的晴天比夏天的晴天冷。• A sunny day in winter is colder than a sunny day in summer.（谚语）三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮 / 两人智慧胜一人。

• Two heads are better than one.• 罗伯特比其他人跳得高得多。• Robert jumps much higher than any of the others.

• 我们的城市比我国任何别的城市漂亮。• Our city is more beautiful than any other• city in our country.• 【注】在此类表比较的结构中应注意避免和包括自身的对象进行比较。• ·比较级 + than+ any other+单数名词• ·比较级 + than+ all the other+复数名词• ·比较级 + than+ anyone else• ·比较级 + than+ of the other+复数名词• 还要注意在使用比较等级时被比较内容的对等性。• 她的声音和鸟儿一样甜美。• 【误】 Her voice is as sweet as a bird.• 【正】 Her voice is as sweet as that (= the voice) of a bird.

• 另外在“ the +比较级 +of+比较对象”表示“…… ( 两者之中 )• 较……的那个”时， the 不可取掉。• 两者当中还是这个好。 (The above taught)

• This one is the better of the two.• 他是那两个人当中较高的那个。• He is the taller of the two.• 比较等级的一些特殊用法：• (1)“more+原级 +than…” 表示“与其说……不如说……”。 例如：• 那女孩的伤倒没什么，只是　受了伤惊吓。• The girl was more frightened than hurt.• 与其说她冷淡，倒不如说是害羞。• She is more shy than cold.• (2)“表示几倍于……时” , 用“倍数＋ as…as ”来表示，亦可用“倍数＋比较级＋ than…”表示。例如：• 这种飞机的速度是那种飞机的两倍快。 　　

• This kind of plane flies twice as fast as that kind.

• 我们的教室比你们的教室大三倍。• Our classroom is three times larger than yours.

• (3) 形容词和副词的比较级可以被下列词语修饰 :• much, far, still, even, a lot, a great deal, rather, any, a

little, a bit, no 等。• 今天暖和多了。• It’s much warmer today.• 这道数学题比那道数学题难得多。• This maths problem is a lot more difficult than that maths problem.

• 【注】 He is better by far./ He is by far the best. He is the best by far. /He is by far the best.

• (4)用“比较级＋ and+比较级”来表示“越来越……” 。例如：

• 我家乡的农民现在越来越富了。• The farmers/presents in our hometown are becoming richer and richer now.

•我们的国家变得越来越漂亮。• Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.

• (5)“ the+比较级… the+比较级…” , 表示比例关系，意为“越……越……” 。例如：•越快越好。• The sooner, the better.

• 那位老人越忙越高兴。• The busier the old man is, the happier he feels.

• 学得越多，懂得越多。• The more you study, the more you know.

•欲速则不达／过急反迟。• The more haste, the less speed.越•学习越努力，学习方法就很重要。• The harder you study, the more important the method of study is.

• 【注】 (1) 不能去掉冠词 the 。

• (2)不能把比较级和它所修饰的形容词、副词和名词分开。• （３）有时可根据具体情景使用省略结构。如：• 越多越好。• The more ,the better.• (6)no more than与 not more than• no more than=only,意为“不过，　仅仅”，表示“多少”的意思； not more than意为“不超过”，表示客观的数量。例如：• ＊她买那件大衣才花了 50美元。• Compare; She spent no more than fifty dollars on the coat. ＊ 她买那件大衣花的钱不会超过 50美元 .

• She spent not more than fifty dollars on the coat.

• (7)no more…than与 not more…than• no more…than 所连接的两个人或物，都含有与所用形容词相反的意义，意为“同……一样不”。如： no more clever than=as dull as(同……一样笨 ) ， not more …than则表示“不如……”。如：

•她同他一样都不细心。• She is no more careful than he is.•她不如他更细心。• She is not more careful than he is.•【注】若形容词有自己的比较级形式，则可用其替代 more.如：

• 这个房间和那个房间一样都不大。• This room is no bigger than that one.• 这个房间不如那个房间大。• This room is not bigger than that one.• (8)no less than 与 not less than• no less than= as many as, 意为“有……之多”，表示“也许不止” 的意思。比较：• 那孩子口袋里竟有 100美元。（没想到有这么多）• The boy has no less than 100 dollars in his pocket.

• 那孩子口袋里有不少于 100美元。（至少这么多）• The boy has not less than 100 dollars in his pocket.

• 关于倍数的表示法：• (1)…times as…as…• 1994年汽车的产量是 1987年的 6 倍。• The output of cars in 1994 was six times as many as that of 1987.

• (2)…times that of• 1994年的汽车产量是 1987年的 6 倍。• The output of cars in 1994 was six times that of 1987.

•（ 3 ）… times+名词 +of…•这个房间的大小是那个房间的三倍。• This room is three times the size of that one.

• （ 4 ）… times what从句• 1994年汽车的产量是 1987年的 6 倍。• The output of cars in 1994 was six times what it was in 1987.

• 5.原因状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Cause)• 原因状语从句说明原因或理由，主句表明由此得出的结论或结果。通常有从属连词 because, as. since等引导。• 1)because• because表示“原因”的语气最强，回答 why引导的疑问句。它所引导的从句是全句的重心所在，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后面。但表示“理由”时，只能放在主句后面。如：• 因为他生病了，没有去上班。（表示原因）• He didn’t go to work because he was ill. Or Because he was ill, he didn’t go to work.

她不在办公室，因为我没有看见她在那里。 ( 表示理由，而不表示“她不在办公室”的原因 )• She wasn’t in the office because I didn’t see her there. ( The above taught)

• 2)用 since, as 引导，表示“由于”，“鉴于”，“既然”的意思。 since和 as 相似 , 但前者表示稍加分析后的原因，而且多少是对方已知悉而不待言的。例如：• 既然同工，就该同酬。• I should get the same pay since I was doing the same work.

• 既然大家都到了，咱们开始讨论吧。 (since表示已知悉的原因 )• Since everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion.

• 由于月亮离我们较近，它看上去就较大。• As the moon is nearer to us, it looks bigger.

• 由于雨下得很大，他们只能呆在家里。（ as表示较明显的原因）• As it was raining hard, they had to stay• (at) home.• （注） for 作连词时，其意义和 because相似，但for所表示的原因往往提供上文未交代的情况；又作为并列连词，它所引导的分句只能放在句子后面（或单独成为一个句子）。例如：

• 肯定下雨了，因为路是湿的。（并列句 ,for表示新的情况。）• It must have rained last night, for the road is wet.

• 3)seeing (that), now (that) 意为“鉴于某个事实。” 例如：• 鉴于他病情严重，他们派人请医生去了。• Seeing (that) he was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor.

• 鉴于天气已经放晴，我们可以启程了。• Now (that) the weather has cleaned up, we can start our journey.

• 6.结果状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Result)• 结果状语从句表示主句动作是由从句产生的结果，总是置于主句之后，结果从句与主句间的关系正好是原因理由。它通常由 so, so that, so…that, such…that, with the result that 引导。结果状语从句通常位于主句后面。

• 我跌了那么多跤，以致全身都是青一块紫一块的。• I’ve got so many falls that I’m black and blue all

over.( 注意：名词前如有修饰词象 many, much, little, few 等时，不能用 such。 )

• 我们要狠狠地教训来犯之敌，叫他们永远也忘不了。• We’ll teach the invaders such a good lesson

that they’ll remember it for ever.• 我们把收音机的声音放大，好让大家都听到了新闻。• We turned the radio up, so (that) every one

heard the news.

• 他说的话这么明白，大家都信服了。• So clear was his statement that

everybody was convinced.• 7. 目的状语从句（ Adverbial Clause of

Purpose）说明主句行为的目的。它由 that, so that, in order that 引导。其中 in order that 用于更正式的场合，而且它所引导的目的状语从句的谓语动词一般用 may( might ) 。但 so that 引导此种从句既可用 may (might), 还可以用 can (could) 。例如 :

• 这人大声叫，为的是让孩子们听得见她的声音。• The man shouted (so) that the

children should hear him (hear his loud voice).

• 那位女教师讲得慢，用的英语简单，以便学生们听得懂。• The woman teacher spoke slowly and in simple

English so that the students might (could) understand her.

• 小王每天早晨都起得很早，为的是有时间给黄大妈提水打扫房子。• Xiao Wang got up early every morning in order

that he might have time to fetch water and sweep the yard for Aunt Huang.

• 2) so that 引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别：

• (1) 上面已初步提到， so that 引导目的状语从句中实义动词前除用 may (might), can (could) 外，还可以用 should 这样的情态动词。

(2) so that 引导的结果状语从句只能放在主句后面。• (3) so that 引导的结果状语从句前面常有逗号。试比较： 他乘早车走，以便下午能到达。 ( 目的 )• He took the morning train so that he might ( could

or should) arrive in the afternoon. 他乘早车走，下午就到达了。（结果）• He took the morning train , so that he arrived in

the afternoon.• 为了看日出，我们一早就出发到山顶去了。（目的）• So that we should / might / could see the sunrise,

we started for the peak early.

• 为了将来能全心全意地为社会服务，我们正在学校里勤奋地学习着。（目的）• In order that we can (may) serve the

society heart and soul in the future, we are studying diligently in the school now.

• 3) 表示否定的目的状语可以在情态动词后面加not , 也可以由 for fear that, lest 或 in case that 引导。例如：

• 他们低声细语，免得打扰我们。• They whispered in order that they might

not disturb us.

• 我们开了一个会，面对面地谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会。• We had a meeting and talked the matter over face

to face, for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.

请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。• Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case

I forget.• 8. 条件状语从句 ( Adverbial Clause of Condition) 说明一种情况对另一种情况的依赖。它 的引导词是 if,

unless( 除非 ), suppose（假设） , provided（倘若） , in case(万一 ), as long as （只要）等。• 1) 由 if, unless 引导。 if 表示正面的条件， unless 表示反面的条件。例如：

• 如果你看着月亮，你可能有许多问题要问。• If you look at the moon, you may have many

questions to ask.• 如果没有空气的阻力，重的物体和轻的物体下落的速度是一样的。 (unless=if…not)• Heavy objects and light objects fall at the same

speed unless air holds them back(= if air does not hold them back).

• 2) 由 providing (that), provided (that) 引导。• 假如我们允许他的话，他是肯定会来过暑假的。• Providing /Provided (that) we allow him, he

would certainly come for the summer vacations• (=holidays).• 3) 由 as long as, so long as, on condition that,

supposing (that) / suppose, in case 引导。例如：

• 你爱住（呆）多 就久，就住（呆）多久。• You may stay here as long as / so long as

you like.• So long as / As long as imperialism exists,

there will be no peace in the world.• I’ll go with you on condition that I have a

day off.• Leave her a note, in case she isn’t at home.• Supposing that / Suppose it rains, what’s to

be done.

• 9. 让步状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Concession)与主句形成对比，对照，加强主句的语气。它通常由though, although, even if / though, as, whatever, whoever, no matter… 等词引导。

• 1) 用 though, although, even though 引导。• 这几个连词意思差不多，都是“虽然”“尽管”“即使”意思，一般可以互换。其中 although 较为正式 ,

even though 语气略带强调。• 时间尽管（虽然）不早了，（但是）他们仍然继续工作。• They continued the work, though/ although

/even though it was late.

• 虽然（尽管）我们看不见空气，（但是）空气却存在于我们的周围。• There is air all around us, though / although /

even though we cannot see it. (注 )汉语习惯上常用“虽然 (尽管 )……,但是…… ” 这样的连用词语来表达说话者的意思，而英语除并列句中须用转折连词 but 来表达外，凡含让步状语从句的复合句的主句前，都不能用 but(用 yet 是可以的 ) 。试比较： 虽然 (尽管 ) 他老了，但他仍然努力工作着。( 复合句 )

Though / Although he is old, (yet) he still works hard.

• 他老了 ,但是他仍然努力工作着。（并列句）• He is old, but he is still works hard.• 还应注意的是，如以上第一例中，把含有从属连词

though / although 引导的让步从句置于主句之前，则说明主句的内容。而如该句写成： He still works hard, though / although he is old.( 他仍然努力工作，尽管已经老了。 )

• 此时则强调从句的内容。又如：• 现在人们能做的大部分工作，计算机都能做。然而，大多数科学家认为，计算机并不能完全代替人。（强调从句本身的内容）• They now can do most of the things people can do,

though / although most scientists agree that computers cannot completely take the place of humans.

• 2)用 as或 though(注意：不能用 although) 引导•的让步状语从句常用倒装语序，即把从句中的表语( 名词，形容词或分词 ),状语或动词原形放在 as或though的前面。当顺装语序的句子转为倒装语序的句型时，其基本意义不变，不过语气则更强调些。例如：

•这些贵族尽管很傲慢，他却害怕见我。• Proud as (or Though) these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.

•比较： Though / although these nobles are• proud, he is afraid to see me.)• Strange as (or though )it may seem, it’s true.比较： Though / Although it may seem strange, it’s true.)

• 虽然 (尽管 ) 我很尊重他，但不能同意他的建议。• Much as (or though) I respect him, I cannot

agree to his suggestion.( 比较 :Though/ Although I respect him very much, I cannot agree to his suggestion.)

• Try as (or though) he might, Tom could not get out of the difficulty. (get out of the difficulty摆脱困难 )( 比较： Though / Although he might try, Tom could not get out of the difficulty.)

• Fail though / as I did, I would never give up.• 比较 :Though / Although I failed, I would never

give up.)

• 这里要特别提醒的是，在这个句型中，如果表语是带冠词的名词，当采用倒装语序时，须先将冠词去掉，然后倒装作表语的名词。例如：• 她虽然是个小孩子，但懂得很多英语。• Child as/ though she is, she knows a lot of

English. ( 比较 : Though / Although she is a child, she knows a lot of English.)

• 3)用 even though和 even if 引导。• If 引导让步状语从句，与 though 同义。例如：• Even (though) if it takes me a year, I’m

determined to do the job.

• 4)用 while或 whereas 来引导，突出对比主句和从句所表示的两种差异的情况，意思是“虽然”“尽管” ,“ 而” ,“ 然而”。如：• 我喜欢工作到深夜，而他宁愿凌晨干活。• I prefer working late into the night,while/whereas • he would rather work early before dawn. • 5 ）用 whether…or (not), no matter… 等引导，意思是“不管怎样”“不管…还是…” “无论……” .• 例如：• 不管天气是好是坏，我们都要按计划启程• Whether the weather is fine (good) or bad, we will

set off as we planned.

• 不管发生什么事，你都要保持乐观。• Whatever may happen (=Come what may), you

must remain optimistic.• 不论你走到哪里，我也要走。• Wherever you go (=No matter where you go), I’ll

go, too. 要注意 no matter 用作从属连词，引导让步状语从句时，其后常接疑问词 who， what，when， where， how 等构成常用句型。该句型还可以互换作用相当的句型，应学会善于灵活运用。其主要用法如下：

• 不管谁替我处理这件事，我都非常感激。• No matter who (相当于 Whoever) takes up the

matter for me . I shall be very grateful.

• 不管做什么，你不可能使每个人都满意。• No matter what you do (相当于 Whatever

you do 或 Do what you will), you can’t satisfy everybody.

• 无论你什么时候来，都欢迎。• No matter when (相当于 Whenever) you

call on me , you are welcome.• 无论你在哪里工作，你都能找到时间习。• No matter where (相当Wherever) you

work, you can always find time to study.

• 无论你数多少个数，你总是可以不断地数下去。• No matter how ( 相当于 However) many numbers

you count, you can always go on to the next one. 6 ）用 for all (that) 引导，表示“尽管”的意思。例如：• 尽管他好像迟钝，我还是喜欢他。• For all (that) he seems dull ( = Though /• Although) he seems dull), I still like him.• 7 ）用 granting/granted (that) 引导 ( 即使，就算… ) 。

• 就算他有能力，有兴趣，也不意味着他有时间做这项工作。• Granting/Granted (that) he has ability and interest, it

does not mean he has time to do the job. • (This is the end of the adverbial clauses.)

• 状语从句专练五十题• 1. John will mend the window when__• ___.• A. he can come B. does he come • C. is he coming D. he will come• 2. You may leave the classroom when

you_______writing.• A. will finish B. are finished• C. are finishing D. had finished• 3._____, the players began the game.• A. Having taken our seats • B. After we had taken our seats• C. Being take the seats D. Taking the seats

• 4.I_____to bed until father came back.• A. went B. hadn’t gone• C. didn’t go D. would go• 5. The light went out while we________• supper.• A. had B. had had • C. were having D. would have• 6.They began to plough the fields as soon as they

_____the crops.• A. get in B. harvest• C. got in D. have harvested

• 7. I will go home for vacation as soon as I______• my exam.• A. will finish B. finish• C. am finishing D. finished• 8.______a long time since I saw you last time.• A. There is B. It is • C. There are D. For• 9. I’ll let you know as soon as he_____.• A. is arriving B. will arrive• C. arrived D. arrives

• 10. I don’t know when he will come, but when he_____ I’ll let you know.

• A. will come B. comes• C. has come D. is coming• 11. While some people take pleasure• in playing cards,________.• A. neither does he • B. they didn’t take pleasure• C. I do too • D. others take pleasure in reading books

• 12. I was shopping at Folry’s when _____.• A. I had seen a large dog • B. I met an old friend• C. she is going to join us• D. they had come to school• 13.They________three letters since they came

back.• A. have written B. had written• C. had wrote D. were written• 14.When I arrived in Fuzhou, the sun______.• A. has been shining B. shone• C. has shone D. was shining

• 15. It’s been a long time since I _____, How are you?

• A. bad last seen you • B. last saw you • C. have last seen you• D. last was seeing you • 16. By the time we got home, I____ all about it.• A. had forgot • B. forget• C. had forgotten • D. should have forgoten

• 17. He closed the door quietly ____ wake his mother ,who was asleep.

• A. so that not to B. in order to • C. so as not to D. in order that• 18.Don’t worry. I’ll tell Mr Liu ____he comes

back. A. when B. while C. as soon as D. the moment• 19. If it ____ rain tomorrow, we’ll have a picnic.• A. wouldn’t B. doesn’t C. didn’t D. won’t

• 20. I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ____ I shall stay home.

• A. will B. does C. did D. shall• 21. Would you give Johnny this letter if you ___

to see him this week?• A. will happen B. happen• C. occurred D. happened• 22. I don’t think she’ll be upset, but I’ll see her in

case____.• A. she’ll B. she is • C. she does D. she has been•

• 23. If we ___, we won’t get tired.• A. to take driving by turns• B. drive in turns• C. take each turns driving• D. take turns driving• 24. Write clearly___ your teacher can understand

you correctly.• A. since B. for C. because D. so that• 25. A body at rest ___ at rest unless it is acted on

by a force.• A. will remain B. has remained• C. remains D. remained

• 26. The young hunters went ____ they got lost.

• A. as far as B. such a long travel• C. far enough D. so far that• 27. It was ____ that we felt tired when we

arrived.• A. a so long travel• B. such a travel• C. such a long journey• D. a so long journey

• 28. Premier Zhou Enlai worked many hours a day ___ he became seriously ill.

• A. Although B. even if• C. though D. however• 29. He’ll never succeed,____ hard he tries.• A. whatever B. despite• C. though D. however• 30. Although in a hurry, ____.• A. he wouldn’t help me • B. he stopped to help the boy• C. he didn’t stop D. he couldn’t stop

• 31. He came to the party, ____ he hadn’t been invited.

• A. in case B. in spite of• C. even D. although• 32.___ he was tired, he went on working.• A. Even B. Yes C. Although D. In spite• 33. Speak to him slowly ___ he may

understand you better.• A. since B. so that C. for D. because

• 34. All matter, ___ it is a gas, a liquid or a solid, expands( 膨胀 ) as the temperature rises.

• A. whether B. if C. what D. where• 35.___ happens, don’t be afraid!• A. When B. Whenever• C. Anything D. Whatever• 36. Do what you think is right, ____ they

say.• A. however B. whatever • C. whichever D. for all

• 37. _____ I read, the more I understand.• A. The more B. So much • C. How much D. for how much• 38. The more he tried to help her, _____she

seemed to like it.• A. less B. lesser • C. the less D. the lesser• 39.Although it was raining ___still worked in the

fields.• A. but they B. and they• C. they C. and yet they

• 40.I’ll leave him a note ____ he’ll know where we are.

• A. so that B. in order to C. in order D. for• 41.We must improve the farming method ____

we may get high yields(产量 ).• A. in order to B. in order that• C. since D. as • 42. Since the road is wet this morning, ____ last

night.• A. it must rain B. it must be rainingC. it must have rained D. it must have been rain.

• 43. Since it is already midnight, we ___.• A. but some of them do not practice it• B. ought to have leave• C. should take our leave • D. might as well leave( 我们还是离开好。 )•注 : might(表示愿望，祝愿，请求，嘱咐 ) 请，愿，还是…好

• 44._____ the weather was fine, I opened all the windows.

• A. As B. For C. Because of D. Since that

• 45. The young soldier was taken to the hospital ___.

• A. because he had been wounded seriously on the battlefield.

• B. due to his serious wounds receiving on the battlefield

• C. resulting from serious wounds having received on the battlefield.

• D. with serious wound on the battlefield which he had received

• 46. Take this baggage and __ you can find enough space.

• A. hang it which B. hang it in which• C. hang it wherever D. hang it where• 47. Wherever I___ these days, I always carry my

raincoat.• A. shall go B. am going• C. would go D. go• 48. In general, ___ little water, you don’t find

green field.• A. wherever there is B. where there is• C. where there is a D. when there is

• 49. ____ air is to man , so is water to fish.• A. Like B. As • C. Since D. just• 50.____ we know, there are 107 elements ( 元素 ,成分，要素 )found in nature.• A. So far as B. As far • C. just as D. So long as• 　　　中考重点句型 :• be busy / enjoy / hate / go on / finish doing sth.• (忙于 /喜欢 /讨厌 /继续 /干完某事 )

be good / bad for 有利 / 害于… be used to (doing) sth. 习惯于… , 后接名词或动名词，可用于现在，过去，将来的多种时态。 be• 可用 get, become 来代替。 be used to do 的意思则是“被用来……”。 both …and…” 两者都…… .”，其后谓语动词复数。 can’t help doing sth.”禁不住作某事” ,help 意为“阻止，避免”。 cost sb. some money “ 某物花费某人多少钱” , 主语是“物”。 either …or…”不是… 就是” ,”或者…或者”。当连接主语时，谓语动词与邻近的主语取得一致。 e.g. Either she or I am right. or: Either I or she is right.

enough ( for sb. ) to do sth.” 足够…做…” , 是简单句。• 这冰还没有厚到能让你在上面走的程度。 e.g. The ice isn’t thick enough for you to walk on. feel like doing sth.”想要做…” ,此处 like 为介词，后面跟动词 -ing 形式 . 。此句型与 would like to

do sth. 同义。feel / find / think it +adj./ n.+to do sth. “认为某事……”。 it为形式宾语，不定式短语做真正的宾语。

他们认为在这样短的时间内完成这项工作是不容易的。They feel it not easy to finish the work in such a short time.

get ready for sth. / to do sth.• 后跟 for sth. 意为“为某事做准备”。后跟 to do sth.• 意为“准备做某事”。 get / receive / have a letter from=hear from… have sb.do sth.与 have sth. done.• 　　前者为“让 /叫 /吩咐某人做某事”，后者为“使

( 某事 ) 完成，使发生”。或“请某人做某事”的意思。其中 something 为宾语， done 为过去分词作宾补。• 比较：我们请人把机器修好了。• We had the machine repaired.=We had someone repair

the machine.• 我们 ( 自己 ) 修好了机器。• We repaired the machine. How do you like…?=What do you think of…?• “你认为…怎么样 ?”

I don’t think / believe that…” 我认为 / 相信…不…”。其中 not是对宾语从句进行否定，而不是主句。 That可省略。 It happened that…”碰巧…”，相当于 happen to do.• It happened that I heard their secret.=I happened to

hear their secret.• it’s / has been + 一段时间 +since 从句• “自从某时起做某事件事已经一段时间了”。该句型中

since 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。• It’ s twenty years since he came here.• It has been six years since he married Mary. it is+adj. / n.+ for sb. to do sth.” 做某事对某人来说• ……”。 for sb. 是不定式的逻辑主语， to do sth. 是不定式做真正的主语，而 it 只是形式主语。

主谓语一致

•主谓一致•谓语动词的数必须和主语的人称和数一致，这就叫主谓一致。如：• I am a doctor.• Mr Brown is a scientist.• They are teachers.• We do morning exercises every day.• She often does her homework in the evening.

•注意下列情况下主语和谓语的一致问题：•１．主语由 and或 both...and连接 , 谓语用复数（不可数名词同样）。

• Mr Smith and Mrs Smith are engineer.• You,he and I are students.• Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop.

• [ 注 ] 1. 如果 and连接的两个词是指同一个人，同一事物或同一概念，则两个名词公用一个冠词，谓语动词必须用单数。• The teacher and writer is her friend.• Bread and butter is her favourite food.• All work and no play makes Jacks a dull boy.

只工作不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻。• The singer and dancer is to attend the party.

• [ 比较 ]

• My friend and lawyer has caught a very bad cold.

• My friend and my lawyer have caught a bad cold.

• 我的律师，亦即我的朋友，得了重感冒。• The writer and educator has visited our school.

• The writer and the educator have visited our school.

• 两个名词前都加冠词或其他限定词，则谓语动词要用复数形式。• 用 and连接的两个名词表示组合在一起的一个整体或成套的东西，若需要冠词，则只能在第一个名词前加 a/an/the,作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

•但若两个名词前都有冠词或限定词，则指独立的两样东西。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。常作为一个整体概念来看待的组合有：• bread and butter 黄油面包• bread and cheese 涂奶酪的面包• a knife and fork 一副刀叉• a watch and chain 一只系有表带的手表• a cart and horse 一辆马车• a cup and saucer 带茶托的茶杯• needle and thread 针线• law and order 法律和秩序• fish and chips 油煎鱼加土豆片

meat and potatoes 肉炒土豆 The stars and stripes is the national flag of USA.

星条旗是美国国旗。 Fish and chips is a popular fast food. 油煎鱼加土豆片是一种大众化的快餐。2.由 and连接的两个或三个单数主语前如果有 every, each, no, many a 修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。

No boy and no girl likes it, Every man, woman, and child needs love. Each boy and girl was given a book. Many a teacher and many a student enjoys the book very much.

3.主语若是“形容词＋ and+形容词 + 不可数名词或复数名词“，并且涉及该名词的品种或类别时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Chinese (beer) and French beer are served （供应） here.

2.主语由肯定否定两部分构成时，谓语与肯定的一致。 Not you but I am to answer for it./ I, not you, am to answer for it.

3.并列主语由 or, either…or, neither…nor, not, not only… but also连接时，谓语动词常与领近的主语保持人称，数的一致。

Either the teacher or the students are to blame.

• Not only the students but also their teacher doesn’t know about it.

• He or I am to do it.• Neither you nor I nor anybody else knows how to do it.

• 4. there be句型中，遵循毗邻一致原则。• There is my wife and family to consider(照料 ).

• There are two oranges， an apple, and some bananas on the plate.

• 5.主语是单数，尽管后面带有 as well as, rather than, like, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, including, in addition to(=besides)等连接的复数名词，根据主谓一致的原则，谓语动词仍视句首主语的情况而定，谓语用单数。

• The boy with his dog is here.• No one but your parents was there then.• Mr Green besides his daughters likes sports.

• Tom, together with Mary and Alice, is going to swim this afternoon.

• The teacher, including his students, is going to see Professor Smith.

• 名题欣赏• The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class,_____ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.

• A. was B. were C. had been D. would be

•赏析：主语后面带有 with, together with等连接的名词时，谓语动词应视句首主语情况而定。本题中主语为 the teacher, 故谓语动词用单数形式。•答案： A• 6. 由“ some of, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, most of, the rest of, all (of), half (of),分数或百分数 +of+名词”等短语作主语时，谓语动词常与 of后的名词保持数的一致。

• A lot of students are waiting outside.• Lots of the money has been wasted.• More than 30 percent of the surface is

covered by water.

• The rest of the money belongs to you.• The rest of the students speak for it.• Half of the apple is rotten.• Half of the apples are rotten.• [ 注 ] 1 population表示“人口”，即一个国家或地区的居民数目，它作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时， population是指一个国家或地区的全体居民，它作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式，但当后面出现复数名词与其呼应时，谓语动词最好用复数形式。• The population of Canada is 29 million.• Just under a third of the population now smokes/smoke.(目前吸烟的人数不到总人口的三分之一。 )

• About eighty percent of the population of this country are peasants.

• 2. “a large amount of +不可数名词”作主语与单数动词连用。• “large amounts of +不可数名词”作主语与复数动词连用。•　“ a large quantity of +不可数名词”作主语与单数动词连用。• “ large quantities of +复数名词 / 不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。• Large quantities of food were wasted.• Vast amounts of money(大量的资金 ) are being invested (投资 )in the local market.

• Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.(冷却需要大量的水。 )

• 7.由 either, neither, each, one ,the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。

• Each of the books costs five yuan.• Everything around us is matter.• Somebody is using the phone.• He has two sons. One is a teacher, the other is an engineer.

• [ 注 ]each用作同位语时，谓语动词仍应与主语保持一致。• We each have an English Chinese dictionary.

• 8.either,neither作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式，但在非正式文体中，特别是当其后跟有复数名词或代词时，常用复数形式的谓语。• 9.none作主语指代不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式；指代可数名词时，谓语动词可以是单数也可以是复数形式。• ----Is there any milk in the cup？• ----No, there is none.• None of them has/have arrived.

• 10. all作主语指整体的概念，表示“一切”时，谓语动词要用单数形式；若指具体的人或物时，谓语动词用复数形式。• All has been tried.（一切都试过了。）• All were silent.(大家一言不发。 )• All was silent.(万籁俱寂。 )• All are here now.(大家都齐了。 )• 11.由“ a kind of, this kind of, many kinds of”和“名词＋ of this kind”等以及由与 kind意义相似的 type, sort等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语动词与 of前的名词保持数的一致。

• A new type of machine is on show now.

• Machines of this new type are made in Wuhan.

• This kind of apples is highly priced.• Apples of this kind are highly priced.• 这种苹果订价很高。• There are many different kinds of plants in this garden.

• 12.many a (许多 ) 和 more than one(不止一个 ) 等作定语修饰作主语的单数可数名词时，谓语动词往往用单数。

• Many a student wants to take part in it.• More than one person knows about it.• 13.表示“时间” “数目” “距离” “价格”等名词的复数作主语，并作为整体看待时，谓语动词用单数。

• Four hours is enough to do the experiment.

• Twenty years is a long time.• Ten dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.

• A hundred miles is quite a drive, isn’t it?

• Five is an odd(奇数的 ) number.• Five tons is a heavy load.• Thirty feet is long enough.• 14.表示成双成套的名词，如 :trousers, shoes, glasses, compasses等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

• His black trousers are too long.• Your glasses are on your nose.

•若这类名词与 a pair 连用时，谓语动词往往用单数。如：• This pair of compasses(圆规 ) is made in Beijing.

• There is a pair of glasses on your bed.

• A pair of glasses costs quite a lot now.

• [ 注 ]• a pair of 作 : “两个人” “一对夫妇”解时，其谓语动词通常用复数，但偶尔也有用单数的。• A pair of teenage(十几岁的 ) boys were smoking cigarettes.

• The happy pair is/are going to Qingdao for their honey-moon.

• a pair of之后的代词以及定语从句中的谓语动词常用复数形式。• She chose a pair of shoes, put them on and leaned back in the chair.(…穿在脚上，然后依在椅子上 )

• He wears a pair of old shoes, which are cleaned by his wife every day.

• 15.有些名词本身表示复数概念，其谓语动词要用复数形式，如 : people, cattle(牛 ), police, poultry(家禽 ), goods(货物 ).

• People are talking about the news.• The police are after a cheat.（…追捕一名骗子。 )• Cattle feed on grass.(牛衣草为食。 )• All the goods have arrived.(所有的货物都到了。 )

• [注 ] 有些名词（如 :sheep, deer, fish, means(方法) ， works(工厂 ) 等）单复数相同，作主语时，　其谓语动词应根据其表达的意义选用正确的单复数形式。如： Sheep feed on grass.羊以草为食。( 此处 sheep 应表达复数概念）

• There is a sheep at the gate.门口有只羊。• 16.集合名词 class, family, team, group, government, audience, crowd(人群 ), company, crew(全体人员 ), public (公众 ) 等作主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数；若表示组成该集体的分散个体时，其谓语动词常使用复数

Our football team is playing well.(足球队 )

• Our football team are having baths and are then coming back here for supper.

• My family is very large.• His family are waiting for him

• This class is made up of 54 students.• All the class have gone to the playground.

• The public consists of you and me. (公众包括你和我。 )• The public are strongly against the programme.

• 公众强烈反对这个规划。• [ 注 ] 若以上集合名词表示组成该集合体的分散个体时，与其对应的人称代词也应该实用 they,them 或 their.• My family did all they could for me.

• The audience were waving their programmes.• 观众都挥动着节目单。• 17.maths 等单数概念，复数形式的名词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数。常用的有：抽象名词（如 news），学科名词（如 maths, physics），专有名词，游戏，运动名词等。• The United States was founded in 1776.• Physics is very interesting. We all like it.

• [ 注 ]1 plastics(塑料 ) 作主语时，其谓语动词大都采用复数形式。• Plastics are often used today.• Plastics is an important branch(分科 / 支 ) of chemistry.

• 2 名词 clothes , works(作“著作”讲 ) 的谓语动词往往用复数。如：

• Clothes keep people warm.• His works have been translated into several foreign languages.

•若表示“一套服装”，可用 a suit of clothes,clothes 不可与不定冠词 a 或数词连用。

•若表示“一部作品”用 a work, “二部作品”用two works.

• 18. 单复数同形的名词除 sheep,deer,fish外，最常见的还有 means(方式 , 办法 ),works( 工厂 ), aircraft(航行器 ) 等。它们作主语时，谓语要随其意义实用适当的单复数形式

• The quickest means of travel is by air.

• All possible means have been tried.• A steel works has just been built there.• Lots of aircraft were sent there.• [注 ]fishes 表示各种各样的鱼• 19. “ 定冠词＋形容词或分词” , 表示某一类人时，动词用复数；若表示某一类抽象概念时，动词用单数• The old are taken good care of here.• The old gives place to the new.• The beautiful gives pleasure to all.• 20. 单个的动名词，不定式短语或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式

• Driving cars is easy.• To get up early is hard for me.• That he is ill worries us a lot.• [ 注 ] 若用 and连接两个动名词，不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念，则谓语动词就要用复数形式。若表示同一概念，则谓语动词用单数形式。• Riding on the elephants and rowing the boats were the children’s favourite games.

• Getting up early and going to bed early is a good habit

• When and where the building will be built hasn’t been decided.

• 21.what 引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。但如果其后是系表结构，表语为复数名词，则 what相当于 “ the things that”, 谓语动词用复数形式。（谓语动词的数主要取决于对 what 所代表的数的理解）

• What is over is over• What I want are these books.• What I say and do are/is my own affair.• 22.the number of 和 a number of• “the number of + 复数名词”表示“……的数目”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。• “a number of+ 复数名词”表示 “若干……” , 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

• The number of the people present at the meeting was about four hundred.

• A number of people were late for the meeting.

• 23.加减乘除法中的主谓一致• (1)加•　在数目小的加法中，通常用 and表示＋，用is或 are表示－。

•　在数目比较大的加法中，通常用介词 plus表示＋，用单数的 equals或 is表示 =.• Two and three are/is five.• Two hundred and eleven plus a hundred and nine equals/is three hundred and twenty.

• (2)减• Four from seven leaves/is three.• Ninety minus twenty equals seventy.• (3)乘• 　运算较小的数目时，常用 three fours, seven

nines等 ,且用 are 表示 =.• 运算较大的数目时，可用介词 times, 动词可用 be/make 的单复数形式。• Seventeen times a hundred is/are one thousand,

seven hundred.• Two hundred and sixty-one divided by nine

equals twenty-nine.

• 24. “ the majority of + 复数名词”作主语时，　用复数谓语• the majority 单独作主语，谓语既可用单数，也可用复数形式。• The majority of boys like football.• The majority were/was in favor of the proposal.• 25. 在主语和谓语倒装的句子中，动词的数应和它后面的主语数一致• On the wall are some famous paintings.• There comes the bus.• Now comes your turn.• 26. “a/an+ 单数名词 +or two” 作主语，谓语用单数。

• A student or two has failed the exam.

• 27. “one or two+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。• One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.

• 28.在“ one of +复数名词＋who(that,which)引导的定语从句”中，从句谓语动词常用复数；若 one前有 the(only)等修饰语时，从句谓语动词常用单数。

• She is one of the engineers who are experts in German.

• She is the only one of the engineers who is expert in German

• 29. 表示数量的 “ one and a half+ 复数名词”作主语时，其谓语要用单数形式。• One and a half bananas is left on the table.• One and a half hours is enough.

　This　is　the　end　of　the　lecture.