The Physical ExaminationThe Physical ExaminationCattle - IICattle - II

Procedures Procedures

Equipment Equipment

• • HalterHalter

• • WatchWatch

• • StethoscopeStethoscope

• • Large animal Large animal thermometerthermometer

• • Black plateBlack plate

• • CMT paddle & solutionCMT paddle & solution

Equipment cont.Equipment cont.

• • FlashlightFlashlight

• • Rectal sleeveRectal sleeve

• • Betadine & lubeBetadine & lube

• • Ketone powder/stickKetone powder/stick

• • 18-16g 1 inch needle 18-16g 1 inch needle AlcoholAlcohol

Equipment cont.Equipment cont.

• • Mouth gagMouth gag

• • Frick speculumFrick speculum

• • Stomach tubeStomach tube

• • Funnel/pumpFunnel/pump

• • RopeRope

Equipment cont.Equipment cont.

New methylene blueNew methylene blue

• • SlidesSlides

• • Blood collection vialsBlood collection vials

• • Balling gunBalling gun

• • Nose leadNose lead

BasicsBasics

• • Begins before touching animalBegins before touching animal

– – Don’t get focused on one abnormalityDon’t get focused on one abnormality

• • Consistent routine

– – Avoid becoming sidetrackedAvoid becoming sidetracked

– – Miss other abnormalitiesMiss other abnormalities

• • Done by regions, not systemsDone by regions, not systems

• • Modified if no restraint & fractious animalModified if no restraint & fractious animal

Physical Examination (PE)• • Proper restraint !Proper restraint !

• • Tail tone & perineal reflex

• Rectal temperature

• Pulse (coccygeal artery)

• • Skin & hair coatSkin & hair coat

• • Vulva mucous membranesVulva mucous membranes

• • Urine sampleUrine sample

Urine sample

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2526123288783033228

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2965268262150259000

Normal ValuesNormal Values

Rectal TemperatureRectal Temperature

°F °F °C   °C    Beef cow Beef cow 101 101 38.338.3 Dairy cow Dairy cow 101.5 101.5 38.638.6

• Young calfYoung calf 101.8–102.2101.8–102.2 38.8–3938.8–39

• Young cattle1yrYoung cattle1yr 101.3 – 104.9101.3 – 104.9 38.5–38.5–40.540.5

• Cattle > 1 yearCattle > 1 year 101.3–104101.3–104 38.5–4038.5–40

Normal ValuesNormal Values

Heart rate: Heart rate: 40-80/min40-80/min• Calf: first days of birthCalf: first days of birth 116 – 141116 – 141• Calf: 8-14 days oldCalf: 8-14 days old 108108• Calf: 1 month oldCalf: 1 month old 105105• Calf: 2 monthsCalf: 2 months 101101• Calf: 3 monthsCalf: 3 months 9999• Calf: 6 monthsCalf: 6 months 9696• Young cattle ~ 1 yrYoung cattle ~ 1 yr 9191• Cow/ Ox: AdultCow/ Ox: Adult 70-9070-90

Normal Values

Respiratory Rate: 10–30/ min• Calf: 4 days 56• Calf: 14 days 50• Calf: 5 weeks 37• Young cattle: 6 months 30• Young cattle: 1 yr 27• Cattle adult 12-16

Left neckLeft neck

• • Skin – hydrationSkin – hydration

Edema: bottle jaw/ brisket edema

• • Left jugular vein/mammary Left jugular vein/mammary vein: distended?vein: distended?

• • Trachea & LarynxTrachea & Larynx– – Auscult & compressAuscult & compress• • Thyroid glandsThyroid glands– – Not normally palpableNot normally palpable• • Left superficialLeft superficialcervical lymph nodecervical lymph node

Left thorax

Heart (3Heart (3rdrd – 6 – 6thth ICS) ICS)– – Apex: caudal to the elbow, 6th ICSBase: cranial elbow

– – auscult – note intensity, location, auscult – note intensity, location, thrillsthrills

– – rate (40-80/min)rate (40-80/min)– – compare heart with pulse ratecompare heart with pulse rate– – cardiac rhythmcardiac rhythm– – valve locationsvalve locations

• PAM: 3rd, 4th (shoulder), 5th ICS

CVS - Disease Tachycardia: Infectious disease Bradycardia: Vagal indigestion Muffled heart sounds: pericardial and pleural effusion   Fevers: Bacterial endocarditis and some cases of

lymphosarcoma Murmurs: most common cause is bacterial endocarditis:

primarily in tricuspid valve than mitral valve on the left.  Secondary to GI diseases such as "hardware", traumatic

reticulopericarditis: Muffled heart sounds with or without a washing machine-like murmur, distended jugular veins, jugular pulse and brisket edema

Atrial fibrillation causes a irregularly, irregular heart beat, and is generally associated with a GI problem such as an LDA.

Left thorax Respiratory systemRespiratory system

• Auscult: smaller area 11Auscult: smaller area 11thth rib rib• Normal lung sounds: louder on Normal lung sounds: louder on

inspiration than expiration (loudest in inspiration than expiration (loudest in the ventral lung fields).  the ventral lung fields). 

• Hold nostrils for better auscultHold nostrils for better auscult• Pneumonia (consolidated lung): (consolidated lung):

increased sounds in ventral lung field.  increased sounds in ventral lung field.  • Crackles and wheezes are abnormal Crackles and wheezes are abnormal

lung sounds.  lung sounds.  • Palpate the tracheal to try and induce Palpate the tracheal to try and induce

a cough.  a cough. 

Left forelegLeft foreleg

• • Inspection & palpationInspection & palpation

• • Note if any evidenceNote if any evidence

of:of:

– – heatheat

– – painpain

– – swellingswelling

– – rednessredness

– – skin temperatureskin temperature

Left Abdominal areaLeft Abdominal area

RumenRumen• inspection, palpationinspection, palpation

• auscult – frequency & auscult – frequency & charactercharacter

Ping (fluid-gas)• Abomasum: LDA

• Rumen: normal unless Rumen: normal unless otherwise (palpate for rumen)otherwise (palpate for rumen)

• 1-3/minute 1º rumen/reticulum1º rumen/reticulum 2º rumen only2º rumen only

Pinch and Grunt Tests

Withers scootch test (Pinch)• Normal: flex back ventrally when her withers are

pinched as seen above. • Abnormal: not flex ventrally – GI pain

hardware, abomasal ulcers, or distention of the small intestine with gas

Grunt test• Plank/ hand and knee on xiphoid• Pain: cow grunts (auscult trachea inspiration),

kicks, or acts uncomfortable

BackBack Mammary lymph nodesMammary lymph nodes Shape & symmetry ofShape & symmetry ofabdomen/thoraxabdomen/thorax

Pear; Abnormal: apple/papplePear; Abnormal: apple/papple FecesFeces Mammary glandsMammary glands Milk samplesMilk samples Subcutaneous abdominalSubcutaneous abdominalveinsveins

Black cup

CMT results

•Subclinical mastitis: contagious organisms:Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia, Mycoplasma bovis•Clinical mastitis:

•Environmental organisms: Strep. nonag. Group:50%•Coliform organisms (Eschericia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter sp., etc.)

90% of the time

•Foul smell and necrotic odor •Arcanobacterium pyogenes

(another)anaerobe •Watery milk, swollen udder

•Coliforms•Watery and red, sick cow

•Staph aureus: poor prognosis

Right ThoraxRight Thorax

Heart (apex 6th ICS)• Triscuspid: 3rd ICS

Respiratory system

Right neck

•Superficial prescapularlymph node•Pre-femoral

Jugular veinJugular vein

Jugular RefillJugular Refill

Right AbdomenRight Abdomen GIGI PingsPings

• Normal: cecum, spiral colon, Normal: cecum, spiral colon, small intestine, duodenum, small intestine, duodenum, uterus (after calving), uterus (after calving), peritoneum, rectumperitoneum, rectum

• Abnormal: distended or displaced

cecum RDA and RTA (right

abomasal torsion) cranial to the 8th to 10th rib

LiverLiver Fatty liverFatty liver

Right Foreleg Right Foreleg

• Inspection & palpation

• Note if any evidence of:

– heat

– pain

– swelling

– redness

– skin temperature

HeadHead

• Posture of head & ears

– Neurological dz

• Symmetry

• Facial expression

• Eye movements

• Nostrils

– Discharge, odor, ulcers

Rectal ExaminationRectal Examination

• Last to avoid pneumorectum

• Presence & consistency of manure

• Pressure

• Pelvic bones Left

• Rumen – size, position,

• Left Kidney – size, position, pain

Rectal cont. Rectal cont. • Females - cervix, vagina, uterus,

ovariesMales – base of penis, accessory sex glands,internal inguinal rings

Urolithiasis – size of ureters? Pulsations?

• Right - abnormal vicera, distended spiral colon, cecum, small intestines

Vaginal Examination Vaginal Examination

• Pre-calving• Post calving• Before rectal examination• Wash• Note for any evidence of:– Tears – vaginal & cervical– Retained fetal membranes– Metritis

Palpation pregnant cowPalpation pregnant cow

Palpation pregnant cowPalpation pregnant cow

Palpation pregnant cowPalpation pregnant cow

Vaginal Exam Cervix predominantly pelvic and freely movable

• Normal nonpregnant uterus • Pregnancies up to 60 to 70 days • Postparturient involution more than 14 days after parturition • Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates or secretion <2 liters • Chronic metritis without appreciable accumulation of exudates

Cervix abdominal and fixed• Pregnancies after 70 days • Uninvoluted postpartum tract • Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates >2 liters • Extensive adhesions • Tumors (Lymphosarcoma)