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KHAI T THIN THAI TNGTHIN THAI TR KHI________________________________

THIN V CH QUN

PAUL L. SWANSON bin sonT HOA NHT TU TM bin dch

Ni dung

Phn ILun IThin v Ch Qun Paul L. Swanson

Lun IIPht Tnh Paul L. Swanson

Lun IIIChuyn g ang din bin ni y? - Paul L. Swanson Thin Thai Tr Gi du h trn vn ngha

Lun IVChuyn t t tng qua hai hoc nhiu ngn ng Paul L. Swanson

Lun VCh gii ca Thin Thai Tr Gi v S Tri Chng qua Tam Paul L. Swanson

Lun VIThin Thai Tr Gi, a sen, v kinh Diu Php Lin Hoa Paul L. Swanson

Phn IIThch Maha Bt Nh Ba La Mt a Tm Kinh Gic Tam MuiThin Thai Tr Gi ging thuyt, Qun nh ghi ch

Php Hoa Tam Mui Sm NghiThin Thai Tr Gi ging thuyt, Qun nh ghi ch

Phn IIITnh Thp Nghi Lun 700 cu k tngT Hoa Nht Tu Tm bin dch

Ph ch: Vi nt v son gi Paul L. Swanson

Khun mt chnh ca tng phi tin phong ny l Thin Thai Tr Khi (538-597), ngi c nhn nhn nh mt trit gia v i trong nhng trit gia Pht gio Trung Hoa, c mt ch ng ngang hng vi Thomas Aquinas v Al-Ghazali, l nhng ngi lp thnh h thng l li t tng v phng php hnh tr tn gio trong lch s th gii.

(Tin s David W. Chappell i hc Hawaii, Manoa)

Quyn Nn Tng Pht Hc Thin Thai Tng c bin son hn mi nm, v lm sao ni ht c nhng li cm t n nhng ngi cng hin vo cng vic ny. D sao i na, khng ai l ngi c th tng xng c vi mc c th lm nung chy tt c nhng g n trc mt ngi y, khin gio l v thc hnh ha tan vo mt khi, lm thay i tng lai Pht gio Trung Hoa nh Thin Thai Tr Khi.

(Tin s Paul L. Swanson Nagoya, Japan)

Phn Mt

Lun I

THIN V CH QUN

Ci nhn ca Thin Thai Tr Khi v Thin qua kinh Diu Php Lin Hoa

(Paul L. Swanson, Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture)

LI M U

i tng thm cu dng nh i i trong tp sch ny gio l Php Hoa v gio l Thin a ra nhng vn . Bn kinh Diu Php Lin Hoa hn nhin l mt php bo c th (mc d c nhng s bt ng kin ca gii hc Pht i vi ch ca gio l Php Hoa) khin chng ta c th khng nh rng chng ta c cng mt i tng [hc hi] trong tr, nhng vi Thin [Zen] th mi ngi nhn mi khc. C phi rng chng ta ni n ci Thin m ngi Nht gi l Ch'an , ngi Trung Hoa dch l thin na t ch dhyana, l mt trong nhiu tn gi t Phn vn c dng trong nhng bn dch Pht gio Trung Hoa ch cho trng thi nh (meditation) mt cch tng qut?. Hoc l chng ta ang ni n ci ngha c tnh cch chuyn bit ca dhyana nh mt trng thi hon chuyn ca thc c c t s tu tp Ch khin tm tr c khinh an, kt qu thc c thy r l chuyn ha (nh qua t thin) n ch gii thot?. Hoc chng ta ni n phng thc tu tp v gio ngha bit truyn cn c vo huyn thoi B t Ma, c pht trin qua nhiu ng hng trn t Trung Hoa, Triu Tin, v Nht Bn?. Chng ta c mun cng thm vo cc li dng ln ln ch Pop Zen ni dy t cc tc phm ca D.T. Suzuki v Alan Watts nh thy s pht trin vo cui th k hai mi trn cc vng t Ty phng?. Chng ta c mun ly lun c ci gi l funerary (Zen) Buddhism ang c tm kch hot ng mnh m ca mt s cc thin vin hin i ti Nht Bn (Soto v Rinzai)?.

cho lun ny c chuyn ch, ti (Swanson) s kho st ring v li dng ch Tnh L [Ch'an] ca Thin Thai Tr Gi, c hiu mt cch tng qut l ch c chn phin dch ch dhyana. Thin Thai Tr Gi (trn s thm hiu gio l Php Hoa) tng b ngi khc ph bnh l ch nghing v thin, nn v ra mt con ng cc im v ci thy v lm, gi tn l Ch Qun nh mt danh t liu t hn v mt hnh tr trong Pht php. H chm bim rng Tr Gi (538-597), v khai t ca mt tng phi Pht gio [sinh ra t] chnh gia a sen l Thin Thai Tng, b qua s chuyn ch vo php thin xin dng mt gio php ph qut v l v hnh, nhm mc tiu bao gm [mt cch vin dung Pht php], mt n thuc c th tr tt c cc bnh; trong khi , Thin (Zen) pht huy ti Nht Bn di mt sc thi n gin v tp trung hn cng hin mt li thot ra khi s thu tm ca [Thin] Thai Tng. Mi tng quan gia gio l Php Hoa v Pht gio Thin tng th qu thc l phc tp.

Hn na, mc d Thin Thai Tr Gi v T B t Ma cng thi nhng khng thy c du hiu no cho thy rng con ng ca ch v i xuyn qua nhau. Khng c ci gi l thin vin vo thi ca Tr Gi, t ra vi ngha c thy v sau do s ni truyn ca mn t v s t Thin Tng.1R rng nhng tc phm ca Tr Gi a nh hng n truyn thng Thin s thi, c bit tc phm Thin Thai Tiu Ch Qun [T46.1915] tr thnh khun thc cho hu ht cc cm nang thin nh (c Carl Bielefeldt, Manuals of Zen Meditation, 1988, p.71-72), d rng ti cha can m i hi mt s xc nh rng Thin khi u t Tr Gi. c chi tit: Seikiguchi Shindai 1957; Yanagita Seizan 1967; John McRae 1986; v yamauchi Shun'yu 1986.

Nhng ph bnh ca Tr Gi v Zen/Ch'an ch cho php tnh l dhyana, hoc nhng thin s khng c nu tn, l nhng ngi r rng ging dy Pht php di mt hnh thc ch nhn mnh trn phng php hnh thin, cho nn Tr Gi ch trch h l nhng ngi xng mt hnh thc Pht gio cc oan. Trc ht, ti s d tr li ch Thin [Ch'an] m Tr Gi tng dng trong cc bn vn c trc, v i s i qua hai ch Ch Qun ra sao, sau trnh by t tng ca Tr Gi v thin ta, l mt trong bn php nh (tc th mc ca tt c cc php thc hnh trong Pht gio), v cui cng kho cu li bnh ca i s v cc thin s trong tc phm Maha Ch Qun (T46, no 1911).

T THIN SANG CH QUN

PHP TU TRONG TH THIN MN Nm 568, c 30 tui, sau khi hc tp v chng o di s ging dy ca cc bc tn s ni cc o trng vng ni min Nam Trung Hoa, Tr Gi i v Kim Lng v bt u thuyt ging v phng php tu hnh trong sut by nm ti kinh [nh Trn]. Nhng bi php ny c tn gi Qun nh bin tp v hiu nh thnh Thch Thin Ba La Mt Th Php Mn , T 46, no 1916, 475-548, thng c gi l Th Thin Mn. Trong tc phm ny Tr Gi a ra mt li trnh by thm su v phng php hnh tr di ta Thin. Mc d c nhn nh mt tc phm ln ca Tr Gi, ni dung ca Th Thin Mn n s hn nhng tc phm c thuyt ging trong khong thi gian v sau nh Maha Ch Qun, v c tnh cch nh mt bng tot yu ln, hn l khai phng truyn thng Pht gio.

Th Thin Mn gm c mi chng2B cc ny cng c dng trong Maha Ch Qun.

chia lm mi mc [trong s ny phn cui ca chng th by on duyn l v lu, tng tu chng phi th gian, phi xut th gian thin v ba chng sau cng vn cn d dang, ging y nh trng hp ca Maha Ch Qun] trong a ra cc loi tam mui 3Chi tit v Th Thin Mn, c Sato Tetsuei 1961 (ti bn 1979), pp. 103-126.

. Mi chng gm c: Tu thin ba la mt i , thch thin ba la mt danh, minh thin ba la mt mn, bin thin ba la mt thuyn th, gin thin ba la mt php tm, phn bit thin ba la mt tin phng tin, thch thin ba la mt tu chng, hin th thin ba la mt qu bo, tng thin ba la mt khi gio, v kt hi thin ba la mt qui th.

iu ti mun nhn mnh y l, i vi Thin Thai Tr Gi, vo giai on ny, thin ng ngha vi phn thc hnh trong Pht gio. Tuy nhin, chng bao lu sau, Tr Gi khng tha mn vi nh ngha hn hp ca php thc hnh qua danh t dhyana.

PHP TU CH QUN: TIU CH QUN

Vic chuyn i php tu tp t Thin sang Ch Qun ca Thin Thai Tr Gi c th thy r trong yu ch gin lc v php tnh l vi ta l Tiu Ch Qun 4Cn gi l Tu Tp Ch Qun Ta Thin Php Yu, T46, no 1915. c Sekuguchi Shindai, 1954.

. Tp sch ngn ny c th c xem nh tng lc v nhun sc Th Thin Mn (cn gi l Tu Tp Ch Qun Ta Thin Php Yu, Ta Thin Php Yu, ng Mng Ch Qun, nhng mt s ng ngi li hiu lm Tiu Ch Qun l Maha Ch Qun). Tiu Ch Qun c th c bin son trong thi gian Tr Gi n c ti ni Thin Thai (575) l giai on i s thm mt ln na i ng v Tam v Khng, Gi, Trung5Chi tit v Tam v Tam Qun nh rng ct ch thuyt ca Thin Thai Tr Gi, c Nn tng Pht Hc Thin Thai Tng Nh m Hoa Trn t Trung Quc (1989) ca Paul Swanson, T Hoa Nht Tu Tm dch sang Vit ng (2010).

l phn ni bt trong ni dung bn vn.

Tiu Ch Qun c hng dn v ta thin nhng t tng nng ct y l Ch Qun; v thin c trong Ch, l mt phn ca phng trnh. Bn vn m u gii thch r rng v s cn bng ca Ch v Qun (samatha-vipasyana). Ch l dng vng, Qun l dng tr tu chn thc qun xt:

C nhiu li vo c thc tnh Nit Bn nhng lun v yu ch th khng ra ngoi hai php Ch Qun. S d nh vy cng v Ch l ca u hng phc kt s ; Qun l on hoc. Ch tr gip vic dng tm. Qun khin kho pht sinh thn gii . Ch l thng nhn ca thin nh . Qun l ch da ca tr tu. Nu ngi thnh tu hai php nh v tu th t li v li tha u y .Kinh Php Hoa ni: Pht t tr i tha Nh khi c diu phpSc nh tu trang nghimLy chng sinh 6c Tiu Ch Qun, T46. 462b5-11.

.

Bn vn a ra nhng th d ni v s cn bng cn thit ca hai bnh xe, hai cnh chim:

Nn bit rng hai php ny nh hai bnh ca chic xe, hai cnh ca con chim. Nu ngi tu tp thin lch th tt gy .

Vy nn kinh ni:

Nu thin tu tp thin nh, phc c m khng hc tr tu th gi l ngu .Nu thin v tr tu m khng tu thin nh, phc c th gi l cung . 7Khng r xut x.

S khc bit gia ngu v cung khng qu chnh lch nhng u l t kin v lun hi. Nu [Ch Qun] khng qun bnh th php thc hnh khng vin mn. 8c Tiu Ch Qun, T46. 462b11-16.

Bn vn tip tc vi hai mi lm tin phng tin vi s gii thch minh bch v cch thc tu tp thin ta v khi gp duyn i cnh. Tr Gi hn nhin khng b qua php thin dhyana/ch'an, nhng kho lo dn dt k s c phng thc i tr s tm th lon, bnh tm ph trm, ty tin nghi, tm t trong nh, v nh tu qun bnh. Tr Gi ni (T46, 466c28-29) c hai loi ch qun: tu trong khi ngi, v tu trong khi gp duyn i cnh , l duy tr s tnh l trong bt c hon cnh no. i s ni thm:

Trc ht tu tp Ch Qun trong khi ngi. Trong bn oai nghi (i ng, ngi, nm)9Hoc i, ng, ngi, nm, l nhng sinh hot trong i sng hng ngy.

cng u tu c, nhng ngi th th thng [v d nh tm] nn ti [Tr Khi] s ni v Ch Qun qua php tnh ta. (T466c29-467a2). Tnh ta l bc u quan trng v d vo c trng thi tnh lng, nhng khng phi l mc tiu sau cng.

THIN TA [ZEN] L MT TRONG BN TAM MUI TRONG MAHA CHI QUN

Khng nghi ng rng bn vn quan trng nht ca Thin Thai Tr Gi thuyt ging v phng php hnh tr trong Pht gio l Maha Ch Qun (T46, no 1911), ghi li t nhng bi php thuyt nm 594, sau khi t Thin Thai tr li Kim Lng (nm 585)10c bn dch tuyt vi ca Neal Donner and Daniel Stevenson, phm i (1993). T Hoa Nht Tu Tm dch sang Vit ng (2009).

. Trong bn vn ny Tr Gi sp xp tt c cc php thc hnh di mt mc hm sc l t chng tam mui : thng ta, thng hnh, bn ta bn hnh, v phi ta phi hnh. Zazen, hoc thin ta, nm trong thng ta tam mui c tm lc nh sau (T46, 11b29):

Hnh gi gi th ngi v nn trnh i, ng hoc nm [trong khi ta thin]. Mc d c th cng tu tp vi nhng ngi khc, nhng tt hn nn tu tp mt mnh. Ngi mt mnh trong mt cn phng yn tnh, hoc mt phong cnh yn tnh, trnh nhng s huyn no bn ngoi. Ngi trn mt chic gh kt bng dy th s, khng thm ch ngi hoc vt g khc bn cnh. Thi kha tu tp l chn mi ngy. Ngi trong t th tro chn, xng sng v c thng; trnh di ng, nghing ng hoc da vo bt c vt g. T nguyn rng trong khi ta thin s khng cho xng sn chm vo thnh gh hoc nghing nga nh mt thy cht, hoc ng dy, hoc u oi. Lc kinh hnh, th thc, v khi x thin th mi khng phi gi nhng quy lut ni trn. Ngi quay mt nghim chnh theo hng ca v Pht m mnh chn, v gi gn t th hnh tr ny lin tc khng mt pht giy gin on. Oai nghi c m t y l ngi, v ch ngim thi. Nhng g ngn cm th khng nn vi phm. ng la o Pht. ng phn bi lng mnh. ng gian di chng sinh.

Tuy nhin, ngoi vic ch yu l chuyn ta nh ni trn, Tr Gi cng ni thm (T46, 11b10-12):

Nu trong khi ta thin m li cm thy mt mi, au v bnh, chng mt, hoc gp chng ngi bn trong hoc bn ngoi xm nhp lm khuy ng khin hnh gi khng th t ch th nn nim Pht vi tt c lng cung knh dng trn c tin.

Mc d Tr Gi nhn mnh mt cch r rng s quan trng v mt hnh tr i vi Pht php, nhng cng rt r rt rng Zen/Ch'an vi i s ch l mt trong nhng phng tin chnh yu nhm tu tp B v hnh tr Pht php.

TU TP KINH PHP HOA TRONG BN HNH BN TA TAM MUI

Trong ch bao qut hn v Php Hoa v Thin, ti [Swanson] thy cn phi nu ra rng Php Hoa Tam Mui - nh mt hnh thc ca tnh l quy hng v kinh Php Hoa - c gii thch trong Maha Ch Qun trong phn ni v bn hnh bn ta tam mui 11Tr Gi da vo kinh Php Hoa a ra nhng hng dn chi tit, c Php Hoa Tam Mui Sm Nghi, T46. No 1941, p. 949-955, bn dch ca T Hoa Nht Tu Tm (2011).

. Phng php tu tp tam mui ny c pht ha trong mi chng (T46, 14a7):

Trang nghim v thanh tnh o trng

Thanh tnh thn tm

Tam nghip cng dng

Cung thnh ch Pht

Cung bi ch Pht

Sm hi su cn

i nhiu quanh (tng Pht)

Tng c kinh

Ta thin

Gic ng thc tng [chn l]

Cn lu ta thin ch l mt phn trong php ny, vi ng rng ngi ngi v qun gio l Php Hoa m ngi y va tng c xong.Hn na, vi Tr Gi, hn nhin php thin (ch'an) rt quan trng i vi phn thc hnh trong Pht gio; v cng rt r rng rng php thin khng phi l php duy nht v quan trng nht trong phn thc hnh ny.

THIN THAI TR GI PH BNH CC THIN S TRONG MAHA CH QUN

Nu nh ly v phn tch tt c nhng on vn ni v ch thin (ch'an) trong cc tc phm ca Thin Thai Tr Gi th phn nghin cu tr nn qu su rng; mc d kho st y v php tnh l (dhyana) trong Maha Ch Qun (T46, 117a-131c) - ni Tr Gi ch trch nhng ngi m m hng thin - th rt thch hp, nhng ti (Swanson) s gii hn s kho cu ca ti trn ti : S ph bnh v cc thin s trong tc phm Maha Ch Qun ca Thin Thai Tr Gi.

Hai ch thin s xut hin mi mt ln trong Maha Ch Qun, thng ch cho nhng ngi (khng thy nu r tn) ging dy php Pht mt cch phin din, nghing v mt thc hnh php thin. Tr Gi c bit lu tm n nhng ngi ny, i s than rng ng li thuyt ging v thc hnh ca h khng cn xng, c th gy nn s nguy hi (ngoi tr ch thin u tin Tr Gi dng (T46, 1b23) ch cho t Tu Vn, l s ph ca tn s Tr Gi l t Tu T).

[1] Trong chng Thin Vin ni v cc loi ch qun, Tr Gi than rng php ch qun ti thng tha th khng ging nh php ca cc php sv thin s trn th gian ny. (T46, 368a). Khng r rng Tr gi mun ni nhng thin s ny l Pht t hoc khng phi Pht t v Tr Gi tip tc m rng li ph bnh ca i s sang n c gio l ca Lo T v Trang T rng th lp khng nh php Pht, v ngha cng khc, v nh nh sng om m khng snh c vi nh sng mt tri, v mt ngn ni th hn l ln hn mt si tc.

[2] Nm mc trong phn tu tp, phn th t trong nm phn ni v hai mi lm tin phng tin cn c vo gio l ca cc thin s (T46, 26a8). Khng r nhng thin s ny l ai, hoc ch l danh t chung, v ni dung ca chng ny hng dn rt c th v chuyn bit v phng php ta thin.12Phn ny trong Maha Ch Qun (T46.47a24-48a12) tng i vn tt so vi Tiu Ch Qun (T46.465b4-466c4), a ra nhng gii thch c th v phng php ta thin, c th v nhng ch dn ny c ni n trong nhiu bi ging trc.

[3] Trong phn gii thiu thp chng qun php Tr Gi ni rng cc php ny l php cho ngi s c nhng cng l php a ng v nht thit tr (sarvajna), tuy nhin, vi cc thin s m s gic ng tr nn m mt [v thiu hc hi] gi l m chng thin s, hoc nhng php s ch bit c tng kinh in [m khng tu nh] gi l tng vn php s th y khng phi l php m h c th bit c (T46, 52b15-16). Cu vn trn nhc li ch ng ca Tr Gi trong bi ta tc phm Tiu Ch Qun v s cn bng thit yu gia hc v hnh. Khng nhng Tr Gi ch trch cc thin s lt qua chuyn hc [kinh], m lun c cc loi hc gi [chy theo v t ho v kin thc th gian ca mnh v Pht php] khng tm vo vic tu nh.

[4] Trong phn c kt mc An tm phng tin (T46.56b12-59b7) l php th ba trong mi php qun, Thin Thai Tr G thm mt ln na tn cng mt s cc thin s c nhn mnh mt kha cnh ca ch qun v xem thng nhng [php] khc: C mt s [ngi t nhn l] thin s thc hnh php ch m khng [thch] thc hnh php qun. Nhng ngi ny dn chng mt bi k nh sau: {Qun v qun, ngi theo nim [ca mnh]. Qun v qun, ngi mang kh n [cho mnh]. Tnh lng l o. Bao lu cn khi nim, by lu cha thy [c o]}13Khng r xut x.

. Cng c mt s [ngi t nhn l] thin s thc hnh php qun m khng [thch] thc hnh php ch. Nhng ngi ny dn chng mt bi k nh sau: {Ch v ch, ngi n vi s dng ngh. y l bng ti kh th thot ra. Chm dt s dng ngh ny l o, s gp c chn l qua tu qun}14Khng r xut x.

. C hai loi Thy ny ch thch dng mt phng php m mun chng [gii thot], v cn c vo nhng li ch [nh] m h c c [t li thc hnh phin din ny] ri mang ra dy ngi khc. Nhng ngi theo hc vi cc v Thy ny cng khng nhn ra c ci khuyt im ca Thy mnh. [Nh mt cu chuyn trong kinh i Bt Nit Bn]{ngi ch mun ung sa th khng bit c v kem v v h}15Trm Nhin, t th su ca Thin Thai Tng, trong tc phm Ch Qun Ph Hnh Truyn Hong Quyt T46. No 1912, v trong Bukkyo Taikei, Makashikan, 5 vols. Tokyo: Nakayama Shobo [reprint], 1978, k mt cu chuyn trong kinh i Bt Nit Bn, T12.621c12-24. Mc d cng mt cu chuyn Tr Gi dn chng, nhng dng nh kinh mun a ra mt kha cnh khc: Pht ni vi ngi Ca Dip: V nh mt ngi ph h kia c nhiu con b, d nhiu mu sc nhng chung mt n... Ngi ph h nynui n b, nhng khng vi sa v sa c m ch vi cht h. Ngi ny ni: Ti s chia ra nhiu ni c cht h ny. h l v qu nht th gian, nhng ti li khng c thng ln hoc vt dng, ni chn cha sa. Ngi y bn bc vi nhiu ngi khc, ni rng: C bu bng da gi sa, nhng d c ch cha, nhng chng ti li khng bit khuy ln cch no [ lm cht h]. Lm c cht kem cng kh, ni chi n lm cht sa c. Ri th lm cht h, bn ngi ny mi nc vo sa. V h qu nhiu nc nn c sa, sa c, h u chng c. Ngi v minh cng nh vy...Cc danh t (sa, kem, sa c, cht b, h) cng phn nh cu chuyn ng ngn v Ng V m Tr Gi thng dn chng biu th tin trnh thuyt gio (t Tng gio n kinh Php Hoa). Chi tit, c David W. Chappell, et., al., 1983.

. Nu nh chng sinh c th ch cn cn c vo mt php [hoc php ch hoc php qun hoc mt php n c no ] m c th t c s hiu bit su xa, th v duyn c g Pht phi dy cng ging dy nhiu gio l khc nhau?. Bu tri khng phi lc no cng trong tro, mt lng y khng phi lc no cng dng mt loi thuc bt, loi ngi khng phi lun lun n mt mn n duy nht l cm. (T46.59a 16-23)

[5] Trong phn c kt mc lun v mi ng li dung thng hong php , Tr Gi ni rng: Ti khng ng vi cc vn t php s trn th gian ny 16Hc gi Pht gio hoc hc gi ngoi Pht gio?. Dng nh trong bn vn mun ni n cc hc gi Pht gio.

, cng khng ng vi mt s thin s tu tp php thin [dhyana]. C nhng thin s ch quan tm n php qun; hoc c ngi th yu ui, c ngi th nng cn [ngay c vi php thin], v hon ton cha y c i vi chn phn cn li [trong dung thng Pht php]. y khng phi l li ch trch sai lm. Ngi tr phi chng bit iu ny. (T46, 98a8-10)

[6] Trong phn ni v hnh An Nhn (T46, 99a29-99c14), Tr Gi than phin v nhng thin s chuyn ch v php thc hnh, v ln ting cnh gic nhng ngi hm h mun gip ngi khc trc khi chun b y : Trong thi gian qua, ni cc vng t Nghip 17Trm Nhin (BT-IV, p. 576) vit : Nghip l vng t trong thnh Tng Chu. Pht php pht trin mnh y, di nh hng ca mt v T Thin tng. trnh s lu ca ngi ng thi, ti [Trm Nhin] s khng ni n tn.

v L giang c nhng thin s ni ting c m ng bit n. H i n u th ngi nh my t mun hng ko n vy quanh tn tng; khi h i th trm ngn ngi i theo. Vi nhng reo h, n no nh vy th th hi c li ch g?. Ri h s rt hi tic khi i din vi t thn. Tn s V Tn 18Ngi Nam Nhc Tu T, tn s ca Tr Gi, ngi t V Tn.

c ln than rng: Ta mt i tm ch chng c c xe ng 19 l Lc Tc theo h thng phn chia ca Thin Thai Tng, tng ng vi phn chng.

, nhng li khi cng ch dy cho ngi qu sm, nn cha c ci m ta tm [cho chnh mnh]20c tiu s ca T Nam Nhc Tu T trong Biographies of Eminent Monks, Part 2, T50, 563b, c cu: Ti chng c Thp Tn, l c xe st.

. Tn s vit trong Nam Nhc T i Thin S Lp Th Nguyn Vn: 21Trch [php]. y l dng cui trong lp th nguyn vn.

. Cc ng nn nhn vo bc tin bi v i ny nh mt tm gng. Khi phn tu hnh ca cc ng tin n c mc ny th hy t phn tnh v qun xt cn thn [v nhng iu trn]. Nu tr tu ca cc ng kh lc, cc ng c th lm li ch ln cho ngi, v nh mt con voi ln c th la c n i. Nhng nu tr tu ca cc ng khng c nh vy th phi nn an nhn v tu tp tam mui. Khng vi g ch dy ngi trc khi cc ng c th vin ton con ng tu tp v hin th c sc mnh [tr tu] ca ring mnh (T46, 99b15-22).

[7] Trong phn ni v Qun cc cn khi i cnh duyn sinh (T46, 100b16-101c23), Tr Gi thm mt ln na ln ting cnh gic i vi cc phng php tu tp phin din, ln ny rt chi tit: Nu cc ng c th tinh tn c nh ni trn, hn rng cc ng khng i mnh tri qua mt cch v ch. Mc khc, nu nghe nhng gio php ny m khng bit ng dng th chng khc no nh loi rn en nm trn ht chu.22n d con rn en nm trn ht chu t i Tr Lun, T25.119b15-16. c tienne Lamotte, 1944-1980, vol. 1, p.492-93 ghi ton th bn vn.

Ht chu nh vy th c gi tr g vi con rn? By gi [Tr Khi] ti s a ra ba n d trnh by nhng li hi. [1] Th d nh c mt ngi chng can cng c hun luyn s dng mt thanh gm v mt mi tn git mt vi tn cp, sau s nhn c mt thi vng hoc mt thi bc lm vn ling nui v con. Ngi ny ch bit dng nhng iu hc c, cm theo v kh, liu mng c tin. Anh ta c cn g phi hc nhiu cc trng hun luyn qun s?.[2] Nu c mt ngi mong mun tr nn ni bt, bit cho li 23Ch ngi bit a tay gnh vc v iu hnh nhng khng hong trong mt thnh ph, quc gia.

, tp trn, v ban n ma mc 24Ch vic lm mang li li ch ca ngi lnh o mt quc gia.

cho mun dn, th ng y hn l phi vn v song ton, tr ni yn tnh toan tnh chuyn ngoi mun dm. Ci m ng y thnh tu cng su, ci m ng y hy dit cng ln, kt qu gt hi c cng nhiu, v li dng c th nui sng c bao ngi. [3] Nu c ngi c kin thc m khng dng, hoc dng mt cch sai lch th ngi nh vy khng th t cu mnh, li cng khng th gip g c ngi khc.Nhng ngi hc thin qun cng c ba hng [1] Ngi ch bit mt php Ch hoc Qun th c th dit c mt t t [nim], tnh c , tu hnh v t c cht t thin nh , t hp c mt s tn . ng ta c th ly lm tha mn, nh ngi mt mnh i nh git [k cp] vi mt phng tin rt gii hn. [2] Ngi mun tr thnh i thin s, dit c i phin no, lm hin l v lng thin php, lm li ch v s chng sinh th nn hc c Mi Php Ch Qun . Tr tu thm nhun th , v nh ngi c th p dng phng php tu hnh vo c lc duyn v lc cn 25Lc Duyn ch cho su hnh ng: i, ng, ngi, nm, ni, v nhng tc ng tng qut.

. Ngay khi phin no pht sinh, lin qun [n l g], php qun ny tr c vng; nh ngi c th chinh phc c nhng vn kh khn, tho m nt tht v ly c bo chu [gii thot].26Cu chuyn mt v vua v ht minh chu, du trong bi tc, phm 14, kinh Php Hoa.

[3] Nu cc ng iu gii [v bit] rng cha dng c ci bit ny, hoc dng n mt cch khng thch hp, th thay v la vng nh bc thy, lm th no cc ng chin thng c trn con ng o? Hn na, [1] v nh ngi d vu 27Trm Nhin (BT-IV, p.605) ni rng danh t ny ch cho mt thy cng ngi nam, v ch hch ch cho thy cng ngi n.

ch bit mt k thut n s, c th cu mt vi ngi v c tr cng vi lng tht28Theo ti liu ca Taisho th vit l .

, vy cn chi ng ta phi hc hi t Thn Nng v cc loi dc tho [v phng thc tr c bnh]29Thn Nng l tn mt ng vua trc thi Nghiu, Thun, dy dn lm rung, hp ch, v dng c hoa lm thuc tr c bnh.

. [2] Nu cc ng mun tr thnh mt y vng, cc ng phi thm cu nhiu phng php, cu c nhiu chng bnh, nng dng [kin thc v kinh nghim ca mnh], v thng kho st s cu gip chng sinh cng ngy cng m rng. Nhng ngi hc php thin cng ging nh vy. H ch chuyn ch vo mt phng php chinh phc v xua ui vng tng c th c c mt cht li ch tm thi; chc chn y khng phi l tm mc vin dung ca i o [i tha]. Hn na, h khng th dit phin no chng v chng ng v sinh php nhn. Mc d c lng dc trong tay nhng khng bit dng th lm sao cu c bnh?. c tng php mn ch qun rt c li ch, nhng nu khng a c tm vo ch thc hnh th khng th chng c v sinh php nhn.Hn na, v nh ngi hc ngha [mt bn vn] m ch mun theo mt cu hi v mt cu tr li chng t kin thc ca mnh, th nhng ngi ny cn mun gia cng nghin ngm kinh lun lm chi?. [Mt khc], nu cc ng mun tr nn mt php ch , cc ng cn phi thm cu rt nhiu kinh in. Tuy nhin, nu cc ng am tng nhiu on kinh vn nhng li khng ra ngoi [to duyn ha o]30Theo c hi m thuyt php, tranh lun lm sng t li Pht.

th s tr nn rt r v yu t, khng [to c] phc bu 31Ikeda (Gendaigoyaku-hen p. 548) dch l Khng c kh nng tr li thng sut cu hi.

. Nu cc ng khng e s, cc ng c th p ng hng trm c hi, khng phi ch gii hn mt li vn p no, m l i sch c tt c cc loi nghi vn. y l ci gi l i php ch. Cng khng khc vi ngi thc hnh php qun . Nu qun php minh bch th ngi y c th lch duyn i cnh v xc x c dng . Nu cc ng khng th lm c iu ny th lm cch no tiu dit c b l ma qun?. Lm cch no xa la c nghip chng nng n?. Lm sao hin l c huyn ngha ca php tnh?. Nu cc ng khng thnh tu c ba vn trn, cc ng s b phin toi v nhng chuyn vn vt. y l [s phn] ca ngi v minh trong lun hi v khng mang theo c nhng phng tin hc o.

[8] Ln cp sau cng v danh t thin s c thy trong phn gn cui Maha Ch Qun, qua mc khuyn tn tu tp ch qun Qun cc cn khi i cnh duyn sinh (T46, 131c22-140c19). y, Tr Gi h mt n sau cui nhm thng vo cc t cch thin s 32Trm Nhin (BT-V, p.552; T46.445a7-10) gii thch rng: T cch ch cho nhng ngi khng qun chiu c thm su, m ch bit tr vng tng v dy ngi mt phng php duy nht l tr vng tng . Vi cch qun chiu gii hn ny, hnh gi ch n c mt s gic ng rt gii hn Khng kin , nhng ngi ny ngay c ngha thc s ca chn l Tiu tha cng khng vo c, th lm sao h c th c c ci thy v tnh Khng [v Gi] a n s chng ng thc tng [Trung o]?. H c mt mc i theo li nhn phin din ny m sinh ra v s t kin. Cu vn trn c trong Nakamura , p. 1136d, nhng ch a v Maha Ch Qun, vi nh ngha nh sau: Nhng [ngi t cho mnh l] thin s, ng bt ca su cn xa la su trn, su thc, b chnh ci thy Khng ca chnh mnh tri vo. Cu vn trn cng thy ghi trong Thnh thc lun (T32.272c22).

l nhng ngi nhn ra c Khng kin nhng li ri ngay vo ci by ca nhng t kin khc m khng th t mnh thot ra c. (T46, 139a 29-b1)

KT LUN QUA TAM

Sau cng, ti [Swanson] s tm lc ch ng ca Tr Gi qua Tam nh cp n phn trn, l, [1] Khng (vn php t duyn sinh, v thiu mt ch t), [2] Gi (nhn mnh trn s quan trng ca th gian, c ngha rng d tt c l Khng, nhng vn c chn l gi tm), [3] Trung (s hi t ng thi ca chn l Khng v Gi trong vn php). Vi Tr Gi, ng li tu hnh trong Pht php pht ha theo Tam , nh thy trong cp Ch Qun:Ch (samatha): Dng v la tm vng nim phin no. Qun (vipasyana): a tr tu vo thc tng ca Gi , mt ci hiu v mun mt ca thc ti, a ng cc hnh tng t B tt hnh trong ci th gian ny. Ch-Qun ha iu trong Khng v Gi c nhn chn, a B tt tng t hnh quy v B . Chng ta c th dng biu sau:

[1] Khng Ch (Thin nh )Thin, thin nh, la vng, bit php do duyn sinh, vt ngoi khi nim, chng tnh Khng tch.

[2] Gi Qun (Tr tu) Tu, qun chiu, hnh B tt hnh, nhn gi , ngn t, khi nim (phng tin).

[3] Trung Ch Qun Hi t Ch v Qun, thin v Php Hoa, B tt tr, chng chn l nh th.

Ni mt cch n gin, Tr Gi ch trch nhng ng hng thiu cn bng, cch thc tu tp nghing v mt kha cnh ny hoc kha cnh khc; hoc qu nhn mnh vo thin nh, hoc a chung tri thc rng khng, hoc hm h cu gip ngi trong khi cha sn sng. Mc d Tr Gi lun nhn kinh Php Hoa nh mt bn kinh din t nh cao ca php Pht, nhng iu ny khng c ngha lm gim gi tr ca php thin. Ngc li, thin nh chnh l mt php mn v cng quan trng trong gio l Pht . V vy, khng phi v gio v hnh trong kinh Php Hoa m Tr Gi chi b php mn thin nh, nhng khin chng ta thy c s quan trng ca c hai Thin v Php Hoa qua cu trc qung bc ca i s i vi ci gi l phng tin.

Kt lun

Chng ta hc c g qua ci nhn ca Tr Gi v thin?. C iu l chng ta cn nhn li vai tr v ngha ca thin [Zen/Ch'an/Dhyana] i vi Pht gio [ni chung] v nhng ngi Pht t [ni ring]. Phi chng thin l php mn trng yu (v c th l duy nht) n i tr thnh cu cnh trong vic tu tp ca mt ngi Pht t; hoc ch l mt trong nhiu [php mn] phng tin (khng hn l quan trng nht) trn con ng tu hnh v chng ng Pht php?. Vi Tr Gi v gio l Php Hoa, cu tr li nm phn th hai (in nghing m nt).

Vn l: Cu tr li ca Pht gio thin tng l g?.

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Tham kho

Ch vit tt:

BT: Bukkyo Taikei, Makashikan, 5 vols, Tokyo: Nakayama Shobo [reprint], 1978.

T: Taisho shinshu daizokyo [Newly revised Tripitaka of the Taisho era], 100 vols. Takakusu Junjiro et al., eds. Tokyo: Taisho Issaikyo Kankokai and Daizo Shuppan, 1924-1932.

Bielefedt, Carl, Dogen's Manuals of Zen Meditation , Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Chappell, David W., et al., T'ien T'ai Buddhism: An Outline of the Fourfold Teachings, Tokyo: Daiichi Shobo, 1983.

Donner, Neal, and Daniel B. Stevenson, The Great Calming and Contemplation, Honolulu: University of Haiwaii Press, 1993.

Hurvitz, Leon, Chih-I (538-597): An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of a Chinese Buddhist Monk. Melanges Chinois et Couddhiques XII, Bruxelles: Institut Belge des Hautes tudes Chinoises, 1962.-----------------, Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma, New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.

Ikeda Rosan, Shokai Makashikan, 3 vols, Tokyo: Daizo Shuppan, 1996-1997.

Lamotte, tienne, Le Trait de la Grande Vertu de Sagesse de Nagarjuna (Mahaprajnaparamitasastra), Louvain: Bibliothque du Muson, 1944-1980.

Mathews, R. H., Mathew's Chinese-English Dictionary, Cambridge: Havard University Press [revised American Edition], 1943.

McRae, John, The Northern School and the Formation of Early Ch'an Buddhism, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986.

Nakamura Haijime, ed., Bukkyogo daijiten, 3 vols, Tokyo: Tokyo Shoseki, 1981.

Sato Tetsuei, Tendai Daishi no kenkyu. Tokyo: Hyakka'en, 1961 (reprint 1979).

Sekiguchi Shindai, Doruma Daishi no kenkyu. Tokyo: Sankibo Busshorin, 1957.----------------------, Tendai shoshikan no kenkyu. Tokyo: Sankibo Busshorin, 1954. ----------------------, Shikan no kenkyu. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1975.

Swanson Paul L., Foundations of T'ien T'ai Philosophy: The Flowering of the Two Truths Theory in Chinese Buddhism, Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1989.

Tamura, Yokiro, Meiso to Tendai shiso: Zen to shikan (source unknown), pp. 164-183.

Wang Huei-hsin, Zhiyi's Interpretation of the Concepts Dhyana in his Shi ch'an boluomi tsidi famen, Ph. D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, 2001.

Yamauchi Shun'yu, Zen to Tendai shikan: Zazengi to Tendai shoshikan no hikaku kenkyu. Tokyo: Daizo shuppan, 1986.

Yanagita Seizan, Shoki zenshu shisho no kenkyu. Kyoto: hozokan, 1967.-------------------, Shoki zenshu to shikan shiso. In Sekiguchi 1975, pp. 253-268.

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Lun II

PHT TNH

S TNG TC CA CHN L, TR TU, V HNH TRTRONG T TNG THIN THAI TR KHI

(Paul L. Swanson)

Khi nim v Pht Tnh, rng tt c chng sinh vn sn c kh nng thnh Pht, l mt ch quan trng qua cc cuc tranh lun ca truyn thng Thin Thai trong nhng giai on thi gian v sau, a n nhng suy lun ng k. T tng ni bt trong cc cuc tranh bin ny l t tng v Pht Tnh c trong tt c vn vt, k c nhng vt v tnh nh c cy, ni i, si ca tn gi Trm Nhin (711-782), chim mt ch ng quan trng trong truyn thng Pht gio Trung Hoa v Nht Bn33c Chin kang pei (b), Taisho 46, 781-786. c lun ca Heng-ching Shih trong chng ny.

. Tuy nhin, khc vi truyn thng t tng ca Thin Thai Tng trong giai on v sau, r rng rng danh t Pht Tnh chnh n khng c t m trong cc tc phm ca Tr Khi, l v khai t ca Thin Thai Tng34Vi mt quan im hon ton khc bit, c lun tin s Tr Khi v Trung Qun ca Yu kuan Ng, trnh by ti Mc Master University. Yu kuan Ng hng bin rng ci m ng gi l Trung o-Pht Tnh l t tng trng tm trong trit hc ca Thin Thai Tr Khi. Mt khc, mt vi hc gi ngi Nht tranh lun rng nhiu t tng lin quan n Pht Tnh m ngi i sau a v cho Tr Khi, c bit vi mn ca i s l tn gi Qun nh tng ng vi nhng i th hc gi thuc Tam Lun Tng. c Hakamaya Noriaki, Hongaku shiso hihan (Tokyo 1989), 16-20. Vi nhng nghin cu v cc phn ngi i sau c th thm vo cho nhng tc phm ca Thin Thai i S, c bit Php Hoa Vn C, c Shun'ei, Hokke mongu no seiritsu ni kansuru kenkyu.

. [Pht Tnh] khng phi l ch chim nhiu trang giy trong cc tc phm ln nh Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, v Maha Ch Qun ca Thin Thai i S. Trong khi tam (Khng, Gi, v Trung o) a ra nhng cu trc khun mu vi mt h thng Pht gio s v a dng v gio l v thc hnh, Pht tnh th li khng thy c gii thch chi tit nh vy35V Tam , c Nn Tng Pht hc Thin Thai Tng ca Paul Swanson - T Hoa Nht Tu Tm dch, 2009.

. Nh tam , y cn l mt khi nim quan trng i vi gio v hnh trong Pht hc Thin Thai Tng ca Tr Khi i S, vi ngha rng Pht tnh ng ngha vi gio l nht tha ekayana trong kinh Php Hoa, l php tuyt nh c thuyt ra. Pht tnh, vi ngha ny, l mt phn trong nn tng Pht hc Thin Thai Tng vn c a v cho Tr Khi. Cu hi k tip c a ra l: Pht tnh mun ni ln iu g, v ngha ca Pht tnh i vi gio v hnh trong Pht php l g?. iu ti mun a ra l, vi Thin Thai Tr Khi, Pht tnh khng phi l mt thc ti l m l mt tin trnh ba mt phn nh o l, tr tu nhn o l nh n thc s l, v ng li thc hnh chng t tr tu ny. Pht Tnh l mt mt c ba np gp: ba kha cnh h tng gia chn, tu, v hnh mt kha cnh chnh n khng to c ngha g nu thiu hai kha cnh kia. Ni tm li, ba mt chn, tu, v hnh phi c nhn trong mt ton th hi nhp; chng gi ln nhau, v khng t to nn ngha ring r no. S vt nh n l phi by, (v chng c B ) qua s thng t ca tr tu, trn nhng ng li thc hnh c v ra. Mt trong s rt t nhng lp lun v Pht tnh ca Thin Thai Tr Khi, v l lun c kho hi ha vo nn tng trit hc ca i s nh mt ton th, l cu trc v ba mt Pht tnh trong tc phm Php Hoa Huyn Ngha; d rng s gii thch ny ch chim mt phn ngn trong mt chng di ni v tam 36Taisho 33, 741b-746c

. V vy, khi nim v Pht tnh l thnh phn trong mt kt cu tng qut, qua , nhng khi nim khc nhau vijnana, trikaya, triratna... c gii thch xuyn qua ba mt chn, tu, v hnh. Theo , ti s trnh by khi nim v ba mt Pht tnh ca Thin Thai Tr Khi qua ba mt chn, tu, v hnh.

TAM C TRNH BY QUA MI MC

trnh vic i qu xa ch Pht tnh, trc ht ti s ni v mi mc m Thin Thai Tr Khi dng cu trc ba mt gii thch. Trong vn mch trn, i s a ra ci nhn Pht tnh ba mt, v c th hiu c ba mt Pht tnh ca Tr Khi, chng ta cn nhn thy cch b cc ny c p dng nhng ch khc ra sao. Cch thc dng lp cu trc ba mt bt u vi ci i s gi l tam qu phm . Thin Thai Tr Khi dng tn gi qu phm bi v y l ba mt ph by ca vn vt; vi ngha chn l c t nh trong mt khun mu nh vy. Khun mu nn tng ny c biu th qua mi khi nim, tt c c gii thch qua hai mt t v tn37Taisho, 741b11

. Tam qu phm l: (1) chn tnh, tc ng li s vt l, d con ngi bit hoc khng bit iu ny; (2) qun chiu, dit vng qua chn tnh hin l; v (3) t thnh, ch cho thc hnh t c tr tu ny. Chng ta cn lu rng Thin Thai Tr Khi nhn mnh trn c hai mt t v tn ca nhng yu t ny. Nh i s thng ni, ba trong mt, v mt trong ba. Theo t ng ca Thin Thai Tng:Ch c mt Pht tha. Mt Pht tha duy nht ny lin quan n mt chn l c ba mt . y cng gi l nht ngha , nht ngha Khng, v Nh Lai tng. Ba khng phi l ba; c mt trong ba. Mt khng hn l mt m c ba trong mt. Ch ny vt trn li hiu thuc khi nim, y l ch chng ng, chng bit, v nh ba chm trong mt mu t Phn ng hoc con mt ca Isvara38Taisho 33741b13-17. Hnh nh ny thng c Thin Thai Tr Khi dng biu th s t tn ca ba-trong-mt, mt-trong-ba. Nguyn m i trong Phn ng, v ba con mt ca Isvara nh mt hnh ba gc, cho thy ba mt quy v mt nh th no. Th d, ba con mt ca Isvara, hai con mt nh ngi i, v mt con mt cao hn mt cht gia trn, c th c hiu nh khi hi v mt, khi khai ra ba. Hai n d ly t kinh i Bt Nit Bn (Taisho 12, 616b11-17).

. Thin Thai Tr Khi dn chng kinh i Bt Nit Bn: Pht tnh l... mt v chng phi mt, chng phi mt chng phi chng phi mt39Taisho 12, 770b20-25. Nguyn vn dn chng t kinh i Bt Nit Bn nh sau: Thin nam t, Pht tnh l rupa v khng l rupa, chng l rupa cng chng khng l rupa. C tng v khng c tng; chng c tng cng chng khng c tng. L mt v khng l mt; chng l mt cng chng khng l mt. Khng thng, khng on; chng khng thng, cng chng khng on. L hu v l bt hu; chng l hu cng chng l bt hu. L dit v l bt dit; chng l dit cng chng l bt dit. L nhn v l qu; chng l nhn cng chng l qu. C ngha v khng ngha; cng chng c ngha cng chng khng ngha. L li v khng li; chng l li cng chng l khng li.

. i s gii thch rng Pht tnh l mt v tt c chng sinh [c phn] trong nht tha (ekayana, tc tt c chng sinh u c kh nng thnh Pht), v cch din t ny ni ra c nht ngha (paramarthasatya)40Taisho 33, 741b18-19.

. Pht tnh khng phi l mt c ngha rng c v s php (tc s phn phi ca gi hu), ch ny ni n Nh Lai tng41Taisho 33, 741b19-20.

. Pht tnh chng phi mt chng phi chng phi mt [c ngha rng chng phi c mt] s hi t c nh hoc mt s phn tn c nh; c mt chn l vi ba tn gi.42Taisho 33, 741b20-22.

iu ny khng [c ni rng] c ba chn l, m l mt thc ti c ba mt. Biu tng ba-mt ny, v ch ba-trong-mt v mt-trong-ba, lin h n khi nim tam- ca Thin Thai Tr Khi, v lm sng t biu trong trang sau.Ni dung mi lot ca tam . Thin Thai i s lit k v gii thch l do chn la theo th t trn nh sau: (1) Ba-mt ca con ng lun hi l php cn bn, v vy nn ghi xung trc. Nu hnh gi mun ngc dng lun hi, ngi y phi hiu (2) ba-mt thc, bit (3) ba-mt Pht tnh, gic (4) ba-mt tu, pht (5) ba-mt tr tu B , thc hnh (6) ba-mt i tha, chiu soi (7) ba-mt thn, vin thnh (8) ba-mt Nit Bn. (9) Ba-mt bo lm li ch cho tt c chng sinh, v khi chng sinh hon mn vic t v tha, chng sinh y s nhp (10) ba-mt c, v tr trong ba-mt mt tng B .43Taisho 33, 744-28.

Ba-mt Lun hi, dng th nht trong mi dng ch cho kh o, phin no o v nghip o. C kh th a n tri buc v m lm (ngc dng tr tu), to thnh hnh nghip, i su vo no d khng bit u l ch tn cng. y l vng vy ca con ngi. Nhng loi theo sau l nhng ch a n chng ng vin mn vt thot vng vy ny, vin thnh Pht o.Dng th hai l ba-mt Thc, l thc Am ma la (th chn), thc A li da (th tm), v thc A na (th by). Ba-mt thc ny vt trn tin ng thc (nm thc u), v thc (th su). y, chng ta thy rng Thin Thai Tr Khi nghing v hc thuyt a ra chn thc ca S-lun hn l hc thuyt a ra tm thc thng thy ca nhm a-lun44Thin Thai Tr Khi hn bit c nhiu li gii thch khc nhau v cc th lp cao ca thc. c Php Hoa Huyn Ngha (Taisho 33, 744b-c) v lun gii ca i s vi kinh Duy Ma Ct (Taisho 38, 553a). y l mt lun rt thm su khng th ni ht y. c phn c kt ca Stanley Weinstain, The Concept of alaya-vijnana in Pre-t'ang Chinese Buddhism in Yuki kyoju shoju kinen: bukkjo shisoshi ronshu (Tokyo, 1964), 33-50.

. Thc Am ma la l v cu v thanh tnh thc, hp ha vi chn tnh; A li da l tng thc, hp vi cc kha cnh ca tr tu; v A na tn tr ht ging thin v bt thin, hp vi mt thc hnh45iu ng ch y l mc d Thin Thai Tr Khi rt quen thuc vi nhng khi nim ca phi Yogacara nhng li khng ni nhiu n phi ny. Dng nh i s ngh rng truyn thng Yogacara, hc t nht l Mahayanasangraha, khng cn bng v qu thin v mt ch ngha thuc trng c thay v ch dn v mt thc hnh c th rt cn chng c B nh trong kinh dy. C ln i s so snh ng li ging dy ca Mahayanasangraha, c bit nhng mc lun chi tit v Pht hnh, vi mt ngi ngho ch bit m tin ca ch. c Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, Taisho 33, 704c13.

. Thin Thai Tr Khi tn tm ch r, tuy nhin, ba thc ny thc ra ch l ba mt ca mt thc, ba-trong-mt v mt-trong-ba nh ni trn.Dng th ba l ba-mt Pht tnh, s c gii thch trong mc k tip.Dng th t l ba-mt Tr tu bt nh: thc tnh bt nh ch cho tt c cc php (sarvadharma) c tip nhn mt cch chnh xc qua tr tu bt nh. Qun chiu bt nh ch cho tr tu qun chiu thc ti nh n l. Vn t bt nh ch cho nhng din t bng ch v li, cng nh nhng phng tin (upaya) bt nh thin xo khc46Taisho 33, 744c27-745a4. Cch phn loi ny da vo mt ch gii trong i Tr Lun (Taisho 44, 669a-c).

.Dng th nm l ba-mt Tr tu B : thc tnh B ch cho chn l c tip nhn mt cch chnh xc qua tr tu B . Thc tr B ch cho tr tu tip nhn thc ti nh n l. Phng tin B ch cho nhng thin hnh t tr tu B trong ci con ngi, nh l trnh chng c Tam miu tam b v hong php ca c Pht Thch Ca47Taisho 33, 745a14-17. Cch phn loi ny dng nh cn c vo mt an vn trong Sad-dharmapundarrikasutropadesa a ra tam B theo trikaya. c Taisho 26, 9b11-19.

.Dng th su l ba-mt i tha: L tha (tathata), Ty tha tc ty l vn chuyn, v c tha tc thc hnh t c tr tu. Kinh Php Hoa48c Taisho 9, 8a 23-24. Leon Hurvitz dch nh sau: c Pht chnh ngi tr trong i tha, bt c cc php no ngi chng c u trang nghim t tr tu thin nh kin c.... The Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma (New York, 1976), 34.

cng ni n tam tha, ba mt ca mt chn l. L tha, l i tha ni c Thch Ca Mu Ni tr; ty tha trang nghim vi thin nh v tr tu; v c tha tc cc php chng c qua con ng thc hnh49Taisho 33, 745a 26-28. Danh t ny dng nh mn t li phn chia ba mt ca i tha trong Mahayana-sangrahabhasya, trong cc bi lun v Mahayanasangra ca ngi Vasubandhu do Paramartha dch. c Taisho 31, 234c 21-24.

.Dng th by l ba-mt Thn l Php thn tc thn ca l php, Bo thn tc thn c t ca s tu tp tr tu, v ng ha thn tc thn ca s tu tp cc php cng c. Dng th tm l ba-mt Nit bn l Tnh tnh Nit bn tc thc tng cc php khng nhim, khng tnh; Vin tnh Nit bn tc tr tu rt ro, vng nim dt tr; Phng tin tnh Nit bn tc c cm, ng hin hot dng cu vt chng sinh trong khi bt nhim nh ci ht la tt50Taisho 33, 745b27-c2

. Dng th chn l ba-mt Bo tc Pht l bc chng c tr tu, Php l chn l nh th, v Tng l nhng ngi i con ng Pht [i].Dng th mi l ba-mt c tc Php thn, Bt nh, v Gii thot51Da vo mt on kinh i Bt Nit Bn. c Taisho 12, 616b11-17.

. Cng th, php thn ch cho chn l nh th, bt nh l tr tu hiu ng chn l ny, v gii thot l chng c tr tu ny.

BA-MT PHT TNH

Ba-mt (hoc tam nhn) Pht tnh gm c (1) chnh nhn B , hp vi chn tnh; (2) liu nhn B , hp vi tr tu, v (3) duyn nhn B , hp vi thc hnh. Pht tnh nh chnh nhn ch cho nng lc thnh Pht vn c trong mi chng sinh52Taisho 744b12-13.

. Thin Thai Tr Khi dn chng mt on kinh Php Hoa khi ng trng gi tuyn b cho mi ngi chung quanh bit r v l lch chn thc ca ngi con lu lc trnh by ch ny: Ngi chnh thc l con ca ta; ta chnh thc l cha ngi53n d ngi cng t trong kinh Php Hoa, Taisho 9, 17b13-14. c Hurvitz, Scripture 88.

. on kinh trn biu th Pht tnh v mt chn l. Bi v tt c chng sinh vn sn c kh nng thnh Pht, y gi l chnh nhn chng c B .Hai mt kia ca Pht tnh c trnh by qua n d ht chu ct trong cho o: Ta, t lu xa tng dy cc ng o v thng, v th... li nguyn [chng c] nht thit tr vn cha mt54Na cu sau trong Taisho 9, 29a 18-19. Hurvitz dch: Cho nn li nguyn i vi nht thit tr cha h mt (Scipture of the Lotus Blossom, 165).

. Thin Thai Tr Khi ly ch tr tu trong on kinh vn ny biu th Pht tnh nh liu-nhn B , vi ngha rng tr tu chiu soi chn tnh; v ly ch nguyn biu th Pht tnh nh duyn-nhn B , vi ngha rng s thc hnh cn thit c th chng c tr tu ny.Thin Thai Tr Khi tip tc dn chng kinh Php Hoa trnh by ba-mt Pht tnh: li tuyn b ca Thng Bt Khinh B Tt: Ti khng dm khinh thng cc ng v tt c cc ng s thnh Pht biu th chnh nhn B , tc tt c chng sinh u sn c kh nng thnh Pht. Bn nhm tng nhn v c s, l nhng ngi vo lc xua ui Thng Bt Khinh B tt; v sau tr li tng c kinh in..., v chng c Pht tu. y l ch biu th Pht tnh nh liu-nhn B . V s c hnh theo m thnh tu biu th Pht tnh nh duyn-nhn B 55Lotus sutra, Taisho 9, 50c-51b; ibid., 280-282.

.Li phn chia ba-mt v nhng danh t Thin Thai Tr Khi dng thng c hiu khi ngun t nhng on kinh i Bt Nit Bn56c Taisho 12, 775-776.

. Tuy nhin, kinh i Bt Nit Bn ni v hai-mt Pht tnh; v ngun cm hng a n bc tranh ba-mt dng nh t Thin Thai i S. Mt on kinh i Bt Nit Bn ni: Bch Th Tn, Khi c Th Tn ni rng c hai loi nhn l [chnh] nhn v duyn nhn, loi nhn no l Pht tnh ca chng sinh?.Ny thin nam t! Cng c hai loi nhn i vi Pht tnh ca chng sinh. Th nht l chn [chnh] nhn, v th hai l duyn nhn. Chnh nhn ch cho tt c chng sinh, v duyn nhn ch cho s tu hnh lc 57Taisho 12, 775b26-29.

.

n y, chng ta ch c hai trong ba i vi Pht tnh ba-mt ca Thin Thai Tr Khi. Tuy nhin, trong mt on kinh i Bt Nit Bn khc theo sau, chng ta thy rng duyn-nhn ng vi liu-nhn58Taisho 12, 776b4

. y, ba tn gi c thy ghi li trong kinh i Bt Nit Bn, nhng cu trc ba-mt, v s gii thch v nhng tn gi ny th bt ngun t Thin Thai i S.Nh vy, Thin Thai Tr Khi c hoi bo g khi a ra ba-mt Pht tnh?. i khi nhng g i s pht ha dng nh t mt s lin tng qu phong ph [d tr thnh tng tng], nhng trong , nh ca i s th khng phi l mt iu m h. Thin Thai Tr Khi mun [hnh gi] nhn din c Pht tnh qua nguyn l ekayana ca kinh Php Hoa, rng tt c chng sinh u c kh nng c qu v Pht. Pht tnh c nhn c ba kha cnh: th nht, o l nh th, tc nng lc chng qu Pht sn c ca tt c chng sinh d bit hay khng bit; th hai, tr tu v mc tiu hnh tr; v th ba, s thc hnh cn thit c th c c tr tu ny. Pht tnh khng phi l mt thc ti bt ng m l mt tin trnh hnh ng mt s phi hp v iu ha ca tam v nht th qua chn l, tr tu, v thc hnh59C th rng khun thc ny c mang i su vo thn hc Thin Cha vi t tng v tam v nht th: ngi cha l chn l, ngi con l tr tu ti sinh, v thnh thn mang thin hnh vo i sng hng ngy?. Ti dnh li cu tr li vo mt dp khc.

. Mt khc, Pht tnh tr li nh mt atman, mt phn i vi nn tng t tng Pht gio.Hn na, ba-mt Pht tnh ny ty thun nhau, khng t to ngha nu ng ring r. Khng th c mt ha hn n c ni t Pht m khng cn tu hnh; tu hnh khng c ngha nu khng c s ha hn n c nc Pht. Kh nng tim n c sn, nhng phi c vn m. Ba trong mt, v mt trong ba.

KT LUN

Chng ta thy Thin Thai Tr Khi trnh by t tng ca i s v ba-mt Pht tnh nh th no qua li gii thch mt s khi nim truyn thng Pht hc lin quan n tam php. Lp ra ba-mt nn tng L, Tr, Hnh; v s tng tc gia ba mt ny l b ra ngoi cu tr li khng nh i vi cu hi Pht tnh hin hu hoc khng hin hu. Vi Thin Thai Tr Khi, Pht tnh, ng ngha vi ekayana l min t ha bnh ng dnh cho tt c chng sinh, khng phi l mt ci g l thiu sinh ng c th ni rng khng thc s c mt. Pht tnh l mt phn ca th gii bao la hn th gii ca thc nghim, gm thu tam php, v lin quan n ba kha cnh: s vt nh th, tr tu tip nhn chnh xc s vt, v ng hng thc hnh c c loi tr tu ny. C th khng ng ch nu a ra cu hi rng cu tr li ca Thin Thai Tr Khi i vi vn nn ni ting ca Thin tng Con ch c Pht tnh hay khng l g?. Tm li, cu hi ny ra i mt khong thi gian kh lu v sau trong nhng bin c x hi v lch s hon ton khc nhau. Nhng nu chng ta on liu, th c th i s ly ch ng ca trung o tr li rng: C v Khng, v nu trong ng hng tranh bin th s tip tc vi tiu chun ca trng phi Trung qun: , thc ra th C; Khng; va C va Khng; v chng C cng chng Khng. Ring i vi bn th tt hn l nn thc hnh [php mn], v cn tinh tin chng ng Pht php vi diu . Hoc l qua tam , i s c th s ni: Khng c Pht tnh bi v vn php thiu [ci gi l] ch t, v t duyn khi; Pht tnh c vi ngha rng tt c chng sinh u c kh nng thnh Pht, v (theo kinh Php Hoa) hn nhin s thnh Pht; chng ng c c hai iu trn tc Trung o. Ch ngha v m phm, c th, khng ghi m nt nh mt ch V bao gm tt c nn tng. V a s ch tm ca con ngi tr li vi s quan trng ca cc phng php hnh tr chn chnh c th nhn ra c Pht tnh tim n trong mi ngi.

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PHN TCH V TAM CA THIN THAI TR KHI

Nn tngLTr Hnh

Tam qu Chn tnh Qun chiu T thnh

Tam Trung Khng Gi

1. Tam o Kh o Phin no o Nghip o

2. Tam Thc Amala A li da A na

3. Tam Pht Tnh Chnh nhn Liu nhn Duyn nhn

4. Tam Bt Nh Thc tng Qun chiu Vn t

5. Tam B Thc tng Thc tr Phng tin

6. Tam i Tha L tha Ty tha c tha

7. Tam Thn Php thn Bo thn ng thn

8. Tam Nit Bn Tnh tnh Vin tnh Phng tin tnh

9. Tam Bo Php Pht Tng

10. Tam c Php thn Bt nh Gii thot

Lun III

CHUYN G ANG DIN BIN NI Y?

THIN THAI TR KHI DU H TRN VN NGHA

(Paul L. Swanson)

Khi bin son bn dch hai tc phm c nh hng ln ca Thin Thai Tr Khi (538-597) l Php Hoa Huyn Ngha , v Maha Ch Qun, mt trong nhng mi quan tm chnh ca ti l tm ra xut x nhng dn chng t cc bn kinh, v a nhng dn chng ny tr li ch ng thch hp trong dng vn. Dng nh vi ti, mt yu t quan trng trong vic phin dch v ch dn nhng dn chng khng tr nn l loi v lc bn dch khng nhng phi phn nh, m mt cch no , ng hp c vi mch vn a ra dn chng. Vic ny lin quan n cu hi v nguyn ngha ca on vn dn chng (nh thng c hiu), v xut x ca on vn dn chng thc s chnh xc hoc l c hon chuyn, ct xn, v thay i ngha.Ln d v so snh tm ngun gc nhng on kinh Thin Thai i S trng dn, i khi ti git mnh v dng nh xut x ghi li khng chnh xc. Chuyn ny a ra mt s nghi vn. Thin Thai Tr Khi thng cn c vo bn kinh no nht, v ti sao?. Khi nhng bn kinh ny c v nh b trng dn mt cch sai lc, th c th y l mt vic lm c chng?. Nu nh vy, ngha ca on vn l g, v vic ny ni ln iu g v t tng v bit ti sng to ca i s?. Chng ta phi p t bao xa nhng phng on v nhng l li tr thc hin nay i vi ngy xa?.Trong bi vit ny, ti s thm cu nhng on vn chn lc trong hai tc phm Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, v Maha Ch Qun, so snh cn thn nhng dn chng trong cc bn vn ca Thin Thai Tr Khi i vi nhng bn ca Taisho.60Nhng vn khc lin quan n li nhn nhng bn kinh Pht di hnh thc Taisho l nguyn bn s c bn n tip theo y. Cu hi ny c Paul Harrison a ra nhm vo kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui tuy rng li lp lun mt cch tng qut c th p dng vo tt c kinh in Pht gio: Khi chng ta ni n mt chn bn ting Phn, trc tin chng ta phi thy c rng chng ta ang ng chp nhn mt bn vn khng thc s chnh xc. Bi v khng th no c hoc c mt bn Bt Chu Tam Mui nguyn vn t ting Phn c bin son vo khong u k nguyn m vn gi c chn bn qua nhiu ln c phin dch qua ngn ng Trung Hoa v Ty Tng. Mt cch tng qut, chng ta cng bit rng bao nhiu th k kinh in i tha tri qua nhiu s thay hnh, i dng, pht huy, c kt, khai thc v chuyn ha qua nhng giai on gio php khc nhau. Nhng bn dch kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui cn tn ti ngy nay cho thy bn vn bin dng mt cch ng k... V th chng ta cn nhn ra rng khi chng ta ni n mt chn bn ca kinh Bt Chu tam Mui, thc s chng ta mun ch cho bn kinh ngun gc Phn vn cha tng i khc thay v mt bn vn ring r no mt dng sng hn l mt ci h. (Harrison 1990, xxxiv)

Sau , ti s lun v cch thc v ngha trong vic s dng kinh vn ca i s.Thm vo nhng nhn xt ni trn lin quan n cc phng php Thin Thai Tr Khi dng ch gii cc bn kinh i s [c trong tay], ti rt c gng c th phin dch chnh xc theo li vn thi nay nhng tc phm ca i s ti cng mong mun ni n (nh phn ph ch) mt li nhn khc i vi mc ny, tc l nhng vn ti gp phi trong khi bin son nhng lun v cc tc phm ca Thin Thai Tr Khi qua Nht ng v Anh ng. Ti vit v ti ny di dng Nht ng trc kia, n nay ch vit li cng ti di dng Anh ng. Ti bt cht khm ph ra rng khng khi no c th vit cng mt trang giy vi hai ngn ng khc nhau tc l ti khng ch lm ci vic gin d l dch cc bi vit ting Nht [sang ting Anh]. Ngay c ni cng mt chuyn ti mun ni vi hai ngn ng, ti cng kh lm c. Ti ngh n nhng ngi phi s dng thm mt ngn ng khc khi lm vic (hoc ngay c vi cng mt ngn ng nhng vi hai li [din t] xa v nay), c bit cc loi ngn ng khng lin h g vi nhau. Ngm ngh v nhng l do a n hin tng kh ni ny khin ti ngh ra mt s yu t gp phn, mc d c th s mc ln ln nhau: s khc bit v tng t gia nhng t hoc m a ng tng ca ngi c qua nhiu ng r; s khc bit trong t tng, nn tng vn ha, v trong nhng m hnh trang ct cng vo ngn ng; v nhng khc bit trong hng thnh gi to nn nh hng i vi chiu hng, [mc ] tun chy, v ni dung ca bui ni chuyn. Ti i n kt lun rng nhng yu t ny u quan trng nh nhau i vi vic thm cu v phin dch nhng bn vn xa, a ra s tranh lun quan trng chng li kin cho rng li dch thng tng ch mt mi trnh by ng n bn vn. Ch ny cng hm cha ci hiu ca ring chng ti i vi nhng tc phm ca Thin Thai Tr Khi, cng nh i vi uy tn v cch thc i s s dng cc bn kinh.

PHN TCH CHI TIT V NG LI THIN THAI TR KHI S DNG BN KINH

Cch thc u tin ca ti khi so snh nhng bn vn ca Thin Thai Tr Khi vi xut x nhng on kinh i s dn chng l chia ch v chp v bn vn theo li xa. Phng php ny khin bn vn b ct ra tng mnh v a vo tng ct; sau li ct tng on kinh dn chng ra, v a vo nhng ct ny khi thy chng tng ng. Cch thc lm vic ny khng nhng khin cho s so snh c chi li v thu o m cn c th cho thy khi qut v ng hng ca bn vn, a ra ci nhn v s cn xng ca phn dn chng i vi bn vn, v cung cp nhng xut x su rng, c li cho vic tham cu v sau. Sau y l phn phn tch v nhng on vn tiu biu61Dng ch on vn tiu biu ti mun ni rng hu ht nhng mc khc trong cc tc phm ca Thin Thai Tr Khi, c bit Maha Ch Qun v Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, c th c kho st vi kt qu tng t, v nhng on vn khng a ra mt cch c on chng minh iu t xc nh trc . Ti c trnh nhng on vn trong tc phm Php Hoa Vn C (T50, 1915) v vi ti, dng nh trong thi gian nhun sc, tn gi Qun nh c a t tng ca s Ct Tng vo bn vn (c Hirai, 1985). Ti khng th t cho rng mnh c ht ton b t tng ca Thin Thai i S, tuy nhin, vi s gii hn ca ti i vi nhng tc phm trc ca i s nh Th Thin Mn (T50, 1916), Tiu Ch Qun (T50, 1915), v nhng cm nang nghi l khc, cng nh nhng lun v kinh Duy Ma Ct, khin ti tin rng kt lun ca ti c th dng cho tt c nhng ch khc.

, hu ht t hai tc phm ln l Maha Ch Qun v Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, cho thy cch s dng kinh vn ca Thin Thai Tr Khi. I. Pht tnh [l ci c th] dy cho chng sinh c hay khng, thy trong bi gii thiu ca tn gi Qun nh62Bi v hu nh khng th no phn bit c trong cc tc phm Maha Ch Qun v Php Hoa Huyn Ngha m tn gi Qun nh nhun sc, a v cho ai, ti nhn Thin Thai Tr Khi v Qun nh l mt ngi, hoc l ni cng mt ting ni. Mc d ti rt mun bit nguyn vn cu ni ca Thin Thai i S (trong bui thuyt ging ti o trng), nhng phi nhn nhn rng ci m chng ta gi l tc phm ca Thin Thai Tr Khi lin h n nhiu th lp bn vn c c hu ht (nhng khng phi ton th) t vic ghi chp v hiu nh ca tn gi Qun nh, c chp nhn v gii thch di nhiu nhm hc gi Thin Thai Tng [ khp ni, th d, Nht Bn], khng ch gii hn tng lp tu s Thin Thai Tng. Nh vy, chnh xc hn, bi vit ny ca ti nn c t ta l Gi th ph bnh v cch dng kinh in (nu tn gi ny c php dng trong cc bn vn Pht gio) ca Thin Thai Tr Khi trong nhng tc phm do tn gi Qun nh hiu nh v nhun sc, v truyn trao qua cc truyn thng Thin Thai, nu chng ta c th a ra s khc bit khi nhng bn vn ny c bin son v pht hnh ch trong h thng Taisho Tripikata; nhng ti chn gi li mt ta ngn gn, n gin hn nh vy.

trong Maha Ch Qun (T46, 3a 11-b2). Phn ny tr li nghi vn: Lm th no c th thuyt ging v Pht tnh l ci bt t ngh, vt trn ngn t, v chng ta c nn c cng lm [vic thuyt ging ny] chng?. Nhng nghi vn trng dn li kinh rng khng th no dng ngn t din t Php (Kinh Php Hoa, T9, 10a-4), bt kh thuyt (kinh i Bt Nit Bn, T12, 733c9-20), v bt kh thuyt, bt kh t ngh (Kinh Duy Ma Ct, T14, 548a 8-11 hoc 540a 17-21). Tn gi Qun nh tr li bng cch trng dn 12 on trong cng nhng quyn kinh m bn nghi vn a ra, cng nh t nhng bn kinh vn khc (nh Mula-madhyamaka- karika,Visesacinti-brahma-pariprccha-sutra, Pravara-devaraja-pariprccha-sutra) nhn mnh rng Pht tnh l ci c th dy c. Nhng im sau y rt ng lu :

1. Dng chnh on kinh bn nhng ngi a nghi vn dn chng, cho thy rng thc s on kinh ny hm cha ngha Pht tnh l ci c th dy c.

a. Bn a nghi vn m u cu hi vi mt on trong phm Phng Tin kinh Php Hoa, mc d khng ni r y l on kinh dn chng. Tn gi Qun nh a ra phn dn chng th ba nm ngay dng kinh tip theo on kinh m i phng a ra, ch ra cho ngi thy rng Pht thng dng phng tin thin xo thuyt php (T9, 10a5).

b. Tn gi Qun nh trc ht dn chng on kinh i Bt Nit Bn, gm c nhng dng kinh i phng a ra, rng: v nhn duyn m thuyt (T12.733c 19-20).

c. Phn dn chng lin quan n kinh Duy Ma Ct ca bn a ra nghi vn thy ghi trong dn chng th 7 ca tn gi Qun nh, rng: gii thot [khng]63Nh Stevenson v Donner ni: Thy r rng bn vn Maha Ch Qun hng ti y, khng k n s ph nhn quan trng v kinh Duy Ma Ct c a ra qua bn Taisho, khin Maha Ch Qun nn c c l: khng la. Mt ghi ch vit tay chen vo gia bn g ehon trong ti liu ca L. Hurvitz khin r hn. c Donner 1976, 82, v Donner and Stevenson 1993, 125-26.

khc tnh ca vn t (T46.3a 24-25) (c phn tranh lun theo sau).2. Mt vi vn :a. Tn gi Qun nh trng dn n d v mu ca cht sa trong kinh i Bt Nit Bn (T12, 688c 15-24) nhn mnh rng chn (paramartha-satya) c th c thuyt ging. Tuy nhin, n d trong kinh ghi rng vic c cng gii thch mu sa cho ngi m [bng cch dng nhng vt tng t nh] v s, bt go, tuyt, chim hc trng... khng th thnh cng v ngi m cha tng nhn thy c mu trng. Kinh kt lun rng ngi y thc khng bit c mu ca sa, cng nh vic c cng ni v cc tnh thng, lc, ng, tnh ca Nit Bn cho mt ngi ngoi o, th nhng ngi ny s khng bao gi hiu. Nh vy, mc d cc n d a ra s dung hp vic dng vn ngn gii thch iu [m chnh ra] phi c trc nghim, y vn cn l ting vang vng chng minh rng chn c th c thuyt ging.

b. Thng Thin Vng bt nh ba la mt a kinh (Pravara-devaraja-pariprccha-sutra) c dn chng: Mc d tnh ca la ni l v ngn, nhng vn t [c th lm cng vic] biu hin c [ ngha] ca la ni (T8, 720c5-6); v tn gi Qun nh cho rng ch ny trnh by th (samvrti-satya) c th c thuyt ging. Tuy nhin, hai dng kinh tip theo sau dng kinh trn li ni rng: i tr tu bt nh lc th vt trn ch v li.c. Cu tr li ca tn gi Qun nh v phn dn chng t kinh Duy Ma Ct ca i phng da vo t nht l t hai on kinh. Thng th a v on kinh trong phm th ba, T14.540c18-20, gn cu dn chng th hai ca i phng. Chc chn rng nhng t tm thy trong Maha Ch Qun hu ht l nhng t thy ghi trong on kinh ny, ngoi vic lt qua bn ch quan trng l V Hu Vn T, v nhm ch ny nhn mnh trn s c lp ca gii thot vt trn ch v li. Mt khc, on vn (T14, 548a 11-15) theo lin sau cu dn chng th nht ca i phng trong phm th 7, kinh Duy Ma Ct, dng nhng t khc ni cng mt (tt c ngn ng, vn t u l tng gii thot), lm vng vng lp trng ca Thin Thai Tr Khi trong tc phm Maha Ch Qun, trong cu khng th ni gii thot tch ri ngn t. Nh vy, mc d cc ch dng trong cu [dn chng] ca phm th 3 kinh Duy Ma Ct gn hn cu dn chng trong Maha Ch Qun, ni dung ca cu phi dng ngn t thuyt ngha gii thot th gn hn cu trong phm th 7. Thc kh m khng nh tn gi Qun nh mun ni n chng mc no c th c hai chng?.

3. Cc tiu tit khc:

a. Trong mt dn chng t kinh T ch Phm Thin S Vn Kinh (Visesacinti-brahma-pariprccha T15.50c15-16), ch thng c ghi l lun lun trong Maha Ch Qun. y chc chn l li thuc n lot v hai ch thot nhn tng t, nhng khng qu lm thay i ngha. b. Dn chng th 10 ca tn gi Qun nh t kinh Php Hoa (T9, 20a 15-20). Cc nhm ch (n, i, ngi, ng, lun thuyt diu php, v tun ma php) c ly t nhng th t khc nhau trong nguyn bn, nhng khng lm thay i ngha. y l mt th d c v khc thng t mt on vn thay v t mt dn chng trc tip t kinh Php Hoa.

c. Dn chng th 11 bt u bng cu kinh Php Hoa lun ni rng nhng khng dn chng kinh cho n cu tip theo64Donner v Stevenson (1993, 126) m t phn trc nh mt li vit li cng mt on vn c dn chng, nhng h cng phi th nhn rng khng hon ton xng nhau.

.

d. Ngoi ra, mt cch tng qut th nhng dn chng khc t cc bn kinh l chnh xc.

II. Thng ta tam mui v kinh Vn Th (T46. 11a-12a): Thin Thai Tr Khi da vo hai bn kinh gii thch thng ta tam mui l Vn Th S Li S Thuyt Maha Bt Nh Ba La Mt Kinh (Saptasatika-prajnaparamita-sutra, T. no. 233), v Vn Th S Li Vn Kinh (Manjusri-pariprccha, T. no.40, 468)65Phn c kt r rng v t tam mui, c Daniel Stevenson, The four kinds of samadhi in early T'ien T'ai Buddhism, Gregory 1986, 45-97.

. Ni dung bi ging hu ht da vo hai bn kinh ny mc d cc mc i khi khng ghi r l dn chng t kinh. Ch ny cng khng ngc nhin lm v Thin Thai Tr Khi tuyn b rng ch gii ca i s da vo hai bn kinh ny. iu quan trng cn a ra y l tc phm Maha Ch Qun thng vit tt v su kn, vic tham kho nguyn bn c th cung cp nhng chi tit cn thit lm sng t bn vn Maha Ch Qun.C mt on vn Thin Thai Tr Khi ging v Qun Nghip (T46, 11c25-12a1) rt ging vi Vn Th S Thuyt Kinh (T8, 728b-c), d rng on vn ny khng cho bit l dn chng kinh. y, tt c nhng cu vn u ly t kinh, nhng i s nhy t on ny qua on khc, phn ny qua phn khc m khng thy bn vn ghi l i s dng ch ly t kinh. Ngi c t hi c phi l v thnh chng qu quen thuc vi ni dung ca bn kinh, v c th t in vo ch trng cho nn i s ch cn ging lt qua; hoc l i s c dng nn ch chn nhng on kinh tng ng. Trong hai trng hp ny, ti thin v trng hp th nht nhiu hn, v th nn chng ta cn phi quen thuc vi ni dung cc bn kinh, v cc on kinh m Maha Ch Qun cn c vo c th hiu c tc phm ny mt cch y .

III. Thng hnh tam mui v Bt Chu Tam Mui (Pratyutpanna-samadhi-sutra)V thin hnh tam mui (T46, 12a 19-13a 23) cng nh trong phn II ni trn, ngoi nhng im c bit di y:

1. Tt c nhng dn chng trong phn ny hoc ly t kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui (T50. no. 418, esp. 13.904-909) l bn vn c v Bt Chu tam mui, cn gi l ch Pht lp tam mui hoc t Thp Tr lun (Dasabhumika-vibhasa-sastra, T. no. 1511, 13.20-122), c bit mc 25 ca bn vn ny (T26. 86a-90a), gm nhng bi lun v Bt Chu tam mui hoc nim Pht tam mui. Mt mt th y l iu c v khc l i vi Thin Thai Tr Khi, l ngi thng nhun sc cc bn vn ca i s vi nhng dn chng t cc bn kinh Php Hoa, i Bt Nit Bn, v i Tr Lun. Mt mt th cng khng c g ng ngc nhin, v y l phn phn tch v mt mc c bit l thng hnh tam mui, v hai bn vn Bt Chu tam mui, v Thp Tr Lun l nhng t liu quan trng cho vic thc tp.

2. Thay v dn chng ton b kinh hoc nguyn vn mt on lun di, Thin Thai Tr Khi thng c khuynh hng tm tt hoc chn la nhng cu c th biu th c ngha lin quan n phn gii thch. Cng vy, thay v b cc ni dung ca cc t liu ny theo th t sn c, i s thng i t ch ny sang ch khc, ri thng xuyn tr v on kinh chnh. Th d, trong on vn m u (12a 21-22) Thin Thai Tr Khi dng ch Pht lp l t thng thy trong kinh Bt Chu tam mui (903c13, 904b22, 905a4-5), v i thng vo on kinh 905c 16-18 trnh by ba c tnh v ci thy ca hnh gi. Li na, trong phn gii thch v nhng kha cnh ca (12b24-c28) trong tam mui ny (sau khi lun v Thn v Khu), i s cn c vo mt on vn di trong kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui (T13, 905a1-906a11), nhng i t phn ny sang phn khc, khng nht nh phi theo th t. Th d, i s lun v qun chiu 32 tng ho ca Pht (12b27), nhng kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui khng ni n ch ny cho n na on kinh (905b16), cng nh c nhiu cu dn chng c a ra phn sau trong khi thc s xut hin on kinh m u. Tm li, nhng cu kinh m i s chn lc trnh by ch chim khong 10% chiu di ca bn kinh, v s tm lc ca i s, vi mt cch thc no , hoc l vi ch thch, hoc l vi phn thm vo bn vn lm r ngha, lm chnh xc v y nhng lin quan i vi phng php tu tp. C nhiu ch Thin Thai Tr Khi ni nhng cu ngn gn v mt lot n d hoc nhng mc ca bn vn, nhng cu ngn gn ny t n kh r ngha nu ngi c khng quen thuc vi ni dung hoc vi nhng on vn di hn ly t nguyn bn. Th d, s phn tch ca i s v tam mui ny qua gi lin h n su n d t kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui (905a-c). n d th nht c dng nh sau: V nh trong mng ngi kia vui mng khi thy c by loi chu ngc, quyn thuc; sau khi tnh gic, ngi y c nh li, nhng khng bit c nhng cnh thy c [tan bin] vo u. Hy tng nim Pht cng mt cch nh vy.(12c8-10). Cch gin lc ca Thin Thai Tr Khi khin ngi c kh [hnh dung c] vai tr ca n d i vi s tng nim ch Pht, nhng mt ch gii y c thy trong Dasabhumika-vibhasa-sastra (905a-c), gii thch rng hnh gi nim Pht tng t nh mng, trong thy ngc ng, quyn thuc... Khi dch on vn ny, mt on vn hoc mt ch thch y cn i km theo lm r ngha 66Bn phin dch y t bn kinh Ty tng, c Harrison 1990, 32.

. Thm mt ln na, Thin Thai Tr Khi kt thc tt c [nhng g ni] trong mc ny vi s xc quyt: Nu con ngi khng vun trng mt php [thin] nh vy, con ngi s mt i v lng ca bu khin tri v ngi s bun ru. V nh mt ngi nght mi ngi hng chin n nhng khng cm nhn c hng v, hoc nh mt ngi dn qu ch mun i mt ch b con ly ht chu ma ni v gi. (T46. 13A 21-23). C hai ngi trong n d ny ngi nght mi v ngi dn qu cng thy ghi trong mt lot n d trong kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui (907a-908b). C hai u c tm lc v ch khi no c ton b ch gii trong kinh67Bn dch ca ti c thm vo. Bn dch ni trn l mt li dung ha gia mt li dch theo st vn t v mt li dch m rng ( ngha).[theo vn t]: V nh mt ngi dn qu mun i mt con b ly ht chu.[dch y theo n d trong kinh]: Hoc nh ngi dn qu ngy ng kia khng nhn ra c bo chu nh v gi nn ng mun i ly vi ch mt con b.

th mi bit tri n. Dng nh Thin Thai i S cho rng thnh chng s lp tc nhn ra v hiu c nhng n d ny, rt ging vi nhng thnh gi thi nay mt khi nghe mt lot ng ngn nh ch si n (crying wolf), sa nhm cy (barking up the wrong tree), nng tin (material girl), u g (Butt-head) th lin cm nhn c. Ni cch khc, khn thnh gi thi nay cn c gii thch r rng nhng nhm ch ngi dn qu nh i mt ch b hoc mng thy tht bo v quyn thuc, v sinh tm vui mng th mi c th hiu c ngha. y, ngi ta c th t cu hi: Khi Thin Thai Tr Khi tm lc hoc chn cu ny m khng chn cu kia, c phi chng ch chn nhng cu m i s ngh rng quan trng, hoc i s ngh rng thnh chng quen thuc vi bn vn, v h c th t b tc thm chi tit?. C phi i s c nhn mnh nhng im [quan trng], hoc s tm lc ca i s c th tng trng cho ton b?. Nhiu ch cho thy nhng n d nh trn c a ra on cui, hn nhin l i s ch mun a ra mt ch im, v cho rng thnh chng quen thuc vi phn cn li. Trong nhng on vn khc th khng hn l nh trn. Khi dch nhng on vn nh vy, ngi dch phi cn nhc l nn a ra bao nhiu phn nguyn vn gip ngi c thi nay c t liu c th hiu v gii thch bn vn. Hu ht cc trng hp, mt s phin dch gi l dch st nhiu lm l ch nm c ngha mt ngoi, cn li th ch l mt nhm vn t ln xn, v ngha.

3. Nhng dn chng ca Thin Thai Tr Khi phn ny th rt chnh xc, th d nh trong Maha Ch Qun. i s khng c thi quen chung dn chng sai lc ca mt s lun gi. C mt vi ch i s ri ngha en a ra nhiu ngha hy hu v chnh xc. Mt ch dn chng gi l khng chnh xc nhng hm cha nhiu l hy hu thy gn on cui trong mc ny (12c22), ghi li l tm kin Pht thay v tm th Pht. y hn l li n lot v ch kin thot nhn rt ging vi ch th. Tuy nhin, trong Maha Ch Qun, mt cu i lin vi ch Pht b lt qua, v ghi li trong cu tip theo, bt u vi ch tm. iu ny khin cho cc ngi hiu nh bn Taisho ngt cu [lm ch], Pht tmtr thnh tm kin Pht tm, cch nhn cu nh vy khng th l t chn bn. Trong Maha Ch Qun cng thy c mt vi dng (12c27) dn chng bi k t kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui (909a 7-8). Dng th nht c l c gii thotthay v gii c onhng ngha khng qu i khc. Dng th hai ghi l Tm khng nhim th gi l tnh, thay v l tm tnh, minh, v khng nhim. S khc bit ny c th do s lm ln khi nghe i s thuyt ging, v hai ch danh v minh th ng m.Ngoi ra, mt cu dn chng t Thp Tr T B Sa Lun (Dasabhumika-vibhasa-sastra 26.86a14-15) dng cp ch tham m thay v nhim, tuy vy, cng khng lm ngha qu khc i. Tm li, khc vi nhng chng khc trong Maha Ch Qun, khng c on vn no trong chng ny cho thy rng Thin Thai Tr Khi v tnh hoc c i ch hoc ghi lm xut x.

4. i vi ba trong bn tam mui cn li (v hu ht nhng ch khc trong tc phm Maha Ch Qun), Thin Thai i S dng Tam Khng, Gi, Trung gii thch Bt Chu Tam Mui, a ra mt li nhn v phn tch y sng to. Tam , hn nhin, khng thy trong Bt Chu Tam Mui, mc d i s ni rng [Tam ] n tng trong kinh ny. Sau khi ni tng qut v ni dung ca tam mui, v nhng quy tc i hi i vi Thn v Khu, Thin Thai Tr Khi a ra s phn tch v trong mt thc hnh. Li phn tch ca i s chia lm ba phn: qun tnh Khng ca vn php, gm c v Pht ang c qun; qun tnh Gi ca vn php, [gm c s vt ang c qun]; v nhn ra Trung o, rng vn php gm c Khng v Gi, hoc vi vn ngn ca Thin Thai Tr Khi, ba php ny khng th lp ngha [qua li] tt c u l kt qu ca nim. V mc d con ngi [gi] lp s hin hu ca nim, chng rt ro Khng, v thiu t ng. (12c24-25). Thin Thai Tr Khi rt ra nhng on kinh khc t Bt Chu Tam Mui, v gii thch mt cch y sng to qua tn gi Tam . Th d, i s ni n mt n d v mt ngi thanh nin mng thy n i vi mt ngi n b sng trong thnh Sravasti m anh chng m c, nhm mc ch trnh by cc php, ngoi tnh rt ro Khng, cn c ci ngha Gi tm (anh chng ny nhn ra rng c nng chng h [thc s] n, v anh cng chng h [thc s] i u, d rng anh cm thy vui th [nh c nng thc s c mt]. Phng php ot c huyn ngha ca kinh l mt trong nhng mt hy hu ca cch thc Thin Thai Tr Khi s dng kinh in l, cho thy r rng i s thy c gio php Tam n cha trong bn kinh khng thuyt ging r rt v Tam .

IV. Phn tch v S Tri Chng - Jneyavarana Thin Thai Tr Khi a ra mt s xut x khc thng trong phn cui Maha Ch Qun (T46. 85b) khi lun v phin no chng (klesajneyavarana)68c Swanson, Thin Thai Tr Khi ch gii v s tri chng: ng vo Tam (1983, 51-72)

. Trc ht, i s dn chng kinh i Bt Nit Bn, l bn kinh i s thng xuyn cn c vo, sau li ni n B Tt a (Bodhisattva-bhumi, T. no. 1581), v t Nhp i Tha Lun (T. no.1634), l hai bn vn i s t khi dng n. Vi B tt a (Bodhisattva-bhumi) th khng trch nguyn vn, nhng ch tm tt hoc ly nhng t chnh. Thng th kh m ni chnh xc Thin Thai Tr Khi cn c vo on vn no, hoc l i s ch ly i ca ton th bn vn. Nhng dn chng t Nhp i Tha Lun (T32. 45C12-16), mt khc, hon ton chnh xc mc d c mt ln i s ni hai cu hai on khc vo nhau.Tm li, phn ny l mt th d v cch thc Thin Thai Tr Khi da vo bn vn m i s khng thng dn chng. Nh thng l, nhng dn chng ca i s l tm tt hn l trch nguyn vn (ngoi tr trong Nhp i Tha Lun).

V. T Nht trong Php Hoa Huyn Ngha (T33, 691c22-692a1)on vn ny dn chng kinh Hoa Nghim, kinh Duy Ma Ct, kinh T ch Phm Thin S Vn, v i Tr Lun lm nn tng cho hc thuyt v T Nht ca Thin Thai Tr Khi l Gio Nht , Hnh Nht , Nhn Nht , v L Nht . a. Bn vn dng dn chng cho hc thuyt Gio Nht, rng tt c php gm thu trong i Tha, a v cho s gii thch Bt Nh, vi Thin Thai Tr Khi, l i Tr Lun. Tuy nhin, ti cha th tm c cu vn ng y nh vy trong b lun ny, ngoi tr mt cu tng t ni rng Ngi trn [xe] i Tha, hnh gi c nht thit tr, v chuyn php lun.

b. Bn vn dng dn chng cho hc thuyt Hnh Nht, rng: hiu rt r rng tt c nhng c tnh ca thc ti... y l ph hnh ca ch B tt, l mt dn chng trc tip t kinh T ch Phm Thin S Vn Kinh (Visesacinti-brahma-pariprccha T15, 37c22-26), mc d hai cu trong kinh cch nhau vi hng.c. Bn vn dng dn chng cho hc thuyt Nhn Nht, rng: hnh gi bc vo php gii [m chn] khng cn ri vn K l cu tm tt mt on trong phm Nhp Php Gii ni ting ca kinh Hoa Nghim (T9. 683C684a), l phm kinh nhn mnh rng hnh gi khng nht thit phi i n mt ch no vo (hoc chng ng) php gii, rng khng nht thit phi ri vn K , ni c Thch Ca Mu Ni ang thuyt kinh c mt cnh gii vin mn, rng ci Pht v ci phm nhn, Nit Bn v Lun Hi, l mt.d. Bn vn dng dn chng cho hc thuyt L Nht, rng: bit c tt c php trong mt nim, y l ngi ta B , l mt cu ly t kinh Duy Ma Ct (T14.5 4a4-5); vn l vin mn nht thit tr trn ta B

Tm li, phn ny ni v cch thc Thin Thai Tr Khi dn chng kinh lun lm vng vng hc thuyt ca i s; y l mt th d v T Nht.

V. Nhng bn vn dn chng cho hc thuyt Tm Php Diu trong Php Hoa Huyn Ngha (T33, 693a23-b2)Thin Thai Tr Khi hng v cc bn kinh Php Hoa, Duy Ma Ct, v Hoa Nghim trnh by t tng v Diu Tm ca i s. Tt c nhng cu kinh dn chng u chnh xc, ngoi tr cu dn chng sau cui t kinh Hoa Nghim ghi l: dit c trn sa hoc trong tm, hng ngn quyn kinh hin l. Trong khi nhng cu kinh trc c dn chng chnh xc, y, Thin Thai Tr Khi thuyt ging mt cch phng khong. Cu kinh trong nguyn bn (T9, 624a 6-12) c c nh sau:

Nhng cun kinh trong tam thin i thin th gii hin hu trong mt vi trn. Tt c vi trn cng nh vy. Nu c mt ngi xut hin trn th gian ny v chng c tr tu cng khp, vin mn thin nhn thanh tnh, thy c nhng cun kinh ny trong mt vi trn. Ri th ngi y ngh rng: Lm th no nhng cun kinh v i ny li c mt trong mt ht bi m khng lm li ch cho chng sinh?. Ti nn cn trng dng phng tin thin xo, ph v nhng ht bi ny, v lm li ch cho chng sinh. Ri th ngi y lin ph v nhng vi trn ny, mang cun kinh ra li ch cho chng sinh.

Trong nguyn bn, khng thy c ch tm c dng, v dng nh iu ni n trong kinh th hon ton khc vi iu Thin Thai Tr Khi mun a ra. Tr Khi dn chng cu kinh ny h tr cho t tng ca i s, rng tm th vi diu, v cu kinh m i s dn chng, ch lm vng vng tng ny khi kinh Hoa Nghim thuyt v s ng nht gia Tm v Cnh. Vi ngha ny th Tm v Trn l mt, v dit vi trn hoc dit nhng ngn ngi nh bi bm trong tm lm hin l ngha ca nhng cun kinh c th gii thch nh nhau. Mt cch phin dch on vn ny ca Thin Thai Tr Khi c th i st vi cu kinh nu c: Dit tm v trn, nhng cun kinh trong tam thin i thin th gii hin l.

VII. Thp Diu v kinh Php Hoa (Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, T33. 698a)Trong phn ny, Thin Thai Tr Khi ch dng kinh Php Hoa dn chng cho Thp Diu, t Diu Cnh n Diu Li ch, l mi lun chim rt nhiu [trang giy] trong tc phm Php Hoa Huyn Ngha. im rt ng lu trong phn ny l tt c nhng dn chng, cho n vn t, u hon ton chnh xc. Tuy nhin, Thin Thai Tr Khi dn chng kinh Php Hoa khi ni rng: [Pht] ch dy hng B tt, v khng c mn hng Thanh vn. Tuy nhin, mt on trong kinh Php Hoa (T.10b5-6) th hi khc mt cht, v cch dn chng ngn ngi ny khng chn thc, [nu khng phi l i s a ra mt hng khc]. Hurvitz phin dch on vn nh sau: Ta l vua cc php. Ph hng v s. Ch thuyt o nht tha. Gio ha hng B tt. Khng c hng Thanh vn. Ny X Li Pht v thnh chng,Thanh vn v B tt khng khcBit c php vi diu nyL mt tng ca ch Pht.69Cu kinh vit nghing c th c dch l: gio ha hng B tt, / khng phi hng Thanh vn. c Hurvitz 1976, 46.

Trong kinh Php Hoa, ch ch lm r ngha o Nht Tha, khng phi [nhn mnh vo] B tt. Nh vy, kinh ni rng Pht da vo l nht tha ekayana dy hng B tt, khng phi dy hng Thanh vn, m ch rng Pht da vo mt phng php khc dy hng Thanh vn. Ch ny khng khng nh rng Pht khng c mn l Thanh vn (mc d [vn dch qua Hoa ng ca] php s Cu Ma La Thp c th c gii thch nh trn, v Hurvitz theo du [li dch ny]). Nhiu bn kinh khc ni r rng Pht thuyt diu php cho tt c chng sinh, Thanh vn v B tt, v trong s nhng mn ca Pht, c ch Thanh vn. Ti e rng Thin Thai Tr Khi v mun nhn mnh trn Diu Quyn Thuc nn gii c khc i chng?.

VIII. T Thnh v kinh i Bt Nit Bn (Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, T33. 700c-701c)S phn tch ca Thin Thai Tr Khi v T Thnh v s trnh by v T Thnh trong kinh i Bt Nit Bn th hon ton khng phi l d hiu70c chi tit trong Swanson, 1989, 142-144 v 226-234.

, y, ti ch ni v Sinh Dit T . Mt cch tng qut, Thin Thai Tr Khi s dng kinh i Bt Nit Bn rt chnh xc, d rng c mt ln i s phn on v chn nhng cu nng ct thay v dn chng tng ch mt. i s cng ni n Pht thy bt nit bn lc thuyt gio gii kinh (T. no. 389, 12.1112b24-28), thng dn chng chung vi kinh i Bt Nit Bn Nhn gy [kh] l chnh nhn, v khng c nhn ring bit no khc... o dit kh l chnh o. Trong trng hp ny, i s dng ch bit thay v ch d , v ch tc thay v ch thc . y hn l Thin Thai Tr Khi dn chng kinh t tr nh hn l li n lot, bi v cc mu t nhn khng c v g l ging nhau, nhng ngha khng khc. Sau cng, Thin Thai Tr Khi dn chng kinh i Bt Nit Bn (T12. 682c7-14), ni: Phm phu c kh nhng khng [bit] o. Thanh vn v Duyn gic c kh, v [bit] kh o. Thc l khi i s b lng cu kt lun trong kinh ... nhng khng phi l [ci bit] v chn . C th i s cm thy c ni thm na cng l tha.

IX. Nhng bn vn dn chng v Pht trong cc lun ca Thin Thai Tr Khi trong kinh Duy Ma Ct (Manji Zokuzokyu 27. 862-873)Vo nhng ngy thng cui i sau nhng ln thuyt ging ghi li thnh hai tc phm [trong tam i b] l Maha Ch Qun v Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, v cng l giai on sau khi ri kinh nh Trn tr v nh Thin Thai Thin Thai i S bt u son nhng bi lun v kinh Duy Ma Ct. V y l mt trong s rt t nhng tc phm i s chnh tay ghi li nn c th cho chng ta nhiu bng chng trc tip hn [l nhng tc phm khc do mn l tn gi Qun nh ghi li t nhng bui thuyt ging] v cch thc Thin Thai Tr Khi s dng kinh in. Chng ta hy c li mt on vn trong Duy Ma kinh vn s, i s m u phm th nht bn kinh, v a ra nhng on kinh lin quan n Pht quc . Trc ht, chng ta nn lu rng Thin Thai Tr Khi vn t cn c trn nhng bn kinh ni ting nh Php Hoa, i Bt Nit Bn, v i Tr Lun; v khng thng ni n kinh Duy Ma Ct. i s cng thng ni n kinh Hoa Nghim. Khi c nhng lin quan cn thit, thnh thong i s ni n kinh Nhn Vng, Kim Cng Bt Nh Ba La Mt a, Thng Man, v Qun Ph Hin B Tt. Cng ng lu rng c nhiu phn tham kho lin quan n Nhip i Tha Lun (Mahayana-sangraha), l bn vn i s t dng n trc kia. Tuy nhin, nhng dn chng th khng ly trc tip t bn vn ny, nhng ch ni n mt cch tng qut, nh trong bn ny ni r rng c by loi Lun Hi (865a1), v ng php vng (865b13).Ngc li, nhng dn chng trong kinh Php Hoa th trc tip v chnh xc, th d nh mt ch gii (864b17-18) trong cu kinh Ta s thnh Pht mt ci nc khc (T925c17); mt ch gii khc i theo sau (865a3) trong cng mt chng (T9.25c14-5), rng: sau khi Ta dit , s c nhng mn ca Ta l nhng ngi tng nghe kinh ny...; hoc tip theo ngay sau (865b9), mt on vn tm lc nhng khng thiu chnh xc [Cc ng s thy] trong ci ta b ny, t bng phng... v s B tt tr trung tm (T9.45b19-21). Phn ch gii ca i Tr Lun v i Bt Nit Bn Kinh t vo gia phn dn chng v tham kho. Th d, Thin Thai Tr Khi a v cho i Tr Lun gio l: Ch v A la hn v Duyn gic khng nhp Nit Bn, v d rng khng ti sinh trong tam gii, c mt ci nc tnh siu vit, ni , ch v chng nghim php thn

(865a 9-10). H thng dng my vi tnh v CD-ROM khng tm nguyn on vn ny trong i Tr Lun, nhng li c mt on vn gin lc tng t cui chng (T25.714a-b) ni v vic ch A la hn tr trong tnh quc v chng nghim php thn nh th no (v nh th tc l khng chng c cu cnh B v vng mc vo php Tiu tha). Mt on vn dn chng tip theo cng nh vy, rng: Php tnh php thn thuyt php cho B tt php thn, v trong ci nc ny khng c ch v Thanh vn v Duyn gic (865b10-11), l on vn gin lc mt on vn khc trong i Tr Lun (T25. 188A-c) trc ht gii thch rng ch A la hn v ch Duyn gic thiu lng i t, i bi nh ch B tt v ch Pht, t tip tc gii thch lm cch no php thn B tt ng ha ra v lng thn thuyt php dn dt chng sinh (188c18). Nhng ch gii khc trong chng ny pha trn nhng dn chng trc tip v ch thch tng qut. Kinh Nhn Vng c a ra hai ln (865b8-9 v 866a5-6) vi cng mt cu kinh c dn chng tam hin thp thnh tr ci qu bo , v ch c Pht tr ci nc tnh (T8.828a1). Qun Ph Hin B Tt cng c dn chng trc tip (866a 6-7): c Thch Ca Mu Ni gi l T L Gi Na l bc hi nhp khp ni, v tr x ca Ngi l ci Thng Tch Quang (T9. 392C15-17), mc d (nh bn Taisho, v khng nh nhng bn vn khc) thiu ch Phttheo sau ch Thch Ca Mu Ni. Mc khc, kinh Hoa Nghm c a ra nhn mnh mt cch tng qut rng lm sng t ci nc Indra (865b12), v lm sng t mi ci Pht (866b1).Chng ny, v vy, a ra mt ci nhn hy hu rng Thin Thai Tr Khi dn chng kinh in t tr nh ca i s hn l ly trc tip t cc bn vn khi bin son lun gii. on kinh Php Hoa, mt on kinh khng nghi ng rng i s qu quen thuc, v c th dn chng t tr nh, cng nh nhng cu kinh khng xa l t nhng bn vn khc, c dn chng y v rt chnh xc. Nhng bn vn khc c ni n mt cch tng qut lin quan n ni dung qung bc hn hoc cu vn ngn gn hn. Mt ln na, Thin Thai Tr Khi dng chen k nhng bn vn nh chng ta thy trong nhng tc phm u ca i s nh Maha Ch Qun, v Php Hoa Huyn Ngha. iu ng lu l khng c ngha khc bit no ng k qua li dn chng kinh vn gia nhng tc phm do chnh tay i s vit, v nhng tc phm do i s thuyt, c tn gi Qun nh ghi li.

MT VI NHN NH V CCH S DNG KINH IN CA THIN THAI TR KHI

Nhng th d in hnh trn l v s, hu nh l v tn, cch thc Thin Thai i S dng kinh in. Da vo nhng th d a ra cng nh trn kinh nghim phin dch mt s lng nhng bn vn ny ca ring ti, ti mun trnh by mt vi nhn xt tng qut v ci thy ca ti v cch thc dng kinh in mt cch hy hu ca Thin Thai TrKhi:1.Th nht, nhng bn kinh Thin Thai i S dn chng hoc a ra thng l nhng bn kinh 71Danh sch ny do ti (Swanson) vit ra khi phin dch hai i b Maha Ch Qun v Php Hoa Huyn Ngha, cha c ghi vo mc lc, cng nh mt s bn vn c ni n trong Maha Ch Qun thy trong Makashikan in'yo tenkyo sorsn, ed. Chugoku Bukkyo kenkyukai, 1987.

:

a. Nhng bn kinh dn chng thng xuyn, hu nh t thi quen l:- Php Hoa (T no 374, no. 375)- i Bt Nit Bn (T. no 374, no. 375)- Duy Ma Ct (T. no. 475)- i Tr Lun (T. no. 1509), gm bn Pancavimsati-sahasrika-prajnaparamita-sutra.

b. Nhng bn kinh thnh thong dn chng:- Hoa Nghim (T. no. 278)- Nhng bn kinh trong b A Hm- i Phng ng i Tp Kinh (Mahavaipulya-maha-samnipata-sutra T. no. 397)- Trung Lun (Mula-madhyamaka-karika, T. no. 1564)- Thnh Tht Lun (*Satyasiddhi-sastra, T. no. 1646)

c. Nhng bn kinh dn chng khi c bit cn thit nu mch vn c s lin h (th d kinh Bt Chu Tam Mui c dn chng trong phn ni v Thng Hnh Tam Mui), hoc nhng bn kinh c dn chng nhiu ln nhng khng thng xuyn:- Nhn Vng (T. no. 245)- Qun Ph Hin B Tt (T. no. 277)- Thng Man (T. no. 353)- Bt Chu Tam Mui (T. no. 418)- Vn Th S Li (T. no. 468)- Kim Cng Bt Nh Ba La Mt a (T. no. 586)- Kim Quang Minh (T. no. 663)- Anh Lc (T. no. 1485)- Thp Tr T B Sa Lun (T. no. 1551) - A T t Ma i T B Sa Lun (T. no. 1546)v.v...Mt cch tng qut, mt bn vn cng c a ra nhiu ln th s dn chng cng chnh xc. Th d, kinh Php Hoa c dn chng chnh xc nht nh thy trong bn dch ca ngi Cu Ma La Thp. V vy, thc ng lu khi thy mt on kinh Php Hoa c dng qua mt ng hng khc vi cch dng trong bn dch ca ngi Cu Ma La Thp. Ngc li, kinh i Bt Nit Bn th c a ra thng xuyn, khng di hnh thc mt chng th, nhng lin h vi mt cu chuyn ng ngn hoc n d tm thy trong bn kinh. Nh vy, nhng tham chiu trong kinh i Bt Nit Bn th ging nh phn tm kt cn a ra, hoc l mt ch gii linh ng. Nhng on vn th khng phi lc no cng l nguyn vn trong kinh.Cng vy, khi kinh i Bt Nh (Pancavimsati-sahasrika-prajnaparamita) c dn chng th hu nh Thin Thai Tr Khi lc no cng dng i Tr Lun. Nhiu ln i s cn ni r: trong i Tr Lun, nhng thc s xut x on vn vn t kinh i Bt Nh m i Tr Lun trng dn. Cng c nhng th d ngc li, i s ni rng dn chng t kinh, nhng thc s th t i Tr Lun. iu ny cho thy rng i s c kinh i Bt Nh qua lng knh ca i Tr Lun.

2. Khng phi l chuyn l khi chng ta thy Thin Thai Tr Khi khi trng dn mt cch chnh xc tng ch mt trong mt on kinh, nhng thng th i s dng t ng ca ring mnh tm lc chnh on kinh. Ngay c i vi kinh Php Hoa l bn kinh thng c dn chng chnh xc tng ch mt, nhng cng khng phi l iu l khi on vn c tm lc v thay i t ng.

3. Trong nhiu trng hp Thin Thai Tr Khi khng thy cn phi lp li xut x t kinh hoc cho bit r ngun gc cu vn trng dn, nhng thc s l mt cu kinh c tm lc. V vy, c nhiu dn chng hn l mt cu vn m chng ta c th ngh rng xut x t mt bn kinh no (th d nh trong chng T Tam Mui).

4. C nhng trung hp Thin Thai Tr Khi dn chng khc vi nguyn vn on kinh (th d t bn Taisho Canon), chc chn rng cu vn dn chng s khc vi xut x trong mt cch no ni ln c ch i s mun nhn mnh. iu ny dng nh hin nhin, nhng thc l ngha. ngha ny cho thy rng s khc bit gia nhng cu vn i s a ra v cu vn t nguyn bn c lin quan n mt s khuynh o hoc v tnh hoc c , hoc l mt s gii thch y sng ng v phn Thin Thai Tr Khi, hn l do li n lot.

Hn nhin ngi ta nn bit rng nhng bn kinh m chng ta c th c c ngy nay c th khng ging nh nhng bn vn Thin Thai Tr Khi c trong tay thi by gi; v khng phi l khng nguy him v phn ti khi a ra s xc nh rng nhng bn vn Pht gio thuc h thng Taisho l nguyn bn. Lm sao chng ta bit rng bn kinh i Bt Nit Bn t Taisho khng khc vi bn kinh m Thin Thai Tr Khi ni n? Tr khi chng ta vo c n th ca i s, cn khng th chng c g l tuyt i chc chn. Tuy nhin, khi chng ta thy rng hu ht cc dn chng Thin Thai Tr Khi a ra t hai bn kinh Php Hoa v i Bt Nit Bn khng khc vi cc vn bn Taisho, chng ta c th kt lun chc chn rng i s ni n cng bn kinh, v nhng dn chng i s a ra d c khc vi nhng xut x bn Taisho a ra nhng li rt ngha.Hn na, khi Thin Thai Tr Khi trng dn khc vi bn Taisho, cng c th v nhng l do sau:a. Bn Taisho khc vi bn vn Thin Thai Tr khi dng. iu ny rt c th xy ra, v i hi mt s truy tm quy m v ngun gc lch s ca nhng bn vn ny. S khc bit, tuy nhin, thc s khng ng k th d nh mt vi ch dng do li t n bn. Trong nhng trng hp ny th hn nhin nhng ch dng hoc c nt vit tng t, hoc ng m, thng khng a n s thay i nhiu v ngha bn vn.

b. Nhng tc phm nh Maha Ch Qun v Php Hoa Huyn Ngha c bit do tn gi Qun nh ghi li t nhng bui thuyt php ca Thin Thai i S. Mt li gii thch cho nhng khc bit gia phn dn chng v xut x on kinh l v y l nhng ghi ch trong bi ging, phn dn chng c ghi xung giy t tr nh thay v c chp li t mt bn kinh. D vy, iu ny cng khng th ph nhn thin ti sng to ca Thin Thai i S (v c th mt cch v thc) ni li cu kinh t tr nh trong khi thuyt ging, kt qu t mt tr nh nh . Tuy nhin, cng khng nn qun rng tn gi Qun nh tng mt rt nhiu thi gian hiu nh cc bn vn ny, v chc chn rng tn gi c nhiu c hi kim tra li phn xut x. Ti thy rng nhng tranh ci v s trng dn khng chnh xc ny do khu thuyt th kh chp nhn c.

c. Thin Thai Tr Khi chnh mnh khng lun lun c mun dn chng on kinh tng ch mt thay v thng thch tm lc hoc cn c vo nhng im m i s cho rng [chuyn ch c] ni dung ca bn kinh. Ch ny m ra ton b cu hi v khuynh hng i s nhn kinh in, v thi ca i s i vi nhng bn vn ng tin cy. (im ny s c bn chi tit di y). Tm li, n mt [ln mc no] chng ta c th p dng nhng khun thc bnh lun hin i v cc vn bn [ c c] dng vc nh Thin Thai Tr Khi?.

d. Sau cng, c th rng, mc d i s bit r ngun gc on vn c dn chng, nhng c s khng nh khi chuyn i cu vn trng dn ph hp vi ng li ch gii m i s mun chuyn t. Ti tin rng y l cch gii thch tt nht i vi nhng trng hp ny trong hai tc phm Php Hoa Huyn Ngha v Maha Ch Qun.

5. Khi Thin Thai Tr Khi ni n mt bn kinh nhiu ln trong cng mt chng, c th rng i s ang ni n cng mt chng trong bn kinh. y c th ch l mt im nh, nhng li l iu cn ghi nh c th bit c ch xc ngun gc cu vn. Ch ny cng cho chng ta thy c cch thc Thin Thai Tr Khi lm vic. Nhng hc gi, c khi nhc li mt xut x hoc mt dn chng chnh xc gi vng lp lun ghi trn giy mc. Tuy nhin, c lc th vit v mt ti c bit, th d nh ly trong Maha Ch Qun hoc kinh Php Hoa, v t khai pht lp lun ca ring mnh. Phng php th hai ny dng nh c Thin Thai Tr Khi dng nhiu hn, v lp lun ca i s c nhng on kinh r rng m i s cn c vo, lm sng t.

6. Thin Thai Tr Khi thng dng php hon d mt ch hoc mt cu vn biu th ton th i on vn. y l phng php thng thy ngay c trong vn php hin i ca Trung Hoa, th d nh dng mt nhm ch m ch mt bi th ni ting, hoc dng cu E'loi, E'loi, la'ma sabach-tha'ni c ghi rng ca Cha Jesus lin tng v bi thnh kinh s 22. Thin Thai i S thng ch dng mt vi ch nhc n mt bi k, mt n d hoc mt phm kinh c Thng Hnh Tam Mui. Thng th nhng nhm ch i s dng t chng kh c th y ngha, hoc c th a qua mt ngha khc, tr khi chng c t ng vo mch vn sn c, hoc l ngi c phi quen thuc vi bi k hoc on vn ang c ni n. Nh ni trn, vi nhng trng hp ny th trch nhim ca ngi dch hoc ch gii l cn lng chiu kch ca on vn tim n kia trong bn dch ca mnh c th trnh by c ci m i s c cng chuyn t.

7. Sau cng, nh ni chi tit phn trn, mt trong nhng cch thc quan trng nht trong vic s dng kinh in ca Thin Thai Tr Khi ngoi nhng dn chng trc tip v gin tip l vic ch gii bn kinh di lng knh ca Tam (Khng, Gi, v Trung) rt ra c huyn ngha 72Stanley Weinstein ni rng: c nhn nhn nh mt khai t v l ngi h thng ha cc tng phi Pht gio, Thin Thai Tr Khi c tng kinh in qua tr tu thc chng ca i s hn l qua khun thc ca vn t nh ng hng thnh hnh trc kia. Trong khi li ch gii theo truyn thng da hn vo vn t, Thin Thai i S pht huy phng php thm cu v ph by c huyn ngha (hidden meaning ca bn kinh; cc hc gi Pht gio ni ting vo i ng v sau nh s Ct Tng, Thin o, Php Chng... p dng phng php ny (1973, 284). Mc d vi vn ling kin thc ca ti v Thin Thai Tr Khi, ti ng vi kt lun ca Weinstein, nhng vi ti, hai ch hidden meaning dng [ dch] hai ch huyn ngha th qu mnh v dng nh m ch rng kinh v lun c che du ngha su kn bn trong. Ngoi ra, ti khng tm thy mt bn vn no cho thy rng Thin Thai Tr Khi c mang ra nhng ngha b che du, d rng i s c dng ch khai chn ngha ca cc kinh. Ti thch dng cc ch profound meaning [hoc mysterious, esoteric, implicit] phin dch hai ch huyn ngha.

n cha trong kinh. C th ni y l mc ch chnh ca tc phm Php Hoa Huyn Ngha. Hu nh mi chng trong Maha Chi Qun v Php Hoa Huyn Ngha u kt thc nh mt s phn tch v tam Khng, Gi, Trung. Chnh Thin Thai Tr Khi tng ni: Nhiu kinh cha ng ngha phong ph [ca tam ] mc d ch thy tn gi ny trong hai bn kinh l Anh Lc v Nhn Vng (T33.704C17). Khng phi l qu li khi ni rng hu ht nhng tc phm chn mui ca i s l mt ch gii v tam c hai mt L v Hnh nh n nh hin trong cc bn kinh Pht. Nh vy, khi dn chng v gii thch v tam , i s lm cng vic rt ra huyn ngha; trn nn tng ny, i s chn la nhng cu kinh cn a ra dn chng, v bit rng cu kinh nn c dn chng (hoc tm lc) nh th no.73Phn lun v cch Thin Thai Tr Khi s dng nhng bn kinh ngy tc, c Swanson, Apocryphal Scriptures in Chinese Buddhism: Tien T'ai Chih-I's Use of Apocryphal Scriptures (Nhng bn kinh ngy tc bui s thi ti Trung Hoa T Hoa Nht Tu Tm dch 2010).

TNG KT

Nh ni, khng phi rng Thin Thai Tr Khi un nn nguyn vn on kinh theo thch ca ring mnh. Hn na, khng k n nhan ca tiu lun ny, iu quan trng cn c nhn mnh l Thin Thai Tr Khi rt trung thc i vi xut x on kinh, t nht vi ngha rng nhng dn chng ca i s hon ton chnh xc (nh chng ta c thy qua bn ca Taisho). Tuy nhin, khi mt dn chng c v nh xa vi ngun gc, [chng ta c th ni rng] Thin Thai Tr Khi chn la mt li din t cn c vo ngha hn l cn c vo vn t; v trn s chng nghim ca ring i s i vi php Pht hn l trn l li gii thch t ch v li.74Phng thc ny gn vi T Y ca Pht gio l bn th y theo: y php bt y nhn, y liu ngha kinh, bt y bt liu ngha kinh, y ngha bt y ng, v y tr bt y thc. c Lamotte 1988, 11-27.

Thc s, Thin Thai Tr Khi cng tng ni ngn gn v phng cch [ch gii kinh in] ca i s trong mt on vn gn cui trong mc Ch v Qun (T46.26b20-26) Nhng li gii thch ny cn c vo [tr tu c c] trong php qun Tm. Cng ng khi ni rng [nhng lp lun ny] khng i theo th lp kinh in. Tuy vy, trnh s hoi nghi trong i chng, v gia tng tn tm vo Pht php, Tr Khi ti rt hoan h m ni rng [nhng iu ti a ra] u ph hp vi kinh in. V th, ti trng dn kinh lm bng chng (Nh th gii thch bn qun tm. Thc phi c kinh an tr th th vi tch nhn him nghi vi tng trng tn hnh d tu a la hp c dn vi chng nh). Phng thc ny khin cho tt c nhng s trng dn bt cn xng ni trn tr nn hy hu v y ngha, v vi ci nhn lc quan, phng thc ny phn nh chn thc nhng thnh gii ca Thin Thai Tr Khi i vi php Pht. Mt khc, nu i s dn chng kinh nh mt s h tr cho t tng ca ring mnh, trong khi on kinh ang ni r rng v mt iu khc, th chng ta cn phi thm nh li s bt xng ny. Nhng nhn nh hoc c a ra vo th k th 6 Trung Hoa hoc vo th k 20 u Chu, t chng cng khng c g l ng tin cy vi ci nhn bc hc, v vy chng ta nn bit n nhng nhn nh ny. i vi cu hi c phi chng cch thc ch gii y sng to ca Thin Thai Tr Khi thc s chnh xc, thm su, v y tr tu, hn nhin, l mt vn khc, lin quan n nhng phn on gi tr ca ngi i.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tham kho

Chugoku Bukkyo Kenkyukai, ed. 1986. Makashikan in'yotenkyo saran. Tokyo: Nakayama Shobo.

Donner, Neal 1976, The Great Calming and Contemplation of Chih-I. Chapter One: The Synopsis (translated, annotated, and with an introduction). Diss. The University of British Columbia. Ann Arbor: University Micro-film International.

Donner, Neal, and Daniel B. Stevenson, 1993. The Great Calming and Contemplation: A Study and Annotated Translation of the First Chapter of Chih-I's Moho chih-kuan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii's Press.

Gregory, Peter, ed. 1986. Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism. Studies in East Asian Buddhism 4. Honolulu: University of Hawaii's Press.

Harrison, Paul 1990. The Samadhi of Direct Encounter with the Buddhas of the Present. Studia Philosophical Buddhica Monograph Series V. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies.

Hirai Shun'ei 1985. Hokke mongu no seritsu ni kansuru kenkyu. Tokyo: Shunjusha.

Hurvitz, Leon 1976. Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lamotte, E'tienne 1988. The Assessement of Textual Interpretation in Buddhism. Buddhist Hemerneutics, ed. Donald Lopez. Studies in East Asian Buddhism 6, Honolulu: University of Hawaii's Press. 11-27.

Levering, Miriam, ed. 1989, Rethinking Scripture: Essays from a Comparative Perspective. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Stevenson, Daniel B. 1986. The Four Kinds of Samadhi in Early T'ien T'ai Buddhism. Translations of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism, ed. Peter Gregory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii's Press, 45-97.

Swanson, Paul L. 1986. Chih-I's Interpretation of Jneyavarana: An Application of the Threefold Truth Concept. Annual Memoirs of the Otani University Shin Buddhist Comprehensive Research Institute 1: 51-72.

Swanson, Paul L. 1989. Foundations of T'ien T'ai Philosophy: The Flowering of the Two Truths Theory in Chinese Buddhism. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press.

Swanson, Paul L., forthcoming. Apocryphal Texts in Chinese Buddhism: T'ien T'ai Chih-I's Use of Apocryphal Scripture. Canonization and Decanonization: Contributions to a Theme for Religious Studies, Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Weinstein, Stanley 1973. Imperial Patronage in the Formation of T'ang Buddhism. Perspectives on the T'ang, eds. Arthur Wright and Denis Twitchett. New Haven: Yale University Press.

LUN IV

CHUYN T T TNG QUA HAI HOC NHIU NGN NG

(Paul L. Swanson)

Khi dng Nht ng bin son ch v phng php Thin Thai Tr Khi s dng kinh in, sau li dng Anh ng lm cng mt vic, ti nhn ra mt cch r rng vn ca nhng ngi lm vic vi hai hoc hn hai ngn ng, rng bn vn khng th ch n gin c dch sang Anh ng. Khng nhng t ng v tng tht bi trong vic chuyn ch cng s khc bit vi t, nhng ti cn cm thy chnh ti b ci lc ca vn t v tng t nhng ngn ng khc bit li ko n nhng phng tri khc nhau, v bn vn v th cng i v mt ng hng khc. Dng nh vi ti nhng lung sc mnh ny c t nht ba th bc (thng th dm chn ln nhau) l t nhng ch hoc nhm ch ring r; t nhng t tng v ng tng qut; v t ngi c.1. Trc ht, chng ta hy kho st th bc t ch v nhm ch. Khi c ngi phin dch mt bn vn, ngi y lp tc nhn ra rng khng th no c c ci thc s tng ng dch mt ngn ng sang mt ngn ng, cng nh khng th c mt bn dch no gi l ti hu, hon ton chnh xc. Mi ch c v s ngha v bao hm khc nhau, l ci khng th chuyn ti qua mt ngn ng khc. Khi mt ch no c dng, n mang theo vi n bao nhiu l lp o qua nhng pht trin lch s v nhng tng quan p m thng l c mt mt cch v tnh ngay c i vi ngi vit ra bn vn, cha ni n nhng ng li vn t ca Trung Hoa din t khc vi mu t [Ty phng]. Chng ta hy ly ra mt vi th d t tc phm Maha Ch Qun.

Ch Thng c Thin Thai Tr Khi dng nhiu cch, c khi nh mt thut ng, c khi khng. Nu khng phi nh mt thut ng, n c ngha l i sut qua t ni ny n ni khc, hoc vi thn hoc vi tm. Ch ny