TRNG I HC BN CNG TN C THNG

MC LC

M U

1. Tnh cp thit ca ti8

2. Mc tiu ca lun vn9

3. Ni dung ca lun vn9

4. Phng php nghin cu 9

5. ngha khoa hc thc tin, kinh t x hi9Chng 1: TNG QUAN V CHT THI RN Y T1.1 Khi nim cht thi rn y t10

1.2 Phn Loi101.2.1 Cht thi lm sng10

1.2.2 Cht thi gy c t bo101.2.3 Cht thi phng x101.2.4 Cht thi ho hc111.2.5 Cht thi sinh hot111.2.6 Cc loi bnh cha c p11

1.3 Tnh cht cht thi y t121.3.1 Tnh cht vt l121.3.2 Tnh cht ho hc v gi tr nhit lng14Chng 2:TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN Y T2.1 Phng php kh trng152.2 Phng php tr ho (c nh v ng rn)152.3 Phng php chn lp162.4 Phng php t16

2.5 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi rn y t17

2.5.1 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi y rn t trn th gii

17

2.5.2 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi rn y t Vit Nam

17

2.6 C s la chn cng ngh x l cht thi rn y t19

2.6.1 C s la chn19

2.6.2 Qu trnh qun l cht thi rn y t trc khi x l19

2.6.3 Cng ngh thiu t cht thi rn y t20

2.6.4 Cc kiu l c bn21Chng 3: HIN TRNG THU GOM X L RC Y T CA TNH TY NINH

3.1 c im a l t nhin tnh Ty Ninh24

3.1.1 V tr a l243.1.2 c im cc iu kin t nhin24

3.2 c im dn c v cc hot ng kinh t x hi263.2.1 Tnh hnh dn s v hin trng phn b dn c263.2.2iu kin kinh t v cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip v dch v

273.2.3 Gio dc, vn ho, y t v v sinh mi trng29

3.3 Hin trng thu gom v x l rc y t ca tnh Ty Ninh30Chng 4: D BO KHI LNG PHT SINH CHT THI RN Y T CHO BNH VIN A KHOA TY NINH N 20204.1 D bo v pht trin dn s344.2 D bo v khi lng cht thi rn344.3 D bo v pht sinh cht thi rn y t35Chng 5: TNH TON, THIT K L T RC Y T CNG SUT 30KG/H CHO BNH VIN A KHOA TNH TY NINH5.1 Tnh ton s chy du DO375.1.1 H s tiu hao khng kh v lng khng kh cn thit375.1.2 Xc nh lng v thnh phn ca sn phm chy39

5.2 Tnh ton s chy ca rc39

5.2.1 Xc nh nhit tr ca rc39

5.2.2 H s tiu hao khng kh () v lng khng kh cn thit39

5.2.3 Xc nh lng v thnh phn sn phm chy41

5.3 Xc nh nhit thc t v tnh cn bng nhit ca l42

5.3.1 Xc nh nhit chy l thuyt ca du DO42

5.3.2 Xc nh nhit thc t ca l43

5.3.3 Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao43

5.3.4 Sut tiu hao nhin liu tiu chun45

5.3.5 Xc nh kch thc bung s cp45

5.3.6 Tnh thit b t 46

5.4 Tnh ton bung t th cp49

5.4.1 Xc nh lu lng v thnh phn dng vo49

5.4.2 Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao50

5.4.3 Xc nh ch tiu k thut l51

5.4.4 Xc nh kch thc bung t th cp52

5.4.5 Tnh thit b t53

5.4.6 Thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi l t54

5.5 Th xy l v tnh ton khung l56

5.5.1 Th xy l56

5.5.2 Khung l58

5.5.3 Kim tra tn tht nhit qua xy l58Chng 6: X L KHI THI CA L T

6.1 Xc nh thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi. chn phng php x l62

6.1.1 Xc nh thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi626.1.2 Xc nh cc thnh phn cn x l636.1.3 La chn phng php x l63

6.2 Thp gii nhit64

6.2.1 Khi lng ring hn hp kh64

6.2.2 Phng trnh truyn nhit khi cht kh chuyn ng ngc u nhit thay i

65

6.2.3 Tnh c kh68

6.2.4 Tnh b dy thn thp69

6.2.5 B dy thn hnh tr hn lm vic chu p sut tnh theo l thuyt chung

70

6.2.6 Tnh y72

6.2.7 Tnh np73

6.2.8 Tnh ng ng dn kh vo v ra74

6.2.9 Tnh ng ng dn lng vo v ra75

6.2.10 Tnh cc thit b ph khc75

6.3 Tnh ton thit b x l kh81

6.3.1 Nng HCl, SO2 trong pha kh vo thp81

6.3.2 Nng SO2, HCl trong pha kh ra khi thp81

6.3.3 Dung mi s dng trong qu trnh hp th82

6.3.4 Lng dd Ca(OH)2 s dng82

6.3.5 Tnh thp ra kh83

6.3.6 Tnh tr lc thp90

6.3.7 Tnh ton c kh thit b91

6.4 Tnh bm v qut95

6.4.1 Tnh bm dn lng vo thp95

6.4.2 Tnh qut ht kh ra khi thp96

6.4.3 Tnh qut cp gi cho l t98

6.4.4 Tnh qut cp gi cho bc t nhin liu100

6.5 Tnh ng khi102

6.6 D ton chi ph cho cng trnh104

6.6.1 Tnh ton chi ph thit k v xy dng h thng104

6.6.2 Tnh ton chi ph nguyn nhin liu s dng trong mt ngy m (8h)1066.6.3 Gi thnh x l rc106KT LUN KIN NGH107TI LIU THAM KHO

DANH MC CC BNGSTTTN BNGTRANG

1Bng 1.1: S khc nhau gia cc loi cht thi12

2Bng 1.2:Thnh phn cht thi (rc sinh hot ti bnh vin)12

3Bng 1.3 thnh phn cht thi nhim khun c trong cht thi rn y t13

4Bng 1.4:Thnh phn vt l cht thi y t mt s bnh vin TP. HCM13

5Bng 1.5: thnh phn ha l ca rc y t13

6Bng 2.1: c im mt s l t22

7Bng 3.1 :c trng kh tng tnh Ty Ninh25

8Bng 3.2 : Lng ma trung bnh mt s ni trong tnh Ty Ninh trong 20 nm (1978 1999)26

9Bng 3.3 : Hin trng v d bo dn s ti huyn Ho Thnh, huyn Chu Thnh v Th X ty Ninh27

10Bng 3.4: Bng thng k cc c s khm cha bnh30

11Bng 3.5 : D bo mt s ch tiu pht trin y t ti nm 201031

12Bng 3.6 : Thnh phn nguy hi trong cht thi y t32

13Bng 3.7 : Thnh phn nguy hi trong cht thi y t33

14Bng 4.1 : Mt s sn phm ch yu ti nm 201034

15Bng 4.2 : Tnh ton d bo tc thi b rc ti nm 202035

16Bng 5.1: H s tiu hao khng kh37

17Bng 5.2: Thnh phn nhin liu du DO theo lng mol38

18Bng 5.3: Lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du DO38

19Bng 5.4: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du DO39

20Bng 5.5 : Thnh phn rc y t chuyn thnh lng mol40

21Bng 5.6 : lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg rc41

22Bng 5.7: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg rc41

23Bng 5.8 : Cc c tnh ca bc phun thp p v cao p47

24Bng 5.9: Thnh phn v lu lng dng vo bung t th cp49

25Bng 5.10: Thnh phn v lu lng sn phm chy khi t du bung th cp55

26Bng 5.11: Thnh phn v lu lng kh thi ra khi l t55

27Bng 6.1: Thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi63

28Bng 6.2: Nng cht nhim trc khi x l63

29Bng 6.3: Cc thng s ca y73

30Bng 6.4: Thng s o cc bch76

31Bng 6.5: Cc thng s v chn 78

32Bng 6.6: Cc thng s v tai treo78

33Bng 6.7: Hiu sut ca mt s loi bm80

34Bng 6.8: H s d tr ca bm80

DANH MC CC HNH

STTTN HNHTRANG

1Hnh 2.1: Cng ngh thiu t rc y t21

2Hnh 2.2: S vn hnh l t GG42 HOVAL23

3Hnh 6.1: Hnh mt bch75

4Hnh 6.2: Chn thp gii nhit nc tun hon loi LiangChi Model: LBC-W-125RT79

CC CH VIT TT

CTRYT:Cht thi rn y t

CTYT:Cht thi y t

RYT:

Rc y tM U

1. Tnh cp thit ca ti

Trong nhng nm gn y, tc th ho, cng nghip ho ti cc thnh ph v cc khu th Vit Nam gia tng mnh m v ang c xu hng tip tc tng mnh m trong nhng nm ti. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng nghip ho v th ho, nhiu loi cht thi khc nhau sinh t cc hot ng ca con ngi c xu hng tng ln v s lng, t nc cng, rc sinh hot, phn, cht thi cng nghip n cc cht thi c hi, nh rc y t. Nu ta khng c phng php ng n phn hu lng cht thi ny th s gy nhim mi trng do vt qu kh nng phn hu ca t nhin.

Cht thi rn hin nay tr thnh vn bc xc trong cuc sng th v nh hng xu ca n n x hi. Bn cnh cc vn quan tm, ta cng cn quan tm n lng cht thi rn y t nguy hi pht sinh.

Cht thi rn y t (CTRYT) l loi cht thi nguy hi. Trong thnh phn CTRYT c cc loi cht thi nguy hi nh: cht thi lm sng nhm A,B,C,D,E. Cc loi cht thi ny c bit l cht thi nhim khun nhm A, cht thi phu thut nhm E c cha nhiu mm bnh, vi khun gy bnh c th thm nhp vo c th con ngi bng nhiu con ng v nhiu cch khc nhau. Cc vt sc nhn nh kim tim d lm try xc da, gy nhim khun. ng thi, trong thnh phn cht thi y t cn c cc loi ho cht v dc phm c tnh c hi nh: c tnh di truyn, tnh n mn da, gy phn ng, gy n. Nguy him hn cc loi trn l cht thi phng x pht sinh t vic chun bnh bng hnh nh nh: chiu chp X-quang, tr liu Lng cht thi rn y t nguy hi pht sinh chim t l rt nh (0,14%) so vi tng lng cht thi rn pht sinh trn a bn ton quc. Tuy nhin, nu chng khng c qun l tt s gy nhim mi trng v nh hng ti sc kho cng ng.

Cho n nay, chn lp vn l bin php x l cht thi rn ph bin nht i vi nhiu nc trn th gii trong c Vit Nam. u im chnh ca cng ngh chn lp t tn km v c th x l nhiu loi cht thi rn khc nhau so vi cng ngh khc. Tuy nhin hnh thc chn lp li gy ra nhng hnh thc nhim khc nh nhim nc, mi hi, rui nhng, cn trngHn na, cng ngh chn lp khng th p dng x l trit cc loi cht thi y t, c hi. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh th ho nh hin nay, qu t ngy cng thu hp, dn n kh khn trong vic la chn v tr lm bi chn lp rc.

V vy, p dng mt s bin php x l rc khc song song vi chn lp l mt nhu cu rt thit thc. Cng ngh t cht thi rn, mt trong nhng cng ngh thay th, ngy cng tr nn ph bin v c ng dng rng ri c bit vi loi hnh cht thi rn y t v c hi. Cng ngh t cht thi rn s t tn km hn nu i km vi bin php khai thc tn dng nng lng pht sinh trong qu trnh t. 2. Mc tiu ca lun vnTnh ton thit k l t rc y t nhm gii quyt nhim mi trng do cht thi rn y t sinh ra ca bnh vin a khoa tnh Ty Ninh.

3. Ni dung ca lun vn1/ Tng quan v cht thi y t.

2/ Tng quan v phng php thiu t cht thi rn y t.

3/ Hin trng thu gom, x l cht thi rn y t ca tnh Ty Ninh.4/ D bo khi lng pht sinh cht thi rn y t cho bnh vin a khoa Ty Ninh n nm 2020.

5/ Tnh ton, thit k l t rc y t cng sut 30 kg/h.4. Phng php nghin cuNghin cu l thuyt Su tm s liu, t liu tng quan v cht thi rn y t.

Su tm s liu, t liu v cc phng php x l cht thi rn y t.

Su tm s liu, t liu v hin trng thu gom v x l cht thi rn y t.

Nghin cu thc nghim Kho st khu vc t l t rc y t.5. ngha khoa hc thc tin, kinh t x hi

ngha khoa hc Trn c s thit k l t x l cht thi rn y t cho tnh Ty Ninh,l t c thit k hai cp c th x l trit cht thi rn y t v kh gas sinh ra trong qu trnh t nhm hn ch nhim mi trng do cht thi rn gy ra.

ngha kinh t - x hi Cng ngh ny c th p dng x l cht thi rn y t cho bnh vin a khoa tnh Ty Ninh v cc bnh vin khc.Chng 1TNG QUAN V CHT THI RN Y T1.1 Khi nim cht thi rn y tCht thi y t (CTYT) l cht thi t cc hot ng khm cha bnh, chm sc, xt nghim, nghin cuCTYT nguy hi l cht thi c cc thnh phn nh: mu, dch c th, cht bi tit, cc b phn, c quan; bm, kim tim, vt sc nhn, dc phm, ha cht, cht phng xthng dng rn, lng, kh. CTYT c xp l cht thi nguy hi, cn c phng thc lu gi, x l, thi b c bit, c quy nh ring; gy nguy hi sc khe, an ton mi trng hay gy cm gic thiu thm m.

Rc sinh hot y t l cht thi khng xp vo cht thi nguy hi, khng c kh nng gy c, khng cn lu gi, x l c bit; l cht thi pht sinh t cc khu vc bnh vin: giy, plastic, thc phm, chai l

Rc y t (RYT) l phn cht thi y t dng rn, khng tnh cht thi dng lng v kh, c thu gom v x l ring.

1.2 Phn Loi

1.2.1 Cht thi lm sng: Cht thi rn y t gm 5 nhm Nhm A: cht thi nhim khun, cha mm bnh vi s lng, mt gy bnh, b nhim khun bi vi khun, virus, k sinh trng, nmbao gm cc vt liu b thm mu, thm dch, cht bi tit ca ngi bnh nh gc, bng, gng tay, bt b gy xng, dy truyn mu

Nhm B: l cc vt sc nhn: bm tim, li, cn dao m, mnh thy tinh v v mi vt liu c th gy ra cc vt ct hoc chc thng, d chng c c s dng hay khng s dng. Nhm C: cht thi nguy c ly nhim pht sinh t phng xt nghim: gng tay, lam knh, ng nghim, bnh phm sau khi xt nghim, ti ng mu

Nhm D: cht thi dc phm, dc phm qu hn, b nhim khun, dc phm b , khng cn nhu cu s dng v thuc gy c t bo.

Nhm E: l cc m c quan ngi ng vt, c quan ngi bnh, ng vt, m c th (nhim khun hay khng nhim khun), chn tay, nhau thai, bo thai

1.2.2 Cht thi gy c t boVt liu b nhim nh bm tim, gc, l thucthuc qu hn, nc tiu, phnchim 1% cht thi bnh vin.

1.2.3 Cht thi phng xCht thi c hot ring nh cht phng x. Cht thi phng x pht sinh t hot ng chun on, ho tr liu v nghin cu. Cht thi phng x gm cht thi rn, lng, kh. Cht thi phng x rn: vt liu s dng trong xt nghim, chun on nh ng tim, bm tim, giy thm

Cht thi phng x lng: dung dch cha nhn t phng x, tham gia iu tr, cht bi tit.

Cht thi phng x kh: kh dng trong lm sng, kh t kho cha cht phng x.

1.2.4 Cht thi ho hc

Cht thi t nhiu ngun, ch yu t hot ng xt nghim, chun on bao gm: formaldehyd, ho cht quang hc ho, dung mi, etylen, hn hp ho cht

1.2.5 Cc loi bnh cha c p

Bnh ch kh c p nh bnh CO2, O2, gas, bnh kh dung, bnh kh dng 1 lncc bnh d gy chy n, khi thiu t cn thu ring.

1.2.6 Cht thi sinh hot

Cht thi khng b coi l cht thi nguy hi, pht sinh t bnh vin, phng lm vicgiy bo, ti liu, vt liu ng gi, thng, ti nilon, thc n d tha

Kh nng gy nhim ca cc loi cht thi rn Cc loi bng, bng, gc, vi cha rt nhiu vi trng gy bnh. Qua trung gian ca cc loi cn trng nh rui, mui cc loi vi trng ny s xm nhp nhiu ni, qua ng thc n, nc ung c th gy ra cc dch bnh trn phm vi rng.

Cc loi bnh phm ngoi cc kh nng gy bnh cho con ngi cn d b thi ra, hi thi lm nhim mi trng khng kh v lm mt m quan xung quanh.

Cc vt sc nhn nh kim tim, ng chch nu a thng ra bi chn lp s gy nguy him cho cng nhn thu dn v sinh hoc nhng ngi nht rc v cc bnh ly truyn qua ng mu khi gim phi.V vy: m bo an ton trong lc vn chuyn hoc thu gom em i x l thch hp. Mt s bnh vin cha trang b l t rc y t k hp ng x l rc y t vi Cng ty Mi trng th v Cng ty Mi trng th c nhng quy trnh bt buc thc hin i vi loi rc thi nguy hi ny.

Quy trnh qun l, x l cht thi y t bao gm :

Quy trnh lp ch tiu k hoch thu gom, vn chuyn, x l rc y t.

Quy trnh thu gom, vn chuyn rc y t. Quy trnh x l rc y t.1.3 Tnh cht cht thi y t1.3.1 Tnh cht vt l1.3.1.1 Thnh phn

L thng s quan trng nh gi kh nng thu hi ph liu, la chn cng ngh thch hp.

S khc nhau gia cht thi y t v cht thi th c th hin bng 1.1:Bng 1.1: S khc nhau gia cc loi cht thi

Thnh phnCT ly nhim (% trng lng)CT thng thng (% trng lng)CT th (% trng lng)

Giy313641,9

Carton0312,2

Plastic292011,2

Cao su121,41,6

Vi52,12,9

Thc phm111,711,9

Rc vn020

Thy tinh3,24,87,5

Kim loi1,17,26

Cht dch17,79,90

Misorganics01,90,4

(Ngun : Cefinea)

Bng 1.2:Thnh phn cht thi (rc sinh hot ti bnh vin)STTThnh phnPhn trm trng lng (%)

1Giy v giy thm60

2Plastic20

3Thc phm tha10

4Kim loi, thy tinh, cht v c7

5Cc loi hn hp khc3

(Ngun : Cefinea)

Bng 1.3 thnh phn cht thi nhim khun c trong cht thi rn y tSTTThnh phnPhn trm trng lng (%)

1Giy v qun o50 70

2Plastic20 60

3Thy tinh10 20

4Cht dch1 10

(Ngun : Cefinea)

Bng 1.4:Thnh phn vt l cht thi y t mt s bnh vin TP. HCMSTTThnh phn vt lPhn trm trng lng (%)

1Plastic30,1

2Cao su (C4H6)n24,2

3Vi, giy (C6H10O5)n36,2

4Lipit (C30H61C6H5O6)0,5

5Protit (C2H5O2N)4

6Xng (Ca, P)5

(Ngun : Cefinea)Bng 1.5: thnh phn ha l ca rc y t

Thnh phnHm lng (%)Khi lng (kg)Phn t lng (g)Lng mol (kmol)

C50,8550,85124,23

H6,716,7123,35

O19,519,5320,59

N2,752,75280,098

Ca0,10,1400,00025

P0,080,08150,0053

S2,712,71320,084

Cl15,115,1710,212

A (tro)1,051,05--

W (nc)1,51,5180,605

Tng100100

(Ngun: Cefinea)

1.3.1.2 m m ca cht thi rn l thng s lin quan n gi tr nhit lng, xem xt khi la chn, phng php x l, thit k bi chn lp v l t. m thay i theo thnh phn v theo ma trong nm. Ty tng loi cht thi c m khc nhau 8,5 17%, ch yu l giy, plastic chim t l cao. m tng i thng thch hp vi phng php x l bng cng ngh thiu t.1.3.1.3 T trng Xc nh bng t s gia trng lng ca mu rc v th tch chim ch. T trng thay i theo thnh phn, m, nn cht ca rc. T trng l thng s quan trng phc v cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn v x l v lin quan ti khi lng rc thu gom v thit k qui m l t. RYT c thnh phn hu c cao nn t trng cht thi thp 208 345kg/m3.

1.3.2 Tnh cht ho hc v gi tr nhit lng

Tnh cht ha hc v nhit lng c xem l nhn t khi la chn phng n x l cht thi, tham gia thu gom, vn chuyn. Rc thi c gi tr nhit lng cao nn x l bng phng php thiu t, rc c thnh phn hu c cao, d phn hy phi thu gom trong ngy v u tin x l bng phng php sinh hc.

1.3.2.1 tnh cht ho hc

Thnh phn hu c: c xc nh l phn vt cht c th bay hi sau khi nung 950oC.

Thnh phn v c (tro): l phn tro cn li sau khi nung 950 0C.

Thnh phn phn trm (%): phn trm ca cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, S v tro. Thnh phn % c xc nh tnh gi tr nhit lng ca rc.

1.3.2.2 gi tr nhit lng

Nhit thot ra t vic t CTYT l mt thng s quan trng, c n v kJ/kg. Cc l t u c b phn cp kh bn trong trc tip nh hng n kh nng chy. V vy, khi lng cht thi c th t mi gi ph thuc vo gi tr nhit lng mi kg cht thi.

Nhit lng (Q) rc thi tnh theo cng thcQ = 339C + 1256H 108,8(O S) 25,1(W + 9H) (kJ/kg)Trong :C: phn trm (%) trng lng Cacbon trong rc.

H: phn trm (%) trng lng Hidro trong rc.

O: phn trm (%) trng lng Cxy trong rc.

N: phn trm (%) trng lng Nit trong rc.

S: phn trm (%) trng lng lu hunh trong rc.

W: phn trm (%) trng lng tro trong rc.

Chng 2

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN Y TCht thi y t thng p dng cc phng php x l v tiu hy:

Phng php x l: thiu t, kh khun bng ho cht, ni hp, ng gi kn, vi sng

Phng php tiu hy: bi chn lp cht thi hp v sinh, chn lp trong khu t bnh vin, nc thi c thi vo h thng x l.

2.1 Phng php kh trngy l cng on u tin khi x l RYT nhm hn ch tai nn cho nhn vin thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc. Cht thi lm sng c nguy c nhim khun cao, phi c x l an ton bng phng php kh trng gn ni cht thi pht sinh sau cho vo ti nilon mu vng ri vn chuyn tiu hy.

Kh trng bng ha cht: clor, hypocloritel phng php r tin, n gin nhng c nhc im l thi gian tip xc t khng tiu dit ht vi khun trong rc. Vi khun c kh nng bn vng vi ha cht, nn x l khng hiu qu. Ho cht bn thn nguy him, cn nghin nh cht thi gim th tch.

Kh trng bng nhit p sut cao: l phng php t tin, i hi ch vn hnh, bo dng cao; x l kim tim sau khi nghin nh, lm bin dng. Nhc im to mi hi nn vi bnh vin c l t th kim tim t trc tip.

Kh trng bng siu cao tng: kh trng tt, nng sut cao. Tuy nhin, i hi k thut cao, thit b t tin v yu cu c chuyn mn, l phng php cha ph bin.

2.2 Phng php tr ho (c nh v ng rn)y l phng php c s dng rng ri x l cht thi nguy hi trong c c rc y t. l qa trnh x l trong x l cht thi nguy hi c trn vi ph gia hoc b tng ng rn cht thi nhm khng cho cc thnh phn nhim lan truyn ra ngoi.

Cng ngh ny ang c p dng : Ci to khu vc cha cht thi nguy hi. X l cc sn phm nguy hi ca cc qu trnh x l khc.

X l v tn tr cc cht nguy hi an ton hn, gim thiu kh nng pht tn ra mi trng xung quanh.

Cc cht dnh v c thng dng l: vi, xi mng porand, bentonic, pizzolan, thch cao, silicat. Cht kt dnh hu c thng dng l: epoxy, polyester, nha asphalt, polyolefin, ure formaldehyt.2.3 Phng php chn lp

Phng php chn lp l phng php lu gi cht thi trong mt bi v c ph t ln trn. Phng php chn lp hp v sinh l phng php kim sot s phn hu ca cht thi khi chng c chn nn v ph lp b mt. Cht thi s b tan ra nh qu trnh phn hu sinh hc to ra sn phm cui cng l cc cht giu dinh dng nh acids hu c, nit, cc hp cht amon v mt s kh: CO2, CH4

iu kin chn lp ti cc Bi Chn Lp l tt c cc loi cht thi khng nguy hi, cht thi c kh nng phn hu theo thi gian.

u im Vn u t thp

Qun l d

Khuyt im Tn nhiu t

C kh nng pht sinh nhim mi trng ln (t, nc mt, nc ngm, khng kh)

Pht sinh cn trng v dch bnh

Chi ph x l pht sinh nhim cao. Nhng Bi Chn Lp ci tin v hp v sinh ngoi vic m bo chng thm ca nc rc cn phi c cc cng trnh nh cn cn, phn loi v x l rc c hi, m ln, che y khoan trung gian, h thng thot nc ma ring v ph t cc t cao. gim mi hi cn phi c hng ro cch ly v s dng cc ch phm vi sinh.

Cho n nay, Vit Nam cha c Bi Chn Lp no tho mn cc yu cu trn, hn na phn sinh ra t cc Bi Chn Lp cng khng s dng c cho ng rung nc ta. Th nhng nc ta, hu ht phng php x l rc sinh hot hin nay l phng php ny. V phng php ny cng khng dng x l rc y t.

2.4 Phng php t

Phng php t l phng php oxy ho nhit cao vi s c mt ca oxy trong khng kh, trong rc s c chuyn ho thnh kh v cc cht tr khng chy. y l phng php ph bin, nhiu ni p dng; l qu trnh xi ha rc nhit cao, to CO2, H2OPhng trnh tng qut:

CxHyOz + (x+y/4+z/2) O2 = xCO2 + yH2O

u im: x l trit rc, tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc cht nhim khc, din tch xy dng nh, vn hnh n gin v c th x l rc c chu k phn hy di.

Nhc im: chi ph u t vn hnh cao, thiu t mt s cht thi cha clor, kim loi nng pht sinh ra bi, cht nhim c hi nh dioxin

Cht thi t l t chia lm 2 nhm Cc sn phm do s chy khng hon ton nh arsenic, crom, beri, helic ngun gc t cc cht nhim ban u.

Cc sn phm sinh ra do qu trnh chy khng hon ton trong bung s cp. Cht thi c nhit lng cao tiu th nhiu xi trong qu trnh chy.

Trong qu trnh thit k l t cn km theo h thng x l kh thi, lu cc yu t m bo s t chy hon ton: lng O2 cung cp, nhit chy 900 1200oC, thi gian t v mc xo trn. Cn lu vt liu ch to l m bo chu nhit cao. Kh thi sau khi lm ngui c x l bng dung dch trung ha.2.5 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi rn y t

2.5.1 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi y rn t trn th gii

Nh tnh u vit ca cng ngh t m hu ht cc nc trn Th gii u tin p dng phng php t phn hy rc thi. cc nc Ty u c khong 23% tng lng cht thi rn c t c ti 80% l t c thu hi nng lng, M 28 bang c l t thu hi nng lng, c lng rc em t chim 36%;Canada 80%; Php v B 54%; an Mch 48%; Anh 90%; 75%; Nht 75%... x l hn 400 triu tn rc thi nguy hi hng nm, Nht Bn c khong 3.000 l t rc.

Ba Lan, ti cng Gdansk lp t 1 l quay t cht thi c cng sut t 2,5 tn/gi, cht thi c t t cc ngnh cng nghip du kh, thc phm, dc phm, ha cht... L t hot ng 290 ngy/nm, t lin tuc, 75 ngy bo tr v sa cha l. L t ti a l 20.000 tn cht thi/nm. Nhit sau bung t th cp ti thiu phi t t 850 900 0C. gim NOx trong kh thi, y ngi ta dng dung dch Ur 40% trong nc x l. Kh thi c x l t tiu chun quy nh ca Ba Lan trc khi thi ra mi trng.

M, Anh, H Lan, Phn Lan, Thy in, Canada trin khai nhiu l t cht thi nguy hi trong thu hi nhit cp cho ni hi pht in. M, Canada ch yu t cht thi theo cng ngh l quay (khong 70%), trong khi cc nc Chu u li ch yu l t trn l nhit phn tnh.

2.5.2 Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh t cht thi nguy hi v cht thi rn y t Vit Nam

Vit Nam, rc thi nguy hi vi c tnh v ang tc ng tiu cc mt cch trm trng n sc khe con ngi v mi trng sng. Trc y do cha c quan tm ng mc, hu ht cc loi rc nguy hi trn c thugom v a i x l chung vi rc sinh hot.

Theo thng k ca B Khoa Hc, Cng Ngh v Mi Trng, mi ngy cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, dch v trong c nc thi ra mi trng khong 50.000 tn cht thi rn, trong gm 26.877 tn cht thi cng nghip, 21.828 tn cht thi sinh hot v 240 tn cht thi y t (ton ngnh y t c 826 Bnh vin), trong s 12 25 % l cht thi y t nguy hi cn x l c bit bng phng php thiu t.

H Ni c khong 40 Bnh vin Trung ng v a phng cng vi hnh trm trung tm y t cp huyn v x, mi ngy mi c s ny thi ra khong 11 12 tn cht thi y t. Theo thng k ca Cng ty Mi trng th H Ni (URENCO), mi ngy ch thu gom c khong 60% lng cht thi trn v 5% trong s c em x l bng phng php thiu t, s cn li c em i chn lp.

Trc y H Ni ch c 2 l t rc y t Bnh vin Lao phi v Bnh vin Vit c, nhng do cng ngh lc hu vn gy nhim mi trng. T thng 7/1996, H Ni khi ng d n Xy dng xng t cht thi c hi tp trung cho cc Bnh vin H Ni do S Y t lm ch u t. n 5/1999, l t rc y t DEL MONEGO-200 ca Italy, a vo hot ng mt t ti Nh my ch bin ph thi Cu Din, huyn T Lim. Vi cng sut x l 200 kg/h (2 tn/ngy), hin nay p ng phn ln rc y t ca cc Bnh vin v Trung tm y t h Ni (trong 6 thng u nm 2003, l t x l c 210 tn rc y t, vi gi thnh thiu hy l 5.000 /kg. Tuy nhin vn cha p ng nhu cu x l rc y t t cc phng khm cha bnh t nhn H Ni.

Thnh ph H Ch Minh hin vi 800 nh my, x nghip ln v khong 30.000 c s sn xut qui m nh, mi ngy sinh ra 260 tn cht thi (94.900 tn/nm), trong c 35 tn cht thi nguy hi (12.775 tn/nm) cn x l bng phng php t.

Thnh ph H Ch minh c hn 100 c s y t ln nh v hn 4.000 phng khm bnh t nhn. Nhng s GTCC mi thu gom c rc thi ca 56 c s y t khu vc ni thnh vi lng rc khong 5,5 tn /ngy v c em i t tp trung ti Nh my x l rc y t Bnh Hng Ha trn l t rc y t Hoval cng sut 7 tn/ngy ca B.

Nhm p ng nhu cu x l nhim bo v mi trng, mt s l t rc y t c nhp ngoi nh d n Trang b 25 l t cht thi rn y t cho cc cm bnh vin t ngun vn ODA ca Chnh ph o, do hng HOVALWERK AG cung cp nm 2001, bao gm 12 l HOVAL MZ2 ( cc Tnh H Ty, Bc Giang, H Tnh, Qung Nam, An Giang, C Mau...), 12 l MZ4 ( Thi Nguyn, Qung Ninh, Hi Dng, Ngh An, Bnh nh, Cn Th...) v 1 l GG4 Bin Ha, ng Nai. L t rc y t HOVAL c cng sut 7 tn/ngy do Cng ty Mi trng th TP. H Ch Minh nhp t B, hin lp t ti Trung tm ha tng Bnh Hng Ha x l rc tp trung cho Thnh ph H Chi Minh. L HOVAL A>G cng sut 20 Kg/h nhp t Thy S cho Bnh vin L Li TP. Vng Tu. L BIC ca B Bnh vin Long Thnh ng Nai...

Nhng nm gn y, c nhiu n v trong nc tham gia vo vic nghin cu ch to l t rc vi nhiu chng loi v cng sut khc nhau nhm p ng nhu cu cp thit bo v mi trng hin nay nh: l t rc y t LRH-500 ca S KHCN & MT TP. H Ch Minh; cc l t rc cng nghip LODRA v l t rc y t LODY ca Cng ty c phn FBE Vietnam; l t rc y t ca Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn ch to cho Trung tm Y t Bn Cu, Ty Ninh; l t rc do Trng i Hc Bch Khoa TP. H Ch Minh ch to cho Bnh vin C Lao Minh, Bn tre; l t rc y t ca Vin C hc ng dng ch to cho Trung tm lao v bnh phi Tin Giang... 2.6 C s la chn cng ngh x l cht thi rn y t

2.6.1C s la chn

Da vo cc phng php x l rc y t nu, cc phng php u c u nhc im ring. Kh trng bng ho cht khng m bo hiu qu kh trng, cht thi vn cn nguy c ly nhim cao; kh trng bng ni hp, sng viba i hi k thut cao, chi ph tn km; phng php chn lp thng khng qua x l nn nh hng n mi trng.

Qua cc phn tch trn, phng php thiu t RYT l thch hp, ph hp iu kin nhiu vng nc ta, c nhiu u im, gim 90 95% trng lng cht thi hu c trong rc, cht thi pht sinh t qu trnh t c th c x l ti ch, trnh ri ro khi vn chuyn, hiu qu cao i vi cht thi nguy him, cht thi ly nhim cao.

2.6.2Qu trnh qun l cht thi rn y t trc khi x l

2.6.2.1 Thu gom

Phi c lch trnh thu gom v vn chuyn rc hp l.

RYT c gi trong bao nilon hoc trong thng cha c np y.

Quy nh mu sn ca cc thng cha rc khc nhau phn bit (thng mu xanh cha rc sinh hot, mu vng cha cc loi rc y t nh bng bng, gc, ng tim, bnh phmmu en cha cht thi phng x, thuc gy c t bo)

Cc loi bnh phm phi c chuyn ngay n ni tp trung rc bng cc dng c v phng tin chuyn dng chun b cho vic thiu t, khng c bnh phm tn ng lu trong cc phng, khoa ca bnh vin.

Nh phn loi rc phi thng thong tt, thng xuyn phun xt cc loi thuc chng rui, mui.

Khu tp trung rc thi phi cao c mi v tng che trnh nc ma ri vo, xung quanh phi c mng thot nc vi h thng thot nc bn x l.

2.6.2.2 Phn loi

Rc c chia lm 2 loi: rc sinh hot, rc y t.

Vic phn loi phi c thc hin ngay ti thi im cht thi pht sinh, cht thi phi c ng trong cc ti v thng theo quy nh.

Cht thi y t nguy hi khng c ln trong cht thi sinh hot. Nu v tnh ln cht thi y t nguy hi th hn hp cht thi c x l v tiu hy nh cht thi y t nguy hi.

2.6.3Cng ngh thiu t cht thi rn y t

Cng ngh thiu t l t cht thi mt cch c kim sot trong mt vng kn, mang nhiu hiu qu. Qu trnh t c thc hin hon ton, ph hy hon ton cht thi c hi bng cch ph v cc lin kt ha hc, gim thiu hay loi b hon ton c tnh. Hn ch tp trung cht thi cn loi b vo mi trng bng cch bin i cht rn, lng thnh tro. So vi CTYT cha x l, tro thi vo mi trng an ton hn.

Vic qun l kim loi, tro v cc sn phm ca qu trnh t l khu quan trng. Tro l mt dng vt liu rn, tr gm C, mui, kim loi. Trong qu trnh t, tro tp trung bung t (tro y), lp tro ny xem nh cht thi nguy hi. Cc ht tro c kch thc nh c th b cun ln cao (tro bay). Tn tro cn chn lp an ton v thnh phn nguy hi s trc tip gy hi. Lng kim loi nng c xc nh qua vic kim tra khi thi v tro d ca l t.

Thnh phn kh thi ch yu l CO2, hi nc, NOx, hydrigen cloride v cc kh khc. Cc kh vn tim n kh nng gy hi cho con ngi v mi trng, v vy cn c h thng x l khi thi t l t.

L t thng c chia lm 2 bung Bung t chnh: gm 2 giai on

+ Giai on 1: cht thi c sy kh.

+ Giai on 2: chy v kh ha.

Bung t sau: gm 3 giai on

+ Giai on 3: phi trn.

+ Giai on 4: chy dng kh.

+ Giai on 5: xi ho hon ton.

Cc yu t quyt nh s hiu qu ca l t: s cn bng nng lng, h thng kim sot ch t, nhit nng chy trong bung t, m ca cht thi.

Phng php t l phng php hiu qu v kinh t nht x l trit cht thi y t nguy hi. Hnh 2.1: Cng ngh thiu t rc y t

2.6.4 Cc kiu l c bn

C 2 kiu l c bn:

L quay (chuyn ng quay): c cu to hnh tr, nm ngang. Chuyn ng quay quanh trc ca l lm cht thi c o trn u, nng cao hiu qu chy. L c ch to vi cng sut ln, chi ph u t v vn hnh rt cao.

L tnh (khng chuyn ng): c cu to n gin, hiu qu cao. Cng sut thit k ca l tnh thng l nh hoc trung bnh. C cc loi l: l t thit k n gin, l t 1 khoang, l t 2 khoang.

So snh mt s c im cc loi l t:

Bng 2.1: c im mt s l t.

c imL 1 khoangL 2 khoangL quay

Cng sut (kg/ngy)100 200200 1000500 3000

Nhit (oC)300 400800 10001200 1600

B phn lmsch khKh lp tLp vi l lnC sn

Nhn lcCn o toC chuyn mnTrnh cao

Chi phTng i thpChi ph caoKh t

Phng php thiu t ph thuc hiu qu s dng ca tng loi l:

L quay: x l c tt c cht thi nhim khun, ha hc v dc hc, chi ph u t, vn hnh, bo tr cao.

L t th cng n gin: gim ng k trng lng v th tch cht thi, chi ph u t v vn hnh rt thp, khng tiu hy c nhiu ha cht, dc cht, thi khi en, bi tro v kh c ra mi trng.

L t 1 bung: hiu qu kh khun cao, gim ng k trng lng v th tch cht thi, cn tro c th chn lp, chi ph u t, vn hnh thp, khng cn nhn vin vn hnh trnh cao. Nhc im: thi ra mt lng ng k kh gy nhim, phi ly tro v b hng nh k, khng hiu qu khi tiu hu cht thi ho hc v dc hc.

L t 2 bung: hiu qu kh khun cao, x l c cht thi nhim khun, hu ht cht thi ho hc v dc hc nhng khng tiu hy hon ton thuc gy c t bo.

L t tng si: l t tnh cha mt lp ct, thng c cng sut nh, vn hnh tn nhiu nng lng, thit k phc tp v t tin.

V d minh ha:

L t rc bng gas, c t ti trung tm ha tnh Bnh Hng Ha, cng sut 7 tn/ngy (GG42 HOVAL) c h thng x l kh thi t tiu chun, do cng ty mi trng % th qun l. L s dng nhit theo nguyn l hiu ng nhit phn. L gm 2 bung: bung u t kh ha, bung th hai t chy kh sinh ra t bung u. y l kiu l tnh, hot ng lin tc, chia lm 3 giai on: np rc (8h), t (8h), lm ngui (8h).

Hnh 2.2: S vn hnh l t GG42 HOVAL

Nguyn l vn hnh: l s dng nhit thiu hy rc qua 2 bung t, bung s cp (giai on I) rc c t 700 oC, bung th cp gia tng nhit n 1000 oC, m bo t chy hon ton kh t bung s cp. Bicabonate Natri v than hot tnh to phn ng trung ho nhm gim lng acid, kim loi nng, lc bi trc khi thi ra ngoi.

Chng 3HIN TRNG THU GOM X L RC Y T CA TNH TY NINH3.1 c im a l t nhin tnh Ty Ninh

3.1.1 V tr a l

Tnh Ty Ninh thuc min ng Nam B, to t 1005708 n 1104636v Bc v t 10504843 n 10502248 kinh ng

Pha Ty v Ty Bc gip vi ba tnh Svay Ring, Kng Png Chm v Swoai Ring ca vng quc Cmphuchia, ng bin gii chung hai nc di 240km, c hai ca khu Mc Bi v Sa Mt. Ngoi ra cn nhiu ca khu tiu ngch khc.

Pha ng gip vi tnh Bnh Dng, Bnh Phc, pha Nam gip vi TP. H Ch Minh v tnh Long An.

Th x (trong c 5 huyn bin gii) gm: Tn Bin, Tn Chu, Dng Minh Chu, Chu Thnh, Ho Thnh, Bn Cu, G Du, Trng Bng. Ton tnh c chia ra l 79 x, 3 phng v 8 th trn. Trung tm kinh t, chnh tr v vn ho ca tnh c t ti th x Ty Ninh cch Tp.H Ch Minh 99 km v pha Ty Bc theo quc l 22 v cch th H Ni 1809 km theo quc l 1.

nh hnh tnh Ty Ninh nghing theo hng ng Bc Ty Nam vi hai c trng khc bit. Pha Bc c a hnh i ni dc, vi cao trung bnh t 10 15 m. c bit cch Th X Ty Ninh gn 10 km c ngn ni B en cao 986m l ngn ni duy nht trong tnh. Pha Nam a hnh mang c im ng bng, vi cao trung bnh 3 5 m. nhn chung a hnh tnh Ty Ninh tng i bng phng thun li cho cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip, pht trin cng nghip v c s h tng.

3.1.2 c im cc iu kin t nhin

Ty Ninh l mt tnh nm min ng Nam B nn kh hu v cc iu kin t nhin trong tnh cng b nh hng ch yu nh kh hu ca cc tnh khc trong vng. iu kin bc x tng i di do, t chu nh hng ca cc dng khng kh lnh cc i t pha Bc, m chu nh hng ca lung khng kh nng m c trng ca vng kh hu Cn nhit i, c phn bit hai ma r rt l ma kh v ma ma (t thng 5 thng 11).

Nhit Nhit trung bnh nm ca tnh Ty Ninh l 27,40C.

Lng ma trung bnh hng nm t 1800 2200 mm.

m trung bnh trong nm vo khong 70 80%.

Tc gi 1,7 m/s v thi iu ho trong nm, chu nh hng ca 2 loi gi ch yu l gi Ty Ty Nam vo ma ma v gi Bc ng Bc vo ma kh.

Ch nhit t chu bin ng qua cc thng trong nm, thng ch dao ng trong khong t 0,5 1 0C. Nhit nng nht trong nm thng ri vo thng 4 , v thp nht trong nm thng ri vo thng 1 v 7. nhit ti cao tuyt i ghi nhn c t 390C v nhit thp tuyt i l 15,30C.

Bng 3.1 :c trng kh tng tnh Ty Ninh

Thngc trng123456789101112

Gi nng trong thng277261276253247179205187189206228254

Nhit bnh qun25,626,62828,828,127,226,826,626,726,32625,2

m %707171738084878788858072

Vn tc gi m/s (cch M 2m)1,51,72,01,61,61,71,71,81,51,61,81,7

(Ngun : Cng ty cng ngh mi trng Thng Long)

Gi

Ton b tnh Ty Ninh chu nh hng ca ba h thng gi hon lu: Gi ma Ma ng, gi ma Ma H v gi Tn Phong xen k vo cc t suy yu ca gi ma. Tc gi cc i ghi nhn c nm 1979 l 28 m/s, hu ht chng u xut hin trong cc cn ging, tn sut xut hin cc t gi t cp 10 tr ln rt thp khong 2%, t khi xy ra.

T thng 11 n thng 12, Ty Ninh chu nh hng ca khi khng kh lnh cc i pha Bc, hng gi thnh hnh trong cc thng ny ch yu l hng Bc, ng Bc, Ty Bc. Tc gi trung bnh l 5 -7 m/s, tn sut 25 45%.

T thng 5 n thng 10, l thi k Ty Ninh chu nh hng cc khi khng kh nng m pha Ty Nam, t thng 6 n cui thng 10 thnh hnh l gi Ty Nam, tc gi t 3 5 m/s, chim 35 45%.

m khng kh

Ty Ninh nm trong khu vc Cn Nhit i, vi cc c trng ca vng kh hu ny l c m tng i trung bnh thp hn cc tnh pha Bc. Trong ngy m tng i t cao nht 4 5 gi v thp nht lc 12 15 gi. m tng i trung bnh thp nht t khong 69%, m trung bnh vo nhng thng ma kh t khong 75% v trong nhng ngy ma ln m tng i c th ln ti 99%.

Ch ma

Ty Ninh c hai ma r rt l ma ma v ma kh

Ma ma: Bt u vo thng 5 v kt thc vo thng 10, lng ma vo thi gian ny chim khong 86% lng ma c nm. Trong ma thng xy ra ma ro, nng ht v mau tnh.

Ma kh: Lng ma vo ma ny rt t nhng tnh chung trong nm th lng ma v lng bc hi vo ma ma v ma kh l gn ngang nhau nn thng xy ra hin tng khan him nc, hn hn xy ra vo ma kh, nht l cc vng t cao pha Bc v ng Bc tnh.

Bng 3.2 : Lng ma trung bnh mt s ni trong tnh Ty Ninh trong 20 nm (1978 1999)

ThngK TumTX.Ty NinhNi B enG Du

14857

24873

322202216

456896169

5166200143181

6262240175216

7247258182208

8290230211187

9374263303292

10251312210271

1182132120129

1214261821

(Ngun : Cng ty cng ngh mi trng Thng Long)

Bc hi nc

Ti tnh Ty Ninh lng bc hi hng nm khong 1.500 mm. trong ma kh lng bc hi nhiu hn khong 950 mm, v ma ma khong 450 mm. iu ny rt d gy ra hin tng hn hn vo ma kh.3.2 c im dn c v cc hot ng kinh t x hi

3.2.1Tnh hnh dn s v hin trng phn b dn c

Cc vng dn c tp trung: Th X Ty Ninh

Cc vng dn c ri rc: phn ln huyn Ho Thnh, huyn Chu ThnhBng 3.3 : Hin trng v d bo dn s ti huyn Ho Thnh, huyn Chu Thnh v Th X ty Ninh

TnHin trng dn s nm 2002(ngi)D bo dn s nm 2010 (ngi)

Th X Ty Ninh123.027133.740

Huyn Ho Thnh138.441149.459

Huyn Chu Thnh123.537133.389

Cng385.005416.569

(Ngun: Cefinea)

Mt c trng ca dn c Ty Ninh l hu ht dn c th trong ton tnh u tp trung ti Th X Ty Ninh, huyn G Du, huyn Ho Thnh, huyn Chu Thnh, chim ti 68% s dn c th trong ton tnh. Ring vi hai huyn Bn Cu v Dng Minh Chu th hu nh cha c dn th.

Trong nhng nm qua t l dn s t nhin trong tnh gim mnh, t 2,01% nm 1990 gim xung cn 1,81% nm 1995 v cn 1,60% nm 2000. Trong tng lai khi chnh sch k hoch ho gia nh c thc hin tt hn na th t l tng dn s t nhin trong tnh cn gim xung kh nhiu na.

3.2.2iu kin kinh t v cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip v dch v

Hot ng cng nghip Tiu th cng nghip

Trong nhng nm qua, nn cng nghip tnh Ty Ninh c nhng bc pht trin r rt nhng so vi mt s tnh ln cn th tc ny cn chm. Trong nhng thng cui nm, cc nh my ng hot ng sm hn so vi mi nm nn gp phn gia tng gi tr sn xut cng nghip khong 14,3% so vi nm trc. Sn xut khu vc tnh Ty Ninh trong nm 2002 t mt s kt qu sau:

Tng gi tr sn xut cng nghip nm 2002 t 2280,4 t ng.

Gi tr sn xut cng nghip ngoi quc doanh tng 14,0%.

Gi tr sn xut cng nghip khu vc vn u t nc ngoi tng 25,9%.

Gi tr sn xut cng nghip khu vc kinh t nh nc gim 0,1%.

Mt s ngnh c mc tng trng cao nh kim loi tng 59,3%, cao su tng 11,6%, gch ngi tng 23,3%, ch bin g tng 45,4%...

Nhn chung, cc hot ng cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip trn a bn tnh Ty Ninh c cc c im chnh sau:

C s sn xut cng nghip v tiu th cng nghip nm ri rc trong khu dn c ti cc huyn th.

Sn xut tp trung vo cc ngnh chnh sau: ch bin lng thc thc phm, vt liu xy dng, ho cht cao su, ch bin g,

Trong phng n quy hoch sp ti, Ty Ninh s nng cp quy m sn xut cc nh my hin i, mt s nh my c xy dng mi v pht trin cc khu cng ngh tp trung bao gm cc khu cng nghip ch bin ma v cao su vng I (cc huyn Tn Bin, Tn Chu, Dng Minh Chu), cc khu cng nghip k thut cao, cng nghip nh, tiu th cng m ngh vng II (Ho Thnh, G Du, TX.Ty Ninh, cc x pha ng sng Vm C thuc huyn Trng Bng, Chu Thnh).

Huyn Chu Thnh:

-Cng ngh cao Thnh in;

-Cng ngh cao Thi Bnh.

Huyn Ho Thnh:

-Cng ngh cao Bn Ko;

- Cm cng nghip Trng Ho;

-Cm cng nghip Tn Bnh.

Sn xut nng nghip

Trong nhiu nm qua nng nghip pht trin kh ton din vi tc cao v tng i n nh. C cu cy trng chuyn dch ng hng, t trng nhm cy cng nghip t 38,2% tng ln 45%, nhm cy lng thc t 35,3% tng ln 47,7%, nhm cy thc phm t 12,9% gim xung cn 6%.

Cy trng chnh tng u c v din tch, nng sut, sn lng, bc u hnh thnh nhng vng sn xut hng ho chuyn canh tp trung vi quy m theo m hnh kimh t h, trang tri trng ma, cao su, cy n tri, t hiu qu kinh t cao.

Tuy nhin do bin ng ca nn kinh t th trng, hng ho nng sn t nc ngoi trng vo th trng chng ta ni chung, tnh Ty Ninh ni ring, gin tip nh hng ti din tch trng cy nng nghip.

Trong vng nghin cu t nng nghip phn b x M Cng, x Tr Vong, x ng Khi, x Thanh in, x Long Thnh trung, Long Thnh Nam.

Tnh hnh pht trin lm nghip

Gi tr sn xut ngnh lm nghip gim t 40 t ng nm 1990 xung cn 20 t ng nm 1995, v tng ln 62 t ng nm 2000. thi k 1991 -1995 gim bnh qun 14% nm, thi k 1996 2000 tng 25,4% nm. Tnh tc tng bnh qun trong khong thi gian t 1991 2005 l 4% nm.

Hin nay vic t chc khoanh nui, bo v v trng rng mi c nhiu tin b. quy hoch ti tng quan Lm nghip giai on 1997 -2005, nhm mc ch xc nh li din tch rng t nhin ang bo v, khoanh nui l 46.415 ha. Nng che ph ca rng t nhin t 8% din tch ln 11,5% k c din tch rng nhn to mi trng thm. Theo thng k mi nht th : Nu k c din tch c che ph bi cc loi cy cng nghip nh Cao su, iu, cy n tri th din tch c che ph l 84.979 ha chim 21% din tch.

Trong tng din tch rng c khoanh nui bo v, cc d n bo v rng hin ang trin khai cng t chc khong cho 144 h ti a bn vi din tch 16.902 ha, lc lng bin phng 6.432 ha. Mt s khu vc ho lnh xa dn c cng t chc khong cho lc lng lm trng trc y gii th ti ch bo v nn cng hn ch c ng k t nn ph rng lm ry, khai thc lm sn tri php.

Tnh hnh pht trin ng nghip

Hin ti Ty Ninh c tng din tch ao h c th khai thc nui trng thu sn l 1.680 ha, nhng din tch thc s c s dng mi ch l 490 ha. l cha tnh ti din tch ngp nc ca vng lng h Du Ting ln ti 27.000 ha cha c khai thc u t nui trng thu sn. Sn lng nui trng thu sn nm 1999 t 2.100 tn tng 6,8 ln so vi nm 1995 nhng sn lng nh bt li gim hn so vi nm 1995.

Tuy nhin ngh c cn nhiu hn ch, quy m nh, cha khai thc c nhiu. Vic nui trng thu sn cn tu tin, cha c mt k hoch c th. Cng tc khuyn ng cha pht trin, vn u t cha hp l nn cha khuyn khch c ngnh thu sn pht trin.

3.2.3Gio dc, vn ho, y t v v sinh mi trng

Vn ho Gio dc Y t tnh Ty Ninh ang tng bc pht trin , cc khu vc th tp trung ng dn c th iu kin c s phc v cho i sng vn ha ca nhn dn mc tng i cao v tnh ang tp trung h tr nng cao i sng vn ho, chm sc sc kho cho nhn dn cc vng su vng xa nhm tng bc xo b ranh gii gia thnh th v nng thn v c nhng bc tin trin sau:

Vn ho: thc hin tt cc cng tc tuyn truyn, phc v kp thi cc nhim v chnh tr, phn nh kp thi nhng thng tin thi s cc thnh tu kinh t x hi trong tnh cng nh c nc. Thc hin ton dn on kt xy dng i sng vn ho khu dn c v c 212 khu dn c c cng nhn l xut sc, 7 p c cng nhn l p vn ho,

Gio dc: Ngnh gio dc hon thnh tt cng tc gio dc vi t l hc sinh cc cp u cao hn cc nm trc nh tiu hc t 99,15% (tng 0,75%), trung hc c s t 93,7% (tng 8%), trung hc ph thng t 87,4% (tng 3,1%). C s vt cht phc v cho gio dc o to ngy cng c quan tm u t theo hng kin c ho. Cng tc xo m ch ph cp gio dc tiu hc tip tc c cng c, gi vng v tng bc trin khai ph cp trung hc c s. Y t: thc hin tt cc cng trnh quc gia v y t, tng cng cng tc kim tra ngn chn khng bnh dch xy ra, tng cng c s vt cht, trang thit b y t v c nhng kt qu sau: Cng tc tim chng vc xin cho tr em di 1 tui t 98%. Xy dng mi mt trm y t, 3 trung tm y t v trin khai u t 23 trm y t x.

C bc s thng xuyn phc v 64 trm y t x.

Thc hin chm sc sc kho sinh sn v k hoch ho gia nh cc x vng su t kt qu kh quan.3.3 Hin trng thu gom v x l rc y t ca tnh Ty Ninh

Theo thng k tnh ti nm 2000, ton tnh c 12 bnh vin v trung tm y t, 3 phng khm khu vc v 90 trm y t x tt c cc x phng. Tng s ging bnh c 1.735 ging, trong tuyn tnh c 670 ging chim 38%, tuyn huyn c 580 ging chim 33,4%, phng khm khu vc c 40 ging. tuyn x c 445 ging chim 25,6%. Nhn chung s bin ng v s ging bnh l khng ln, tuyn huyn s ging bnh gim, tuyn x tng khng ng k. S bin ng v s ging bnh c thng k theo bng sau:Bng 3.4: Bng thng k cc c s khm cha bnh

n v tnh19901995KH 2000Nhp tng (%)

91-9596-0091-00

Ton tnh

S c s cha bnhC s981011040,590,590,6

S ging bnhGing1.6251.6701.7350,770,770,66

Tuyn Tnh

S c s khm cha bnhC s444

S ging tuyn tnhGing5706006701,032,231,63

S ging bnh ca BV a khoaGing4004305001,463,062,26

S ging bnh ca BV YHDTGing100100100Khng thay i

S ging bnh ca TTPC laoGing505050Khng thay i

S ging bnh ca lng Ho BnhGing202020Khng thay i

Tuyn huyn

S c s khm cha bnhC s888

S ging bnh tuyn huynGing600600580-0.68-0.34

Khu Vc

S c s khm cha bnhC s333Khng thay i

S ging bnh khu vcGing404040Khng thay i

Tuyn X

S c s khm cha bnhC s8386890,710,690,7

S ging bnhGing4154304450,710,690,7

S ging bnh /vn dn2018,817,6-1,21-1,37-1,29

(Ngun : S y t Ty Ninh 1999)

Cng theo thng k ca S Y t Ty Ninh, hin ton tnh c 2.554 cn b phc v trong ngnh y t, trong cn b s nghip y t l 2.216 ngi, chim gn 87%. Trong phm vi ton tnh, s bin ng c cu cn b y t c xu hng tng nhanh Bc s, Dc s, gim Yt, Y s. Thi k 1991 2000 s Bc s tng bnh qun khong 6,24%/nm v s Dc s tng 2,4%/nm, s lng Y t, Y s gim 3 3,5% cng thi k. Nh chung s nghip y t v bo v sc kho nhn dn c nhiu tin b trong thp k qua. Tuy nhin t l s cn b Y t tnh trn u ngi cn thp v c xu hng tp trung vo cc bnh vin ln v cc trung tm th trn, th x nn cc vng su, vng xa t l cn b Y t cn thp.

Phn u ti nm 2005 t 5,3 bc s dc s/ vn dn, ti nm 2010 t 5,5 bc s dc s/ vn dn. u t nng cao nng lc khm, cha bnh cho cc tuyn. Tp trung chuyn su, hin i cho tuyn tnh. n nm 2005 nng s ging bnh tuyn tnh ln 670 ging bnh, 1.240 cn b y t v n nm 2010 c ti 1.300 cn b. n nm 2010 nng s ging bnh tuyn huyn ln 650 ging nhm gim mc tp trung bnh nhn vo tuyn tnh. u t nng cao cht lng khm cha bnh ti cc trm x, trung tm y t tuyn x. Nng cao s ging khm cha bnh tuyn ny.Bng 3.5 : D bo mt s ch tiu pht trin y t ti nm 2010

KH 2000KH 2005KH 2010

Tng s ging bnh1.7351.8051.805

Tng s cn b y t

Trong :

S nghip y t

Bc s (ngi)

Dc s (ngi)2.554

2.216

404

502.807

2.464

500

622.944

2.592

558

74

Bc s/vn dn4,14,74,9

Dc s/vn dn0,50,60,6

(Ngun : S y t Ty Ninh 1999)

Ti nm 2005 phn u ton tnh t 1.805 ging bnh cho tt c cc tuyn v gi hot ng n nh cho ti nm 2005.

Theo nh d on th ti nm 2005 ton Ty Ninh c khong 1.805 ging bnh ti tt c cc bnh vin, trung tm y t trong ton tnh. Ti cc c s y t ny mi ngy thi ra khong 0,5 tn rc thi y t c hi cn phi x l. Vic trang b rc thi y t (l t rc) hin ti ch c Trung tm phng chng lao, Trung tm Y t huyn Chu Thnh, Tn Chu v bnh vin a khoa tnh Ty Ninh, Trung tm Y t Bn Cu. Cn li cc bnh vin, c s y t khc ch s dng bin php chn lp truyn thng x l.

Cht thi y t l nhng vt phm, bnh phm, cc loi ho cht vv ... sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ngca bnh vin, trung tm y t. c trng ca loi cht thi rn y t l chng c tnh c hi rt cao, vi cc thnh phn bao gm hu ht tt c nhng loi dng c, thit b v thuc men dng trong y t nh : bng, gc, ng tim, cht thi t cc bnh nhn c th ly nhim ... Thm ch i khi trong cht thi y t cn c nhng b phn ca con ngi sinh ra t cc qu trnh phu thut cho bnh nhn, nhau thai vv...

Theo kt qu bo co ti Hi Tho Qun L Cht Thi Bnh Vin do B KHCN&MT t chc ti H Ni 06 1998 cho thy c t l thnh phn vt l ca cht thi rn y t ti Vit Nam nh bng di y:

Bng 3.6 : Thnh phn nguy hi trong cht thi y t

STTThnh phnT l(%)

1Hu c49 53

2V c phi kim loi21 23

3Kim loi, v hp2,3 2,9

4Cht thi nguy hi (bnh phm, bng bng, ho cht)20 25

5Giy ba cc loi0,7 3,7

(Ngun: Trung Tm Cng Ngh Mi Trng CEFINEA Vin Mi Trng V Ti Nguyn thng 05 2001 )

Do tnh c hi v c bit nguy him nh vy nn vi cht thi y t cn phi c s quan tm x l trit , nu khng y s l ngun ly lan ra cng ng.

Trong qu trnh hot ng ca mnh cc c s y t ti tnh Ty Ninh thi ra khong 0,5 tn/ngy cht thi rn c hi, v khong 1 tn cht thi sinh hot. Qua vic ly mu v phn loi cht thi y t ti cc bnh vin v trung tm yt ti tnh Ty Ninh n Bnh vin a Khoa Ty Ninh, Vin Qun Y Ty Ninh, Trung tm phng chng lao v Trung tm Y t Chu Thnh cho thy kt qu nh sau:

Bng 3.7 : Thnh phn nguy hi trong cht thi y t

STTThnh phnT l (%)

1Cht hu c38,5 48

2Nha Plastic, ng tim, vv...18 25

3Kim loi, v hp, kim tim vv...2,0 2,8

4Bnh phm, bng bng, ho cht v cc cht thi nguy hi khc22 28

5Cc cht thi v c khc0,5 4,1

(Ngun: Trung Tm Cng Ngh Mi Trng CEFINEA Vin Mi Trng V Ti Nguyn thng 05 2001 )

Qua kt qu kho st thu thp s liu ti 14 bnh vin, c s y t ca Trung Tm Cng Ngh Mi Trng CEFINEA Vin Mi Trng & Ti Nguyn thng 05/2001 cho thy:

Tnh hnh thu gom v phn loi cht thi rn y t ti cc c s y t , bnh vin trong tnh kh tt. Cc cht thi rn sinh ra c thu gom trit .

Vic x l cht thi nguy hi trong cht thi rn y t hu ht cha thc hin tt. Hin nay ch mi c mt vi bnh vin, c s y t nh: Bnh Vin a Khoa Ty Ninh, Trung tm phng chng lao, Trung tm y t Tn Chu, Trung tm y t Chu Thnh, v Trung tm y t Bn Cu l c trang b l t rc y t. Cn cc bnh vin c s y t khc cha c trang b, nn lng cht thi rn y t thu gom c ch s dng bin php chn lp x l. y chnh l mi nguy hi cho cng ng dn c gn ni chn lp, nu mch nc ngm b nhim bn.

Chng 4

D BO KHI LNG PHT SINH CHT THI RN Y T CHO BNH VIN A KHOA TY NINH N 20204.1 D bo v pht trin dn s

Mc tiu pht trin dn s ca tnh Ty Ninh l trong thp k ti s phn u gim t l tng dn s t nhin t 2% nm 2000 xung cn 1,5% trung bnh trong 10 nm t 2001 2010 (trong giai on 2001 -2005 l 1,6%, v giai on 2005 2010 l 1,4%). V giai on 2010 -2020 gim t l tng t nhin xung cn 1,3% nm. Trong tc tng dn s thnh th tnh theo c tr tng u theo thi gian . d bo dn s thnh th nm 2000 l chim 16% tng dn s ton tnh Ty Ninh, nm 2005 chim 23% v 2010 chim 30%. D bo vi tc th ho nhanh nh hin nay, xu hng dn c chuyn dch v cc khu cng nghip tp trung, cc khu vc Th trn, Th x th ti 2020 s dn thnh th s chim 44% tng dn s ton tnh.4.2 D bo v khi lng cht thi rn

Tnh Ty Ninh ang trn pht trin, do vy tu theo tng ngnh cng nghip m c cc h s pht sinh cht thi rn khc nhau. tnh ton, d bo tc thi cht thi rn t cc ngnh cng nghip, ta c th tnh ton da trn vic s dng h s thi cht thi rn / s lng sn phm sinh ra ca ngnh cng nghip.

Bng 4.1 : Mt s sn phm ch yu ti nm 2010Ngnh nghn vKH 2000KH 2005KH 2010

Bt khoai mTn85.00095.000110.000

ng kt tinh Tn120.000180.000200.000

Sn phm cao suTn12.00027.00075.000

Giy dp xut khu1000 i5.00015.00065.000

Hng may mc1000 sp2.0005.00015.000

Sm Honda1000 ci8.00025.00085.000

Lp Honda1000 ci1.7504.00012.000

Sm xe p1000 ci5.50014.00040.000

Lp xe p1000 ci5.00014.00040.000

Gch nung 1000 vin46.00070.00092.500

Gch bng, granito1000 vin270400540

Khai thc 1000 m3180280410

Khai thc ct xy dng1000m3120220350

(Ngun: Trung tm Cng Ngh Mi Trng CEFINEA 06/2001)

Nu xt v s lng th ngnh Ma ng ng v tr cao nht trong vic pht sinh ra cht thi rn cng nghip, tip n l ngnh ch bin bt m v cao su. Qua thng k cc kt qu d bo cho thy ti thi im nm 2000 th tng lng cht thi rn sinh ra trong ton b cc ngnh cng nghip l 959,824 tn/nm, d bo ti nm 2005 th s ny s l 1,402,628 tn/nm v ti nm 2010 s l 1,624,377 tn/nm. y qu l mt con s khng nh, nu lng cht thi rn ny khng c quan tm x l th l mt ngun gy nhim nghim trng ti mi trng.4.3D bo v pht sinh cht thi rn y t

c th d bo c lng cht thi rn y t sinh ra, ta c th tnh ton da trn cc h s c th pht sinh cht thi rn nguy hi v h s pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot trn mi ging bnh.

Trong qu trnh cha bnh th ngoi cc cht thi y t l bng bng, bnh phm ra cn sinh ra mt lng rc sinh hot ca chnh bnh nhn v ngi thm nui. Cn c theo kinh nghim tng kho st ti bnh vin v trung tm y t ti thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh khc nhau, cho thy vi mi ging bnh hng ngy thi ra mt lng cht thi rn:

Cht thi rn y t nguy hi:

0,25 kg/ging bnh.

Cht thi sinh hot:

0,3 kg/ging bnh.

Cn c vo s liu rc thi y t ca tnh Ty Ninh vo nm 2000 ton tnh Ty Ninh c 104 c s y t v 1.735 ging bnh. Vi phng hng pht trin l ti nm 2005 ton tnh Ty Ninh s pht trin v gi n nh ti con s 1.085 ging bnh (xem bng 3.4) nh vy trong khong 5 nm th ging bnh tng ln l 70. Gi s s ging bnh tng l tuyn tnh, ngha l tng u trong 5 nm. Khi mi nm s ging bnh tng thm l 14 ging. Nh vy c th tnh ton c s lng cht thi rn sinh ra theo bng di y:

Bng 4.2 : Tnh ton d bo tc thi b rc ti nm 2020Nm tnh tonS ging bnhH s rc NH (kg/ging. ngy)H s rc SH (kg/ging. ngy)Rc y t nguy hi (kg/nm)Lng rc sinh hot (kg/nm)

20001.7350,250,30158.319189.983

20011.7490,250,30159.596191.516

20021.7630,250,30160.874193.049

20031.7700,250,30162.151194.582

20041.7910,250,30163.429196.115

20051.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20061.8050,250,30164.706197.684

20071.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20081.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20091.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20101.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20111.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20121.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20131.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20141.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20151.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20161.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20171.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20181.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20191.8050,250,30164.706197.648

20201.8050,250,30164.706197.648

Tng cng3.439.6694.127.603

Trong :H s rc NH = h s rc nguy hi sinh ra hng ngy/ging bnh

H s rc SH = H s rc sinh hot sinh ra hng ngy/ging bnh

Cn c vo tnh ton d bo s bin i v khi lng cht thi rn y t sinh ra trn ton tnh ta nhn thy: Ti thi im nm 2000 lng cht thi rn y t nguy hi (bng bng, bnh phm, kim tim vv ...) sinh ra l 158.319 kg/nm hay tng ng vi 158,32 tn /nm = 0,433 tn/ngy.

y l lng cht thi rn c tnh nguy hi rt cao, nu khng c x l tht tt n s gy nh hng nghim trng ti con ngi v mi trng, cn i vi lng cht thi rn sinh hot sinh ra th c thu gom ring v x l chung cng vi cc loi rc thi sinh hot khc.

Chng 5

TNH TON, THIT K L T RC Y T CNG SUT 30KG/H CHO BNH VIN A KHOA TNH TY NINH5.1 Tnh ton s chy du DO

Theo Tnh Tan K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip Tp I, thnh phn s dng ca du DO:

Cd = 86,3%

Hd = 10,5%

Od = 0,3%

Nd = 0,3%

Sd = 0,5%

Wd = 1,8%

Ad = 0,3%

Nhit tr thp ca du c xc nh theo cng thc ca D.I.Mendeleev:

Qtd = 339Cd + 1256Hd 108,8(Od Sd) 25,1(Wd + 9Hd) (KJ/Kg) (5 -1) Nhit tr thp ca du DO:

Qtd =

5.1.1 H s tiu hao khng kh v lng khng kh cn thit

5.1.1.1 H s tiu hao khng kh ()

H s tiu hao khng kh () l t s gia lng khng kh thc t (L) v lng khng kh l thuyt (L0) khi t cng mt lng nhin liu:

Theo Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip Tp I, gi tr () khi t du DO c cho bng sau 5.1

Bng 5.1: H s tiu hao khng kh

Dng nhin liu v kiu thit b t()

t ci trong bung t cng.t than , than nu trong bung t th cng.t than , than nu trong bung t c kh.

t than bi.

t du DO.

t kh bng m t khng c phn hn hp.t kh bng m t c phn hn hp.1,25 1,351,50 1,80

1,20 1,40

1,20 1,30

1,10 1,20

1,10 1,15

1,05

(Ngun: Hong Kim C. Nguyn Cng Cn. Ngn Thanh Tnh Ton K Thut L Nhit L Cng Nghip .T1)

Chn = 1,2.

5.1.1.2 Tnh lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du DO

Gi thit: thnh phn khng kh ch c O2 v N2, cc thnh phn khc khng ng k.

Khi tnh s chy ca nhin liu quy c:

Khi lng nguyn t ca cc kh ly theo s nguyn gn ng.

Mi Kmol phn t kh bt k u c th tch 22,4 m3.

Khng tnh s phn ha nhit ca tro.

Th tch ca khng kh v sn phm chy qui v K chun: 0oC, 760 mmHg.Bng 5.2: Thnh phn nhin liu du DO theo lng mol.Thnh phn nhin liuHm lng

(Kg/100 Kg nhin liu)Phn t lng

(g)Lng mol

(Kmol)

C86,3127,192

H10,525,25

O0,3320,00938

N0,3280,0107

S0,5320,0156

A0,3--

W1,8180,1

Tng100

Cc phn ng chy xy ra khi t du DO:

C + O2 = CO2

H + 1/2O2 = H2O

S + O2 = SO2

N2 = N2

H2O = H2OTheo thnh phn s dng v cc phn ng chy, c kt qu sau:

Bng 5.3: Lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du DO.

Nhin liuKhng kh

Thnh phnHm lng %Khi lng (kg)Phn t lngLng mol

(Kmol)O2

(Kmol)N2

(Kmol)Tng

Kmoln.m3

C86,386,3127,1927,1929,842 x 3,7629,842 + 37,0246,867 x 22,4

H10,510,525,252,625

S0,50,5320,01560,0156

O0,30,3320,00938-

N0,30,3280,01070,00938

W1,81,8180,1-

A0,30,3---

Tng1001009,84237,0246,8671049,83

Lng khng kh thc t cn thit:

Vi = 1L0 = 1049,83 (m3)

Lng khng kh thc t xc nh theo cng thc :

L = x L0 = 1,2 x 1049,83 = 1259,796 (m3)

(5 -2)

Trong = 1,2 : h s tiu hao khng kh.

5.1.2 Xc nh lng v thnh phn ca sn phm chy

5.1.2.1 Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy

Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du DO cho bng sau:Bng 5.4: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du DO.

Thnh phnT khng khSnphm chyTng cng

Kmoln.m3%

CO2-7,1927,192161,112,225

H2O-5,255,25117,68,924

SO2-0,01560,01560,350,026

O211,802-1,9643,9043,332

N244,3990,010744,41994,78475,492

Tng12,4758,831317,74100

5.1.2.2 Xc nh khi lng ring ca sn phm chy

Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy c xc nh iu kin chun:

CO2, H2O, SO2, O2, N2 l s mol cc kh trong thnh phn ca sn phm chy.5.2 Tnh ton s chy ca rc

5.2.1Xc nh nhit tr ca rc

Nhit tr ca rc tnh theo Medeleev:

Qtr = 339C + 1256H 108,8(O- S) 25,1(W + 9H) (5 4)

= 339 x 50,85 + 1256 x 6,71 108,8x( 19,15 2,71) 25,1x(1,5 + 9x6,71)

= 22323,8 (KJ/Kg).

5.2.2H s tiu hao khng kh () v lng khng kh cn thit

5.2.2.1 Chn h s tiu hao khng kh

H s tiu hao khng kh l t s gia lng khng kh thc t Lv lng khng kh l thuyt L0 khi t cng mt lng nhin liu.

Theo kinh nghim thc t i vi trng hp t rc thi y t th nn chn h s tiu hao khng kh =1,20.

5.2.2.2 Xc nh lng khng kh cn thit khi t chy 100 kg rc y t

Gi thit thnh phn khng kh ch c oxi v nit, cc thnh phn khc khng ng k.

Khi tnh s chy ca rc quy c:

Khi lng nguyn t ca cc kh ly theo s nguyn gn ng.

Mi Kmol phn t kh bt k u c th tch 22,4 m3.

Khng tnh s phn ha nhit ca tro.

Th tch ca khng kh v sn phm chy qui v k chun: 0oC, 760 mmHg.

Bng 5.5 : Thnh phn rc y t chuyn thnh lng mol.

Thnh phn% khi lngKhi lng (kg)Khi lng phn t (g)Lng mol (kmol)

C

H

O

N

Ca

P

S

Cl

A

W50,856,71

19,15

2,75

0,1

0,08

2,71

15,1

1,05

1,550,85

6,71

19,15

2,75

0,1

0,08

2,71

15,1

1,05

1,5122

32

28

40

15

32

71

-

184,23753,355

0,598

0,0982

0,00025

0,0053

0,0846

0,2126

-

0,0833

Tng100100--

Cc phn ng t chy:

C + O2 = CO2

H2 + O2 = H2O

S + O2 = SO2

Ca + O2 = CaO

2P + 5/2 O2 = P2O5

H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl

N2 = N2

H2O = H2O

Theo cc phn ng, tnh c lng khng kh cn t 100 kg rc trong bng 5.6Bng 5.6 : lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg rcRcKhng kh

Thnh phnHm lng %Khi lng

(Kg)Phn t lng (g)Lng mol

(Kmol)O2

(Kmol)N2(Kmol)Tng cng

Kmoln.m3

C50,8550,85124,23754,23755,408 x 3 ,7625,408 + 20,34425,752 x 22,4

H6,716,7123,3551,6775

O19,1519,15320,598- 0,598

N2,752,75280,0982-

Ca0,10,1400,000250,000125

P0,080,08150,00530,0066

S2,712,71320,08460,0846

Cl15,115,1710,2126-

A1,051,05---

W1,51,5180,0833-

Tng100100--5,40820,34425,752576,84

Lng khng kh theo l thuyt: L0 = 576,84 (m3).

Lng khng kh thc t:

L = x L0 = 576,84 x 1,2 = 692,2 (m3)

(5 5)

= 1,2 : h s tiu hao khng kh khi t rc.

5.2.3Xc nh lng v thnh phn sn phm chy

5.2.3.1 Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy

Bng 5.7: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg rc.

Thnh phnT khng kh (Kmol)Sn phm chy (Kmol)Tng cng

Kmoln.m3% th tch

CO2-4,23754,237594,9212,732

H2O0,08333,3553.43877,011210,33

SO2-0,08460,08461,8950,254

HCl-0,42520,42529,52441,278

N223,935324,033524,0335538,3572,211

CaO-0,000250,000250,00560,00075

P2O5-0,002650,002650,059360,0079

O26,34 5,302-1,060423,7533,186

Tng25,601332,74433,2821745,52100

5.2.3.2 Xc nh khi lng ring ca sn phm chy

Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy c xc nh iu kin tiu chun:

(5 - 6)5.3Xc nh nhit thc t v tnh cn bng nhit ca l

5.3.1Xc nh nhit chy l thuyt ca du DO

Khi khng nung trc nhin liu v khng kh, h s tiu hao khng kh

= 1,2; hm nhit tng c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :Qtd: nhit tr thp ca du DO, Qtd = 40048,33 kJ/kg

V : th tch sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du DO, V = 13,1774 nm3.

(5 7)

Theo ph lc II Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1 v bng 4.3 ( thnh phn sn phm chy ca du DO). Xc nh c i1, i2 ng vi gi tr t1, t2 :

Gi thit nhit chy l thuyt ca l: t1 = 1800oC < tlt < t2 = 1900oC ng vi t1 = 1800oC:

ng vi t2 = 1900oC:

CO2, H2O, O2, N2, SO2 ln lt l % trng lng sn phm chy khi t du DO.Theo kt qu: i1800< < i1900, gi thit v nhit chy l thuyt ph hp v nhit l thuyt c xc nh theo cng thc:

(5 -8)

Vy nhit chy l thuyt ca l: tlt = 1859,3oC 1860oC

5.3.2Xc nh nhit thc t ca l

Nhit thc t ca l c xc nh theo cng thc:

ttt = tt x tlt

Trong :

tt : h s tn tht hm nhit ca sn phm chy, theo bng 1 9 sch Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, tt = 0,6 0,83; chn tt = 0,6.

Nhit thc t ca l: ttt = 0,6 x 1860 = 1116 oC.

(5 9)

5.3.3Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao

5.3.3.1 Mc ch tnh cn bng nhit

nh gi cht lng lm vic ca thit b qua vic xc nh cc tham s.

Xc nh lng nhin liu tiu hao.

5.3.3.2 Tnh cn bng nhit

a) Nhit thu:

Nhit do chy du DO:

Q1 = Bd x Qtd (W)(5 - 10)Trong :

Bd : lng nhin liu tiu hao (kg/s).

Qtd = 40048,33 (kJ/kg) = 40048,33.103 (J/kg): nhit tr thp ca du DO.

Do :Q1 = 40048,33.103 x Bd (W).

Nhit do chy rc:

Q2 = Br x Qtr = 0,00833 x 22323,8 = 185,957 (kJ/s)(5 11)

Br = 30 (kg/h) = 0,00833 (kg/s): lng rc t trong l.

Qtr = 22323.8 (kJ/kg): nhit tr thp ca rc.

b) Nhit chi:

Nhit lng t chy rc:

Do thnh phn ca rc y t kh phc tp nn nhit lng cung cp chy rc c xc nh bng thc nghim v chp nhn rc chy 800oC.

Theo Hazadous Wastc incineration th rc y t c nhit lng cn t chy 1 kg rc y t: Qcr = 22,44.106 J/kg.

Nhit lng cn thit t rc 800oC:

Q3 = Br x Qcr = 0,00833 x 22,44.106 = 186925,2 (W)(5 12) Nhit lng mt do sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du DO:

Ti bung s cp, rc chy 800oC:

Q4 = v x Bd x Ck x tk0 (W)(5 -13)

v = 13,1774 (n.m3): lng sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du DO.

Bd: lng du Do tiu hao (kg/s).

ik = Ck.tk: hm nhit trung bnh ca sn phm chy nhit ra khi bung s cp.

Q4 = 13,1774 x 1194,214.103 x Bd= 15736635,56 Bd (W)

(5 14) Nhit lng mt do dn nhit qua nc, tng, y l, khe h

Nhit lng mt ph thuc vo th tch, vt liu xy lThng chim 10% nhin liu tiu hao l.

Q5 = 10%(185957 + 40048330.Bd)

(5 -15) Nhit lng mt do chy khng hon ton:

Khi t chy rc 800oC th lng sn phm chy ra khi l cha khong 2% CO v 0,5%H2 cha kp chy. Nhit tr ca hn hp l 12,14 kJ/n.m3 .

Gi P l phn sn phm cha chy ( P = 0,005 0,03), chn P = 0,03.

Q6 = P x Br x vr x 12,14.103(5 16) = 0,03 x 0,00833 x 7,4552 x 12140 x 103 = 22617,48 (W)

vr = 7,4552 (m3) : lng sn phm chy khi t 1 kg rc.

5.3.3.3 Xc nh lng nhin liu tiu hao

Lng nhin liu tiu hao xc nh da vo cn bng nhit thu v nhit chi: Qthu = Qchi.

Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5 +Q6

(5 17)

40048,33.103Bd + 185957 = 186925,2 + 15736635,56Bd

+ 0,1(185957 + 40048330.Bd) + 22617,48 Bd = 0,002 ( kg/s) = 7,2 (kg/h) H s s dng nhin liu c ch:

H s s dng nhin liu c ch c xc nh theo cng thc:

(5 18)Trong :Q1 : nhit lng thu c do chy du

Q1 = Bd x Qtd = 0,002 x 40048,33.103 = 80096,66 (W)

Bd = 0,002 (kg/s): lng nhin liu tiu hao.

Qtd = 40048,33.103 (J/kg): nhit tr thp ca du.

Q2 = 185957 (J/s): lng nhit sinh ra do chy rc.

Q3 = 186925,2 (W): nhit chi chy rc bung s cp.

Do :

Sut tiu hao nhit :

(5 19)

G = 0,00833 (kg/s): cng sut l.

5.3.4Sut tiu hao nhin liu tiu chun

(5 -20 )

5.3.5Xc nh kch thc bung s cp

Kch thc l c xc nh gm: tnh th tch bung t v din tch mt ghi.

5.3.5.1 Xc nh th tch bung t

Th tch bung c xc nh theo cng thc

(5 21)Qtd = 40048,33 (kJ/kg): nhit tr thp ca du.

Qtr = 22323,8 (kJ/kg): nhit tr thp ca rc.

Bd = 7,2 (kg/h): lng du tiu hao.

q = 581.103: mt nhit th tch bung t t bng 3-4/94 Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1: q = (290 581).103 (W/m3).

5.3.5.2 Xc nh din tch b mt ghi l

Din tch b mt ghi ph thuc vo lng nhin liu B t trong mt n v thi gian v cng chy ca ghi R, din tch b mt ghi l F:

(5 22)Trong :B : lng nhin liu chun s dng trong 1 gi (kg/h).

R = 100 kg/m2: cng chy ca ghi theo bng 3-5/95 Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1.

1 kg rc = 0,9359 kg nhin liu tiu chun.

B = 7,2 + 0,9359 30 = 35,28 (kg/h)

(5 23)

Vy :

Din tch mt gi trn ghi ly bng 40% tng din tch ghi, din tch ghi:

F = 0,4 x 0,3528 + 0,3528 = 0,494 (m2)

(5 24) Nu thit k ghi hnh vung th cnh ghi:

(5 25)

5.3.5.3 Xc nh kch thc bung t

V = L x B x H = 1,65 (m2)

(5 26)

Chn : L = 1,4 mB = 1,1 mH = 1,1 m

5.3.6 Tnh thit b t

5.3.6.1 c im chung v phn loi thit b t nhin liu lng

Nhin liu lng dng trong cc l cng nghip thng l cc loi du nh: DO, FO... t chy hon ton nhin liu cn bin du thnh cc ht nh gi l bi du. Cht bin du thnh bi thng l khng kh c cp t qut ly tm cao p. Cht bin bi c p cao tc ng n du, ph v bn vng ca du v bin du thnh cc ht nh li ti.

Bi du trc khi chy thnh ngn la phi i qua cc giai on:

Ho trn gia bi du v xi ca khng kh thnh hn hp.

Hn hp c sy nng v bi du bc hi.

Phn hy cc hp cht hydrocacbon.

Xy ra cc phn ng chy.

Tuy tch bit ra thnh cc giai on chy, song thc t cc khu ny c quan h mt thit vi nhau. Nu qu trnh trao i nhit ca mi trng vi hn hp cht bin bi v nhin liu tt th hn hp c sy nng nhanh, du bc hi tt v qu trnh chy xy ra nhanh. Ht du cng nh, thi gian sy ngn, bc hi cng nhanh th s chy xy ra cng nhanh. Khi chy, c s phn hy cc hp cht hydrocacbon nn c cc ht mui than.

t chy nhin liu dng lng, thit b hay dng l bc phun( m phun). Bc phun bin du thnh cc ht nh li ti a vo l. Bc phun c chia lm 2 loi: bc phun thp p v cao p. c tnh ca hai loi bc phun ny c trnh by trong bng sau:Bng 5.8 : Cc c tnh ca bc phun thp p v cao p

c tnhBc phun

Thp pCao p

Cht bin bi du. v.v...Khng kh do qut cp1) Khng kh nn

2) Hi nc

p sut ca cht bin bi (KN/m2)2,95 8,81) Khng kh nn: 90 - 7802) Hi nc: 590 1780

Lng cht bin bi(khng kh)% ca tng lng khng kh cn t chy nhin liu...1007 -12

Nhit nung khng kh 0C300Khng hn ch

Lng cht bin bi cho 1 Kg du (Kg)-1) Khng kh: 0,62) Hi nc: 0,8

Tc cht bin bi ra khi ming ng (m/s)50 80Thng n 330 i khi ln hn

Mc bin bi(ng knh ht bi du) (mm)n 0,50,1 0,2

i vi l t cng sut 30 kg/h, dng bc phun thp p.

5.3.6.2 Tnh thit b t

Nhit khng kh: t = 27 0C.

p sut khng kh trc bc phun: h0 = 4,9 kN/m2.

Lng khng kh dng t hon ton nhin liu DO: Ln = 13,58 kg/kg.

p sut mi trng l: Pmt = 99,2 kN/m2 ( lm vic p sut kh tri).

a) Tnh p sut thc t ban u ca kh:

Do khng kh chuyn ng trong ng dn c mt nng lng, khong 10% p sut khng kh, cho nn trc bc phun p sut thc t l:

ht = K x h0 = 0,9 x 4,9 = 4,41 (kN/m2)

(5 27)

K: h s tnh n h s tn tht p sut ca khng kh trong ng dn.

Tnh n khc phc tr lc ca mi trng khng kh chuyn ng thun li, p sut ban u ca khng kh:

P = Pmt + ht = 99,2 + 4,41 = 103,61(kN/m2)

(5 28)Vi p sut ban u ny c th coi khng kh chuyn ng b nn v tc chuyn ng ca khng kh:

(5 29)

R = 288 Nm/kg.oK: hng s kh.

Tkk : nhit ban u ca khng kh.

b) Tnh tip din ming ra ca ng dn kh:

(5 30)

G2: lng khng kh cn t chy nhin liu (kg/s).

G2 = G1 x L = 0,002 x 13,58 = 0,027 (kg/s)

(5 31)

: khi lng ring ca khng kh (kg/m3)

(5- 32)

w2 = 85,76 (m/s): tc ca khng kh.

Vy :

c) Tnh tip din ming ra ca ng dn du:

(5 - 33)

G1 = 0,002 (kg/s): lng du tiu hao.

w1 = 1 (m/s): tc ca du.

= 900 (kg/m3): khi lng ring ca du.

d) ng knh ming ra ca ng dn du v kh:

ng knh ming ra ng dn du:

(5 34)

Chn d1 = 2mm. ng dn c thnh dy 1mm, ng knh ngoi ca ng l 4mm v tipdin F1 = 12,56mm2.

ng knh ming ra ca ng dn kh:

(5 35)

Ly d2 = 19 (mm)

5.4Tnh ton bung t th cp

5.4.1Xc nh lu lng v thnh phn dng vo

Dng kh vo bung th cp bao gm sn phm t du v sn phm chy khi t rc bung s cp.

Lu lng dng vo:Qv = Qd + Qr (m3/s)

(5- 36)

(5 37)

Qv = 0,0264 + 0,0621 = 0,0885 (m3/s)

(5 38)

Xc nh thnh phn v lu lng dng vo bung t th cp theo bng 5.4 v 5.7Bng 5.9: Thnh phn v lu lng dng vo bung t th cp.

Thnh phnT t du DO (Kmol/s)T t rc

(Kmol/s)Tng cng

Kmol/sn.m3/s%

CO21,4384.10-43,531.10-44,97.10-40,011112,514

H2O1,05.10-42,865.10-43,915.10-48,77.10-39,887

SO23,12.10-77,05.10-67,362.10-61,65.10-40,186

O23,92.10-58,836.10-51,275.10-42,857.10-33,221

N28,882.10-42.10-32,888.10-30,06572,28

HCl-3,543.10-53,543.10-57,936.10-40,894

CaO-2,083.10-82,083.10-84,666.10-75,26.10-4

P2O5-2,208.10-72,208.10-74,946.10-65,576.10-3

Tng1,176.10-32,77.10-33,95.10-30,0887100

5.4.2 Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao

5.4.2.1 Tnh cn bng nhit

a) Nhit thu:

Nhit chy do du DO

Q1 = B x Qtd = 40048330.B (W)

(5 39)

B: lng du tiu hao (kg/s).

Nhit do cc sn phm chy khng hon ton bung s cp

Q2 = 22617,48 (W)

b) Nhit chi:

Nhit nung sn phm ca bung s cp

Lng nhit cn cung cp nung sn phm t bung s cp t 800oC ln 1200oC:

(5 40)

v = 0,0887 m3/s): lu lng dng vo bung t th cp.

: hm nhit trung bnh ca dng kh ra khi bung th cp nhit 1200oC.

: hm nhit trung bnh ca dng kh vo bung th cp.

Nhit mt do dn qua tng, y, nc v cc khe hLng nhit ph thuc vo th xy l, thng chim 10% lng nhit trong l.

Q4 = 0,1(40048330.B + 22617,48) (J/s)(5 41) Nhit mt do sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du DO

Q5 = v x B x Ck x tk(5 42)

v = 13,1774 (n.m3/kg): th tch kh khi t 1 kg du.

B: lng du t trong 1 s (kg/s).

ik = Ck.tk: hm nhit trung bnh ca sn phm chy khi t du DO t = 1200oC.

Q5 =1868,577103 x 13,1774 x B = 24,623.106B (J/s) (5 43)

5.4.2.2 Xc nh lng nhin liu tiu hao Cn bng nhit thu v nhit chi:

Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5(5 44)

40048330.B + 22617,48 = 59663 + 0,1(40048330.B + 22617,48) + 24,623.106.B

B = 0,00344 (kg/s) = 12,384 (kg/h)

5.4.3 Xc nh ch tiu k thut l

5.4.3.1 H s s dng nhin liu c ch

(5 45)

Q3 = 59663 (J/s): nhit lng nung sn phm chy t 800oC ln 1200oC.

Q1 = 40048330 x 0,00344 = 137766,25 (J/s): nhit lng do t du.

5.4.3.2 Sut tiu hao nhit

(5 46)

dk =1,303 (kg/n.m3): khi lng ring ca sn phm chy khi t du.

rk = 1,309 (kg/n.m3): khi lng ring ca sn phm chy khi t rc.

vd, vr: th tch sn phm chy khi t du v t rc (n.m3/s).

(5 47) Nng sut l:

(5 48) Sut tiu hao nhit:

(5 49)

5.4.3.3 Sut tiu hao nhin liu chun

(5 50)Trong :B = 0,00344 (kg/s): lng du tiu hao.

Qtd = 40048,33 (J/kg): nhit tr thp ca du DO.

G = 0,14 (kg/s): nng sut l.

5.4.4 Xc nh kch thc bung t th cp

5.4.4.1 Xc nh th tch bung t

(5 51)

B = 12,384 (kg/h): lng du tiu hao.

Theo bng 3-4/94 Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1,

q = (190 581).103 (W/m3), chn q = 581.103 (W/m3).

5.4.4.2 Xc nh kch thc bung t

Th tch bung th cp: V = 0,854 (m3).

Chn kch thc bung th cp: L = 0,8 m B = 1,1 m H = 1,1 m

5.4.4.3 Kim tra li th tch bung t theo phng php tnh ton sn phm chy v thi gian lu:

Tnh ton th tch bung t th cp trn c s tnh ton sn phm chy ca rc v nhin liu. Th tch bung t c tnh theo cng thc:

VTC = (V0du + V0rc) (m3)

(5 52) = (0,0264 + 0,0621) = 0,955 (m3)Trong : V0du : th tch sn phm chy khi t 1kg nhin liu (m3/s)

V0rc : th tch sn phm chy khi t 1kg rc (m3/s)

TTC : nhit bung th cp (0C)

tlu : thi gian lu (s), chn thi gian lu l 2s

Vi kt qu tnh ton theo cng thc thc nghim l VTC = 0,854 (m3), nh vy ta c th chn kch thc bung t th cp l L = 0,8 m ; B = 1,1 m; H = 1,1 m nh vy l hp l.

5.4.5Tnh thit b t

Cc thng s:

Lng du tiu hao: G1 = 0,0035 (kg/s).

Nhit khng kh: t = 27oC.

p sut khng kh trc bc phun: h0 = 4,9 (kN/m2).

Lng khng kh dng t hon ton nhin liu: Ln = 13,58 (kg/kg).

p sut mi trng l: Pmt = 99,2 (kN/m2).

5.4.5.1 Tnh p sut thc t ban u ca khng kh

Do khng kh chuyn ng trong ng dn c mt nng lng, khong 10% p sut khng kh,cho nn p sut thc t trc bc phun:

ht = K x h0 = 0,9 x 4,9 = 4,41 (kN/m2)

(5 53)

K: h s tnh n h s tn tht p sut ca khng kh trong ng dn.

Tnh n khc phc tr lc ca mi trng khng kh chuyn ng thun li, p sut ban u ca khng kh:

P = Pmt + ht = 99,2 + 4,41 = 103,61(kN/m2)

(5- 54)

C th coi khng kh chuyn ng b nn v tc chuyn ng ca khng kh:

(5 55)

R = 288 Nm/kg.oK: hng s kh.

Tkk : nhit ban u ca khng kh.

5.4.5.2 Tnh tip din ming ra ca ng dn kh

Tit din ming ra ca bc t

(5 56)

G2: lng khng kh cn t chy nhin liu (kg/s).

G2 = G1 x L = 0,00344 x 13,58 = 0,0467 (kg/s)

(5 57)

: khi lng ring ca khng kh (kg/m3)

(5 58)

w2 = 85,76 (m/s): tc ca khng kh.

(5 59)

5.4.5.3 Tnh tip din ming ra ca ng dn du

(5 60)

G1 = 0,00344 (kg/s): lng du tiu hao.

w1 = 1 (m/s): tc ca du.

= 900 (kg/m3): khi lng ring ca du.

Vy:

Chn F1 = 4 mm2

5.4.5.4 ng knh ming ra ca ng dn du v kh

ng knh ming ra ng dn du:

(5 61)

Chn d1 = 2,5mm. ng dn c thnh dy 1mm, ng knh ngoi ca ng l 4,5mm v tip din F1 = 16 mm2.

ng knh ming ra ca ng dn kh:

(5 62)

Ly d2 = 25 (mm).

5.4.6 Thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi l t

Kh thi ra khi l t gm:

Sn phm chy khi t rc bung t s cp.

Sn phm chy khi t du DO bung t s cp.

Sn phm chy khi t du DO bung t th cp.

Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 0,00344 (kg/s) = 12,384 (kg/h).

Theo bng 5.4, xc nh thnh phn v lu lng ca sn phm chy khi t du DO bung th cp.Bng 5.10: Thnh phn v lu lng sn phm chy khi t du bung th cp.

Thnh phnKmol/sn.m3% th tch

CO22,47.10-45,533.10-312,29

H2O1,806.10-44,045.10-38,98

SO25,366.10-71.202.10-50,026

O26,74.10-51,509.10-33,35

N21,528.10-30,03475,55

Tng2,023.10-30,045100

T bng 5.9 v 5.10 ta xc nh thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi l c trnh by trong bng 5.11:

Bng 5.11: Thnh phn v lu lng kh thi ra khi l t.

Thnh phnT bung s cp (Kmol/s)T bung th cp (Kmol/s)Tng cng

Kmol/sn.m3% th tch

CO24,97.10-42,47.10-47,44.10-40,016612,415

H2O3,915.10-41,806.10-45,721.10-40,01289,573

SO27,362.10-65,366.10-77,898.10-61,77.10-40,132

O21,2756.10-46,74.10-51,949.10-44,365.10-33,264

N22,888.10-31,528.10-34,416.10-30,09974,046

HCl3,543.10-5-3,543.10-57,936.10-40,593

CaO2,083.10-8-2,083.10-84,666.10-73,49.10-4

P2O52,208.10-7-2,208.10-74,946.10-63,7.10-3

Tng3,95.10-32,023.10-35,97.10-30,1337100

5.5 Th xy l v tnh ton khung l

5.5.1 Th xy l

5.5.1.1 C s la chn vt liu

xy dng mt l t rc, cn mt lng ln cc loi vt liu khc nhau nh: vt liu chu la, cch nhit v cc vt liu xy dng thng thng khc.

Gch chu la c c im l c kh nng chu c nhit cao m khng b thay i hnh dng v tnh cht vt l. Khi chn gch hay vt liu xy l cn phi cn c vo iu kin lm vic ca l chn gch v vt liu xy dng thch hp m bo th xy l lm vic tt, khng gy lng ph.

i vi l t rc y t vn hnh nhit 800 1200oC, trong iu kin khc nghit nh vy i hi vt liu xy dng phi c bn ln, chu c nhit v tnh n mn cao. Do , vic la chn th xy l quyt nh rt ln kh nng lm vic ca l.

5.5.1.2 Th xy l

L t gm hai cp Bung t s cp

Nhit bung t: 800oC.

Kch thc bung t: L = 1,4 mB = 1,1 mH = 1,1 m

Kch thc ghi: F = 0,5 m2, ghi hnh vung cnh 0,7 m.

Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 7,2 kg/h.

Bung t th cp

Nhit bung t: 1200oC.

Kch thc bung t: L= 0,8 mB = 1,1 mH = 1,1 m

Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 12,384 kg/h.

Theo Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, bng 4.5, gch Samt A l loi gch thch hp xy tng chu nhit 1300 0C. Theo bng 4.7/180, i vi tng cao hn 1m ( H = 1,1 m) th chiu dy lp gch chu la phi (250 350 mm.) Gch xy tng c chn l gch Samt A s hiu H3 c cc thng s:

a = 100mm; b = 113mm; c = 230mm.

Th tch V = 2600 cm3; trng lng 4,9 kg.

H s dn nhit = 0,88 + 0,00023t (W/m.).

Nhit dung c = 0,865 + 0,00021t (kJ/kg.).

Tng l xy dy 330mm, xy phng, chiu dy mch xy 3mm, xy bng va nho ( bt samt mn). Pha ngoi tng l lp bng thy tinh cch nhit dy 50 mm. Gch v bng thu tinh c xy p vo thp tm dy 5 mm bao bc. Mch nhit ca th xy tng l 5mm/m chiu di.

5.5.1.3 Th xy y l

y l c xy trc tip trn mng l.y l c xy phng, mch nhit 5mm/m chiu di. y l c xy 2 lp:

Lp di: gch cch nhit Diatmit dy 115mm. Lp trn: gch Samt A dy 230mm.

5.5.1.4 Th xy nc l

Nc l c xy bng, to vi tng l gc 90o. Th xy nc l l gch Samt A.

Chiu rng nc l bng vi chiu rng l: B = 1,1 m.

Chiu di l: L = 1400 + 800 + 230 + 330x2 = 3090 mm.

(5 63)

L c gc tm: = 180o nn bn knh nc l R = B/2 = 1100/2 = 550 mm.

Chiu dy mch xy d = 2mm.

S gch xy mt ng knh

(5 64)

R: bn knh vm, mm.

s: chiu dy gch xy nc l,mm.

a: chiu ngang vin gch, mm.

d: chiu dy mch xy, mm.

: gc tm vm.

S gch dng cho ton b nc l:

(vin) = 672 (vin)

(5 65) S gch chn vm cn dng l:

= 54 (vin)

(5 66)

5.5.1.5 Th xy ca l Ca tip liu

Ca tip liu lm bng thp tm (CT3) dy 5mm, cng loi vi thp lm v l. Cc thanh ging l thp hnh (30x30) hn dnh pha bn ngoi. Bn trong tm thp l lp cch nhit bng bng thy tinh dy 50 mm v lp gch cch nhit Samt A dy 150 mm xy p vo thp tm. Kch thc ca (500x500) mm. Tm ca c cha mt l quan st ng knh 10mm. Ca dn sn phm chy t bung s cp sang bung th cp

Gm hai ca kch thc (300x300) mm. Ca th nht cch trn l 500mm, ca th hai cch trn l 100mm.

Ca ly tro

Ca c kch thc (250x250) mm. Ca c lm bng 2 lp thp tm 5 mm. Gia hai tm thp l lp bng thu tinh cch nhit dy 50 mm. Bn ngoi ca l cc thanh ging bng thp hnh (10x10) mm hn dnh vo thp tm.

5.5.2 Khung l

5.5.2.1 c im ca khung v v l

Khung l v v l gup th xy n nh trong qu trnh lm vic, pha ngoi th xy c bao bc bi lp thp tm 5 mm. Bn ngoi lp thp l h thng khung lm bng thp gc (50x50x5) king cht cc cnh l.

5.5.2.2 Tnh ton khung l

Khung l lin kt tnh, c t trn nn mng l, c cc thng s:

Gc tm = 180o.

Bn knh trong ca nc l: R = 550 mm.

Khong cch gia 2 ct theo chiu di l: a = 3090 330x2 = 2430 mm.

Chiu cao vm f = 0 mm.

Khi lng ring ca gch: gch = 1,9 tn/m3.

Chiu di l: L = 3090 mm.

Chiu dy nc l: S = 330 mm.

Nhit l t = 1200 0C

Chiu rng ca nc: (5 68) Trng lng gch nc l i vi 1 bc ct:

(5 69) Lc thng ng H: H = 0,25 x G = 0,25 x 3410 = 852,5(kg)

(5 70) Lc ngang P:

(5 71)

i vi l nc bng f = 0 nn thc t lc ngang P khng tn ti. Do ch c lc nn trung tm H tc dng ln phn tng l bn di.

5.5.3 Kim tra tn tht nhit qua xy l

5.5.3.1 Bung t s cp

Bung l c kch thc: L = 1,4 mB = 1,1 mH = 1,1 m.

Rc c nung nhit 800oC.

Tng v nc l dy 330 mm bng gch Samt A.

y gm 230 mm gch Samt A v 115 mm gch Diatomit. Nng lng nhit mt qua nc:

Nc l tm phng, nhit bn trong 800oC, nhit khng kh 30oC. Nhit trung bnh ca lp gch xy nc coi nh l trung bnh cng ca nhit khng kh v nhit mt trong l:

ttb = 420OC.

Theo ph lc VI Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, h s dn nhit ca gch Samt A 420oC l 420 = 1,167 (W/m.).

Nhit lng mt qua nc l:

(5 72)

F: din tch nc l, m2.

F = 1,4 m

EMBED Equation.3(m2).

S: chiu dy nc, m.

tl, tkk : nhit mt trong l v nhit khng kh, 0C.

0,06 : nhit tr khi c trao i nhit mt ngoi tng ra mi trng khng kh xung quanh, m2/W

n: h s dn nhit ca tng l, W/m.. Nhit lng mt qua tng v y l:

Din tch ngoi ca tng v y l ( khng tnh tng pha trc v pha sau )

(5 73)

Xem nh ng phn b nhit trong tng l l bc nht, nhit trung bnh mi lp:

(5 74) Nhit trung bnh ca lp Samt:

(5 75) Nhit trung bnh ca lp diatomit:

(5 76) H s dn nhit ca lp Samt :

(5 77) H s dn nhit ca lp Diatomit :

(W/m.) (5 78) Nhit mt qua tng

(5 79) Nhit lng mt qua th xy:

Qx = Q + Qt = 3334,645 + 4419,13 = 7753,775 (W)

(5 80)Trong :

Q: nhit lng mt qua nc bung s cp, W

Qt : nhit lng mt qua tng bung s cp, W

Nhit gi s mt qua nc, tng, y l l :

Q5 = 0,1(185957 + 40048330.B) = 0,1(185957 + 40094370.0,002) (5 81)

= 26605,366(W)

Q5 > Qx : gi thit hp l.

5.5.3.2 Bung t th cp

Bung l c kch thc: L = 0,8 mB = 1,1 mH = 1,1 m.

Rc c nung nhit 1200oC.

Tng v nc l dy 330 mm bng gch Samt A.

y gm 230 mm gch Samt A v 115 mm gch Diatomit. Nng lng nhit mt qua nc

Nhit trung bnh ca lp gch nc: ttb = 620OC.

Theo ph lc VI Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, h s dn nhit ca gch Samt A 620oC l 620 = 1,143 (W/m.).

Nhit lng mt qua nc l

(5 82)

F: din tch nc l, m2. F = 0,8 m (m2).

S: chiu dy nc, m.

tl, tkk : nhit mt trong l v nhit khng kh, 0C.

0,06 : nhit tr khi c trao i nhit mt ngoi tng ra mi trng khng kh xung quanh, m2/W

n: h s dn nhit ca tng l, W/m.. Nhit lng mt qua tng v y l

Din tch ngoi ca tng v y l ( khng tnh tng pha trc v pha sau )

(5 83) Xem nh ng phn b nhit trong tng l l bc nht, nhit trung bnh mi lp:

(5 84) Nhit trung bnh ca lp Samt:

(5 85) Nhit trung bnh ca lp diatomit:

(5 86) H s dn nhit ca lp Samt :

(W/m.)

(5 - 87) H s dn nhit ca lp Diatomit :

(W/m.) (5 - 88) Nhit mt qua tng

(5 89) Nhit lng mt qua th xy:

Qx = Q + Qt = 2845,48 + 4376,47 =7222 (W)

(5 90)

Q: nhit lng mt qua nc bung th cp, W

Qt : nhit lng mt qua tng bung th cp, W

Nhit gi s mt qua nc, tng, y l

Q4 = 0,1(22617,48 + 40048330.B) = 0,1(22617,48+ 40048330.0,00344)

=16038,4(W)

(5-91) Q4 > Qx : gi thit hp l.Chng 6

X L KHI THI CA L T6.1 Xc nh thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi. Chn phng php x l

6.1.1 Xc nh thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi

Khi thi l sn phm ca cht thi a vo l t. Mt l t tin tin, qu trnh chy hon ton v c kim sot th lng kh nhim s rt t. Tuy nhin, rt kh kim sot hon ton c qu trnh chy, khi thi l t rc cha nhng kh thi c trng:

CO

Lng CO ph thuc s iu chnh v kim sot l t. Lng CO ny c th khng ch ti thiu (gn nh hon ton) i vi nhng l t tin tin c s kim sot tt qu trnh chy.

Bi

Do cc thnh phn tro sinh ra t cc qu trnh chy. Nng bi ph thuc nhiu yu t: nguyn liu, ch cp gi, cu trc, nhit li vi l t hiu qu cao th lng bi khong 550 650 mg/m3. C th gim lng bi bng b phn lc.

SO2

Cht thi rn c x l thng cha t sulphur. Lng SO2 to ra ch yu ph thuc nhin liu t. H thng x l theo phng php phun t c kh nng loi b SO2 cao.

HCl

Lng HCl ph thuc cht thi em t, ch yu l lng PVC trong cht thi. H thng phun t c th loi b HCl.

NOx

Ph thuc nhit chy v thi gian lu chy ca l t. Thit b loi b NOx rt t tin, thng ch lp t cc l t ln. Lng NOx t cht thi bnh vin thng rt t.

HF

Ph thuc thnh phn cht thi em t v thng khng c vn khi t cht thi bnh vin. Tuy nhin khi c thit b x l c th gim thiu HF.

Kim loi nng

Bnh thng hm lng kim loi nng trong khi thi ca l t rc y t rt thp,di gii hn cho php v khng cn qua x l.

Dioxin

Dioxin c hnh thnh trong cc qu trnh chy c mt ca Clo. y l nhng hp cht hu c c tnh c cao. Nhng l t vi nhit trn 1000oC mi phn hy chng thnh CO2 v H2O. Hiu qu t dioxin ph thuc cc thng s: thi gian lu chy, lng oxi. Khi t c cc thng s: nhit 850 1100oC, thi gian lu chy l 1 giy, lng oxi trong kh chy 8 12%, lng dioxin cn li trong kh thi rt thp.

Thnh phn, lu lng v nng kh thi c xc nh trong bng sau:Bng 6.1: Thnh phn, lu lng v nng cc cht trong khi thi.

Thnh phnKmol/sn.m3/smg/n.m3

CO27,44.10-40,0166244846,7

H2O5,721.10-40,012877021,7

SO27,898.10-61,77.10-43780,6

O21,949.10-44,365.10-346647,7

N24,416.10-30,099924816,8

HCl3,543.10-57,936.10-49672,4

CaO2,083.10-84,666.10-78,7

P2O52,208.10-74,946.10-6181,7

Tng5,97.10-30,13371,307.106

6.1.2 Xc nh cc thnh phn cn x lBng 6.2: Nng cht nhim trc khi x lThnh phnNng

(mg/m3)TCVN 5939 1995

(mg/m3)

Bi600400

HCl9672,4200

SO23780,6500

6.1.3 La chn phng php x l

C hai phng php x l ch yu: x l t v x l kh.

X l kh

S dng ha cht dng bt (ph bin l dng vi bt) trung ho cc cht nhim v ti lc (lc si hay lc tnh in) loi b cc mui v bi. Trc khi x l, khi thi c lm mt n nhit theo nguyn l trao i nhit khng kh khi thi hoc nc kh thi giai on ny c th thu hi nhit s dng. Sau , phun bt vi trc tip vo dng kh thi, vi phn ng vi cc kh to mui tr. Cc mui cng vi tro v bi c gi li b lc, sau x l bng chn lp. Phng php x l kh n gin, kinh t v hiu qu x l kh cao. Tuy nhin, phng php ny t s dng do chi ph cho ho cht kh ln, chi ph cho thit b gii nhit v cc thit b ph.

X l t

Kh thi sau khi ra khi bung t i vo vng bo ho v thp lc, dung dch lng c phun trc tip vo dng kh loi b cc cht nhim nh : SO2, HCl, v cc kim loi nng. ng thi kh thi c lm mt ti nhit 70oC, sau c ht bng qut gi dn ti ng khi.

Hiu qu x l ca phng php t kh cao, tr s nhim vo mi trng rt thp, t tiu chun. Tuy nhin phng php ny kh phc tp, chi ph u t v vn hnh cao. Dung dch ho cht sau khi x l l ngun nhim dng lng, cn phi thu gom vo h thng x l nc thi.

T cc phn tch trn, phng php x l t, c th l phng php hp th vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,5M c th ng thi x l HCl, SO2 v bi. Thit b hp th l thp ra kh rng (xem nh kh thi c lm gii nhit trc khi vo thp).6.2Thp gii nhit

6.2.1 Khi lng ring hn hp kh

( 6 1 )Ta c:

(6 2)Trong :

t : Nhit vo thp gii nhit, t = 10000C

(6 3)

Ta c:

(6 4)Trong :

: p sut ring phn ca kh tr

: p sut ca hn hp kh iu kin tiu chun = 760 (mmHg)

Dng kh vo h thng lm mt gm c:

Nhit vo : tvo = 10000C.

Lng sn phn chy 10000C : .

Ti lng kh thi: .

Khi lng ring sn phm chy 10000C : .

Nhit dung ring sn phm chy 10000C :

Nhit ra: tra = 1500C.

6.2.2 Phng trnh truyn nhit khi cht kh chuyn ng ngc u nhit thay i.

(6 5)Trong :

Q: Nhit lng, (Kcal).

F: Dit tch mt phn cch cht lng, (m2).

K: H s truyn nhit, (kcal/m2.h.0C).

: Thi gian, (h).

: Hiu s nhit trung bnh, 0C.

Dng kh vo:

(6 6)Tra bng (thng s vt l ca khi thi 3870C):

.

.

.

.

Dng nc vo:

Tra bng (thng s vt l ca hi nc bo ha 4240C):

.

.

.

.

.

Xt trong khong thi gian

Nhit lng kh truyn cho nc:

(6 7) V pha nc:

(6 8)

Phng trnh truyn nhit:

Q = 176060,03 (kcal)

Tnh :

Hiu s nhit trung bnh:

(6 9) ng knh ca thit b trao i nhit

D = t x(b - 1) + 4 xd(6 10)Trong :

d: ng knh trong ca ng dn nhit.

Chn ng knh ng dn nhit l 60 (mm), ( b dy ng dn nhit vt liu cch nhit l 2 (mm) = 2x10-3 (m).

Chn vt liu cch nhit l thp khng r, c h s dn nhit = 39 .

Chn cch sp xp ng theo vng trn.

Tra bng VII, trang 48 S tay qu trnh v thit b ha cht tp 2 NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni 1999.

S vng trn: 5

S ng trn ng xuyn tm: 11

S ng vng ngoi cng: 31

Tng s ng: 93

t: bc ng. Thng chn t = 1,5 2d. chn t = 1,7d = 1,7x 0,06 = 0,102 (m).

S ng trn ng xuyn tm, b = 11

Chn D = 1,3 (m).

Tnh h s K:

(6 11)Trong :

: H s cp nhit t khng kh nng n thnh ng

: H s cp nhit t thnh ng n nc

H s cp nhit t cht kh nng n thnh ng:

(6 12) Chn ng knh ng dn nhit: d = 60 (mm) = 0,06 (m).

Tng s trong thit b: n = 93

ng knh thit b: D =1,3 (m).

i vi tm chn hnh vin phn: C = 1,72

ng knh tng ng:

H s Rynn:

(6 13)

(6 14) H s cp nhit t thnh ngn nc:

(6 15) H s Rynn:

(6 16)

(6 17)

(6 18 ) Din tch b mt trao i nhit

(6 19) Chiu cao thit b

(6 20)

Chn chiu cao H = 3(m)Vy thit b trao i nhit loi ng chm c:

ng knh thit b: D = 1,3 (m) Chiu cao H = 3 (m)6.2.3 Tnh c kh Vt liu

Thit b lm vic mi trng t n mn.

Nhit lm vic Plv = 1at = 9,81 (N/m2).

Chn vt liu l thp CT3 ch to thit b

K hiu thp:CT3 Gii hn bn :

.

Gii hn chy:

.

Chiu dy tm thp :b = 4 20 (mm).

dn tng i :

H s dn nhit :

Khi lng ring :

Chn cng ngh gia cng l hn tay bng h quang in, bng cch hn gip bn.

H s hiu chnh :

H s an ton bn ko :

H s an ton bn chy:

H s bn mi hn :

6.2.4 Tnh b dy thn thp

Thng s ban u ca thp m ta bit nh sau:

ng knh

: D = 1300 (mm) Chiu cao thp

: H = 3000 (mm)

Khi ln ring ca pha lng:

Tc n mn

: 0,05 (mm/nm)

H s bn mi hn

: Thn hnh tr hn dc, hn tay bng h quang in, hn gip mi 2 bn, ng knh thn ln hn 700. Do , h s bn mi hn =0,95 ( bng XII5.1.8, trang 362 S tay qu trnh v thit b ha cht tp 2 Pts Trn Xoa NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni 1999 ).

H s iu chnh : (thit b thuc nhm 2 loi II) (Bng XII5.1.2, trang 356, S tay qu trnh v thit b ha cht tp 2 Pts Trn Xoa NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni 1999 ).

Tnh p sut lm vic trong thp

(6 21)Trong :

Pmt : p sut pha kh trong thit b, Pmt = 1at = 0,1013 (N/mm2)

P1 : p sut thy tinh ca ct cht lng trong thit b

(6 22)g : Gia tc trng trng (m2/s), g = 9,81(m2/s)

: Khi lng ring ca nc (kg/m3), =1000 (kg/m3)

H : Chiu di thit b (m), H = 3 (m)

nh ng sut cho php ca thp CT3 Theo gii hn bn

(6 23)Trong :

: gii hn bn ko (N/m2), = 380 x 106 (N/m2),

: H s bn ko, = 2,6

: H s hiu chnh, = 1

Theo gii hn chy

(6 24)Trong :

: gii hn bn ko (N/m2), = 240 x 106 (N/m2),

: H s bn ko, = 1,5

: H s hiu chnh, = 1

Ta ly gi tr b hn trong hai ng sut cho php trn lm ng sut cho php chun.

6.2.5 B dy thn hnh tr hn lm vic chu p sut tnh theo l thuyt chung

(6 25) B dy ti thiu ca thn l:

(6 26)Trong :

Dt : ng knh trong ca thp (mm), Dt = 1300 (mm)

P : p sut lm vic trong thp (N/mm2), P = 0,13073 (N/mm2)

: H s bn mi hn, = 0,95

: ng sut cho php tiu chun (N/mm2), = 146,15 (N/mm2)

Chn h s b sung quy quy trn kch thc:

(6 27)Trong :

C0 : H s quy trn kch thc (mm), C0 =1,724 (mm).

Ca : H s b sung do bo mn ha hc trong thi hn s dng thit b l 15 nm.

Cb : H s b sung do bo mn c hc (mm), Cb = 0

Cc : H s b sung do sai m (Bng XII5.1.9, trang 364 S tay qu trnh v thit b ha cht tp 2 Pts Trn Xoa NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni 1999 ) , C3 = 0,4 (mm).

.

Do : B dy thc ca thn thit b:

S = S + C = 0,612 + 2,424 = 3,036 (mm)(6 28)Chn S = 4 (mm) ng vi ng knh thp bng 1400 (mm) theo tiu chun.

Kim tra iu kin bn

(6 29)p sut cho php trong thn thit b khi b dy S = 4(mm) c xc nh theo cng thc :

(6 30)Trong :

: H s bn mi hn, = 0,95

Dt : ng knh trong ca thp (mm), Dt = 1300 (mm)

: ng sut cho php tiu chun (N/mm2), = 146,15 (N/mm2)

S : B dy ca thn thit b (mm), S = 4 (mm)

Ca : H s b sung do bo mn ha hc trong thi hn s dng thit b l 15 nm vi