Thiết Kế Phân Xưởng Sản Xuất Bánh Snack

7/27/2019 Thit K Phn Xng Sn Xut Bnh Snack

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MU

1. t vn Cc loi sn phm snacks xut hin t lu trn th gii v thu ht rt nhiu

ngi tiu dng, nht l trem v thanh, thiu nin. Loi thc nny thng khng cdng trong cc ba n chnh, m dng n gii tr hay lm thc n nhgia cc ba nchnh.

Sn phm snack u tin l mn khoai ty chin c lm tnguyn liu khoaity, trnn rt phbin nc Mv em li li nhun rt ln cho cc nh snxut nc ny. Ngy nay, vi xu hng a dng ha sn phm, nguyn liu lm bnhsnack khng cn brng buc bi mt loi nguyn liu l khoai ty na, m sdng thaythbng cc loi tinh bt khc nh: ng,go.. kt hp vi cc cht phgia, cc cht to

v, cht to mu v do to ra rt nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau.Mt khc, sra i, pht trin v ngy cng trnn hon thin ca cng nghp

n a cng nghip bnh snack pht trin vt bc mt tm cao mi, vi sadng trong vic to hnh v phong ph vcu trc. Ngoi ra, spht trin ca k thut

bao b cng mra nhiu hng i khc nhau cho ngnh cng nghip ny.

Xut pht tthc tl sn lng lng thc nc ta khng ngng gia tng trongnhng nm gn y, c bit l ng v go. Cng vi nh hng pht trin cng nghipha hin i ha t nc, cc khu cng nghip v khu chxut lin tc hnh thnh,

iu ny dn ti s lng ngi lm vic trong cc nh my cng nh sng trong ccthnh thtng ln, iu ny ha hn nhu cu vcc loi thc n nhanh nh bnh snack lrt ln.

V vy, em chn ti: Thit kphn xng sn xut bnh snack nng sut 1tn sn phm/gibng phng php p n, sdng nguyn liu bp & bt go.

2. Mc chca ti Sdng nhng kin thc vkthut p n vmt sloi nguyn liu lm c s

cho vic chn nguyn liu v phng thc sn xut.

Xy dng quy trnh cng nghsn xut bnh snack. Nm bt c trnh tcc bc tin hnh cng vic thit kmt nh my thc

phm.3. i tng nghin cu

i tng nghin cu l xy dng cng vic thit knh my.


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4. Phm vi gii hn ca ti Xy dng quy trnh cng nghsn xut bnh snack. Ch tnh v chn cc thit b, khng i su vo vic thit k v ch to thit b,

my mc.

Xy dng cc bc tin hnh cng vic thit k, chcha acng vic thit kvo thc t.5. ngha khoa hc v ngha thc tin ca ti ngha khoa hc: Xy dng c quy trnh cng nghsn xut, lm c scho vic tnh ton, chn

la thit bcng nhvic btr cc thit btrong dy chuyn sn xut.

Tnh ton cc cng trnh cn xy dng t xy dng kch thc, mua smtrangthit bcn dng cho cc cng trnh tng ng.

C ci nhn tng quan vcc vn trong vic xy dng nh my nh: la chn vtr xy dng, nh gi cht lng nguyn liu, cc loi nng lng cn sdng,m bo yu tan ton khi sn xut v nh gi mc thnh cng ca dn.

ngha thc tin:Da trn cc bc tin hnh ca cng vic thit k, ta nhn thy tnh khthi, c

thca bn n, t lm c scho vic a dn thnh hin thc trong tng laign.


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CHNG 1: LP LUN KINH TK THUT

Da vo cc ti liu v hot ng ca cc khu cng nghip, khu cng nghipAMATA, thnh phBin Ha, tnh ng Nai c chn lm a im xy dng phnxng. y l khu cng nghp hi tcc iu kin thun li xy dng v pht trinnh my.

1.1. Ngun cung cp nguyn liu

Nguyn liu l yu t quan trng hng u trong vic la chn v tr xy dng nhmy

Nguyn liu chnh ca nh my l bt go v bp. V vy, nh my phi t gn ccnh my sn xut bt go v bp. Do thuc khu vc ng Nam bv nm gn vi vngng bng sng Cu Long, nn lng nguyn liu cung cp cho thtrng l kh ln.

Bng 1.1 Thng k sn xut hai loi cy lng thc chnh Vit Nam 2005-2012

Nm Din tch (nghn ha) Nng sut (t/ha) Sn lng (nghn tn)La Ng La Ng La Ng

2005 7329,2 1052,6 48,9 36,0 35832,9 3787,12006 7324,8 1033,1 48,9 37,3 35849,5 3854,62007 7207,4 1096,1 49,9 39,3 35942,7 4303,22008 7400,2 1140,2 52,3 40,1 38729,8 4573,12009 7437,2 1089,2 52,4 40,1 38950,2 4371,7

2010 7489,4 1125,7 53,4 41,1 40005,6 4625,72011 7655,4 1121,3 55,4 43,1 42398,5 4835,62012

(s b)7753,2 1118,3 56,3 43,0 43661,8 4803,6

Ngun: Nin gim thng k, 2012

Bng 1.2 Thng k s bsn lng hai loi cy lng thc chnh cc vng, minVit Nam nm 2011

Vng, min Din tch

(nghn ha)

Nng sut

(t/ha)

Sn lng

(nghn tn)La Ng La Ng La Ngng bng sng Hng 1144,5 95,9 61,0 46,2 6979,2 443,0Trung du v min ni pha Bc 670,7 464,9 48,1 36,5 3225,0 1696,2Bc Trung Bv Duyn hi minTrung

1229,2 207,4 53,0 40,4 6515,6 838,2

Ty Nguyn 223,9 231,5 47,2 51,3 1056,3 1188,7


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ng Nam B 293,8 78,7 46,4 54,1 1362,5 426,0ng bng sng Cu Long 4089,3 38,8 56,7 53,4 23186,3 207,2Cnc 7651,4 1117,2 55,3 42,9 42324,9 4799,3

Ngun: Nin gim thng k, 2011

1.2. c im tnhin v vtr xy dng

V tr a l: Khu cng nghip AMATA nm gn quc l1A, thnh phBin Ha,tnh ng Nai- l v tr giao thng rt thun li v nm trong vng kinh t trng im

pha Nam, cch trung tm Thnh phHCh Minh 32km vhng nam, cch cng ngNai 4km, cch Tn Cng 26km, cch cng Si Gn 32km, cch cng Ph M40km, cchSn bay Quc tTn Sn Nht 32km

Quy m u t: 410 ha, trong giai on 1 pht trin 129ha, din tch dng cho thu100 ha, c pht trin ton bvi cc tin ch h tng cht lng. T lt cho

thu chim trn 90%. Giai on 2 pht trin 261 ha v khu dch v, ang c pht trintheo tng giai on.

1.3. Ngun cung cp in

Nh my sdng in chy cc ng c thit bv chiu sng do cn ngunin n nh. Thng mng in ca nh my dng l 220V/ 380V. t c yu cu, in cao thphi qua trm bin tha vin ththeo yu cu.

in c s dng t nh my in mata cng sut 20 MV v mng li in

quc gia qua trm bin p 40 MVA

1.4. Ngun cung cp nc

i vi cc nh my thc phm ni chung th c thni nc l mt trong nhngnguyn liu chnh, do vy cht lng nc c a vo sn xut l rt quan trng, nnh hng trc tip n cht lng sn phm. Nc c cp ththng cp nc schtnh my nc a phng. Nc sch c cung cp vi cng sut 2.000 mt khimi ngy tnh my nc sch ng Nai. Nc sch c cung cp ti hng ro nhmy bng hthng cp nc tiu chun quc t.

1.5. Ngun cung cp hi

Hi nc l mt trong nhng ngun nguyn liu ph tr rt quan trng i vimt nh my sn xut. Trong nh my, hi c dng vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau,nhng chyu l dng cho sn xut nh: gia nhit sdng trong sinh hot


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m bo cho hot ng ca nh my, hi cp phi l hi nc bo ha.

1.6. Ngun cung cp nhin liu

m bo cho l hi hot ng tt, cho nhit ln, sch snhm p ng yu cu

v sn xut hi cng nh m bo v sinh mi trng, nh my s s dng du F.O.Ngoi ra cn sdng du D.O cho my pht in v xng cho xe t

1.7. Hthng xl nc v rc thi

H thng thot nc phi m bo thot ht nc, khng bng, khng nhhng n vsinh, mi trng trong ton nh my c bit l khu vc sn xut chnh.

Nc thi s c thu gom, a v nh my x l nc thi tp trung vi cng sut5.000 m3/ngy

Rc thi c thu gom v xl ti nh my rc thi ca Cm Cng nghip.Kh thi ca cc nh my c lp t hthng lc theo tiu chun quc gia trc

khi thi ra mi trng tnhin.

1.8. Giao thng vn ti

Hng ngy nh my phi vn chuyn mt lng ln nguyn liu, nhin liu, thnhphm v cc vt liu khc, nn vn giao thng vn ti phi m bo thun li, gimhao ph.

Nh my c t ti khu cng nghip AMATA, gn quc l1A, nn giao thngthun li vi cc khu vc xung quanh. c bit khu cng nghip gn cng ng Nai, lcng c a vo khai thc phc vcho spht trin ca tnh.

H thng giao thng ni b l cc tuyn ng trng nha v c b tngrng 8 m, m bo vic vn chuyn hng ho trong nh my mt cch thun tin. Ngoira, bn trong nh my cn dng xe nng kch hng c kch thc v trng lng ln.

1.9. Hthng phng chy cha chy

Khu Cng nghip c lp t hthng cnh bo, phng chng v cha chy tunthcht chcc quy nh ca quc gia. Cc hng cp nc cha chy c lp t ticc u mi giao thng ni khu, v ti mi nh my nhm m bo tc dng bo vhiuquton khu khi cc scchy n.


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1.10. Hthng thng tin lin lc

Mi nhu cu v thng tin lin lc c m bo thun tin trong v ngoi ncvi mi dch vcn thit nh : internet tc cao, fax, bu chnh, vin thng.

1.11. Khnng cung cp nhn lc

Bn cnh ngun cung nhn lc di do, cht lng ca thnh phHCh Minh,li cn c ngun nhn lc trca a phng nn ti y, cc nh my c iu kin thunli o to v tuyn dng vi mc chi ph tit kim.

1.12. Gi thu t v cc khon ph

Gi thu t & ph htng: c iu chnh theo tng thi im khc nhau. Ph qun l: 1.653 VND/m2/thng (tgi 18/05/2011, 1 USD=20.673 VND) Gi in: 1.271 VND/Kwh (gi cp nht 9/2010) Gi nc: 6.500 VND/m3(gi cp nht 9/2010) Ph xl nc thi 6.615 VND/m3(tgi 18/05/2011)


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CHNG 2:TNG QUAN

2.1. Tng quan vbnh snack

2.1.1. nh ngha[3]

Snack l tn gi ting nh chcc loi thc phm c ngia nhng ba nchnh. Mt cch hiu khc th tsnack c ngha l ba n nh, thc phm dng gia cc

ba n chnh hay thc n nhanh. V vy, cc loi khoai ty chin, bp n, cc mn ngcc n lin dng cho ba n sng, cc mn bnh mn dng vo gia bui, tri cy sykh, cc loi u chin hoc cc loi kh lm ttht b, tm u c xem l snack.Sn phm snack c ng gi trong cc ti nh, dvn chuyn v c thn c ngaysau khi mbao b.

2.1.2. i nt vlch sbnh snack [6]

C thtm tt qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip snack nh sau:

Nm 1852: Geogre Crum, mt u bp lm mn khoai ty lt chin gin theoyu cu ca mt khch hng v t mn khoai ty chip ra i.

Nm 1926: Laura Scudder, California sng ch ra loi bao b ng khoai tychip bng lp giy sp.

Nm 1929: Freeman Mcbeth ca cng ty J.D.Ferry sng chra thit bsn xutkhoai ty chip lin tc.

Nm 1933: cng ty giy Dixie Dallas, Texas sn xut bao b giy sp khngthm du cho sn phm khoai ty chin. Nm 1937: hip hi khoai ty chin quc gia (NPCI) c thnh lp. Nm 1958: hip hi khoai ty chin quc t(NCII) c thnh lp. Nm 1961: cc sn phm snack tbp v cc sn phm snack qua cng nghp

n ra i bi cng ty FritoLay (mt cng ty sn xut bnh snack ln ca M).

Nm 1976: PCII i tn thnh hip hi khoai ty chin v thc phm snack(PC/SFA) Cleveland, Ohio sau ri n Washington DC.

Nm 1986: PC/SF i tn thnh hip hi thc phm snack (SFA). Nm 1997: spht trin ca cng nghto gia v lm a dng ha hn na cc

sn phm snack.

2.1.3. Phn loi [3]

Snack rt a dng vchng loi v phong ph vhng v. V vy c rt nhiucch phn loi snack.


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- Da vo thnh phn nguyn liu chnh, snack c thc sn xut tkhoai ty,bp, go hoc cc loi ht khc, tri cy, rau cv ctht, thy hi sn.

- Da vo phng php chbin, snack c thc gim m bng cch chin, sy,qua p n hay nng.

-

Da vo v, snack c chia thnh nhm c vmn, vngt, vchua, vtnhin..- Da vo hnh dng bnh, snack c cc dng phng, c gi l chip hay flake,dng phng gi l puff v dng si gi l stick hay shred.

T cc cch phn loi trn cho thy c nhiu cng nghkhc nhau sn xutbnh snack. Trong ti ca mnh, em cp n sn phm puff tnguyn liu bp vc sn xut bng phng php p n p lc cao.

2.2. Tng quan vnguyn liu

2.2.1. Bp [1] Gii thiu:

Bp l cy lng thc quan trng givtr th3 sau la v la m cvdin tchtrng v sn lng trng trn ton thgii.

Ng c tn khoa hc l Zea mays L, Loi Zea mays, Chi Zea, Tc Maydeae, hha tho (Gramineae).

Phn loi:Da vo s khc nhau v hnh dng ht, mc trng trong ca ni nh v

ngha sdng m phn thnh cc loi sau:

Ng ( Z.N.Indutara) ht u trn, mu trng hay vng c ging mu tm, ninh trng trong, chmt t gia ht trng c. Hm lng tinh bt 56-75%. Ng ht cng, kh nghin, dng chbin go ng, tlthnh phm cao.

Ng rng nga (Z.M.Indentata) ht u lm ging rng nga, mu vng haytrng, phn dc hai bn ni nh trng trong cn phn dc gia ni nh trng c.Hm lng tinh bt 60-63%. T lni nh trng c nhiu hn ng nn htmm hn, khi nghin c nhiu bt t mnh, dng sn xut bt v tinh bt.

Ng bt (Z.N.Amylaceae)ht u trn hay hi vung, mu trng, phi ln, ninh trng c nn mm, c cu to bxp v dht nc khi ngm. Hm lngtinh bt khong 55-80%. Thnh phn tinh bt gm 20% amiloza v 80%amylopectin. Ht hu nh khng c lp sng, ni nh cu to hon ton bng tinh

bt. Chyu dng sn xut bt, tinh bt v knghru bia.


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Ng sp (Z.M.Ceratina), cn gi l ng np, ht nh, u trn mu trng c, ninh phn ngoi trng trong, phn trung tm trng c. Hm lng tinh bt khong60%. Thnh phn cu to tinh bt 100% - amilopectin. Dng ch bin thc nim tm v ng hp.

Ng n (Z.M.Everta) ht u nhn, ni nh trng trong hon ton, rt cng nnkh nghin. Hm lng tinh bt 62-72%. Thng dng sn xut bng v go ng. Ng ng (Z.M.Saccharata) ht hnh dng nhn nheo, mu vng hoc trng.

Hm lng tinh bt 25-37%, dextrin v ng ti 19-31%. Tinh bt ng ng cti 60-98% amiloza. Thng chchbin thc n im tm v ng hp.

Cu to ht ng:Ht ng gm 5 phn chnh: vht, lp alron, phi, ni nh v chn ht.

Hnh 2.1 Cu to ht ng


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Vht l mt mng nhn bao xung quanh ht. Lp alron nm di vht v baoly ni nh v phi.

Ni nh l phn chyu gm nhng tbo thnh dy cha tinh bt. Ni nh c 2phn: ni nh bt (ni nh trng trong) v ni nh sng (ni nh trng c). Tlgia

ni nh bt v ni nh sng ty vo chng ng, ging ng. Vng ni nh sng gmnhng tbo kch thc ln, cha cc ht tinh bt to v trn, khun protit mng, trongkhi sy khun protit bt to thnh nhng chrng do hnh thnh phn ni nh mmmu trng bt. Vng ni nh bt gm nhng tbo nh, cha nhng ht tinh bt nh,khun protit dy nn khi sy khun ny khng bt, khng to nn nhng chrng nnni nh ny cng, mu trng trong v c hm lng protit cao hn 1,5-2% so vi ni nhsng. Ngoi ra, lp ngoi vi ni nh c mt dy tbo xt nhau gi l lp xubalron cti 28% protit. Tinh bt trong cc tbo ny rt nhv khun protit rt dy do khi ch

bin lm sch cc ht tinh bt ny rt kh.

Phi ng cha nhiu cht bo v chim 1/3 tit din ct dc ht, chn ht l phngn ht vi bp. Phi c nhiu cht bo nn trong chbin cn tch phi p du. Phingn cch ni nh bi lp ng. Ng kt cht vi ni nh bng cht kt dnh (thnh phnchyu l penzoglucan v protit) khng ha tan trong nc. Cu to ng gm nhng t

bo ng nht, thnh dy bbao cht trong tbo cht. tch phi nguyn vn cn lmlng lp ng ny bng cch ngm lu trong dung dch c tc nhn lm mm.

Bng 2.1 Tltng phn ca ht ng theo Kozmina (%)

Cc phn ca ht Loi ng Rng nga Bt

Ni nh 80-90 81-85 79-83Phi 8-13 10-12 10-14V 1,5-6,0 5,0-5,3 5,0-5,5

Thnh phn ha hc:Thnh phn ha hc ca ng dao ng trong khong rng ph thuc ging, loi,

cht t, kh hu v phng php canh tc chm bn.

Bng 2.2 Thnh phn ha hc trung bnh ca ng (% cht kh)

Thnh phn Ng Rng nga Bt

Tinh bt 68,50 70,55 69,0


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Gluxit ha tan 4,50 3,50 3,25Cht bo 5,80 5,40 4,25

Protit 12,80 11,50 12,53Xenluloza 1,78 1,81 1,71Pentoza 4,34 4,25 4,05

Tro 1,61 1,45 1,35Cc cht khc 0,67 1,54 1,86

Cc cht trong ng phn bkhng u trong tng phn ca ht.

Bng 2.3 Tl(%) cc cht trong tng phn ca ht (theo Kozonina M.P)

Cc phn caht

Gluxit Cht bo Protit Tro

Cung 1,6 0,7 1,1 1,1V 4,8 1,1 2,1 3,1Lp alron 6,2 12,2 16,7 9,6

Ni nh:-Ni nh bt-Ni nh sng

51,128,4

2,31,3

42,417,6

7,24,4

Phi 7,9 82,4 20,1 74,6Cng 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Tinh bt cc ging ng thng thng c khong 27% amiloza v 73%amylopectin. Ring ging ng sp tinh bt cha 100% amylopectin v mt sging nglng amiloza li chim ti 70-80%.

Xenluloza v pentoza l thnh phn chyu ca v. Chai cht ny cu to nnthnh tbo vv cc m si khc ca ni nh.

ng trong ng khong 1,0 - 3,0%. Khong 2/3 ng tp trung trong phi 0,2 -0,5% v D-fructoza 0,1 0,4%. Trong ng cng c rafinoza nhng rt t (0,1 0,3%).Mantoza chxut hin sau khi ht ny mm 2 - 4 ngy.

Cht bo trong ng ti 98% tng lng dng glixerit ca cc axit bo. Tlaxitbo nh sau: linoleic 56%, oleic 30%, linolenic 0,7% v cc axit bo no 14%. Chsiontrung bnh ca du ng l 124. Tp cht trong du ng th gm: xitosterol 1,0%,

photphatit 1,01,5% v tocopherol 0,1%. Hm lng cht bo trong cc ging ng phbin khong 3,5 6,5%, tuy nhin cng c nhng ging ng li ti 9 14%. Cht boca ni nh c mt vi lng cc cu tthuc nhm sc tcarotenoid. Cc cu tny lin


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kt vi protit v to ra mu vng ca ni nh ng. Cc sc tny tp trung phn ninh bt v hon ton c th tch ra cng sn phm gluten trong khi xay t. Lngcarotenoid trong ng ti khong 2035mg/kg. Dn dn lng sc ttrong ng gim do

boxy ha , c bit nu ng ngoi nh sng hay ni c nhit cao.

Protit ca ng rt phc tp. C bn gm 4 nhm: prolamin gein (30 -50%) chha tan trong cn 8090%, glutelin (1420%) khng ha tan trong nc, mui v runhng dha tan trong kim long (0,2%), globilin (5 8%) ha tan trong dung dchmui (thng NaCl 10%), anbumin (13 - 30%) ha tan trong nc.

Bng 2.4 Tlcc nhm protit theo Koznina N.P

Loi ng Nit protit (%)Zein Glutelin Globunin Anbumin

42,5 15,1 6,1 17,3Rng nga 39,3 19,7 7,5 15,4Bt 42,1 16,4 6,4 18,4Sp 43,7 14,9 5,1 17,0

N 49,1 13,6 5,2 13,4ng 29,9 19,3 6,4 29,3

Thnh phn tro ca ht ng phthuc nhiu vo t ni trng, phn bn, kh huv kthut canh tc.

Bng 2.5 Thnh phn tro (%) ca ng theo Buromski I.D

Ccphnca ht

P2O5 Na2O K2O SO2 MgO CaO Fe2O3 T.L

Ni nh 1,32 1,37 - 0,53 0,31 0,02 0,05 3,60Phi 33,80 19,70 - 15,10 5,33 6,43 0,42 80,30V 3,79 0,45 4,83 3,89 1,89 0,66 0,59 16,10Cng 38,91 20,99 4,83 19,52 7,58 7,11 1,06 100,0

nh gi cht lng ng v bo qun:Ng sn xut tinh bt cn yu cu p ng cht lng nht nh. Cc ch s

cht lng gm: thnh phn ha hc, ti, m, nhim bnh, tp cht v mcnhim trng.


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Tiu chun ng nhp kho gm cc chs:

ti: c c trng bi: mu sc, mi v v. Ng khng sy qu nhit, khngc bt k mi lno, khng c du hiu bngm nc, c bit chphi ht. Nu nhim mc, phi sm en th kh bo qun.

m 13,5%. y l yu tquan trng nht nh hng ti cht lng ng trongbo qun. Trong trng hp m cao hn cn phi lm kh v m cao, ht hhp mnh tn hao cht kh nhiu, ng thi vi sinh vt v su mt c iu kinhot ng mnh lm cho ng chng bhng.

Tp cht 3%, trong ht bnhim bnh < 2%. Tp cht gm tp cht l(thn, l, cy v cc cht khong) v tp cht ht (ht

nhng cy lng thc khc). Ht bnhim bnh bao gm: do nm mc (Sorosporium reilianim, Ustilago Zeae,

Fusarium moniliforme, Nigrospora Cryzae v Giberella sauginetti) v do vi khun(Bacillus mesenthericus vulgatus).Bo qun: vic bo qun ng kh khn hn so vi cc ht lng thc khc.

Nguyn nhn v phi ng kh ln, m trong phi cha nhiu cht bo, li mm nn rt dbi kht, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt xm nhp, pht trin v gy bnh cho ht. V vy,cn bo qun ng trong cc kho c khng kh kh, nhit thp, c h thng rnh thng gi cng bc v sdng qut khng kh kh nhm t hiu qutt.

2.2.2. Bt go [2]

Gii thiu chung:Bt go l mt loi bt c lm tgo bng phng php xay v nghin.

Thnh phn ha hc ca go:Bng 2.6 Thnh phn trung bnh (% khi lng) ca thc go (mu c m 14%)

Thnh phn Thc Go lt Go xt Cm TruGlucid (g) 64 73 73 87 77 89 34 62 22 34

Cellulose (g) 7,2 10,4 0,6 1 0,2 0,5 7 11,4 34,5 45,9Protid(gN x 5,85)

5,8 7,7 7,1 8,3 6,3 7,1 11,3 14,9 2 2,8

Lipid (g) 1,5 2,3 1,6 2,8 0,3 0,5 15 19,7 0,3 0,8Tro (g) 2,9 5,2 1 1,5 0,3 0,8 6,6 9,9 13,2 21Ca (mg) 10 80 10 50 10 30 30 120 60 130P (mg) 0,17 3,1 0,17 0,43 0,08 0,15 1,1 2,5 0,03 0,07


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Fe (mg) 1,4 6 0,2 5,2 0,2 2,8 8,6 43 3,9 9,5Zn (mg) 1,7 3,1 0,6 2,8 0,6 2,3 4,3 25,8 0,9 4Phytin P (g) 0,18 0,21 0,13 0,27 0,02 0,2 0,9 2,2 0

Tiu chun nhp kho ca bt go:Bt go nhp kho phi t mt stiu chun sau:

Hm lng nc : 1314%. Mu sc: bt mu trng. Mi v: mi c trng, khng c mi l. Hm lng tro: 2%. Vi sinh vt gy hi: khng c.

Nm mc: khng c. E.coli: 4 tbo/gam.

2.2.3. Nc [7]

Nc l thnh phn c bn trong thc phm v nc cng c quy nh sdngnh cc thnh phn khc.Nc phi p ng cc tiu chun ca nc n ung theo tiuchun quc gia nh:

Mu sc: 15 TCU

Mi v: khng c mi, vl c: 2NTU pH: trong khong 6,58,5 cng, tnh theo CaCO3: 300 mg/l Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS): 1000 mg/l Coliform tng s: 0 vi khun/ 100ml E.coli hoc coliform chu nhit: 0 vi khun/ 100 ml

2.2.4. ng [3]

ng c sdng l ng tinh luyn v phi p ng tiu chun Vit Namnh:

Chtiu cm quan: Ngoi hnh: tinh thtng i ng u, ti kh, khng vn cc Mi v: c vngt, khng c mi l, vl


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Mu sc: tt ctinh thu trng ng nh, khi pha trong nc ct th dung dchng trong sut.

Chtiu ha l: Hm lng saccharose, tnh bng % cht kh: 99,8 m, tnh bng % khi lng: 0,05 Hm lng ng kh, tnh bng % khi lng: 0,03 Hm lng tro, tnh bng % khi lng: 0,03 mu, tnh bng Stame: 1,2

2.2.5. Mui [8]

Mui c sdng phi l mui thng hng v phi p ng vcc chtiu nh:

Hm lng NaCl, tnh theo cht kh: 97% Cc cht ph gia chng vn cc nh: tricanxi orthophosphate, canxi cacbonat,

magie cacbonat, magie oxit, silicon dioxit. khng c vt qu 20g/kg

Cc cht nh ha polyxyetylen sorbital monoolea: khng vt qu 10g/kg Hm lng cc cht nhim bn khng c vt qu: sen 0,5 mg/kg tnh theo As ng 2 mg/kg tnh theo Cu Ch 2 mg/kg tnh theo Pb Cadimi 0,5 mg/kg tnh theo Cd Thy phn 0,1 mg/kg tnh theo Hg

2.2.6. Du n[3]

Du n ng vai tr quan trng trong cng nghsn xut bnh snack. Chc nngchnh ca du n l htrcc qu trnh to sn phm nh: phi trn hn hp gia vv

phgia mt cch ng u, kt dnh hn hp gia vln bmt sn phm.

Du n c s dng phi l du tinh luyn c ngun gc t thc vt nh duphng, du nnh, du da, du m..v phi t mt stiu chun vcht lng nh:

Cm quan: trong sut, mu sng, khng mi Ha l: Triglyceride: 99,77% min m v tp cht: 0,1% max Acid bo tdo (FFA): 0,1% max Chsacid (AV): 0,2 mg KOH/g max


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Chsperoxide (PoV): 2 meq/ g max Vitamin E, carotene: 0,03%

2.2.7. Phgia

Phgia bao gm nhiu thnh phn nh: bt gia vnhm to hng vc trngcho tng loi sn phm, cht mu nhm tng thm sc hp dn cho sn phm v mt scht bo qun nhm ko di thi gian bo qun cho sn phm. Tt ccc cht phgia sdng phi thuc danh mc cho php ca cc c quan chc nng c thm quyn

2.3. Tng quan vKthut p n[3]

2.3.1. C skhoa hc

p n l tn gi ca qu trnh dng p lc y khi nguyn liu qua lnhnhm

mc ch nh hnh cho sn phm hay bn thnh phm.Cu to chung ca my p n gm bung cha liu c u thot liu nhv mt

c cu to p lc y nguyn liu thot ra. Bung cha liu thng c dng hnh tr,lm bng vt liu c thchu c p lc cao. u thot liu ca bung cha c thcdng cn hay gn vi da khun c lnh dng cho sn phm. Lkhun c thcdng hnh trtrn hay cc hnh dng phc tp to nn hnh th c bit cho sn phm. Ccu to p lc c thl piston hay vt ti. Nguyn liu c cung cp lin tc vo mtu ca bung cha liu, chuyn dch dc bn trong bung nhlc y ca piston haychuyn ng xoay trn ca vis ti v sthot ra ti cc lkhun u bn kia ca thit b

Qu trnh p n c chia thnh hai nhm chnh: p n to hnh thng thng(cold extrusion) v p n p lc cao (hot extrusion)

Trong qu trnh p n to hnh thng thng, nguyn liu c dng hn hp c(paste), v p lc ti u trc p sy khi nguyn liu qua lkhun nh hnh.


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Hnh 2.2 Nguyn tc lm vic ca thit bp n to p lc bng piston

Trong qu trnh p n p lc cao, nh tn gi cho thy, p lc tc ng lnnguyn liu tng cao, c thln n 200atm. C cu to p lc ca thit bp n p lccao l dng trc vis. Nguyn liu khi vo trong thit b s lp y khong khng giantrng gia vmy v trc vis. Khi trc vis quay s truyn nng lng cho lp nguyn

liu tip xc vi trc vis v y chng chuyn ng xon dc theo chiu quay ca trc.Cc phn tny sli ko cc phn tlp kcn chuyn ng theo v y cho ckhinguyn liu chuyn ng hng n u lkhun. Lc ma st gia cc lp nguyn liuv gia nguyn liu vi vmy sinh ra nhit lng lm nhit khi nguyn liu tngcao. Nh vy, mt phn tnguyn liu schu lc y hng ti v lc ma st hngtheo chiu ngc li v mt slc khc nh trng lc cng vi phn lc ca cc phn tkhc tc ng ln n. Nu tt ccc lc u tc ng ln mt phn tnguyn liu lns lm bin dng hay ph v cu trc ban u. Khi cu trc b ph v, cng thm tcng ca nhit cao, nguyn liu chuyn thnh dng chy do. Khi khi nguyn liuvn chuyn n u ra ca thit b, cu to dng cn ca bung cha liu hay sc mtca da khun slm gim lng nguyn liu thot ra ngoi. Mt lng ln nguyn liutp trung trong mt vng khng gian nhsto ra p lc rt ln ngay ti u lkhun.p lc ny snn nguyn liu vo lkhun. Khi thot ra bn ngoi lkhun, p sutgim t ngt, cc cht kh v cht lng qu nhit bnn trong khi nguyn liu chy dosbc hi nhanh chng, do sn phm thu c stng thtch, c lm kh, gim


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nhit v trng n. Do qu trnh lm tng nhit ca nguyn liu nn p n p lc caocn c gi l p n nng (hot extrusion) hay p n nu (extrusion-cooking). Qutrnh lm nng nguyn liu trong my c thdo tc dng ca lc ma st sinh ra v cngc thc cung cp thm nhit tbn ngoi nhlp vo bao bc bn ngoi vmy

Hnh 2.3 Nguyn tc lm vic ca thit bp n to p lc bng trc vis

Nh vy, c thni qu trnh p n p lc cao vbn cht l qu trnh nh dngli cu trc ban u ca nguyn liu thnh nhng sn phm c cu trc mong mun chyu bng cc lc c hc v nhit - p sut cao. p n p lc cao l mt qu trnh

HTST (high temperature short time), sdng nhit v p sut cao thc hin cc tcng ln cu trc ca nguyn liu trong mt khong thi gian ngn (20-200s).

2.3.2. Mc ch cng ngh

Ngoi mc ch chnh l hon thin to hnh cho sn phm, p n p lc caocn c khnng p ng c nhiu mc ch cng nghkhc.

Trc ht, do cu to ca trc vis, qu trnh c thvn chuyn, phi trn hay nhotrn nhiu nguyn liu vi nhau. Sau , khi nhit tng sgip thc hin cc qu trnh

lm chn sn phm nh bin tnh protein, hha tinh bt v to ra mi vmu sc dophn ng Mailard. Trong nhng trng hp ny, qu trnh p n c mc ch cng nghl chbin. Nu nhit nguyn liu trong qu trnh p n tng cao hn 1000C, nc s

bc hi khi thot ra ngoi lkhun v lm gim m ca sn phm. Nhit cao cnglm v hot enzyme v tiu dit vi sinh vt nn qu trnh p n p lc cao cn c mcch bo qun.


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2.3.3. Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:

Qu trnh p n p lc cao l mt qu trnh n gin nhng trong nguyn liu lixy ra nhiu bin i do phthuc vo cu hnh v qu trnh vn hnh thit bcng nhtnh cht nguyn liu u vo. Khi cc thng sny bbin i slm thay i p lc v

nhit trong thit bdn n lm thay i tnh cht ca sn phm cui. Sau y l mtvi quy lut bin i chnh trong thit bp n p lc cao.

Qu trnh p n p lc cao thng c sdng trong cng nghchbin ccnguyn liu dng cao phn tnh protein v tinh bt. Khi nguyn liu c nhp votrong thit b, dc theo chiu di my c th tri qua ba giai on: giai on phi trn,giai on nho trn v giai on nu nh hnh. Mi giai on ny sc cc bin i khcnhau ca nguyn liu. Khi thot ra ngoi thit b, nguyn liu sc nh dng thnhsn phm cui.

Hnh 2.4 Cc vng chc nng trong thit bp n trc n

Giai on phi trn l giai on u khi nguyn liu mi nhp vo trong thit b.vng ny, ng knh trc vis thng nhhay bc vis tha, tc l khng gian changuyn liu nhiu. p lc v nhit cha cao nn cu trc ca nguyn liu khng c

bin i no ng k. Bin i chnh trong vng thnht l sphi trn u cc nguynliu vi nhau


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Khi nguyn liu c y tip qua vng thhai, nhit v p sut tng dn cngnh cc cu t, nht l nc c trn u, khuch tn vo bn trong cu trc canguyn liu, hnh thnh cc lin kt hydro gia nc v cc phn tc cha nhm honc nh protein,pentosane, tinh bt Nguyn liu trng nln, mt sphn tdtan

skhuch tn ra ngoi mi trng lng. Khi nguyn liu trnn c hn. Giai on nyc gi l giai on nho trn

Khi nguyn liu c y ln n vng thba, vng khng gian dnh cho nguynliu rt t, nguyn liu bdn nn to nn p sut v nhit cao, y l giai on nguynliu bbin i su sc nht. Di p lc cao, cc lc c hc tc dng ln nguyn liutheo hai hng ngc nhau c tc dng ph vcu trc ht tinh bt hay x rch b si

protein. Mc ph hy ny ty thuc vo ln ca lc ct do trc vis tc dng lnkhi nguyn liu. ng thi, ty thuc mc tng cao ca nhit slm tng chuynng nhit ca cc phn t. Cc chuyn ng nhit hn lon ny c khuynh hng phvcu trc bc ba, lm bin tnh protein. i vi tinh bt, chuyn ng nhit ln cngvi sc mt ca nc gip tch ri cc phn ttinh bt v chuyn chng thnh dngdung dch, thc hin qu trnh hha tinh bt. Nu nng lng ln hn c thlm ctngn mch phn thay thm ch ph hy cu trc ca phn t. Cc bin i ny lm chokhi nguyn liu thay i ttrng thi ht ri thnh trng thi chy do. trng thi ny,cc phn tlinh ng hn, c khuynh hng dui mch, to ra cc lin kt mi, c bitl thng qua cu ni ca lin kt hydro gia cc phn tvi nhau to thnh khung mngcho sn phm sau ny. Cc phn tkh v hi nc c phn bu gia cc khungmng chnh l cc mm kh to xp cui cho sn phm. Trong giai on ny,nguyn liu bin i ging nh trong qu trnh gia nhit thc phm thng thng nn cnc gi l giai on nu.

Kt thc giai on nu, nguyn liu c dng khi do hay lng v chu p lc rtcao. Dng cht lng nht ny s chy qua lkhun v nh hnh dng chy theo hnhdng ca khun. Khi thot ra khi u lkhun, p lc gim t ngt, cc phn t ckch thc nhnh kh, nc, cc cht mi.. c nng lng rt cao c gii phng schuyn ng rt nhanh v hn lon theo mi hng. Cu trc cui cng ca sn phm s

phthuc vo mi tng quan vmt nng lng gia cc phn tkhi lng thp ny

v bn vng ca lin kt gia cc hp cht cao phn thnh thnh nn khung mng.Nu cc phn tnhc slng v nng lng u ln trong khi tng nng lng linkt gia cc biopolymer to nn khung mng nh, cc phn tkh v hi sph vcutrc mng, sn phm cui s c dng bt. Lin kt gia cc hp cht cao phn t tokhung mng cng yu v nng lng tng ca cc kh cng cao th bt s cng mn.

Ngc li, nu cu trc khung mng ln nht mt phn cc phn tkh v hi,


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cu trc ca sn phm s l dng xp. xp ca sn phm cng ph thuc vo mitng quan nng lng gia cc phn tnh nu trn. Nu s lng cc lin ktgia cc hp cht cao phn tcng nhiu, tng cc nng lng lin kt ny cng ln vslng mm kh cng ln th sn phm cui scng nxp. Ngc li nu nng lng

lin kt gia cc hp cht cao phn tto khung mng ln m nng lng ca cc phntkh v hi thp th sn phm snrt t hay khng n. Trong giai on ny, nu ccphn tnc c nng lng ln v thot ra ngoi nhiu, sn phm s trnn kh ginhay cng v cnh hnh dng. Trong trng hp ngc li, sn phm sxp, mm vhnh dng c thbbin i tip. Sn phm dng ny c thc xl tip bng phng

php sy hay chin. Trong giai on sy hay chin, nu gia nhit nhanh, sn phm vn cthnthm

Cn lu rng, khng nht thit lc no nguyn liu cng tri qua ba giai onbin i nh trnh by trn. Bin i ca nguyn liu c thchdng nho trn hayphi trn trong trng hp trc vis ngn, lu lng nh, p lc v nhit khng cao.Th dkhi p n nguyn liu l ht go, trong thi gian u, phn thot ra khi thit bl cc ht go gn ging nh nguyn liu u. Chkhi lng nhit v p lc sinh ra ln th sn phm mi chuyn dn thnh ht ht go n(cm) hay thnh dng thanh di,xp.

Trong nguyn liu, ngoi protein v tinh bt c vai tr to khung mng, cc chtkhc cng snh hng n cu trc ca sn phm cui. Cc cht x phn tlng lnnh cellulose v lignin kh bn v hu nh khng bthay i vkch thc. Cc phn t

ny khi lin kt vi khung mng s lm sn phm gim nxp. Tuy nhin, cc loicht x ha tan nh hemicellulose v pectin c th bct mch, gim khi lng phn tv tham gia cc lin kt vi phn t tinh bt thng qua lin kt hydro nn khng nhhng ln n xp ca sn phm. Nu trong nguyn liu giu cht bo, tc ng chc ca trc vis sph vcu trc tbo v gii phng cht bo di dng cht bo tdo(nht l nguyn liu giu bo nh ht u nnh). Khi nhit tng cao, cht bo snngchy, bi trn v lm nhit sn phm tng cao hn. Cht bo cng c thlin kt vikhung protein thng qua cc nhm a bo hay vi tinh bt hay thng qua qu trnh hp

phvo cc vng xon ca amylose. Cc lin kt ny to thnh mng cht bo nht cc

bng kh v hi nc nn sn phm sphng ntt hn. Nu nhit qu cao, cc acidbo t do c th b oxy ha nh hng hng v sn phm cui cng, lm gim chtlng dinh dng v cm quan ca sn phm.

Cc hp cht phn tlng thp c tc ng rt t n cu trc nhng li c nhhng ti gi trdinh dng v cm quan ca sn phm. Di tc dng ca nhit cao,mui v cc cht khong hu nh khng bnh hng nhng ng trong nguyn liu c


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thbcaramel ha hay tham gia phn ng Mailard nh hng ln mu sc v mi vsnphm p n. Cc vitamin tan trong du nh vitamin D, K hu nh khng b bin i saup n. Tin tvitamin (-caroten) th bphn hy bi nhit. Ngc li, cc vitamintan trong nc nh vitamin B1 v vitaminC rt nhy vi nhit nn c thbtn tht

t5-100% sau p n. Trong qu trnh p n, mt shp cht to mu v hng canguyn liu c thbphn hy bi nhit cao trong bung p, mt sc thbcuntheo hi nc thot ra tsn phm p n. V th, cc cht ny thng c bsung vosn phm ngay sau qu trnh p n. Nhit cao trong qu trnh p n cn c tc dngc chmt scht gy tc ng xu n dinh dng c trong nguyn liu ban u. Thdnh trong u nnh c cha cht khng trypsin, v thlm gim khnng tiu ha cac th. Nu sdng thc phm c cha hp cht ny trong thi gian lu di c thlm

phnh ty tng v rt nguy him. Nhit cao trong bung p 138-1540C c th gipphn hy bt cht ny. Enzyme -amylase v mt scc cht c tnhin khc nh cc

cht khng lectin c trong cc loi u hon ton bphn hy sau p n. Cc cht ctrong khoai ty nh chaconine v solanine cng s gim bt c tnh sau qu trnh pn, nhng khng bphn hy.

2.3.4. Cc yu tnh hng

Trong qu trnh p n p lc cao, hai thng scng nghchnh nh hng trctip n cht lng sn phm l p sut v nhit . Yu cu v ln ca p sut vnhit trong bung p thay i i vi tng nguyn liu v sn phm cth. p lc caodc thnh thit bslm nguyn liu gim dn ri, bin dng v chy do. p lc ti

u khun skim sot v iu chnh qu trnh nh dng sn phm. Hn na, p sut vnhit cao gicho nc trong nguyn liu dng cht lng qu nhit c thbc hinhanh khi thot ra ngoi mi trng lm n sn phm. p sut ca my p n c ththay i trong khong rt rng. Khong bin i p sut t10 n hn 200atm. Nhit cao s gip cho cc bin i nh h ha tinh bt, bin tnh protein din ra nhanhchng, dn n nhng bin i vcu trc v tnh cht cm quan ca nguyn liu. Nhittrong my p n c thbin i tvi chc n cao hn 2000C

Tuy nhin, cp sut v nhit bn trong my p n p lc cao li khng th

ci t tu m bin i trong qu trnh vn hnh thit b. Chai thng scng nghny phthuc vo cu to ca my, vn tc quay ca trc vis, lu lng nhp liu, thigian lu ca nguyn liu trong thit bv ctnh cht ca nguyn liu.

nh hng ca cu hnh thit b: cng mt lng nguyn liu cung cp vo thitb, nu ng knh trc vis cng ln, bc vis cng nhth khng gian dnh chonguyn liu trong my cng bgim, tc p lc cng tng. Slng lkhun cng


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nhiu, ng knh l khun cng ln s cng lm gim p sut tc ng lnnguyn liu trc khi thot ra ngoi thit b. Khng nhng th, cu to ca ukhun cn nh hng n p lc to ra dc theo chiu di thit bv nh hngn nhit trong bung p. Chiu di ca phn lm vic trong my snh hng

n thi gian chu p lc v do nh hng n mc bin dng ca nguynliu. Bmt bn trong ca bung p v trc vis cng nhm, lc ma st cng tngdn n nhit lng sinh ra cng ln.

nh hng ca vn tc quay ca trc vis: cng mt lng nguyn liu cung cpvo thit b, tc quay ca trc vis cng nhanh, v cu trc bn trong ca vmycng nhm th lc tc dng ln khi nguyn liu cng ln, khnng bin dng,chy do ca nguyn liu cng cao

nh hng ca lu lng nhp liu v thi gian lu nguyn liu trong thit b:cng mt tc quay ca trc vis, nu lu lng nhp vo cng nhiu v thi gian

lu cng lu th p sut v nhit ca khi nguyn liu bn trong thit bscngtng

nh hng ca tnh cht nguyn liu: cu trc ca nguyn liu snh hng rtln n lc ma st gia cc phn tnguyn liu vi nhau, do nh hng nnhit sinh ra trong my. i vi my p n c mt trc, kch thc ca htnguyn liu snh hng n hiu quca qu trnh. V vy nh sn xut scquy nh khong kch thc nguyn liu ph hp cho thit bca mnh. Nu htqu mn, khi xl m, nguyn liu dbvn cc v khng c nho trn ngu. Ngc li, nu ht qu ln, phi tn nhiu nng lng lm bin i trng

thi ca nguyn liu tdng ht ri rc sang dng paste, nu khng sc thtocm gic nhm, sm khi s dng sn phm. Cu trc nguyn liu cng s nhhng n p sut. ri ca nguyn liu ban u cng cao, c ngha l lng kh

bn trong bung p cng nhiu th cc mm kh ti u lkhun s cng nhiunhng p sut s gim. Thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu, c bit l hmlng m snh hng ln n tnh cht ca sn phm cui. m ca nguynliu c thc iu chnh tban u bng cc thit bphtrhay bsung nchoc hi nc trc tip vo trong thit bp n. Hm lng m u v cui snh hng trc tip ln phng nv cng, gin ca sn phm. Hm m bin

i ty theo nguyn liu v cu trc ca thit b nn cn c nhng th nghimtrc sn phm n nh. Hm lng cht bo cng snh hng ln nguynliu trong qu trnh p n p lc cao. Cht bo lm gia tng nht, lm gimlc koy tc ng ln nguyn liu nn tn nhiu nng lng hn, nht l khihm lng bo vt qu 7%. Hm lng bo ti a ca nguyn liu a vo pn c thln n 27% ty thuc vo cu trc ca thit b


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Nh vy, cu trc ca sn phm cui phthuc vo tnh cht ca nguyn liu banu (hm lng nc, cu trc vt l, thnh phn ha hc) cng nh kt cu my vcc thng svn hnh my. Khi thay i loi nguyn liu hay tlnguyn liu sdngcn thay i kt cu my hay cc thng svn hnh my c cu trc sn phm ph

hpc im quan trng nht cn lu l bn cht lin tc ca thit bp n. Thit

bny hot ng di trng thi cn bng v n nh ng hc. Vi mt cu hnh myxc nh, cc thng su vo (lu lng nguyn liu v vn tc trc vis) squyt nhcc thng su ra (cc c tnh ca sn phm). V vy, cn phi lm th nghim xcnh mi tng quan gia cc thng sny ng vi tng cu hnh my cth. Khi vnhnh thit b, cn n nh cc yu tu vo trong khong gii hn ti u mi m boc n nh ca sn phm

2.3.5. Thit b

Cu trc ca thit bgm c ba phn chnh l bung p, trc vis v da khun/lkhun. Ngoi ra, cn c cc phn phkhc nh khung thit b, ng c v c cutruyn ng, bphn nhp liu v bphn ct nh hnh sn phm. Ty thuc vo cutrc ca trc vis, thit bp n p lc cao c chia thnh hai nhm l thit bp ntrc n v thit bp n trc i. Bung p v trc vis ca thit bp n c thcuto nguyn khi. Tuy nhin, dng cu to thnh cc module c thlp ghp li vi nhauc a chung hn. Khi , thit bc khnng bin i linh hot trong cu to hnh

hc trc vis v bung p dng cho vic sn xut nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau.a- Bung p nBung p n c dng hnh trnm ngang, thng c tlchiu di/ng knh

(L/D) t10/1 n 25/1. Bn ngoi bung p, mt smy c thit kcc lp vo lm nng hay lm mt. Lp vo ny tng ng vi tng phn on ca bung p tonn nhng vng c nhit khc nhau bn trong thit bp n. Bmt bn trong bungp n c thtrn nhn hay tin cc khe rnh lm tng ma st. Khe rnh dc c sdng khi mun tng tc ng nho trn ln nguyn liu, v ti nhng rnh dc ny,

nguyn liu p n sbnn cht vo khi trc vis quay, v lm cho nguyn liu dchchuyn chm i. Ngc li, khi mun nguyn liu vn chuyn tt hn, khe rnh cn cdng xon c cng chiu vi c cu xon c ca trc vis


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Hnh 2.5 Mt sdng cu to bmt trong ca bung p n

Hnh 2.6 Mt sdng module ca bung p n trc i

b- Trc visCng nh bung p, trc vis dng xon c th c c di dng mt khi

nguyn hay gm nhiu module lp ghp li vi nhau trn trc quay ca thit b. Thngthng, trc vis c ghp tba module trln. Gia cc module sc thm cc vng

ngn hi nc bay ngc vcng nhp liu lm nght my. Trong mt strng hp,gia cc module cn c lp thm cc da nho. Cc da nho ny c tc dng lm chmtc vn chuyn nguyn liu trong bung p, do m bo c hiu quca cc tcng nh nn p, gia nhit v nho trn ln nguyn liu p n.


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Hnh 2.7 Cu to ca da nho ni vi trc vis

Cc thng squan trng ca trc vis bao gm ng knh trc vis, ng knh ltrc, cu to v bmt xon vis, chiu cao xon vis v bc vis.

Trong thit bp n p lc cao, cng gn pha lkhun th trc vis c ng knhcng to dn v bc vis cng nhli. Tsgia thtch vng xon vis u nhp liu vu tho liu ca trc vis gi l tlnn p. i vi a scc thit bp n, tlnnp ca trc vis thay i trong khong 15.

c- Da khun v lkhuny l ni tho liu ng thi nh dng thit din ngang ca sn phm p n sau

cng. Da khun c thc mt hay nhiu lkhun. Cc lkhun ny c thc c

ngay trn da khun hay c thc c ring v trn da khun sc bphn tng nggn cc lkhun ny vo.

Tsdin tch ca da khun, lkhun so vi thit din ngang ca thit bsnhhng n sthot liu, v do da khun chnh l mt bphn iu chnh tc ngnn p nguyn liu vo bung p ca trc vis, v cp sut, nhit trong bung p gi trph hp.

Chc nng to hnh dng, kch thc v cu trc (phng hay c) theo yu cu chosn phm p n l ca cc lkhun. Kch thc, hnh dng lkhun v slkhun s

nh hng ti thi gian lu ca nguyn liu p n trong bung p v tc i ra khi lkhun ca nguyn liu, v th ti lkhun, nguyn liu cng chu tc ng nho trn.Tuy nhin mc nho trn ny sgim dn khi slkhun cng nhiu.


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d- Bphn ct nh hnhSau khi qua my p n, sn phm to thnh mt dng lin tc. Bphn ct nh

hnh c chc nng to chiu di v hnh dng mong mun cho sn phm p n.

Bphn ct thng c dng dao ct c gn trn mt trc quay. Mi tng quangia tc quay ca trc v tc thot liu ti lkhun squyt nh chiu di ca sn

phm p n sau khi ct.

Hnh 2.8 Hnh dng ca bphn ct nh hnh

Thit bp n trc nThit bp n trc n, nh tn gi chc mt trc vis. Tuy nhin, trn trc vis

ny, ng knh v bc vis c ththay i ty thuc vo mc ch ca qu trnh p n,nguyn liu v sn phm.

Da vo mc nn p, ngi ta chia thit bp n trc n thnh mt sdng

nh sau:

Thit bp n nh dng ngui: l thit bnn p thp vi bung p trn, vis su,tc trc vis chm. Loi ny chc dng nh dng.

Thit bp n nh dng p sut cao: l thit bnn p thp vi bung p crnh, v trc vis c khnng nn. Loi ny ging loi trn l ch c chc nngnh dng nhng lm vic p sut cao.


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Thit bp n nn p thp c khnng nu chn: l thit bnn p trung bnh vitrc vis c khnng nn p cao v bung p c rnh tng mc o trn.Loi ny tng thai loi trn nhng c thdng nhit tbn ngoi lm chnsn phm.

Thit bp n nn p cao c t sL/D thp: l thit b p n nn p cao vibung p c rnh v bsu trc vis khc nhau, thit bny c c trng l tsgia chiu di trc vis v ng knh trc nh(L/D khong 3:110:1). Loi thit

bny c khnng lm chn sn phm bi nhit sinh ra tma st gia nguyn liuv bmt trong ca thit b.

Thit bp n nn p cao c tsL/D cao: l thit bnn p cao, bsu vis vbc vis thay i theo chiu di trc vis p ng tsnn p cao, thit bnyc trng bi tschiu di trc vis trn ng knh trc cao (15:125:1). Loiny c khnng nnp cao v c thhn chstrng nti lkhun.

Bng 2.7 Phn loi thit bp n trc n theo mc nn p

Mc nnp thp

Mc nnp trung bnh

Mc nnp cao

m sn phm p n (%) 20 - 75 15 - 30 5 - 8Khi lng ring ca sn phm (g/l) 320 - 800 160 - 510 32 - 200

Nhit ti a trong bung p n (0C) 20 - 65 55 - 145 110 - 180p sut ti a trong bung p n (at) 6 - 63 21 - 42 42 - 84T lgia ng knh trc vis v chiucao xon vis

35,3 58,5 8 - 18

Hssdng nng lng cho 1 kg snphm (kW/kg)

0,010,04 0,020,08 0,10,16

Thit bp n trc iTrong nhng nm gn y, vi nhng yu cu ngy cng kht khe hn v cht

lng cng nh xu hng sn xut ra cc sn phm mi, thit bp n trc n dnkhng p ng c, nn cc thit bp n trc i ra i. Thit bny c u im la dng, p ng c cc quy trnh, cng nh nng sut khc nhau. Loi ny c nhiuli thhn thit bp n trc n nh kim sot thi gian lu ca nguyn liu trong

bung p tt hn, s truyn vn tt hn, c ch t lm sch, v tnh n nh trong snxut cao hn. Mt su im ca thit bp n trc i c khng nh nh c thto hnh c cc sn phm rt mnh, kch thc nhhn 1,5mm hay cc sn phm btc ttrng thp. Thit bp n dng ny cho php bsung c n 35% tht ti vosn phm. Hnthna, thit bp n trc i c khnng p n c cc nguyn liu


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c hm lng cht bo cao n 27% v n nh ca cht bo trong sn phm tt hnso vi thit bp n trc n.

Da vo hng quay ca trc vis, c thphn thit bp n trc i thnh hailoi sau y:

Thit bp n trc i quay ngc chiu: c khnng vn chuyn nguyn liu rttt. Loi thit bny thch hp cho nhng nguyn liu khng do v yu cu thigian lu di nh gum, jelly

Thit bp n trc i quay cng chiu: loi thit bny c sdng rng ritrong ngnh cng nghip thc phm. Nhit sinh ra do ma st ln hn do c haitng tc l gia cc trc vis vi bung p v gia cc trc vi nhau. Trong ccloi thit bp n trc i th loi thit btrc i quay cng chiu v khp nhauhon ton c sdng phbin nht trong cng nghip sn xut thc phm. u

im ni bt ca thit bdng ny l c khnng tlm sch bmt ca trc vis.Nu nguyn liu p n bdnh ln bmt trc vis ny th khi trc vis kia xoay,cc xon vis n khp slm tch ri nguyn liu p n ra v vn chuyn chngtheo sut chiu di bung p. Chnh v th, bmt bn trong bung p n cathit bc hai trc vis khng cn phi c thit kc khe rnh, m cng c thm bo c khnng vn chuyn nguyn liu p n hiu qu. Tuy nhin, vkhi vn hnh hai trc vis ny stng tc ln nhau, do , c im thit kcachng phi ph hp v tng ng nhau nn thit kv vn hnh phc tp hn sovi thit bp n mt trc vis.


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Hnh 2.9 Cu to trc vis ca thit bp n quay ngc chiu

Hnh 2.10 Cu to trc vis ca thit bp n quay cng chiu


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Bng 2.8 Skhc nhau gia my p n mt trc vis v hai trc vis

My p n mt trcvis

My p n haitrc vis

Cc thng sca qu trnh sn xut:

-Nhit (0

C)-p sut ln nht (bar)-m nguyn liu u vo (%)-Lng cht bo cao nht (%)-hha ca tinh bt (%)Thng svsn phm:-Nng sut (tn/gi)

80140153015352280100

1 - 22

60160154010452780100

1 - 14

Thit bp n c mt trcvisC cu trc h

Thit bp n c hai trc visLoi xoay ngc chiuC cu trc khng h

Loi xoay cng chiuC cu trc h

Kh nng vn chuynnguyn liu p n phthuc vo lc ma st gianguyn liu vi trc vis v

bmt bung pNguyn liu s c vnchuyn tt khi lc ma stnguyn liu v trc vis nhnhng gia nguyn liuvi b mt bung p nth ln

Vng hai trc vis khpnhau l vng knKh nng vn chuynnguyn liu p n tt hn tng p sut trong

bung p cao hnKh nng nho trn theochiu di bung p nkm hn

Vng hai trc vis khpnhau l vng hKh nng vn chuynnguyn liu p n kmhn tng p sut trong

bung p thp hnKh nng nho trn theochiu di bung p n tthn

Khng c khnng t lmsch, nguyn liu p nc thbdnh vo trc visv khng c vn chuyni ti

Hai trc vis s c tc quay ging nhau

Nguyn liu p n ctrc vis p cht vo bmt

bung p, dn n vn n mn cao hnTrc vis khng th vn

hnh vi tc quay cao

Hai trc vis s c tc quay khc nhau. Trc visny c th lm sch trcvis kia m khng to plc ln ln b mt bungp nTrc vis c th quay vi

tc cao nhng khnglm tng sn mn thit b


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CHNG 3: QUY TRNH CNG NGHSN XUT BNHSNACK

3.1. S quy trnh cng ngh


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Hnh 3.1 S quy trnh cng nghsn xut bnh snack

Ht bp

Snacks

Nguyn liuph

Gia v

Nghin th

Lm sch

Tch phi

p n p lc cao

Lm ngui

Trn s b

Phun gia v

Sy

Sng kim tra cht lng sn phm

Hp

Nghin mn

nh lng

ng gi


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3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh

3.2.1 Lm sch

Mc ch: Loi bn mc ti a cc tp cht ln trong nguyn liu (ht bp) da trn

skhc nhau vkch thc v ttrng.

Loi bcc ht khng t yu cu vk thut (ht lp, ht su bnh..) Bin i: Hu nh khng c bin i no. Thit bsdng: my lm sch dng lc, my tch .

3.2.2. Nghin th

Mc ch: Ph vht thnh nhng phn tnhhn. To iu kin tch phi ddng, ng thi thu c tltinh bt nhiu hn

Bin i: Sgim kch thc do lc ph vca my mc ln hn lc lin kt cacc thnh phn ca ht.

Thit bsdng: my nghin i trc.3.2.3. Tch phi

Mc ch: Tch ring phi ra ngoi sdng cho nhng mc ch khc. Phng php: Da vo skhc nhau vkch thc, nhng phn tkhng lt ry

4 v mm sc a vo thit bthu hi phi. Cn nhng phn tlt ry sc a vo silo cha trc khi vo thit btrn s b. Thit bsdng: My ry bt.

3.2.4. nh lng

Mc ch: Xc nh khi lng bt ng cn dng cho qu trnh sn xut cng nhkhi lng cc nguyn liu phnh bt go, cc cht phgia

Thit bsdng: cn nh lng.3.2.5. Trn s b

Mc ch:Trn u cc nguyn liu nhm to sng u gia nguyn liu vcc cht phgia

Bin i: Hu nh khng c sbin i no ngk Thit bsdng: my trn bt dng cnh khuy


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3.2.6. Nghin mn

Mc ch: To cho khi bt c sng nht vmt kch thc trc khi vo thitbp n

Bin i: Ph vcc lin kt gia vv tinh bt v gia cc mnh ni nh Thit bsdng: my nghin mn dng a

3.2.7. Hp

Mc ch: v hot cc enzyme c trong nguyn liu, lm gim mt ca cc tbo vi sinh vt v to iu kin thun li cho cc cng on tip theo

Bin i: cc ht tinh bt bhha, mt sphn tprotein ha tan sbng tlm cho hnh dng v thtch ca nguyn liu bthay i

Thit bsdng: bphn tin xl ca thit bp n3.2.8. p n p lc cao

Mc ch: to hnh cho sn phm, ngoi ra, do nhit tng caohn 1000C trongqu trnh p n, slm chn sn phm (bin tnh protein, hha tinh bt v to ramu sc, mi vdo phn ng Mailard). Mt khc, slm nc bc hi lm gimm sn phm, v hot enzyme v tiu dit vi sinh vt.

Thit bsdng: bphn p n ca thit bp ntrc i3.2.9. Sy

Mc ch: tch bt nc nhm lm gim m bnh snack n m yu cu(khong 4%), lm tng thi gian bo qun ca bnh snack

Bin i: khi lng v ttrng ca bnh snack sgim xung Thit bsdng: thit bsy bng ti

3.2.10. Phun gia v

Mc ch: hon thin sn phm bng vic to hng vc trng v gi trcmquan ring cho bnh snack

Bin i: gia vc phun di dng huyn ph, bao gm tt ccc cht phgia,gia vcng vi cht mang l du n

Thit bsdng: thit bphun gia vdng trng3.2.11. Lm ngui

Mc ch: hnhit sn phm to iu kin thun li cho cc cng on sau Bin i: hu nh khng c bin i no ng k


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Thit bsdng: thit blm ngui bng khng kh3.2.12. Kim tra cht lng sn phm

Mc ch: loi bcc sn phm bnh khng t yu cu vkch thc Bin i: khng c bin i no ng k Thit bsdng: sng bng li c lsng thch hp

3.2.13. ng gi

Mc ch: Bo qun sn phm: bao b gip ngn cn nhit v nh sng trc tiptc ng n sn phm, khng cho vi sinh vt c iu kin xm nhp v pht trin,trnh va p c hc i vi bnh snack.

Bin i: khng c bin i ng k Thit bsdng: thit bng gichn khng


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CHNG 4: CN BNG VT CHT & CN BNG NNGLNG

4.1. Cn bng vt cht

4.1.1. Khoch sn xut

Biu nhp nguyn liu:Bng 4.1 Bng biu ththng cn nhp nguyn liu

Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Bp X X X X X X X X X X X XBt go X X X X X X X X X X X X

Biu sn xut:Cn cvo thc tin sn xut, mi ngy nh my slm vic 1 (ca/ngy)

Da vo sngy sn xut ca thng, cc ngy l, tt chnht v trng tu thit b,ta xc nh c:

Bng 4.2 Biu biu thsngy, sca lm vic cho tng thng:

Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

S ngylm vic

23 20 27 25 26 25 25 25 26 27 26 25

S ca lmvic

23 20 27 25 26 25 25 25 26 27 26 25

Sngy sn xut trong nm: 300 (ngy)

Sca sn xut trong nm: 300 (ca)

Sgisn xut trong nm: 3008 = 2400 (h)


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4.1.2. Tnh cn bng vt cht

Cc thng stnh ton:Bng 4.3 Thnh phn ca sn phm

Thnh phn Hm lng (w/w) Khi lng (kg) / 1 tn sn phmBp + bt go (tl9:1) 90% 900ng 5% 50Mui 1% 10Du n 2% 20Phgia 2% 20

Bng 4.4 Tn tht qua tng cng on

STT Cng on Tn tht (%)1 ng gi 0,22 Sng kim tra cht lng sn phm 0,53 Phun gia v 0,54 Sy 0,25 p n p lc cao 0,56 Hp 0,27 Nghin mn 18 Trn s b 0,59 Tch phi 510 Nghin 111 Lm sch 2

Trong qu trnh chbin qua cc cng on, nguyn liu bhao ph, do nguynliu vo mi cng on l khc nhau

Vi lng nguyn liu u vo c tnh theo cng thc:

Trong

SLng nguyn liu sau mi cng on (kg)

TLng nguyn liu vo mi cng on (kg)


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nScng on

x1, x2,x3Hao ht qua cc cng on so vi lng nguyn liu cng on a vo (%)

Nguyn liu chnh:Bng 4.5 m ca khi bt bn thnh phm (bt go + bp) qua cc cng on

STT Cng on m (%)1 Sy 42 p n 183 Hp 254 Trn s b 13

Thnh phn ca khi bt (bp + bt go) trong sn phm l 900kg/ 1 tn sn phm

Khi lng bt cn dng trong cng on ng gi:

Khi lng bt cn dng trong cng on sng kim tra cht lng sn phm:

Khi lng bt cn dng trong cng on phun gia v:

Khi lng bt cn dng trong cng on sy:

Khi lng nc bmt trong cng on sy:

Khi lng bt cn dng trong cng on p n:


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Khi lng nc bmt trong qu trnh p n:

Khi lng bt cn dng trong cng on hp:

Khi lng nc cn dng trong cng on hp:

Khi lng bt cn dng trong cng on nghin mn:

Khi lng bt cn dng trong cng on trn s b:

Khi lng ng c trong hn hp bt cn dng cho cng on trn s b(chim90%) l:

Khi lng bt go c trong hn hp bt cn dng cho cng on trn s b (chim 10%) l:

Khi lng ng cn dng trong cng on tch phi:

Khi lng ng cn dng trong cng on nghin:

Khi lng ht bp cn dng cho cng on lm sch l:


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Bng 4.6 Lng bn thnh phm sau mi cng on ca nguyn liu chnh:

Cng on Nguyn liu a vo (kg/h) Nguyn liu a vo (tn/nm)Thnh phm 900 2160ng gi 901,804 2164,33Sng kim tra cht lngsn phm

906,335 2175,2

Phun gia v 910,899 2186,16Sy 1068,545 2564,51p n 1174,146 2817,95Hp 1014,223 2434,14

Nghin mn 1024,468 2458,72

Trn s b 1029,616 2471,08Tch phi 975,426 2341,02

Nghin s b 985,279 2364,67Lm sch 1005,386 2412,93

Nguyn liu ph:Bng 4.7 Lng nguyn liu phsau mi cng on dng cho 1 gisn xut

Cng on Hao ht Nguyn liu a vo (kg/h)ng Mui Du n Phgia

Thnh phm 50 10 20 20ng gi 0,2 50,1 10,02 20,04 20,04Sng 0,5 50,352 20,07 20,14 20,14Phun gia v 0,5 50,605 10,121 20,242 20,242

Bng 4.8 Lng nguyn liu phsau mi cng on dng cho 1 nm sn xut

Cng on Nguyn liu a vo (tn/nm)

ng Mui Du n PhgiaThnh phm 120 24 48 48ng gi 120,24 24,05 48,1 48,1Sng 120,85 24,17 48,34 48,34Phun gia v 121,45 24,29 48,58 48,58


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4.2. Cn bng nng lng

4.2.1. Thit bhp

Chi ph nhit cn dng:Q = QN+ QTB+ QB+ QMT

QN: nhit lng un nng nc trong thit b

QTB: nhit lng un nng thit b

QNL: nhit lng un nngnguyn liu a vo chn

QMT: nhit tn tht ra mi trng:

Chi ph nhit un nng nc trong thit b:QN= V1 x CN x ( t2t1)

V1: lng nc cn un nng ca thit btrong 1 gi(l), V = 160l

CN: nhit dung ring ca nc, CN= 4,186 kJ/(kg.)

t1: nhit u ca nc, t1 = 250C

t2: nhit cui ca nc, t2 = 900C

Chi ph nhit un nng thit b:

QTB= GTBx CTBx (t4t3)

GTB: khi lng thit b, GTB= 425 kg

CTB: nhit dung ring ca thp, CTB = 0,5 kJ/(kg.)

t3: nhit u ca thit b, t3= 250C

t4: nhit cui ca thit b, t4 = 900C

Chi ph nhit un nng lng bt vo hp:

QB= GBx CBx (t6t5)


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GB: khi lng bt, GB= 1014,223 (kg)

CB: nhit dung ring ca khi bt, J/(kg.)

CB= C x + Cx (1 ) = 4,186 x 0,13 + 1,5 x (1 0,13) = 1,849 kJ/(kg.)

C = 4,186 kJ/(kg.): nhit dung ring ca nc

C = 1,5 kJ/(kg.): nhit dung ring ca cht kh

: m ca khi bnh

t5: nhit u ca khi bt, t5= 250C

t6: nhit cui ca khi bt, t6= 900C

Chi ph nhit tn tht ra mi trng:QMT= 0,05 x (QN+ QTB+ QB) = 0,05 x (43534,4 + 13812,5 + 121894,39)

QMT= 8962,07 (kJ/h)

Vy chi ph nhit cho ton bqu trnh hp:

Q = QN + QTB+ QB+ QMT= 43534,4 + 13812,5 + 121894,39 + 8962,07

Q= 188203,36 (kJ/h)

Lng hi cn sdng cho thit bny:

rn: nhit ha hi ca nc p sut 2,5 at, rn= 2189,5 kJ/kg

Lng hi tiu tn trong mt gi

4.2.2. Thit bsy

Phng trnh cn bng nhit c thnh lp da trn nguyn tc tng lng nhiti vo thit bbng tng lng nhit i ra thit b.


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Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit:

L.I0+ G2.CVL.1+ W.1.C + GVC.CVC.tD+ QS+ QB= L.I2+ G2.CVL.2+ GVC.CVC.tC+ QM

hoc

QS+ QB= L(I2I0) + G2.CVL.(21) + GVC.CVC.(tCtD) + QMW.1.C [4, trang 292]

Vi:

I0, I1, I2 nhit hm ca khng kh trc khi vo caloriphe chnh, sau khi ra khicaloriphe chnh (bt u vo thit bsy) v sau khi ra khi thit bsy, kJ/kg kkk

t0, t1, t2nhit ca khng kh trc khi vo caloriphe chnh, sau khi ra khi caloriphechnh, v sau khi ra khi my sy, 0C

1,2nhit ca vt liu trc khi vo phng sy v sau khi ra khi phng sy,0

C

CVL, CVC, C nhit dung ring ca vt liu, ca b phn vn chuyn v ca nc,J/(kg.)

G1, G2, GVCkhi lng ca vt liu trc, sau khi sy v khi lng ca bphn vnchuyn vt liu sy, kg/s

tD, tCnhit trc v sau khi sy ca bphn vn chuyn,0C

QMnhit lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh, J/kg m

QSnhit do calorife chnh

QBnhit do caloriphe bsung

t:

QVL= G2.CVL.(21)nhit lng un nng vt liu sy

QVC= GVC.CVC.(tCtD)nhit lng un nng bphn vn chuyn

Vy:

QS+ QB= L(I2I0) + QVL+ QVC+ QMW.1.C

y, do thit bsy khng c caloriphe bsung nn QB= 0

Vy nhit lng tiu hao chung cho my sy m ta cn phi cung cp l:


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Q = QS= L(I2I0) + QVL+ QVC+ QMW.1.C

Tip tc t: = W.1.CQVLQVCQM

Th Q = QS= L(I2I0)

Da vo sliu tnh ton phn cn bng vt cht, ta c:Lng m cn bay hi trong 1 gi: W = 157,655 (kg/h)

Khi lng bnh cn a vo thit bsy: G1= 1068,544 (kg/h)

Bnh snack c sy theo chsau:Tc nhn sy v vt liu sy i ngc chiu nhau, vi nhit ca khng kh

trc khi vo thit bsy t1= 900C v sau khi ra khi thit bsy t2= 40

0C

Thi gian sy: = 1 (h)

Tnh ton qu trnh sy l thuyt: Cc thng skhng kh ngoi tri: chn thng skhng kh ngoi tri (t0, 0) =

(270C, 85%) ta tm c:

I0= 1,004t0+ d0(2500+1,842t0)

I0= 1,004 x 27 + 0,0199 x (2500 + 1,842 x 27) = 77,848 kJ/kgkk

Thng stc nhn sy trc khi vo hm sy:d1= d0= 0,0199 kg m/ kgkk

Cdx(d1) = 1,004 + 1,842.d1= 1,004 + 1,842 x 0,0199 = 1,041 kJ/kgkk

I1= 1,004t1+ d1(2500+1,842t1)

I1= 1,004 x 90 + 0,0199 x (2500 + 1,842 x 90) = 143,409 kJ/kgkk


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Thng stc nhn sy sau qu trnh sy l thuyt:

i2: nhit lng ring ca hi nc nhit t2, kJ/kg

m ny tha mn iu kin kinh tkthut: 80% 20 90% Lng khng kh kh l thuyt cn thit L0:

Chn kch thc bng ti:Nng sut ca thit bsy bng ti: G1= B x h x x , kg/h

Trong :

B: chiu rng bng ti (m), chn B = 1,8m

h: chiu dy lp vt liu (m), chn h = 0,04m

: khi lng ring ca bnh (kg/m3), = 674,6 kg/m3

: vn tc bng ti (m/s)

| |

Vy chiu di tng cng ca bng ti:

Ta chn chiu di mi bng ti l: l = 9m, th sbng ti cn dng l:


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Vy sbng ti cn c ca thit bsy l 3, mi bng ti c chiu rng 1,8m vchiu di 9m

Xc nh cc tn tht nhit: Tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang i:

QVL= G2.CVL.(21)G2: khi lng vt liu sau khi sy, G2= 910,889 (kg)

CVL: nhit dung ring ca vt liu sy, J/(kg.)

CVL= C. + C(1) = 4,186 x 0,18 + 1,5 (1 = 1,984 kJ/(kg.)C = 4,186 kJ/(kg.): nhit dung ring ca nc

C = 1,5 kJ/(kg.): nhit dung ring ca cht kh

: m ca khi bnh

1: nhit ca vt liu trc khi vo phng sy, 1= 650C

2: nhit ca vt liu sau khi sy, ta ly 2= (t15) = 850CQVL= 910,889 x 1,984 x (85 65) = 36144,07 (kJ/h)

Tn tht nhit do bng ti:QVC = nGVC.CVC.(tCtD)n: sbng ti, n = 3

GVC: khi lng mi bng ti, GVC= 45 kg

CVC: nhit dung ring ca bng ti (lm bng thp), CVC= 0,5 kJ/(kg.)

tC: nhit u ca bng ti, tC= 270C

tD: nhit cui ca bng ti, tD= 900

C

QVC= 3 x 45 x 0,5 x (9027) = 4252,5 (kJ/h) Tn tht nhit do mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh:

QM= 0,05.( QVL+ W.1.C + QVC) = 0,05 x (36144,07 + 157,655 x 65 x 4,186 + 4252,5)


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QM= 4164,65 (kJ/h)

Ta c: = W.1.CQVLQVCQM

= 157,655 x 65x 4,18636144,074252,54164,65 = Thng strng thi tc nhn sy sau qu trnh sy thc:

Lng khng kh kh thc t:

Lng nhit tiu hao chung:

Lu lng hi nc cn dng l:

r: nhit ha hi ca nc p sut 2,5 at.


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CHNG 5: TNH V CHN THIT B

5.1. Silo cha liu

Tnh ton silo cha liu:

Hnh 5.1 Cu to ca silo cha

Chn silo cha c dng hnh trng, ng knh silo D, ng knh ca thot d,y nn, gc nn

Thtch silo c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Trong :

QTK: nng sut cn thit kca silo cha, tn/ gi

: trng lng ring (kg/m3):

Ht bp: 721 kg/m3 Bp mnh: 673 kg/m3

D

h

hc

H

d


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Bt go: 689 kg/m3 Khi bt (bt go + bt bptl: 1 - 9): 674,6 kg/m3

K: hscha y, chn K = 0,85

Chiu cao ca phn y nn l hC, (m) : hC= 1/2 (Dd).tg

+ Thtch phn chp nn ca xilo, (m3) : VC= 1/3..(R2+ r2+ R.r).hC

+ Chiu cao ca phn lng trl h, (m) : h = (VTVC)/.R2

+ Thtch ca phn trng (m3) : V = .R2.h = VTVC

+ Chiu cao ton xilo cha (m) : H = h + hC

y, ta thit ksilo c sc cha trong na ngy sn xut (4h)

Bng 5.1 Cc thng sban u ca silo cha:

Loi silo QTKmi silo(tn/4h) D (m) d (m)Silo cha nguyn liu trc lm sch 4,022 2 0,5Silo cha bp mnh trc trn s b 3,707 2 0,5Silo cha bt go trc trn s b 0,412 1 0,3Silo cha khi bt trc khi hp 4,057 2 0,5

Bng 5.2 Bng kt qutnh ton thtch v chiu cao ca cc silo cha

Loi silo VT, m3 , 0 hC, m VC, m

3 h, m H, m ChnSilo cha nguyn liutrc lm sch

6,562 45 0,75 1,031 1,761 2,511 2,75

Silo cha bp mnhtrc trn s b

6,481 45 0,75 1,031 1,735 2,485 2,75

Silo cha bt go trctrn s b

0,704 45 0,35 0,191 0,653 1,003 2,75

Silo cha khi bt trcp n

7,075 45 0,75 1,031 1,924 2,674 2,75

Chn silo cha liu:Da vo kt qubng trn, ta chn 3 silo c H = 2,75m, D = 2m, hC= 0,75m, d

= 0,5m v 1 silo c H = 2,75m, D = 1m, hC= 0,35m, d = 0,3m


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5.2. Thit blm sch

5.2.1. My lm sch dng lc

Chn thit b: Chn my PCS30 ca cng ty LAMICO: Gii thiu: My c dng tch cc tp cht ln trong nguyn liu (bp, la,

u,) nh: tp cht ln ( sn, dy bao,) v tp cht nh(ht lp, ct bi)ra khi nguyn liu bng cc lp li sng

Hnh 5.2 S cu to ca my lm sch dng lc

c im & cng dng: My c thit kda vo chuyn ng lc ca hp sng c to ra bi lch

tm i xng nn hai hp sng chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau v rung ng H thng cnh gt gip mt li tch tp cht ln khng vng dy bao, rm,

rc. Li sng tch tp cht nhc khnng tlm sch Ddng thay li sng ty theo mc ch sdng (la, bp, u,) Thng sk thut: Nng sut : 2,53 tn/gi


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Cng sut ng c: 0,75 kw Trng lng my: 335 kg Kch thc my: 1260 x 1000 x 1950, mm Tnh ton sthit b:

Khi lng nguyn liu thc tcn dng trong cng on lm sch l: 1005,386kg/gi

Vy sthit bcn dng l: 1

5.2.2. My tch sn

Chn thit b Chn my DS30A ca LAMICO My c thit k da trn s kt hp gia li v gi, s chnh lch t trng

dng tch , sn, v cc vt khc ra khi nguyn liu

Hnh 5.3 S cu to ca my tch sn

c im & cng dng: Hiu quphn ly sn cao


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Bphn rung ca sng c thit kbng c cu lch tm v bi Li sng c lm bng thp khng r My lm vic m, tui thcao Cu trc n gin, dvn hnh

Tlht sch ln trong tp cht rt thp

Thng sk thut: Nng sut: 2 - 3 tn/gi Cng sut ng c: 1,5kw Vng quay trc chnh: 460 r.p.m Trng lng my: 500kg Kch thc my: 1500 x 1100 2340, mm Tnh ton sthit b:

Khi lng nguyn liu thc tcn dng trong cng on ny l: 1005,386 kg/gi


5.3. My nghin th

Chn thit b: Chn my nghin i trc 2PG400x250 ca Henan Hongji Mine (Trung Quc)

Hnh 5.4 S cu to ca my nghin th

Nguyn l lm vic: Cc vt liu c a vo phu np liu, sau rt xungkhoang nghin v bnghin nt do bp nn gia hai trc nghin quay vo nhau.Kch thc khe hgia hai trc nghin c thc iu chnh ph hp theo kchthc ca cc ht sn phm da vo khnng iu khin ca ng c trc lch


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lm cho khong cch gia trc trung tm v hm nghin b thay i. iu quantrng cn lu l kch thc ht ln nht ca vt liu a vo khng c vtqu bn ln kch thc ca khong cch khe h.

Thng sk thut

Nng sut 5-10 tn/gi ng knh trc nghin: 400mm Chiu di trc nghin: 250mm Kch thc ht liu np ln nht: 25mm Kch thc ht liu ra: 2-8mm Tc trc nghin: 180 vng/pht Cng sut : 11kw Tng trng lng 1100kg Kch thc my: 1215 x 834 x 830, mm Tnh ton sthit b:



5.4. My ry bt

Chn thit b: Chn thit bry bt ZS-1500 ca cng ty Jiangyin Hongda (Trung Quc)

Hnh 5.5 S cu to ca my ry bt


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Nguyn l lm vic: nguyn liu c a vo phu np liu, khi mt sng schuyn ng v tch hn hp nguyn liu thnh 2 phn khc nhau, bao gm: phnlt sng v phn khng lt sng da trn skhc nhau vttrng

Thng sk thut: Nng sut: 1000-1500 kg/gi mn (mesh): 2-200 Tn srung: 1500 rpm Cng sut: 2,2 kw Trng lng my: 600kg Kch thc my: 1550 x 1550 x 1250, mm Tnh ton sthit b:



5.5. Cn nh lng

Chn thit b: Chn cn tng AW240 ca LAMICO Nguyn l lm vic: Cn tng c thit kda trn nguyn l cm bin ti

(loadcell), nh lng t ng iu khin bng trnh PLC v kh nn. Hp vanc ch to bng thp khng r, c bn v n nh cao. Qu trnh nhlng ca hp van gm 2 giai on: cn th v cn tinh, ng mvan bng khnn nn m bo cn c chnh xc cao

Hnh 5.6 Thit bcn nh lng


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c im & cng dng: n nh cao Mn hnh hin thbng k thut sdc, dhiu Kt cu my vng chc, cc linh kin iu khin c bo v tt trong hp kn

di chn my, cc van xoay c trn cc bi Cn nh lng c cc loi thnh phm ht ri c kch thc ht (1,3mm), t

trng khong (600-800 kg/m3) nh : go, ng ct, bp

Thng skthut: Nng sut: 4,814,4 tn/gi chnh xc cao : 0,1% p sut hi sdng: 5-7 kg/cm2 Cng sut cn: 60w Cng sut bm hi: 0,75 kw Trng lng my: 390 kg Kch thc my: 1500 x 1200 x 2010, mm Tnh ton sthit b: Sthit bcn dng l: 1

5.6. Thit btrn s b

Chn thit b:

Chn my trn bt nm ngang WLDH-1500 ca hng Yangzhou Nuoya (TrungQuc)

Hnh 5.7 Thit btrn s b


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Nguyn l hot ng: Sau khi nguyn liu c np vo thng cha th cnhkhuy trong my c cu to nh cc lp thc cun schuyn ng quanh trcchnh lm cho cc nguyn liu c o trn u, chuyn ng ca cnh khuy scng chiu vi trc chnh

Thng sk thut Thtch cha ca my: 1500kg Khi lng trn mi m: 600900kg Thi gian trn mt m: 30 pht/m (nhp liu: 5 pht, nho trn: 20 pht, tho

liu: 5 pht)

Cng sut my: 11 kw Khi lng my: 1800kg Kch thc my: 3180 x 1020 x 1550, mm Tnh ton sthit b:

Khi lng nguyn liu thc tcn dng trong cng on ny l: 1029,616 kg


5.7. Thit bnghin mn

Chn thit b:

Chn thit bModel 60-WF-Series Universal Crusher ca hng Jiangyin Kanghe(Trung Quc). y l loi thit b nghin mn, ph hp vi nguyn liu bp dokch thc ht nguyn liu u vo ln nht l 15mm


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Hnh 5.8 S cu to ca my ry bt

Nguyn tc lm vic: sau khi qua phu np liu, nguyn liu rt vo khoangnghin v bnghin di tc ng ca cc chuyn ng tng i c to ra bimt a quay v mt a cnh va p, xay v nghin t kch thc yucu.

Thng sk thut: Nng sut: 60-1200 kg Tc trc chnh: 2600 rpm Kch thc ht nguyn liu vo: 15mm mn ca sn phm: 12-120 mesh Cng sut my: 15 kw Khi lng my: 600 kg Kch thc my: 950 x 1000 x 1850 Tnh ton sthit b:

Khi lng nguyn liu thc tcn dng cho cng on ny l: 1024,468 (kg)



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5.8. Thit bp n

Chn thit b: Chn thit bp n trc i SLJ-75 ca hng Yantai Lingyu (Trung Quc)

Hnh 5.9 S cu to ca thit bp n trc i

Cu to ca thit bp n trc i: ng c truyn ng. Bphn cha nguyn liu phi trn s. B phn x l s b: c dng hnh tr nm ngang, bn trong c 1 hoc 2 trc

khuy v c gn thm 2 cnh khuy, ngoi ra, cn c van dn nc lnh v vandn hi thc hin chc nng phi trn v hha nguyn liu.

Bung p n: l ni din ra qu trnh p n. Bphn cm bin trng lng. Thng sk thut Nng sut: 1000-1500kg L/D = 21/1 Tc trc chnh: 800 rpm Cng sut my: 75Kw Cng sut gia nhit: 16kw Kch thc my: 3400 x 1150 x 1800, mm

Bphn cha nguyn liu phi trn s

Bphn xl s b

Bung p n

Bphn cm bin trng lng

ngc

truynng


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Tnh ton sthit b:Khi lng nguyn liu thc tcn dng cho cng on ny l: 1174,146 (kg)


5.9. Thit bsy

Chn thit b: Chn thit bsy bng ti nhiu tng GWC-25 ca cng ty TNHH Cng nghip

TTM

Hnh 5.10 S cu to ca thit bsy bng ti nhiu tng

Cu to:1.Thit bsy 5.Calorife

2.Bng ti 6.Phu np liu

3.Tang quay 7.Ca kh vo

4.Con ln 8.C cu cp liu

Nguyn l lm vic:My sy bng ti gm mt phng sy hnh khi hp chnht (1), pha trong c 3

bng ti (2) chuyn ng nhtang quay chng v bng (3) (tang chng l tanglp vi c cu truyn ng ca ng c, cn tang bng l tang quay theo)


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Bng c lm tli kim loi bng thp v c ta trn cc con ln (4) bngkhng bvng. Khng kh bht vo ca (7) pha di v t nng n nhit cnthit nhcaloriphe (5)

Vt liu sy c cp vo lin tc phu np liu (6) v c cp nh lng qua

c cu cp liu (8). Thit bsy nhiu bng ti c sdng phbin v vt liu co trn k lng hn mt bng ti

Vt liu sy tbng trn di chuyn n cui thit bbn phi th xung bngchuyn di chuyn ng theo hng ngc li, i n bng di cng th vt liu khc vo ngn cha sn phm

Khng kh nng i ngc vi chuyn ng ca bng, hoc i tdi ln xuynqua bng chuyn, xuyn qua vt liu sy. qu trnh sy c tt, cho tc nhn sy

chuyn ng vi vn tc ln khong 3 m/s, cn bng di chuyn vi tc 0,3 0,6 m/ph. Thng sk thut: Din tch cha nguyn liu: 25 m2 p lc hi: 0,4 0,7 Mpa Tiu hao hi: 180 375 Kg/h Chu trnh sy: 110 gi Khnngbc hi: 125 250 kg H2O/gi Cng sut in: 5,5 kw

Trng lng my: 8000kg Kch thc my: 9875 x 2408 x 3385, mm Tnh ton sthit b:


Sthit bcn dng l: 1

5.10. Thit bphun gia v

Chn thit bphun gia vGFJ600-III ca hng HIWELL (Trung Quc)


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Hnh 5.11 Thit bphn gia v

Nguyn l hot ng:Bng ti dn sn phm vo thng quayDng kh nn y hn hp gia v ti vi phun v phun vo bmt sn phm v

bn trong thng quay

Thng quay va o trn sn phm, va gip cho hn hp gia vbm dnh vo bmt sn phm khi sn phm p vo thnh thng

Thng sk thut: Nng sut thit b: 500kg/gi Tc bng ti: 1,515 m/pht Chiu rng bng ti: 400600, mm Cng sut my: 3,3 kw Kch thc my: 275012702740, mm Tnh ton sthit b:


Vy chn 2 thit b

5.11. Thit blm ngui

Chnbng ti lm ngui bng khng khYPJ 7012 ca hng YANTAI LINGYU(Trung Quc)

Thng quay

Phu cha gia v

Chn


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Hnh 5.12 Thit blm ngui

Thng sk thut: Cng sut my: 3kw Hthng qut: 0,12 x 3, kw (c 3 qut) Chiu di bng ti: 6000mm Chiu rngbng ti: 1200mm ng knh trc ln: 418mm Kch thc my: 7500 x 1500 x 1600mm Vt liu chto thit b: thp khng g Nng sut: 8001200kg/h Tnh ton sthit b:

Khi lng nguyn liu thc tcn dng cho cng on ny: 906,335 (kg)

Sthit bcn dng l: 1

5.12. Bng ti kim tra cht lng sn phm

Chn thit bsng ZDS ca hng Jinan Tainuo (Trung Quc)


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Thng sk thut: Cng sut my: 0,37 kw Nng sut: 600 kg/gi Kch thc my: 1300 x 600 x 700 Tnh ton sthit b:


Chn 2 thit b

5.13. Thit bbao gi

Chn thit bng gi SZ-K10TS ca hng HEYI (Trung Quc)

Hnh 5.13 Thit bbao gi

Thng sk thut: Nng sut: 2070 gi/ pht Khi lng mi gi: 103000g Kch cbao b: di ( 80 - 300) x rng (80200), mm


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Cng sut my: 2 kw Khi lng my: 1100kg Kch thc my: 850 x 950 x 1800mm Tnh ton sthit b

Chn:

Mi pht thit blm c 60 gi, mi gilm c 3600 gi. mi gi 100g thnng sut thit blm vic c trong mt gil: N = 3600 x 0,1 = 360 kg

Sthit bcn dng:

Vy chn 3 thit b

5.14. Xe nng in

Chn thit bCLG 2015A ca Cng ty TNHH my xy dng Hi u Thng sk thut: Ti trng nng: 1500 kg Tm ti trng: 500 mm Chiu cao nng nng ln nht: 3m Kch thc cng nng (s x e x l): 35 x 100 x 920 nghing ca dn nng (F/B): 60/70 Tc : 15 km/gi Motor: cng sut motor li 13 kw, cng sut motor nng: 15kw Trng lng: 920 kg Sthit b: 1

5.15. Xe nng tay

Chn thit bxe nng tay CPT20S ca cng ty TNHH cng nghip Vit Nht Thng sk thut: Ti trng nng: 2000 kg Chiu cao nng thp nht: 76 mm


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Chiu cao nng cao nht: 190 mm Chiu rng cng nng: 720 mm Chiu di cng nng: 1150 mm Kch thc bn cng: 178 x 50 mm Sthit b: 2

5.16. Gu ti

Gu ti l mt thit bvn chuyn lin tc, dng chuyn tip, np nguyn liuvo vtr cn thit trong dy chuyn. Kch thc cao ca gu tutheo yu cu vnchuyn

Chn loi gu ti GT-150 ca cng ty Vina Nha Trang

Hnh 5.14 S cu to ca gu ti


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Cu to1. Ca np. 6. Gu mc.

2. C cu bng ti. 7. Motor truyn ng.

3. Ca chm sc. 8. Btruyn c kh.

4. Thn gu ti. 9. Chn ca ra.

5. Bng gu ti. 10. Ca vsinh y gu.

c tnh k thut: Cng sut ca ng c: 0,5 kw Nng sut : 3-4 tn/gi Vn tc gu ti 1,14 m/s Kch thc: 1000 x 350 x 7000, mm Sthit b: Da vo dy chuyn cng ngh, ta c sthit bcn dng l: 3

Bng 5.3 Bng thng k thit b

STT Tn thit b Kch thc (mm) Slng1 Silo cha liu H = 2750, D = 2000, hC=

750, d = 500m4

H = 2750, D = 1000, hC=

350, d = 300m2 My lm sch dng lc 1260 x 1000 x 1950 13 My tch sn 1500 x 1100 2340 14 My nghin th 1215 x 834 x 830 15 My ry bt 1550 x 1550 x 1250 16 Cn nh lng 1500 x 1200 x 2010 17 Thit btrn s b 3180 x 1020 x 1550 18 Thit bnghin mn 950 x 1000 x 1850 19 Thit bp n 3400 x 1150 x 1800 1

10 Thit bsy bng ti 9875 x 2408 x 3385 111 Thit bphun gia v 275012702740 212 Thit blm ngui 7500 x 1500 x 1600 113 Bng ti kim tra cht lng sn phm 1300 x 600 x 700 214 Thit bbao gi 850 x 950 x 1800 315 Xe nng in 1935 x 1110 x 2025 116 Gu ti 1000 x 350 x 7000 3


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CHNG 6: TNH TCHC V TNH XY DNG

6.1. C cu tchc v btr nhn lc ca nh my

6.1.1. C cu tchc

Hnh 6.1 S hthng qun l

6.1.2. Btr nhn lc

Btr cng nhn lm vic cc khu vc sn xut phBng 6.1 Slng cng nhn theo tng loi cng vic cc khu sn xut ph

STT Loi cng vic Scngnhn/ 1 ca

Sca/ngy Scngnhn/ ngy

1 Phn xng l hi 2 1 22 Phn xng c in 4 1 23 Cp nc 1 1 14 Vn chuyn nguyn liu 3 1 35 Vn chuyn ngoi x nghip 4 1 4

Tng cng: 14 (cng nhn ngy)

Gim c

P. Tchc hnh chnhPG kinh doanh PG kthut

P.

Cungng

P.

Cin

P.

Cngngh

P.

Tiuth

P.

Tchc

P.

Hnhchnhquntr

P.

Bov

P.

Laongtinlng

P.

Vnti

P.

KCS

P.

Tiv


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Btr cng nhn trong phn xng sn xut chnh:Bng 6.2 Slng cng nhn theo tng loi cng vic phn xng sn xut chnh

STT Loi cng vic Scng

nhn/1 ca

Sca/ngy Scng

nhn/ngy1 Lm sch 4 1 42 Nghin th 2 1 23 Tch phi 3 1 34 nh lng 1 1 15 Trn s b 2 1 26 Nghin mn 2 1 27 Hp 2 1 28 p n 5 1 59 Sy 1 1 1

10 Phun gia v 2 1 211 Lm ngui 1 1 112 Kim tra cht lng sn phm 2 1 213 ng gi 5 1 514 Vn chuyn gia v 1 1 115 Vn chuyn sn phm 1 1 116 Qun c phn xng 2 1 2Tng cng: 36 (cng nhn/ngy)

Cng nhn vin gin tip ca nh my:Bng 6.3 Yu cu vslng cng nhn gin tip:

STT Loi cng vic Slng1 Gim c 12 Ph gim c 23 Phng kthut 44 Phng cung ng 25 Phng tiu th 36 Phng y t 17 Phng thanh nin 18 Phng hnh chnh qun tr 29 Phng cng on 110 Phng tchc 211 Phng KCS 212 Lao cng 213 Nh n 314 Bo v 4


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Tng cng: 30 cng nhn/ngy

Vy tng scn b, cng nhn vin ton nh my: 14 + 36 + 30 = 80 (ngi)

6.2. Tnh xy dng

6.2.1. Nh sn xut chnh

Da vo dy chuyn cng ngh, kch thc v slng cc thit b tnh ton, tachn kin trc nh hnh chnht

Kch thc: di x rng x cao: 60 x 10 x 8,4 (m)

c im ca nh:

Nh:Nh b tng ct thp 1 tng, tng ngn chu lc dy: 200 (mm) kcva trt.

Nh c nhiu ca cng nhn ra vo, vn chuyn nguyn liu, sn phm, cami thng gi v chiu sng.

Nn:Nn nh chng mi mn, chu c tc ng c hc, axit, c tnh n hi cao.

Cu trc nn:

- Lp xi mng: 200 (mm)- Lp nhtrung gian: 200 (mm)- Lp to : 600 (mm)- Lp ct m cui cng: .

Mi:Cu trc mi:

- Panen mi: 300 (mm)- Lp btng chng thm: 40 (mm)- 1 lp gch l men: 70 (mm)


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6.2.2. Kho tm cha nguyn liu

Nguyn liu l bp v bt go nn kho tm cha nguyn liu phi thng thong,trnh m t, cch xa cc ngun nhim, ha cht c hi v khu vc dchy n. Khocha nguyn liu cn t mt syu cu vkt cu nh:

Kho phi kin cm bo ngn c tc ng trc tip ca cc yu t thi tit(ma, nng, nng) n khi ht. Kho phi c kt cu ph hp cho vic c gii haxut v nhp.

Mng kho: bng b tng m bo cng vng, khng bln, cao hn ct chunxy dng ti thiu l 30 cm.

Nn kho: bng b tng, chu c p lc cc i ca khi sn phm; cch m tt;ngn c mch nc ngm; phi cao hn mt t bn ngoi kho, c kt cu dng phng khi bo qun trong bao b.

Tng kho: vng chc, khng thm nc, khng m t, cch nhit tt, m bokn trnh c sxm nhp ca cn trng v ng vt gy hi.

Mi kho: mi nghing phng hoc vm cun, khng thm, khng dt, c lp tcc ca thng gi v chiu sng tnhin.

Hthng ca kho: vng chc, kn, ngn nga c cn trng v ng vt gy hixm nhp ng thi thun li cho thng gi tnhin.

C bc k chng m (pallet)Chn kho cha nguyn liu l kho c gii v c khnng cha nguyn liu sn

xut trong 10 ngy

Nguyn liu ng trong bao ti (50 kg) c kch thc: di x rng x cao = 1 x 0,6 x0,3 m nn din tch chim chca mt bao l: Fbao= 1 x 0,6 = 0,6 m

2 v c xp chngln nhau thnh 6 lp

Khi lng ca nguyn liu trn 1m2:

Vi A1: slp nguyn liu

Lng nguyn liu cn dng cho 1 gi sn xut l: 1005,386 kg ht bp v102,962 kg bt go

Lng ht bp dng cho 10 ngy sn xut: 1005,386 x 8 x 10 = 80430,88 kg Lng bt go dng cho 10 ngy sn xut: 102,962 x 8 x 10 = 8236,96 kg


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Lng mui dng cho 10 ngy sn xut: 10,02 x 8 x 10 = 801,6 kg Lng ng dng cho 10 ngy sn xut: 50,1 x 8 x 10 = 4008 kg

Tng khi lng nguyn liu cn dng cho 10 ngy sn xut l:

Q1= 80430,88 + 8236,96 + 801,6 + 4008 = 93477,44 (kg)

Din tch chim chca nguyn liu:

Ngoi ra, cn btr mt gian phng cha cc cht phgia v du n, ta chngian phng c din tch 24m2

Vy tng din tch chim chca nguyn liu l: F2= 186,96 + 24 = 210,96

Din tch chim ch ca li i, chim 0,3 din tch chim ch ca nguyn liu.Vy din tch chim chca nguyn liu l: S1 = 1,3 x F2= 1,3 x 201,96 = 274,55 m

2

Kch thc kho: di x rng x cao = 25 x 12 x 4,8 (m)

6.2.3. Nh hnh chnh

Nh hnh chnh gm nhng bphn lnh o, qun l x nghip: 1 phng gimc, 2 phng ph gim c, phng hnh chnh tchc, phng kthut, phng khoch,

phng ti v, phng cng on, on thanh nin, phng y t, phng khch, phng giithiu sn phm. Gm tc c14 phng, kc2 phng vsinh.

Cn cvo sphng lm vic, chn nh hnh chnh l nh 2 tng.

Ly bnh qun mi phng c din tch l: 6 x 5 = 30 (m2), hnh lang: 5 x 2,4 = 12(m2)

Vy din tch mt bng:

Kch thc nh: di x rng x cao = 24 x 15 x 8,4 (m)

6.2.4. Kho thnh phm

Kho cn c din tch cha sn phm trong 7 ngy sn xut.


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Sn phm ng trong bch c kch thc: di x rng x cao = 0,2 x 0,1 x 0,2 m nndin tch chim chca mt bch l: Fbch= 0,2 x 0,1 = 0,02 m

2. Mi bch cha 100g snphm v c xp chng ln nhau thnh 30 lp

Khi lng ca nguyn liu trn 1m2:

Vi A2: slp sn phm

Tng khi lng sn phm trong 7 ngy sn xut l:

Q2= R x S x T = 1000 x 8 x 7 = 56000 (kg)

Vi:

R: khi lng sn phm sn xut trong mt gi

S: sngy lm vic trong mt ngy

T: sngy

Din tch chim chca sn phm:

Din tch chim chca li i, chim 0,3 din tch chim chca sn phm. Vydin tch chim chca sn phm l: S2 = 1,3 x F2= 1,3 x 373,33 = 485,33 m

2

Xy dng nh kho 2 tng

Kch thc kho sn phm: di x rng x cao = 30 x 10 x 7,8 (m)

6.2.5. Trm bin th

t gc nh my, kng giao thng v gn ni tiu thnhiu nht

Kch thc: di x rng x cao = 6 x 6 x 3,6 (m)

6.2.6. Xng c in

y l xng sa cha phtng c kh bh hng trong nh my.



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6.2.7. Phn xng l hi

Kch thc: di x rng x cao = 6 x 5 x 4,8

6.2.8. Phn xng pht in dphng


6.2.9. Nh xe 2 bnh

Scng nhn trong nh my: 80 ngi

Thit kcho 1 ngy sn xut, vi tiu chun din tch: 1,4 m2/xe my din tchnh xe l: 1,4 x 80 = 112 m2

Xy nh c kch thc: di x rng x cao = 20 x 6 x 3,6 (m)

6.2.10. Nh sinh hot, vsinh

Sbung tm: tnh cho 2/3 scng nhn lc ng nht, tiu chun 7 ngi/phngDin tch mi phng: 1,2 x 1,2 =1,44 (m2)

Sphng:

Chn 8 phng

Din tch cn xy dng: S1= 1,44 x 8 = 11,52 (m2)

Nh vsinh ly bng 1/4 sbung tm snh vsinh: 2 (phng)Din tch cn xy dng: S2= 1,44 x 2 = 2,88 (m

2)

Phng thay qun o: theo chun 0,2 (m2/ngi)Din tch cn xy dng: S3= 0,2 x 80 = 16 (m

2)

Vy:

Tng din tch cn xy dng nh sinh hot, vsinh:

S = S1+ S2+ S3= 11,52 + 2,88 + 16 = 30,4 (m2)

Kch thc xy dng nh: di x rng x cao = 6 x 6 x 3,6 (m)


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6.2.11. Hi trng, cu lc b, cn tin

Tng 1: xy nh n. Tnh cho 2/3 scng nhn trong ca lc ng nht:

chn 54 ngi

Tiu chun: 2,25 m2/ngi Din tch cn xy dng: 2,25 x 54 = 121,5 (m2)

Xy nh c kch thc: di x rng x cao = 16 x 15 x 9 (m)

Tng 2: xy dng hi trng, cu lc bv c nh vsinh.6.2.12. Gara t

Din tch xe t chim ch: 18 m2/xe, nh my c 6 t. Din tch gara dnhcho xe: 18 x 6 = 108 (m2)

Din tch quay xe: 32 (m2)

Xy gara c kch thc: di x rng x cao = 18 x 8 x 6 (m)

6.2.13. Nh xe in ng


6.2.14. Phng bo v


6.2.15. Trm bm


6.2.16. Kho nhin liu

Xy nh c kch thc: di x rng x cao = 9 x 6 x 4,2


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Bng 6.4 Thng k cc cng trnh xy dng:

STT Tn cng trnhKch thc(m)

Din tch

(m2)Stng

1 Phn xng sn xut chnh 60 x 10 x 7,8 600 1

2 Kho tm cha nguyn liu 25 x 12 x 4,8 300 1

3 Nh hnh chnh 24 x 15 x 8,4 360 2

4 Kho thnh phm 30 x 10 x 7,8 300 1

5 Trm bin th 6 x 6 x 3,6 36 1

6 Xng c in 12 x 6 x 4,8 72 17 Phn xng l hi 6 x 5 x 4,8 30 1

8 Phng pht in dphng 6 x 5 x 4,8 30 1

9 Nh xe 2 bnh 20 x 6 x 3,6 120 1

10 Nh sinh hot, vsinh 6 x 6 x 3,6 36 1

11 Hi trng, cu lc b, cn tin 16 x 15 x 9 240 2

12 Gara t 18 x 8 x 6 144 1

13 Nh xe in ng 6 x 6 x 4,8 36 1

14 Phng bo v 6 x 6 x 3,6 36 1

15 Trm bm 5 x 5 x 3,6 25 1

16 Kho nhin liu 9 x 6 x 4,2 54 1

Tng din tch xy dng: 2419 (m2)

Din tch mrng: 1250(m2)

Chn hsxy dng cho nh my: Kxd= 0,35


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Din tch khu t ton nh my:

nh gi chtiu kinh tkthut ca tng mt bng nh my, ta xc nh hsxy dng: Fsd, Ksd.

Din tch ng i, cng rnh chim 20%; cy xanh chim 15% din tch ton khut.

Tng din tch ng i, cng rnh: 20% x 10482,86 = 2096,57 (m2)

Tng din tch cy xanh: 15% x 10482,86 = 1572,43 (m2)

Din tch sdng ca khu t:

Fsd= 2419 + 1250 + 2096,57 + 1572,43 = 7338 (m2)

Hssdng cho ton nh my:


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CHNG 7: TNH HIINNC

7.1. Tnh hiv nhin liu

7.1.1. Tnh chi ph hi

Chi ph hi sdng cho cc thit b:Cc thit bsdng hi u lm vic lin tc:

Thit bhp: 85,957 kg/h Thit bsy: 233,7 kg/h

Tng lng hi tiu thtrong cc thit b: Dtb= 85,957 + 233,7 = 319,657 (kg/h)

Hi khtrng thit b: ly 20% Dtb

Tng lng hi thit bsdng:

Dtb= Dtb+ 0,2 x Dtb = 319,657 + 0,2 x 319,657 = 383,588 (kg/h)

Hi cho sinh hot: hi dng cho sinh hot coi nh lin tcScng nhn trong nh my lc ng nht l 80 ngi. Lng hi sinh hot dng

cho 1 cng nhn l 0,5 (kg/h). Vy lng hi dng cho sinh hot:

Dsh= 0,5 x 80 = 40 (kg/h)

Tng lng hi tiu thchung (sdng cho thit bv sinh hot):

Dt= 383,588 + 40 = 423,588 (kg/h)

Chiph hi ca ni hi:Tiu thhi ring ca ni hi tnh bng 10% lng hi tiu thchung. Vy chi

ph ca ni hi: Dnh= 10% x Dt= 10% x 423,588 = 42,359 (kg/h)

Chi ph hi do mt mt:Ly chi ph hi do mt mt bng 8% lng hi tiu thchung. Vy chi ph hi do

mt mt: Dmm= 8% x Dt= 8% x 423,588 = 33,887 (kg/h)

Vy tng lng hi cn cung cp l:

D = Dt+ Dnh+ Dmm= 423,588 + 42,359 + 33,887 = 499,834 (kg/h)


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Chn ni hi: chn thit bAinet D3/10 ca cng ty cphn XNK ChuThng sk thut:

Nng sut hi 3000 kg/h p sut hi: 10 bar Nhit hi bo ha: 1830C Thtch cha hi: 1,26 m3 Thtch cha nc: 5,6 m3 Kch thc ni hi: 4300 x 2000 x 2300 mm Trng lng thit b:8400 kg

7.1.2. Tnh nhin liu

Nhin liu dng cho l hi ldu FOLng du dng trong 1 gi:

D: nng sut ca ni hi phi thng xuyn chy, D = 499,834 (kg/h)

ih: nhit hm ca hi p sut lm vic, ih= 523,08 (Kcal/kg)

in: nhit hm ca nc a vo l hi p sut lm vic, in= 27,03 (kcal/kg)Q: nhit lng ca du, Q = 9800 (Kcal/kg)

: hiu sut l hi, = 0,7

Lng du FO dng trong 1 nm:36,15 x 8 x 300 = 86760 (kg/nm)

Du DO cho my pht in:nh mc 10 kg/ngy

Lng du DO cn cho 1 nm: 10 x 8 x 300 = 24000 (kg/nm)


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Xng cho xe tnh mc 10l/ xe/ ngy, nh my c 6 t

Lng xng cho 1 nm: 10 x 6 x 8 x 300 = 144000 (l/nm)

7.2. Tnh in

in dng cho nh my bao gm:

in dng cho ng c in dng cho chiu sng

7.2.1. Tnh phti ng lc

Cc thit btrong nh my sdng in chy cc ng c.

Bng 7.1 Thng k phti ng lc:

STT Loi phti in p(V)

Cng sutnh mc

(kw)

Slngng c

Tng cngsut (kw)

1 My lm sch dng lc 380V 0,75 1 0,752 My tch sn 220V 1,5 1 1,53 My nghin th 220V 11 1 114 My ry bt 220V 2,2 1 2,25 Cn nh lng 220V 0,81 1 0,816 Thit btrn s b 220V 11 1 117 Thit bnghin mn 380V 15 1 158 Thit bp n 220V 91 1 919 Thit bsy bng ti 220V 5,5 1 5,510 Thit bphun gia v 220V 3,3 2 6,611 Thit blm ngui 220V 3,36 1 3,3612 Bng ti kim tra cht

lng sn phm220V 0,37 2 0,74

13 Thit bbao gi 220V 2 3 6

14 Xe nng in 220V 28 1 2815 Gu ti 220V 1,5 1 1,5

Tng cng cng sut: Pdl= 184,96 (KW)

Phti tiu ththc tca ng lc:


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Ppt1= Pdlx Kdl= 184,96 x 0,6 = 110,976 (KW) [7, tr 35]

Vi Kdl- Hssdng phti ng lc; Kdl= 0,6

in nng cho ng lc hng nm:

Adl= Kdl x Pdlx T, (KWh) [7, tr 35]

T- sgilm vic trong 1 nm; T = K x 273 = 8 x 300 = 2400 (h)

Vi K = 8 gil sgilm vic trung bnh ca 1 thit b

Adl= 0,6 x 184,96 x 2400 = 266342,4 (KWh)

7.2.2. Tnh phti chiu sng

Kiu n:Loi n: co

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