Thành viên nhóm 2 - hcmuaf.edu.vn THI NGUYET THU/2.pdf · • Keo sắt vẫn lắng khi nước có ít huyền phù. ... • Phương pháp này cho xử lý nước thải chứa

Thnh vin nhm 2Thnh vin nhm 2

Nguyn Th Ngc BchNguyn Th Ngc BchNguyn i CngNguyn i CngHa inh Yn HngHa inh Yn HngPhm Th Thu HngPhm Th Thu HngPhan Th Ngc HuynPhan Th Ngc HuynPhan Th LanhPhan Th LanhPhm Th Kim MaiPhm Th Kim MaiTrn Hunh PhngTrn Hunh PhngTrn B PhanTrn B Phanng Spng SpL Th t TrangL Th t Trang

1. Keo T To Bng (Keo T v ng T)

2.Trung Ha

3.Tuyn Ni

4. Hp Ph

5. Trch

6. Trao i

7.Thm Thu Ngc

I.PHNG PHP KEO T TO BNG I.1. c s l thuyt X l bng phng php keo t l cho vo trong nc mt loi

ha cht gi l cht keo t c th lm cho cc ht rt nh bin thnh nhng ht ln lng xung.

Nhng qu trnh keo t to bng gm 2 qu trnh chnh:

- Qu trnh keo t : da trn c ch ph bn ht keo. - Qu trnh to bng : tip xc /kt dnh gia c ht keo b

ph bn. C cht tip xc gia cc ht ny bao gm:

+ Tip xc do chuyn ng nhit ( chuyn ng Brown) to thnh cc ht c kch thc nh .

+ Tip xc do qu trnh chuyn ng ca lu cht c thc hin bng cch khuy trn to thnh nhng bng cn c kch thc ln hn.

+ Tip xc do qu trnh lng ca cc ht.

Qu trnh trung ho in tch thng c gi l qu trnh ng t (Coagulation).

Qu trnh to thnh cc bng ln hn t cc ht nh gi l keo t (flocculation).

Theo thnh phn cu to ngi ta chia ra 2 loi keo:

Keo k nc (hydropholic) l loi chng li cc phn t nc nh vng, bc, silic

Keo ho nc (hydrophilic) l loi hp th cc phn t nc nh vi khun, virus, lng trng trng Trong keo k nc ng vai tr ch yu trong cng ngh x l nc v nc thi.

Nc, cht keo t

B khuy trn

Nc c lm trong

Nc thi

B lng trong

B to bng

Thit b nh lng

B ha trn

Cn lng

Nhng cht keo t thng dng nht l cc mui nhm v mui st nh:

Al2(SO4)3, Al2(SO4)3 . 18H2O, NaAlO2, Al2(OH)5Cl, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O,NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O.

.Phn st : gm st (II) v st (III):

FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.7H2O

Phn Fe (II) : khi cho phn st (II) vo nc thi Fe(II) s b thu

phn thnh Fe(OH)2.

Fe2+ + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2H+

Trong nc c O2 to thnh Fe(OH)3 pH thch hp l 8 9 => c kt hp vi vi th keo

t tt hn.

Phn FeSO4 k thut cha 47-53% FeSO4.

b. Phn Fe (III):

Fe3+ + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H+

Phn ng xy ra khi pH > 3.5

Hnh thnh lng nhanh khi pH =5.5 - 6.5

c. So snh phn st v phn nhm: ho tan Fe(OH)3 < Al(OH)3 T trng Fe(OH)3 = 1.5 Al(OH)3 Trng lng i vi Fe(OH)3 = 2.4; Al(OH)3 =3.6 Keo st vn lng khi nc c t huyn ph. Lng phn FeCl3 dng = 1/3 1/2 phn nhm Phn st n mn ng ng. Trong x l nc thi, s dng hn hp mui nhm

v mui st vi t l t 1:1 n 1:2 th kt qu ng t tt hn l s dng ring l.

Qu trnh thy phn cc cht keo t v tothnh bng cn xy ra theo cc giai onsau:

Me3+ + HOH Me(OH)2+ + H+

Me(OH)2+ + HOH Me(OH)+ + H+

Me(OH)+ + HOH Me(OH)3 + H+

---------------------------------------------------------------Me3+ + HOH Me(OH)3 + 3H+

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh thy phn:

pH ca nc nh hng trc tip n qu trnh thu phn:

pH > 4.5 : khng xy ra qu trnh thu phn.

pH = 5.5 7.5 : t tt nht.

pH > 7.5 : hiu qu keo t khng tt.

Nhit ca nc thch hp vo khong 20-40oC, tt nht 35-40oC.

Ngoi ra cn yu nh hng khc nh : thnh phn Ion, cht hu c, liu lng

Trong qua trnh ng t (Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi canxibicacbonat nh sau:

Al2(SO4)3 +3Ca(HCO3)2 Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4+ 6CO2

6NaAlO2 + Al2(SO4)3 +12H2O 8Al(OH)3+3Na2SO4

i vi cc Mui st vic to thnh bng keo nh sau:

FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl Fe(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 Trong iu kin kim ha: 2FeCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2 FeSO4 + 3Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4

Qu trnh kt ta thng gp trong x l nc l kt ta carbonate canxi v hydroxyd kim loi. V d nh ng dng qu trnh kt ta lm mm nc theo cc phng php sau:

+ S dng vi: Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3+ 2H2O + S dung natri carbonat: Na2CO3 + CaCl2 2NaCl + CaCO3 + S dng xt : 2NaOH + Ca(HCO3)2 Na2CO3 + Ca CO3 +

2H2OBn cn , qu trnh kt ta cn c ng dng trong qu trnh kh SO42- , F- , PO43- nh sau:

SO42- + Ca2+ + 2H2O Ca SO4 . 2H2O F- + Ca2+ CaF2 2H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HPO4)2 + 2H2O pH = 6-7

Ca(HPO4)2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2O pH = 9-12

Qu trnh to bng cn c th n gin ho trong hnh di y

Tng cng qu trnh keo t bng cc hp cht cao phn t: ( Cht tr ng t Flocculant)

Cc cht cao phn t tan trong nc c cu to mch di, phn t lng t 10- 10g/mol v ng knh dung dch trong phn t khong 0.1-1 m. S dng cng vi phn nhm hay st lm h thp liu lng phn s dng, gim thi gian qu trnh ng t, nng cao tc lng bng keo, lm tng s bn vng ca ht bng keo trong qu trnh ho trn v lng cn.

Cht tr ng t c ngun gc thin nhin thng dng l tinh bt, dextrin , cc ete, cellulose v dioxide silic hot tnh (x).

Cht tr ng t tng hp thng dng l polyacrylamit: . Tu thuc vo nhm ion khi phn ly m cc cht tr ng t c ion dng hoc m: polyacrylic acid hoc polydiallyldimetyl-amon.

Liu lng cht keo t ti u s dng trong thc t c xc nh bng th nghim Jartest.

Nhc im l khng bo qun c lu, c bit khi ho tan trong nc, cng ngh sn xut tn km, gi thnh cao.

I. B ho trn phn: lng cn, ho tan phn cc. Dng kh nn hoc cnh khuy ho tan phn

Cu to b pha phn ht vi cnh khuy thng

II. B tiu th: pha long phn v nng phn 4 10%. Dng khng kh nn hoc my khuy, cng sc 3 5 l/s.m2

Cu to phao Khavanshi

III. Thit b nh lng phn: iu chnh t ng lng phn cn thit a vo nc cn x l.

Thng dng thit b phao Khavanshi .

IV. Thit b ha trn cht phn ng: dng trn dung dch cht ng t vi nc thi c th bng my trn thy lc v c kh.

THIT B KEO T TO BNG

V. B phn ng to bng kt ta: sau khi trn vi tc cht, nc thi c a vo b to bng. S to bng din ra chm sau 10-30 pht. C cc loi b nh sau:

1. B phn ng xoy: hnh tr hoc hnh phu

2. B phn ng kiu vch ngn: dng cc vch ngn to ra s i chiu lin tc ca dng nc.

3. B phn ng c kh: b c chia thnh nhiu ngn, mi ngn c b cnh khuy ring bt.

1.ng dn nc t ngn tch kh vo b phn ng2.B phn ng xoy hnh phu3. ng thu nc sang b lng4.Mng vng c l chy ngp

1. Mng dn nc

2.Mng x cn

3. Ca a nc vo

4. Ca a nc ra

5.Van x cn

6.Vch ngn hng dng

B phn ng c kh

B phn ng kiu vch ngn

VI. B lng trong:

Sau khi qu trnh keo t to bng xy ra trong b phn ng, cc ht l lng s kt dnh trn bng, lng xung y v c ly ra khi thit b. Nc sch chy qua cc l vo mng thu nc.

ng Dng

Nhm loi b cc ht cht rn kh lng hay ci thin hiu sut lng ca b lng

Kh mu

Gim lng cn l lng

Hiu qu cao v n nh

C th thu hi cc cht c gi tr

2. Phng Php Trung Ha2.1. Khi qutNc thi ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip c th cha axit hoc kim. ngn nga hin tng xm thc v trnh nh hng cho qu trnh sinh ha cc cng trnh lm sch v ngun nc khng b ph hoi, nc thi cn phi trung ha. Trung ha cn nhm mc ch tch loi mt s ion kim loi nng ra khi nc thi. Mt khc mun nc thi c x l tt bng phng php sinh hc phi tin hnh trung ha v iu chnh pH v 6.6 7.6

Trung ha bng cch dng cc dung dch axit hoc mui axit, cc dung dch kim hoc oxit kim trung ha dch nc thi.

Mt s ha cht dng trung ha: CaCO3, CaO, Ca(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2, CaO0.6MgO0.4, (Ca(OH)2)0.6(Mg(OH)2)0.4), NaOH, Na2CO3, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3,

Ngoi ra cch tip cn u tin l xem xt kh nng t trung ha ln nhau gia cc dng nc thi c tnh i lp tn km.

Vic la chn phng php trung ha ty thuc vo th tch v nng nc thi, ch thi nc thi, kh nng sn c v gi thnh ca cc tc nhn ha hc. Lng bn cn sinh ra t qu trnh trung ha ph thuc vo nng v thnh phn nc thi cng nh liu lng v tc nhn s dng. Ty theo c im nc thi ta c th thc hin bng nhiu cch khc nhau nh:

1. Trn ln nc thi axit vi nc thi kim.2. B xung tc nhn ha hc3. Lc nc thi c tnh axit qua vt liu c tc

dng trung ha.4. Trung ha nc thi kim bng cc kh axit.

2.2. Trung ha bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim.

Phng php ny cho x l nc thi cha axit hoc cha kim trong khu cng nghip c tp trung li x l v ch thi ca cc nh my khng ging nhau. Nc thi cha axit thng c thi mt cch iu ha ngy m v c nng nht nh. Nc thi cha kim li thi theo chu k, mt hoc hai ln trong mt ca ty thuc vo ch cng ngh.

Hai ngun nc thi c tnh axit v bazo c ha trn vi nhau b trn 2 ti b trn phi t thm h thng b sung ha cht phng trng hp pH vn cha c trung ha n mc cn thit. Sau nc hn hp c a qua b lng 3 v ra ngoi.

1

1

Dng thi acid

B sung ha cht khi cn

Dnh thi trung ha

Hnh 2.1. S trung ha bng cch trn 2 ngun thi acid v kim

2 3

2.3. Trung ha bng cch cho thm ha cht vo nc thi.

Nc thi axit c trung ha bng tc nhn kim. Nc thi kim c trung ha bng tc nhn axit. Liu lng ha cht thm vo c xc nh theo

iu kin trung ha hon ton lng axit hoc kim c trong nc thi v ly ln hn so vi tnh ton mt t.

Ha cht thm vo c th dng dng dung dch hay dng bt.

a ha cht vo nc thi bng bm nh lng ha cht c u d pH.

Thi gian tip xc gia nc thi v ha cht trong b trung ha thng nh hn 5 pht. Nu trong nc thi c cc ion kim loi th c th tng thi gian tip xc ln n 30 pht.

trung ha nc thi axit c th s dng cc tc nhn ha hc nh NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NH4OH, CaCO3, MgCO3, lmit (CaCO3.MgCO3). Song tc nhn r tin nht l sa vi 5% - 10% Ca(OH)2, tip n l sa v NaOH cng nghip.

Trong nc thi axit v kim thng cha cc ion kim loi. V vy liu lng tc nhn tham gia phn ng trung ha cn tnh n c yu t to thnh cn mui cc kim loi nng.

Ha cht trung ha

Dng thi ra

Dng thi vo

Hnh 2.2. S b trung ha nc thi

2.4. Trung ha nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp vt liu lc trung ha.

Nc thi cha axit vi hm lng ln hn 5 mg/l v khng cha mui kim loi nng c th trung ha bng cch lc lin tc qua b lc.

Vt liu lc: vi, magietit, lmit, hoa cng, vi c ht 3 8 mm.

Tc lc tnh ton ph thuc vo loi vt liu nhng khng qu 5m/h v thi gian tip xc khng qu 10 pht.

Trong cc b lc, nc c th chuyn ng theo phng ngang hoc thng ng.

Ngi ta thng dng cc vt liu lc nh magietit (MgCO3), lmit, vi, phn, hoa v cc cht thi rn nh x tro lm lp vt liu lc. Cc vt liu trn c s dng dng cc vi kch thc 30 80 mm. Qu trnh c th c tin hnh trong thit b lc t nm ngang hay thng ng.

Khi lc nc thi cha HCl v HNO3 qua lp vi, thng chn vn tc lc t 0.5 1 m/h. Trong trng hp lc nc thi cha 0.5% H2SO4 qua lp lmit, tc lc ly t 0.6 0.9 m/h, nu nng 2% H2SO4 th tc lc ly bng 0.35 m/h.

Nc thi vo

Nc thi ra

Vt liu trung ha

Hnh 2.3. S cu to thit b trung ha bng vt liu lc

2.5. Trung ha nc thi cha kim bng khi thi l hi.

trung ha nc thi kim, trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta s dng cc kh thi cha CO2, SO2, NO2, N2O, Vic s dng kh axit khng nhng cho php trung ha nc thi m ng thi tng hiu sut lm sch chnh kh thi khi cc cu t c hi.

Trung ha nc thi kim bng khi thi l hi l bin php rt kinh t v hp l v mt mi trng (gii quyt ng thi c v nhim nc v nhim khng kh)

Thnh phn khi thi l hi cha 14% CO2 v 1 hn hp cc kh SOx, NOx, CO, bi c tnh axit v c th dng trung ha kim.

Cc phn ng xy ra khi trung ha:

CO2 + H2O H2OH2CO3 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + 2H2OH2CO3 + Na2CO3 2NaHCO3 + H2O

3. Phng php tuyn ni

3.1. Gii thiu chungTrong x l cht thi tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc cht l lng v nn bn cn khi cc ht ni ln b mt,chng c th c thu gom bng b phn vt bt .Qu trnh ny cn c s dng tch cc loi x si bt giy, kh mc, qung sunfit, cacbonat v cc xit

3.1. Gii thiu chungQung phosphat, apatit v than cng c tch bng cng ngh tuyn ni. Qu trnh tuyn ni cng c s dng rng ri trong vic x l cht thi cng nghip, cc cht bo, du m v cc cht rn phn tn trong nc thi.

3.1. Gii thiu chungCc qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh tuyn ni kh ha tan (Dissolved Air Flotation-DAF). Thc cht, qu trnh DAF c s dng loi b du m trong nc thi ca cc nh my lc du, ha du, cc nh my ha cht, cc nh my x l kh thin nhin v cc c s cng cng nghip khc.

3.2. Nguyn tcTuyn ni l qu trnh tch cc tp cht rn khng tan hoc tan c t trng nh hn t trng ca cht lng lm nn bng cch s dng cc cht hot ng b mt hoc cc cht thm t. Nu s khc nhau v t trng tch gi l tuyn ni t nhin

3.3. C s khoa hcNhng c s l thuyt c bn v tuyn ni da trn thnh tu nghin cu ha l hin i. Ngy nay, ngi ta da trn c s l thuyt iu khin qu trnh cng ngh tuyn ni cng nh c th iu chnh t l thnh phn cc cu t to ra cht tuyn niph hp vi tnh cht ca tng hn hp cntuyn.

3.3. C s khoa hc gii thch s bm dnh ca thnh phn cn tuyn ni ln b mt bt kh to ra bi cht tuyn ni v ni ln b mt hn hp.Ngi ta a ra nhiu gi thuyt gii thch bng ho hc lng t gia mc nng lng ca cc orbital y in t ca tc nhn tuyn ni vi orbital trng ca thnh phn cn tuyn ni, hoc l gii thch bng m hnh orbital phn t.

3.3. C s khoa hcTm li, ngy nay ngi ta phn bit 3 loi c ch c bn v s bm dnh ca cc tc nhn tuyn ni ln b mt thnh phn tuyn ni: S hp ph do lc tnh in S hp ph ho hc S hp ph vt l

3.3. C s khoa hcTrong s hp ph ho hc l quan trng hn c v n quyt nh tnh chn ring v tnh tp hp ca cht tuyn ni vi mt thnh phn cn tuyn ni nht nh m nhng tnh cht ny c quyt nh bi di, cu trc ca hidrocabon, cu to ca nhm chc v thnh phn t l ca cc cu t c mt trong h thng cht tuyn ni.

3.3. C s khoa hcS hp ph ho hc c xy ra do s hnh thnh c lin kt phi tr gia cht tuyn niv thnh phn cn tuyn ni. Mi lin kt phi tr ny c to nn trong phn ln cc trng hp c s tc dng ca tc nhn cht tuyn ni (trong thnh phn c cha nhng nguyn t c i in t t do nh N, S, O, P hoc l cc lin kt i) vi thnh phn cn tuyn ni, m n cha cc cation c s lng t chnh n 2.

3.3. C s khoa hcS bm dnh ca cc phn t tc nhn cht tuyn ni c cha cc nguyn t cho in t c th xy ra trn bt k v tr no ca b mt thnh phn tuyn m c cha cc orbital trng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh p v hoc nghin qung. iu kin cn thit c s tc dng gia thnh phn tuyn v tc nhn cht tuyn ni dng ion (Y-) (ngoi tr trng hp xy ra phn ng d th) l s thy phn hoc oxi ho thnh phn tuynto nn lin kt phn cc trn lp b mt. Kt qu s tch v y ht tch in m xy ra d dng

3.3. C s khoa hcDng lin kt phi tr ny c tnh i xng v . Nh vy, s bm dnh gia cc tc nhn cht tuyn ni v b mt thnh phn tuyn ni xy ra cht ch hn v chn lc hn khi mi lin kt ca chng c nhng tnh cht c bn (nh: di, nng lng, s phi tr) gn vi lin kt trong mng tinh th ca thnh phn tuyn ni. Hn ch ca quan im ny l khng xem xt v bn cht lin kt tc nhn - thnh phn tuyn ni. Khng c s nhn nhn nht qun v s tc dng ca tc nhn ion v non - ion.

3.3. C s khoa hcTrong qu trnh hp ph phn ln cc cht tuyn ni trong phn t ca n c cha O, N, P biu hin cc tnh cht theo nhng quy lut sau: Tnh axit ca cc cht tuyn ni cng yu th n cng bm cht ln b mt ht khong, ph hp vi quy lut ca s hnh thnh phc cht trong dung dch. Lg = a(-LgKa)+b Trong :

Ka l hng s proton ho l hng s to phc

3.3. C s khoa hcKhi c s hnh thnh lin kt hoc c s tc dng tnh in th xy ra quy lut ngc li. Gi tr hng s phc ca cht tuyn ni vi cc cation kim loi c trong mng tinh th ca cc thnh phn tuyn ni cn tch cng ln th cht tuyn ni cng c tnh chn lc cao. Gi tr hng s to phc K v tnh hot ho Khh c trng cho s bm dnh ca cht tuyn ni ion lin h vi nhau theo phng trnh sau: Khh = S/K Trong :

S l nng phn t ca cc hp cht t tan.

3.3. C s khoa hcDa vo y ngi ta c th nh gi c nh hng v tnh cht axit baz ca cht tuyn ni, kim loi v pH ca dung dch ln s hp ph ti a ca cht tuyn ni. S hp ph ti a ca cht tuyn ni b dch chuyn vo vng pH thp hn khi ta tng tnh axit ca cht tuyn ni v cc cation trong mng tinh th. tnh ton gi tr pH ti a (pHopt) s dng mi tng quan sau: (H+)opt = KHRKW/KMeOH)1/2 Trong :

KHR l hng s ion ho cht tuyn ni KW l tch s ion ca nc KMeOH l hng s khng bn ca phc

hidroxo kim loi

3.4. Phn loiTuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng thit b c hcCc trm tuyn ni vi phn tn khng kh bng thit b c hc (tuabin hng trc) c s dng rng ri trong vic khai khng cng nh trong lnh vc x l nc thi. Cc thit b kiu ny cho php to bt kh kh nh.

3.4. Phn loiTuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng my bm kh nn(qua cc vi phun ,qua cc tm xp).Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh qua cc

vi phun: thng c s dng x l nc thi cha cc tp cht tan d n mn vt liu ch to cc thit b c gii (bm,tuabin) vi cc chi tit chuyn ng.

3.4. Phn loiTuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng my bm kh nn(qua cc vi phun ,qua cc tm xp).Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh qua cc tm

xp,chp xp.Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh qua cc tm

xp, chp ht c u im so vi cc bin php tuyn ni khc, cu to cc ngn tuyn ni ging nh cu to cu aoreton, t tn in nng, khng cn thit b c gii phc tp, rt c li khi x l nc thi c tnh xm thc cao.Khuyt im ca phng php tuyn ni ny

l: cc l ca cc tm xp, chp xp chng b tt lm tng tn tht p lc, kh chn vt liu xp p ng yu cu v kch thc cc ht bt kh.

3.4. Phn loiTuyn ni vi tch khng kh t nc(tuyn ni chn khng; tuyn ni khng p; tuyn ni c p hoc bm hn hp kh nc). Bin php ny c s dng rng ri vi cht bn cha cht thi c kch thc nh v n cho php to bt kh rt nh.thc cht ca bin php ny l to ra mt dung dch (nc thi) bo ha khng kh. Sau khng kh t tch ra khi dung dch dng cc bt kh cc nh. Khi cc bt kh ny ni ln b mt s ko theo cc cht bn. Tuyn ni vi tch khng kh t nc phn bit thnh: tuyn ni chn khng, tuyn ni khng p, tuyn ni c p hoc bm hn hp kh - nc.

3.4. Phn loiTuyn ni in, tuyn ni sinh hc v ha hc.Tuyn ni in

Khi dng din mt chiu i qua nc thi, mt trong cc in cc(catot)s to ra kh hydro. Kt qu nc thi c bo ha bi cc bt kh v khi ni ln ko theo cc cht bn khng tan to thnh vn bt b mt. Ngoi ra nu trong nc thi cha cc cht bn khc l cc cht in phn th khi dng in i qua s lm thay i thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca nc, trng thi cc cht khng tan do c cc qu trnh in ly, phn cc, in chuyn v oxy ha kh xy ra.

3.4. Phn loiCng ca cc qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cc yu t:

Thnh phn ha hc nc thiVt liu cc in cc (tan hoc khng tan)Cc thng s ca dng in; in th.

Tuyn ni in, tuyn ni sinh hc v ha hcTuyn ni sinh hc v ha hc

Dng c c t b lng t 1. Cn t b lng t 1 c tp trung vo mt b c bit v c un nng ti nhit 35-55OC trong vi ngy. Do sinh vt pht trin lm ln men cht bn to bt kh ni ln, ko theo cn cn ni ln b mt, sau gt bt lp bt. Kt qu cn gim c m ti 80%.

3.5. Thit bB tuyn niB tuyn ni c s dng loi b cc ht rn hoc lng ra khi hn hp nc thi v c c bn sinh hc. Khng kh c thi vo b to nn cc bt kh, cc bt kh ny kt vi cc ht v ni ln trn mt nc thi v b loi b bng cc thit b gt bt. Mt s loi ha cht nh phn nhm, mui ferric, silicat hot tnh c th c thm vo nc thi kt dnh cc ht li lm cho n d kt vi cc bt kh ni ln b mt hn. Mt ch s quan trng tnh ton cho b tuyn ni l t l A/S (air/solid ratio), theo thc nghim t l ti u nm trong khong 0,005 - 0,060 [mL (air)/mg (solid)].

Hnh 3.1. S b tuyn ni kt hp vi c bn

3.5. Thit b

Hnh 3.2. Cc cht rn c a ln mt b tuyn ni

3.5. Thit b

Hnh 3.3. Mt b tuyn ni in hnh

3.5. Thit b

Hnh 3.4. Mt ct mt my tuyn ni

3.5. Thit b

Hnh 3.5. My tuyn ni trong x l bt giy

3.5. Thit b

3.5. Thit b

Hnh 3.6. My tuyn ni

3.6. ng dngQu trnh tuyn ni uc ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh:x l nc thi nhim dux l nc thi cc lng ngh sn xut

giy Vit Nam, phng php tuyn ni

c a vo nghin cu th nghim v p dng trin khai ch bin khong sn v mt s lnh vc khc. Cc loi khong sn hin nay v ang c lm giu v tn thu bng cng ngh tuyn ni l: qung ch km, apatit, ng, than, pyrit...

4. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP HP PH

y l phng php c ng dng rng ri lmsch trit nc khi cc cht hu c ha tan sau xl ha sinh,nu nng cc cht ny khng cao, khphn hy sinh hc v c

44..11 NGUYNNGUYN LL+ Hp ph l mt qu trnh xi ra trn b mt tipxc gia hai pha d th (rn-kh, rn-lng, lng-kh )

+ Cc phn t trn b mt khi vt cht tc dungln cc phn t ca pha tip xc vi n, to thnhnhng lc hng v pha mnh nhm cn bng vlc theo mi hng y l nguyn nhn qutrnh hp ph.

4.2. PHN LOI

HpHp phph gmgm haihai loiloi::

+ Hp ph vt l: l loi hp ph gy ra do tngtc yu gia cc phn t;n ging nh tng tctrong hin tng ngng t.Lc tng tc l lcVan Der Wall

+ Hp ph ha hc: l loi hp ph gy ra do tngtc mnh gia cc phn t v to ra hp cht bmt gia b mt cht hp ph v cc phn t bhp ph

4.3. QU TRNH THC HIN

1. Cht hp ph

2. Qu trnh hp ph

3. H thng hp ph

4. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu hp ph


1.. Cht hp ph

+ Than hot tnh

+ Silicagel

+ Cc cht hp ph v c khc

+ Cht hp ph t nhin


1. Cht hp ph

Than hot tnh

Than hot tnh: y l mt cht hp ph rn,xp, khng phn cc v c b mt ring rtln. Cc l xp c bn knh hiu dng t vichc n hng chc nghn anstron

Than hot tnh c tc dng hp ph tt ivi cc cht khng hoc km phn cc dng kh v dng lng


1. Cht hp ph

Than hot tnh c ba dng ch yu: Dng bt cm ( Powered_PAC )

Dng ht ( Gramalated_GAC )

Dng khi c ( Extraded Solid Block_SB)

Ngy nay than hot tnh c coi l mt cht hpph ch yu trong cng ngh x l v lm schmi trng : Lm sch nc ung, X lnc thi cng nghip v X l cp ba nc


1. Cht hp ph

Than hot tnh

Ti sinh than hot tnh

i a s cc cht hp ph trn than hottnh u c th gii hp bng nhit. i vimi cht s c mt nhit x l ph hp

Ring i vi cc hp cht ca kim loi ththng thng phi gii hp bng axit sau ra bng nc v sy ti sinh.


1. Cht hp ph

SilicagenSilicagen

L gel ca anhydric axit silisic c cu trc l xprt pht trin

Silicagel d dng hp ph cc cht phn cc cngnh cc cht c th to vi nhm hydroxyl cclin kt kiu cu hydro

i vi cc cht khng phn cc, s hp ph trnsilica gel ch yu do tc dng ca lc mao quntrong cc l xp nh


1. Cht hp ph

SilicagenSilicagen

Ti sinh Silicagel

Cng nh than hot tnh silica gel c th ti sinhbng kh kh nhit di 2000C

Gii hp bng kh nng m hay bng hi ncnhng cn lu thi gian thc hin trnh lmgim hot tnh ca silicagen.


1.Cht hp ph ::

Cht hp ph khckhc Keo nhm,hydroxit kim loi: t s dng v

lc tng tc ln Cht hp ph t nhin: st, bentonit,

diatonit song kh nng hp ph ca chngthng c lm tng ln nhiu sau khic x l bng cc bin php ph hp.

Tnh u vit nht ca cc cht hp ph tnhin l chng c gi thnh rt thp so vi


22. Qu trnh hp ph. Qu trnh hp ph

Qu trnh hp ph gm ba giai on:

Chuyn vt cht t nc thi n b mt ht hpph( khuch tn ngoi )

Hp ph

Chuyn vt cht vo trong ht hp ph (khuchtn trong)

4.3. QU TRNH THC HIN22. Qu trnh hp ph. Qu trnh hp ph

Qu trnh thc hinQu trnh thc hin

Vn tc qu trnh hp ph ph thuc nng ,cu trc ca cht ha tan, nhit nc, hnhdng v tnh cht cht hp ph.

Qu trnh hp ph din ra nhanh nn giai onxc nh vn tc qu trnh hp ph ch l qutrnh khuch tn ngoi v khuch tn trong.

4.3. QU TRNH THC HIN22. Qu trnh hp ph. Qu trnh hp ph

Qu trnh thc hinQu trnh thc hin

Trong vng khuch tn ngoi, vn tc truynkhi c xc nh ch yu bng cng rica dng, ph thuc vo vn tc cht lng.

vng khuch tn trong, cng truynkhi ph thuc hnh dng v kch thc lxp, ht, kch thc phn t cht cn hp phv h s truyn khi.

4.3. QU TRNH THC HIN33. H thng hp ph. H thng hp ph

Qu trnh x l nc bng hp ph tin hnhvi s khuy trn mnh lit cht hp ph vinc, lc nc qua lp cht hp ph trngthi ng yn hoc gi lng,

Khi trn cht hp ph vi nc, ngi ta sdng than hot tnh dng ht 0,1 mm v nhhn

4.3. QU TRNH THC HIN33. H thng hp ph. H thng hp ph

H thng hp ph H thng hp ph gm mt hoc nhiu bc :

Hp ph mt bc c ng dng khi cht hp ph rt r hoc l cht thi ca sn xut

Hp ph nhiu bc s t hiu qu caohn:than sau hp ph bc 1 c tch ra bngphng php lng hoc lc, cn nc thi ivo bc hai c tip tc x l bng thanmi.

4.3. QU TRNH THC HIN33. H thng hp ph . H thng hp ph

Trong s ngc chiu, cht hp th c chomt ln vo bc cui cng v n chuyn ngngc chiu nc thi

Theo s ny, qu trnh x l tin hnh lin tcvi lng cht hp ph t hn rt nhiu so vi s hp ph lin tip

Tuy nhin thit b loi ny t hn v vn hnhphc tp hn

s thp hp phs thp hp ph


X l trong iu kin ng c tin hnh khilc nc thi qua lp cht hp ph.

Vn tc lc ph thuc nng cht tan daong t 24 n 5m3/m2h

Nc trong thp chuyn ng t di ln trn


iu kin thc y qu trnh hp ph :

Tin hnh vi ch chy sao cho gia onkhuch tn trong quyt nh vn tc qu trnh

Tr lc giai on ny c th gim bng cchthay i cu trc v kch thc ht.

4.3. QU TRNH THC HIN44. Cc yu t nh hng. Cc yu t nh hng

ha tan: nhng cht t ha tan d hp ph hncht ha tan

Cu trc phn t: cht hu c mch nhnh dhp ph hn cht hu c mch thng

Khi lng phn t: nhn chung phn t ln dhp ph hn.

phn cc: cht hu c t phn cc c hpph d hn cht hu c no

4.4. U IM QU TRNH HP PH Phng php hp ph c kh nng lm sch

cao. Cht hp ph sau khi s dng u c khnng ti sinh; iu ny lm h gi thnh xl v y cng l u im ln nht ca phngphp ny

Hiu qu x l ca phng php ny tkhong 80 95% , y l hiu qu lm schrt cao

4.5. NG DNG

Hp ph c s dng lm sch trit cccht thi hu c ha tan sau khi x l sinh hc,thng l cc cht khng th phn hy bngcon ng sinh hc v c tnh c

kh thuc dit c, phenol, thuc st trng, cchp cht hu c c vng thm, cc cht hotng b mt, thuc nhum, cc kim loi nng,mu hot tnh khi nc thi cng nghip

5. PHNG PHP TRCH

5.1. Gii thiuTrch ly l mt trong nhng phng php ho l c s rng ri trong cc ngnh ho hc, cng ngh thc phm,lc du

5.2. Nguyn tcTrch ly l dng nhng dung mi hu c ha tan cc cht khc, sau khi ha tan, ta c hn hp gm dung mi v cht cn tch, em hn hp ny tch dung mi ta s thu c cht cn thit. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh trch ly l da vo s khc nhau v hng s in mi ca dung mi v cht cn trch ly. Nhng cht c hng s in mi gn nhau s d ha tan vo nhau.

5.2. Nguyn tc

Nh vy trong nc thi cha cc cht bn, nu chng ta a vo mt dung mi v khuy u th cc cht bn ho tan vo trong dung mi theo ng quy lut phn b ni v nng cht bn trong nc s gim i.tip tch dung mi ra khi nc th nc thi coi nh c lm sch.

5.3. Phn loiThp trch ly vi vng tip xc (vng m): thp trch ly vi vng m c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip v cho hiusut cao. Bin php ny dng kh phenol bng benzen hoc du than hay bng butylaxetat hoc bng ete iisopropyl. Dung mi dn vo thp qua cc vi phun. Chiu cao thp thng ly bng 6m.

5.3. Phn loiThp trch ly kiu vi phun tia.i vi vi phun, mc phn tn dung mi nh cc vi phun l yu t quyt nh. Nu chn ng loi vi phun, kch tht v iu kin cng tc ca n c th t c mc phn tn cao.

5.3. Phn loi

Thp trch ly vi a roto quayThp trch ly vi a rto l mt thp tr, theo chiu cao chia thnh nhiu ngn bng cc vch c th trch ly c cc cht bn dng nh tng trong nc thi.Hiu sut v kh nng vn chuyn ca thit b trch ly ny tu thuc vo kch thc bn trong: ng knh thp, ng knh a, ng knh cc vng stato v chiu cao mi ngn.

5.3. Phn loiThp trch ly kiu rungThp trch ly kiu rung to ra trong thp cc pha nc dung mi c phn tn v khuy trn nh chuyn ng thng, vng dc theo trc thp.Thp trch ly kiu lng trn.Thp trch ly kiu lng trn c dng vi lu lng ln v s bc kh cao. Theo cu to, c th l loi ng hoc loi ngang.

5.4. Qu trnh thc hinK thut trch ly c th tin hnh nh sau: cho dung mi vo trong nc thi v trn u cho ti khi t trng thi cn bng. Tip cho qua b lng. Do s chnh lch v trng lng ring nn hn hp s phn ra hai lp v d tch bit chng ra bng phng php c hc. Nu trch ly mt ln m khng t yu cu tch cht bn ra khi nc thi th phi trch ly nhiu ln. Nu dung mi c t trng b hn t trng nc thi th dn nc thi t trn xung v dung mi t di ln. Ngc li nu dung mi c t trng t di ln, dung mi t trn xung.

5.4. Qu trnh thc hin tng hiu qu ca qu trnh trch ly, cc nghin cu c a ra ci thin phng php trch ly bng dung mi bng cch p dng cc bin php h tr nh vi sng, siu m, p dng cc k thut trch ly bng CO2 siu ti hn, trch ly pha rn (SPE solid phase extraction) hoc k thut trch ly bng cch nn cht lng.

5.4. Qu trnh thc hinYu cu i vi dung mi:

Ho tan chc lc Khng tc dng ho hc Khi lng ring khc Khng ph hy thit b Khng bin i khi bo qun Khng gy c, r, d kim D tch v thu hi

Hnh 5.1. Thit b trch ly kiu thng quay c s

5.5. Thit b

6.1. Gii thiuTrao i ion: trao i ion l qu trnh ng dng nguyn tc trao i ion thun nghch ca cht rn v cht lng m khng lm thay i cu trc ca cht rn. Qu trnh ny ng dng loi b cc cation v anion trong nc thi. Cc cation s trao i vi ion hydrogen hay sodium, cc anion s trao i vi ion hydroxyl ca nha trao i ion

TRNG I HC NNG I HC BCH KHOA

Khoa Ha k thut

6. PHUNG PHPTRAO I ION

6.1. Gii thiuHu ht cc loi nha trao i ion l cc hp cht tng hp. N l cc cht hu c hoc v c cao phn t nh kt vi cc nhm chc. Cc nha trao i ion dng trong x l nc thi l cc hp cht hu c cao phn t c cu trc khng gian 3 chiu v c l rng. Cc nhm chc c nh vo cu trc cao phn t bng cch cho hp cht ny phn ng vi cc ha cht cha nhm chc thch hp. Kh nng trao i ion c tnh bng s nhm chc trn mt n v trng lng nha trao i ion.

6.1. Gii thiu

Hot ng v hiu qu kinh t ca phngphp ny ph thuc vo kh nng trao iion v lng cht ti sinh cn s dng.Nc thi c cho chy qua nha traoi ion cho ti khi cc cht ion cn loi bbin mt. Khi nha trao i ion ht khnng trao i ion, n s c ti sinh libng cc cht ti sinh thch hp. Sau qutrnh ti sinh cc cht ti sinh s c rai bng nc v by gi nha trao i ion sn sng s dng cho chu trnh k

6.1. Gii thiuTrong x l nc thi, phng php trao i ion c s dng loi ra khi nc cc kim loi (km, ng, crom, nikel, ch, thu ngn, cadimi, vanadi, mangan,),cc hp cht ca asen, photpho, xianua v cc cht phng x. Phng php ny cho php thu hi cc cht c gi tr vi lm sch nc cao .

u im ca phng php l rt trit v x l c chn la i tng.

Nhc im chnh ca phng phpny l chi ph u t v vn hnh khcao nn t c s dng cho cccng trnh ln v thng s dng chocc trng hp i hi cht lng xl cao

6.1. Gii thiu

6.2. C s ca phng phpL qu trnh trao i ion da trn s tng tc ho hc gia ion trong pha lng v ion trong pha rn .Trao i ion l mt qu trnh gm cc phn ng ho hc i ch (phn ng th ) gia cc ion trong pha lng v cc ion trong pha rn (l nha trao i). S u tin hp thu ca nha trao i dnh cho cc ion trong pha lng nh cc ion trong pha lng d dng th ch cc ion c trn khung mang ca nha trao i. Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo tng loi nha trao i v cc loi ion khc nhau

C hai phng php s dng trao i ion:

Trao i ion vi lp nha chuyn ng , vn hnh v ti sinh lin tc

Trao i ion vi lp nha trao i ng yn ,vn hnh v ti sinh gin on. Trong trao i ion vi lp nha tnh l ph bin

6.3. phn loi

6.3. phn loi Nha trao i ion

Nha trao i ion cn gi l ionit ,cc ionit c kh nng hp thu cc ion dng gi l cationit, ngc li cc ionit c kh nng hp thu cc ion m gi l anionit. Cn cc ionit va c kh nng hp thu cation ,va c kh nng hp thu anion th c gi l ionit lng tnh.

V cu to : trong cu to ca cht trao i ion, c th phn ra hai phn .Mt phn gi l gc ca cht trao i ion, mt phn khc gi l nhm ion c th trao i (nhm hot tnh ). Chng ho hp trn ct cao phn t.

6.3. phn loi Dng phng php tng hp ho hc ,ngi ta

ch to c cht trao i ion hu c gi l nha trao i ion (resin). Resin c to ra bi s trng ngng t styren vdivinylbenzen (DVB). Phn t styren to nn cu trc c bn ca Resin. DVB l nhng cu ni gia cc polime c tnh khng ho tan v giai bn. Cu ni trong Resin l cu ni 3 chiu. Trong Resin c cu trc rng

Phn loi : c 4 loi Resin- Resin Cation acid mnh- Resin Cation acid yu - Resin Anion baz mnh- Resin Anion baz yu

6.3. phn loi Tnh cht vt l

Mu sc : vng, nu, en, thm. Trong qu trnh s dng nha , mu sc ca nha mt hiu lc thng thm hn mt cht.Hnh thi : nha trao i ion thng dng trn n : khi em nha dng keo ngm vo trong nc ,th tch ca n bin i ln. m : l % khi lng nc trn khi lng nha dng kh ( m kh) , hoc dng t ( m t).Tnh chu nhit : cc loi nha b nh hng bi nhit u c gii hn nht nh , vt qu gii hn ny nha b nhit phn gii khng s dng c . Nhit hot ng tt t 20-50o C

6.3. phn loi

Tnh dn in: cht trao i ion m dn in tt, tnh dn in ca n ph thuc vo dng ion.Kch thc ht: Resin c dng hnh cu d= 0,04-1,00 mm.Tnh chu mi mn : trong vn hnh cc cht trao i ion c st ln nhau v n ngt , c kh nng d v vn . y l mt ch tiu nh hng n tnh nng thc dng ca n.Tnh chu oxy ho: cht oxy ho mnh c th lm cho nha b lo ho (tr)

6.3. phn loi Tnh nng ho hc:

Dung lng trao i Dung lng trao i l biu th mc nhiu t ca lng ion c th trao i trong mt loi cht trao i ion. C 2 phung php biu th dung lng trao i .Theo th tch lg/m3; theo khi lng mgl/g.-Tng dung lng trao i : ch tiu ny biu th lng gc hot tnh c trong cht trao i.

Dung lng trao i cn bng : biu th dung lng trao i ln nht ca cht trao i ion trong mt loi dung dch no nh ,nn khng phi l hng s

6.3. phn loi

Dung lng trao i lm vic : Dung lng trao i c xc nh di iu kin vn hnh thc t.Tnh nng thun nghch ca phn ng trao i ion:Phn ng trao i ion l phn ng thun nghch . Da trn tnh cht ny ngi ta dng dung dch cht hon nguyn , thng qua cht trao i ion mt hiu lc khi phc li nng lc trao i ca n .CaR2 + 2H+ ( nha trao i)Th d : 2HR + Ca2+CaR2 + 2H+ 2HR + Ca 2+ (hon nguyn)Tnh acid , kim : tnh nng ca cht Cationit RH v cht Anionit ROH ,ging cht in gii acid, kim.

6.3. phn loiTnh trung ho v thu phn : tnh nng trung ho v thu phn ca cht trao i ion ging cht in gii thng thng .Tnh chn la ca cht trao i ion hm lng ion thp trong dung dch , nhit bnh thng, kh nng trao i tng khi ho tr ca ion trao i tng.

Th t u tin khi trao ii vi nha Cationit acid mnh(SAC) ,Fe 3+ > Al 3+ > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ > K+ > H+ > Li+i vi nha Cationit acid yu (WAC) H+ > Fe3+ > Al3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+

6.3. phn loi

hm lng ion thp ,nhit bnh thng v nhng ion cng ho tr ,kh nng trao i tng khi s in t ca ion trao i ln (bn knh hydrat ho ln) hm lng ion cao ,kh nng trao i ca cc ion khng khc nhau nhiu lm.

6.4. C ch trao i ion

C rt nhiu gi thuyt gii thch c ch qu trnh trao i ion hin nay cn cha thng nht. Trong cng ngh x l nc gi thuyt thch hp nht coi cht trao i ion l vt cht c cu to dng keo .Trn quan im ,ngui ta cho rng trn b mt cao phn t ca cht trao i ion c rt nhiu lp in tch kp ging b mt keo.

6.4. C ch trao i ion Ion trong lp in tch kp theo mc hot

ng ln nh c th phn ra : lp hp ph v lp khuch tn .Lp ion c tnh hot ng tng i km b hp ph bm cht vo b mt cao phn t gi l lp hp ph hay lp c nh ,n bao gm lp ion bn trong v mt b phn ion ngc du. Cnh ngoi lp hp ph ,cc ion c tnh hot ng tng i ln , c kh nng khuch tn vo trong dung dch nn gi l lp khuch tn.Khi nha trao i ion gp dung dch nc c cht in gii, cc tc dng sau y s din ra


Tc dng trao i :Cc ion ngc du trong lp khuch tn v ion ngoc du khc trong dung dch trao i v tr ln nhau. Nhng do qu trnh trao i ion khng gii hn lp khuch tn, do quan h cn bng ng, trong dung dch cng c mt s ion ngc du trc tin trao i n lp khuch tn, sau s trao i vi cc ion ngc du trong lp hp ph.


Tc dng nn p:Khi nng mui trong cc dung dch tng ln ,c th lm cho lp khuch tn b nn p li.T , mt s ion ngc du trong lp khuch tn bin thnh ion ngc du trong lp khuch tn bin thnh ion ngc du trong lp hp ph , Pham vi hot ng ca lp khuch tn nh li lm bt li cho qu trnh trao i ion. Do cn ch nu nng dung dch hon nguyn qu ln, khng nhng khng th nng cao m cn gim thp hiu qu hon nguyn.

6.4. C ch trao i ion Tc qu trnh trao i ion

Nh trong qu trnh hp ph ,tc trao i ion tu thuc trn tc ca cc qu trnh thnh phn sau:- Khuch tn ca cc ion t trong pha lng n b mt ca ht rn .- Khuch tn ca cc ion qua cht rn n b mt trao i .- Trao i cc ion (tc phn ng )- Khuch tn ca ion thay th ra ngoi b mt ht rn - Khuch tn ca cc ion c thay th t b mt ht rn vo trong dung dch .iu kin s dng ca nha trao i ion

6.4. C ch trao i ion Nha ch s dng trao i ion ch khng

dng lc huyn ph ,cht keo v nh mu .S c mt cc cht ny c th rt ngn tui th ca nha .- Loi b cc cht hu c bng nha rt phc tp ,cn c nghin cu c bit - S c mt ca kh ho tan trong nc vi lng ln c th gy nhiu lon hot ng ca nha .- Cc cht oxy ho mnh Cl2,O3,.c th tc dng xu ln nha .

6.5. Qu trnh vn hnh

Trao i Ra ngcHon nguynRa chm v nhanh.- Dung lng trao i cn bng : biu th dung lng trao i ln nht ca cht trao i ion trong mt loi dung dch no nh ,nn khng phi l hng s - Dung lng trao i lm vic : Dung lng trao i c xc nh di iu kin vn hnh thc t.

6.5. Qu trnh vn hnhTnh nng thun nghch ca phn ng trao i ion:Phn ng trao i ion l phn ng thun nghch . Da trn tnh cht ny ngi ta dng dung dch cht hon nguyn, thng qua cht trao i ion mt hiu lc khi phc li nng lc trao i ca n .Th CaR2 + 2H+ ( nha trao i)d : 2HR + Ca2+2HR + Ca2+(honCaR2 + 2H+ nguyn)Tnh acid , kim : tnh nng ca cht Cationit RH v cht Anionit ROH ,ging cht in gii acid, kim.

6.5. Qu trnh vn hnh

Tnh trung ho v thu phn : tnh nng trung ho v thu phn ca cht trao i ion ging cht in gii thng thng .Tnh chn la ca cht trao i ion hm lng ion thp trong dung dch , nhit bnh thng, kh nng trao i tng khi ho tr ca ion trao i tng.

Dung lng trao i ion c xc nh bng tng s ion c kh nng trao i tnh bng mililg/100 g mu

7. Mng Lc7.1. Gii thiuMng c nh ngha l mt pha ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau. N c th l cht rn, hoc mt gel (cht keo) trng n do dung mi hoc thm ch c mt cht lng.Vic ng dng mng tch cc cht, ph thuc vo thm ca cc hp cht qua mng.Mng lc c chia ra 4 loi:Vi lc (microfiltration)Siu lc (ultrafitration)Lc nano (nanofiltration)Lc thm thu ngc (reversed osmosis).

7.2. Phn loi1. Vi lc (microfiltration)Mng vi kch thc l mng 0.1 - 10 mThc hin loi vi sinh.loi hu ht cc vi khun m

khng loi c virut. Nguyn tc:lc vi mt p sut thp qua mng t

bo dng chy qu trnh tch cc ht keo v b nh ch trong khong 0,05-10 micron.

ng dng: Kh trung ung v dc phm. Lc nc hoa qu, ru ,bia. Tch vi khun t nc( sinh hc x l nc thi). Tch du/nc nh tng (tch cht bo trong

sa).

7.2. Phn loi Vi lc (microfiltration)ng dng:

Kh trung ung v dc phm.

Lc nc hoa qu, ru ,bia.

Tch vi khun t nc( sinh hc x l nc thi).

Tch du/nc nh tng (tch cht bo trong sa).

Hnh 7.1. Mng vi lc

7.2. Phn loi2. Siu lc (ultrafitration)

Ultrafiltration l mt cng ngh lc dng mng p sut thp loi b nhng phn t c kch thc ln ra khi ngun nc .

Nguyn tc:Di mt p sut khng qu 2,5 bars, nc, mui khong v cc phn t/ ion nh hn l lc (0.1- 0.005 micron) s chui qua mng d dng. Cc phn t c ln hn, cc loi virus, vi khun s b gi li v thi x ra ngoi


Cu to

Mng lc UltraFiltration c lm thnh nhng ng nh, ng knh ngoi 1,6mm. Mt b lc l mt b hng ngn ng nh nn din tch lc rt ln, gip tng lu lng nc ln nhiu ln. Mng lc ny cng c th ra ngc c v c tui th kh cao.

Hnh 7.2. H thng siu lc

Mt s c im tiu biu ca cng ngh Ultrafiltration:

Qu trnh lc din ra nhit bnh thng v p sut thp nn tiu th t in nng, ct gim chi ph hot ng ng k.

Kch thuc ca h thng gn nh, cu trc n gin nn khng tn mt bng lp t.


Quy trnh vn hnh n gin, khng cn nhiu nhn cng.

Cu trc v vt liu mng lc ng nht v s dng phng php lc c hc nn khng lm bin i tnh cht ha hc ca ngun nc.

Vt liu ca mng lc khng xm nhp vo ngun nc, m bo tinh khit trong sut quy trnh x l.


ng dng:

Thu hi du/ m v x l nc thi

Lc nc p tri cy, nc tr xanh

Lc nc bin, nc mui (thy sn, ha cht)

7.2. Phn loi3. Lc nano (nanofiltration)

Mng nano c s dng trong nhng nm gn y,c s dung trong qu trnh lc nc ung nh lm mm nc,kh mu v nhng vi cht gy nhim. K thut ny cng c s dng trong vic loi b cht hu c nh nhng ion a ha tr hay nhng vi cht nhim.


Nguyn tc: lc nano l lc vi 1 p lc va phi t thp ln cao(thng l 40-450 psig) qu trnh m trong nhng ion a ha tr s vt qua mt cch t do v cc vi cht nhim, cht c trng lng phn t thp s b gi li.

Hnh 7.3. Thit b lc nano


ng dng:

Dng trong cng ngh sn xut nc ung tinh khit.

Lm mm nc cng

Loi b thuc tr su t nc ngm.

Loi b cc kim la nng t nc thi

7.2. Phn loi4. Lc thm thu ngc (reversed osmosis).

Nguyn tc: RO da trn nguyn tc cn bng. Hai dung dch cha hai nng cc cht ha tan khc nhau s trao i cht ha tan n khi t c trng thi cn bng.khi hai dung dch ny c phn cch bi 1 mng lc, dung dch cha cht ha tan nng thp s i qua mng vo trong dung dch c nng cao hn. Sau mt thi gian, mc nc 1 bn mng s cao hn, s chnh lch v cao ny gi l p sut thm thu.

Bng cch s dung 1 p lc ln ct cht lng m vt qu p sut thm thu ta s to ra thm thu ngc.nc c y ngc v pha bn kia mng cn cht rn ha tan c gi li trong ng

Hnh 7.4. Thit b RO

7.2. Phn loi4. Lc thm thu ngc (reversed osmosis).

ng dng:

Lm mm nc

Dng trong sn xut nc ung tinh khit.

iu chnh nng dung mi phn t trong cng ngh thc phm v sa.

7.2. Phn loi Ngoi ra cn c phng php in thm tch:

cc phn t ion mang in ng di chuyn t dung dch ban u qua mng lc chn lc n dung dch c nng cao hn bng cch p dng mt trng in.

Trong dung dch mui, cc ion m di chuyn v cc dng v cc ion m di chuyn v cc m.

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