GV: Phm c Anh (THPT Bng Ring H.Xuyn Mc - BRVT) Ti liu luyn thi C H 2012

Chuyn : Amin Aminoaxit Protein Polime Trang 1

TNG HP L THUYT HA HU CCHUYN : AMIN AMINOAXIT PROTEIN POLIME

AMINI KHI NIM, PHN LOI, DANH PHP V NG PHN1. Khi nim

Amin l hp cht hu c c to ra khi th mt hoc nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac bng mt hocnhiu gc hirocacbon.2. Phn loi Amin c phn loi theo hai cch thng dng nht:a) Theo c im cu to ca gc hirocacbon: amin thm, amin bo, amin d vng. V d:

b) Theo bc ca amin: Bc amin: l s nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 b thay th bi gc hirocacbon. Theo , cc aminc phn loi thnh: amin bc 1, bc 2, bc 3. V d:

3. Danh phpa) Cch gi tn theo danh php gc chc : ank + yl + aminb) Cch gi tn theo danh php thay th : ankan + v tr + aminc) Tn thng thng ch p dng vi mt s aminHp cht Tn gc chc Tn thay th Tn thngCH3NH2 metylamin metanaminCH3CH(NH2)CH3 isopropylamin propan-2-aminCH3NHC2H5 etylmetylamin N-metyletanaminCH3CH(CH3)CH2NH2 isobutylamin 2-metylpropan-1-aminCH3CH2CH(NH2)CH3 sec-butylamin butan-2-amin(CH3)3CNH2 tert-butylamin 2-metylpropan-2-aminCH3NHCH2CH2CH3 metylpropylamin N-metylpropan-1-aminCH3NHCH(CH3)2 isopropylmetylamin N-metylpropan-2-aminC2H5NHC2H5 ietylamin N-etyletanamin(CH3)2NC2H5 etylimetylamin N,N-imetyletanaminC6H5NH2 phenylamin benzenamin anilinCh :- Tn cc nhm ankyl c theo th t ch ci a, b, c- Vi cc amin bc 2 v 3, chn mch di nht cha N lm mch chnh, N c ch s v tr nh nht. t mt nguyn t Ntrc mi nhm th ca amin - Khi nhm NH2 ng vai tr nhm th th gi l nhm amino. V d: CH3CH(NH2)COOH(axit 2-aminopropanoic)

4. ng phn Amin c cc loi ng phn:- ng phn v mch cacbon:- ng phn v tr nhm chc- ng phn v bc ca aminII TNH CHT VT L

GV: Phm c Anh (THPT Bng Ring H.Xuyn Mc - BRVT) Ti liu luyn thi C H 2012

Chuyn : Amin Aminoaxit Protein Polime Trang 2

- Metyl, imetyl, trimetyl v etylamin l nhng cht kh c mi khai kh chu, c, d tan trong nc, cc amin ngng cao hn l cht lng hoc rn- Anilin l cht lng, nhit si l 184oC, khng mu, rt c, t tan trong nc, tan trong ancol v benzenIII CU TO PHN T V SO SNH LC BAZ1. Cu trc phn t ca amoniac v cc amin

2. Cu to phn t ca amoniac v cc amin

Trn nguyn t nit u c cp electron t do nn amoniac v cc amin u d dng nhn proton. V vy amoniacv cc amin u c tnh baz.3. c im cu to ca phn t anilin- Do gc phenyl (C6H5) ht cp electron t do ca nit v pha mnh, s chuyn dch electron theohiu ng lin hp p p (chiu nh mi tn cong) lm cho mt electron trn nguyn t nit gim i,kh nng nhn proton gim i. Kt qu l lm cho tnh baz ca anilin rt yu (khng lm xanh cqu tm, khng lm hng c phenolphtalein).- Nhm amino (NH2) lm tng kh nng th Br vo gc phenyl (do nh hng ca hiu ng +C). Phnng th xy ra cc v tr ortho v para do nhm NH2 y electron vo lm mt electron cc v trny tng ln4. So snh lc baza) Cc yu t nh hng n lc baz ca amin:- Mt electron trn nguyn t N: mt cng cao, lc baz cng mnh v ngc li- Hiu ng khng gian: gc R cng cng knh v cng nhiu gc R th lm cho tnh baz gim i, ph thuc vo gchirocacbon. V d tnh baz ca (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N ; (C2H5)2NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2b) Phng php

Gc y electron lm tng tnh baz, gc ht electron lm gim tnh baz.V d: p-NO2-C6H4NH2 < C6H5NH2 < NH3 < CH3NH2 < C2H5NH2 < C3H7NH2

IV TNH CHT HA HC1. Tnh cht ca chc amina) Tnh baz: tc dng ln giy qu tm m hoc phenolphtalein v tc dng vi axit- Dung dch metylamin v nhiu ng ng ca n c kh nng lm xanh giy qu tm hoc lm hng phenolphtalein do kthp vi proton mnh hn amoniac- Anilin v cc amin thm rt t tan trong nc.Dung dch ca chng khng lm i mu qutm v phenolphtalein

GV: Phm c Anh (THPT Bng Ring H.Xuyn Mc - BRVT) Ti liu luyn thi C H 2012

Chuyn : Amin Aminoaxit Protein Polime Trang 3

b) Phn ng vi axit nitr:- Amin no bc 1 + HNO2 ROH + N2 + H2O. V d: C2H5NH2 + HONO C2H5OH + N2 + H2O- Amin thm bc 1 tc dng vi HNO2 nhit thp to thnh mui iazoni

V d: C6H5NH2 + HONO + HClo0 5 C C6H5N2+ Cl- + 2H2Obenzeniazoni clorua

c) Phn ng ankyl ha: amin bc 1 hoc bc 2 tc dng vi ankyl halogenua (CH3I, .)Phn ng ny dng iu ch amin bc cao t amin bc thp hn.

V d: C2H5NH2 + CH3I C2H5NHCH3 + HId) Phn ng ca amin tan trong nc vi dung dch mui ca cc kim loi c hiroxit kt ta

3CH3NH2 + FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3CH3NH3Cl2. Phn ng th nhn thm ca anilin

V - IU CHa) Thay th nguyn t H ca phn t amoniacAnkylamin c iu ch t amoniac v ankyl halogenua. V d:

b) Kh hp cht nitroAnilin v cc amin thm thng c iu ch bng cch kh nitrobenzen (hoc dn xut nitro tng ng) bi hiro misinh nh tc dng ca kim loi (nh Fe, Zn) vi axit HCl. V d:

C6H5NO2 + 6[H]Fe + HClC6H5NH2 + 2H2O

Ngoi ra, cc amin cn c iu ch bng nhiu cch khc

AMINO AXITI NH NGHA, CU TO, PHN LOI V DANH PHP1. nh ngha- Amino axit l loi hp cht hu c tp chc m phn t cha ng thi nhm amino (NH2) v nhm cacboxyl (COOH) -Cng thc chung: (H2N)x R (COOH)y2. Cu to phn t- Trong phn t amino axit, nhm NH2 v nhm COOH tng tc vi nhau to ion lng cc. V vy amino axit kt tinhtn ti dng ion lng cc- Trong dung dch, dng ion lng cc chuyn mt phn nh thnh dng phn t

3. Phn loiDa vo cu to gc R phn 20 amino axit c bn thnh cc nhm. Mt trong cc cch phn loi l 20 amino axit cphn thnh 5 nhm nh sau:

GV: Phm c Anh (THPT Bng Ring H.Xuyn Mc - BRVT) Ti liu luyn thi C H 2012

Chuyn : Amin Aminoaxit Protein Polime Trang 4

a) Nhm 1: cc amino axit c gc R khng phn cc k nc, thuc nhm ny c 6 amino axit: Gly (G), Ala (A), Val (V),Leu (L), ILe (I), Pro (P)

b) Nhm 2: cc amino axit c gc R l nhn thm, thuc nhm ny c 3 amino axit: Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W)c) Nhm 3: cc amino axit c gc R baz, tch in dng, thuc nhm ny c 3 amino axit: Lys (K), Arg (R), His (H)d) Nhm 4: cc amino axit c gc R phn cc, khng tch in, thuc nhm ny c 6 amino axit: Ser (S), Thr (T), Cys (C),Met (M), Asn (N), Gln (Q)

e) Nhm 5: cc amino axit c gc R axit, tch in m, thuc nhm ny c 2 amino axit: Asp (D), Glu (E)4. Danh phpa) Tn thay th: axit + v tr + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng ng. V d:H2NCH2COOH: axit aminoetanoic ; HOOC[CH2]2CH(NH2)COOH: axit 2-aminopentanioicb) Tn bn h thng: axit + v tr ch ci Hi Lp (, , , , , ) + amino + tn thng thng ca axit cacboxylic tng ng.V d:

CH3CH(NH2)COOH : axit -aminopropionicH2N[CH2]5COOH : axit -aminocaproicH2N[CH2]6COOH: axit -aminoenantoic

c) Tn thng thng: cc amino axit thin nhin (-amino axit) u c tn thng. V d:H2NCH2COOH c tn thng l glyxin (Gly) hay glicocol

II TNH CHT VT LCc amino axit l cc cht rn khng mu, v hi ngt, d tan trong nc v chng tn ti dng ion lng cc (mui niphn t), nhit nng chy cao (v l hp cht ion)III TNH CHT HA HC1. Tnh cht axit baz ca dung dch amino axita) Tc dng ln thuc th mu: (H2N)x R (COOH)y. Khi:

- x = y th amino axit trung tnh, qu tm khng i mu- x > y th amino axit c tnh baz, qu tm ha xanh- x < y th amino axit c tnh axit, qu tm ha

b) Tnh cht lng tnh:- Tc dng vi dung dch baz (do c nhm COOH)H2NCH2COOH + NaOH H2NCH2COONa + H2Ohoc: H3N+CH2COO + NaOH H2NCH2COONa + H2O- Tc dng vi dung dch axit (do c nhm NH2)H2NCH2COOH + HCl ClH3NCH2COOHhoc: H3N+CH2COO + HCl ClH3NCH2COOH

2. Phn ng este ha nhm COOH

3. Phn ng ca nhm NH2 vi HNO2H2NCH2COOH + HNO2 HOCH2 COOH (axit hiroxiaxetic) + N2 + H2O

4. Phn ng trng ngng- Do c nhm NH2 v COOH nn amino axit tham

gia phn ng trng ngng to thnh polime thucloi poliamit- Trong phn ng ny, OH ca nhm COOH phn t axit ny kt hp vi H ca nhm NH2 phn t axit kia to thnh nc v sinh ra polime

GV: Phm c Anh (THPT Bng Ring H.Xuyn Mc - BRVT) Ti liu luyn thi C H 2012

Chuyn : Amin Aminoaxit Protein Polime Trang 5

V - NG DNG- Amino axit thin nhin (hu ht l -amino axit) l c s kin to nn cc loi protein ca c th sng- Mui mononatri ca axit glutamic c dng lm m chnh (hay bt ngt)- Axit -aminocaproic v axit -aminoenantoic l nguyn liu sn xut t tng hp (nilon 6 v nilon 7)- Axit glutamic l thuc h tr thn kinh, methionin (CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH) l thuc b gan

PEPTIT V PROTEINA PEPTITI KHI NIM V PHN LOI1. Khi nim

Lin kt ca nhm CO vi nhm NH gia hai n v -amino axit c loi l lin kt peptitPeptit l nhng hp cht cha t 2 n 50 gc -amino axit lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt petit

2. Phn loiCc peptit c phn thnh hai loi:

a) Oligopeptit: gm cc peptit c t 2 n 10 gc -amino axit v c gi tng ng l ipeptit, tripeptitb) Polipeptit: gm cc peptit c t 11 n 50 gc -amino axit. Polipeptit l c s to nn protein

II CU TO, NG PHN V DANH PHP1. Cu to v ng nhn- Phn t peptit hp thnh t cc gc -amino axit ni vi nhau bi lin kt peptit theo mt trt t nht nh: amino axit uN cn nhm NH2, amino axit u C cn nhm COOH- Nu phn t peptit cha n gc -amino axit khc nhau th s ng phn loi peptit s l n!

- Nu trong phn t peptit c i cp gc -amino axit ging nhau th s ng phn ch cni

n!2

- Nu c n amino axit cu to thnh protein th s lin kt peptit to thnh l n 1- Nu c n amino axit th s peptit to thnh l n2

2. Danh phpTn ca peptit c hnh thnh bng cch ghp tn gc axyl ca cc -amino axit bt u t u N, ri kt thc bng tnca axit u C (c gi nguyn). V d:

III TNH CHT1. Tnh cht vt lCc peptit thng th rn, c nhit nng chy cao v d tan trong nc2. Tnh cht ha hca) Phn ng mu biure:- Da vo phn ng mu ca biure: H2NCONHCONH2 + Cu(OH)2 phc cht mu tm c trng- Amino axit v ipeptit khng cho phn ng ny. Cc tripeptit tr ln tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 to phc cht mu tmb) Phn ng thy phn:- iu kin thy phn: xc tc axit hoc kim v un nng- Sn phm: cc -amino axitB PROTEINI KHI NIM V PHN LOIProtein l nhng polipeptit cao phn t c phn t khi t vi chc nghn n vi triu. Protein c phn thnh 2 loi:- Protein n gin: c to thnh ch t cc -amino axit

GV: Phm c Anh (THPT Bng Ring H.Xuyn Mc - BRVT) Ti liu luyn thi C H 2012

Chuyn : Amin Aminoaxit Protein Polime Trang 6

- Protein phc tp: c to thnh t cc protein n gin kt hp vi cc phn t khng phi protein (phi protein) nh axitnucleic, lipit, cacbohiratII TNH CHT CA PROTEIN1. Tnh cht vt la) Hnh dng:- Dng si: nh keratin (trong tc), miozin (trong c), fibroin (trong t tm)- Dng cu: nh anbumin (trong lng trng trng), hemogl