TNH KHNG(nyat)Cu nht thit php khng c ngha l tt c cc php trn th gian u khng c thc, l cc hin tng cm nhn c u l rng khng (nya)v h gi, vy nn cc mc tiu v phm tnh u b ph nhn v c ngha bn th lun (ontology) v ngha o c. Nhng s ph nh ny khng ch l chng c g tn ti. ng hn l ch cho mt hin hu xc nh tuyt i, t ti i vi mi s c th ho v phn tnh ho. Ch Khng trong ting Hn (c ngha l khong khng. trng khng, khng gian, bu tri) c ngha trit hc su xa khi c dng cho nghakhng(nya) trong. Ting Sanskrit hoc trong Pht gio n . n , thut ngkhng(nya) xut hin rt sm, trong thi k Pht gio Tiu tha (Hnayna Buddhism), nhng trong Pht gio i tha, vn xut hin v sau,[1] lm cho khi nimkhng(nya) ny c lp trng cn bn ring ca n. T , hu nh mi hnh thi Pht hc, gm c dng c truyn sang Ty Tng, Trung Hoa, Triu Tin, Nht Bn, u nhn tnh khng (nyat)nh l nim nn tng quan trng nht ca mnh.1.T nguyn v nh nghanyatrong ting Sanskrit xut pht t ng cnvi, ngha lphng ln (swell), mi lin h r rng ca mt vt thy phng ln t bn ngoi th trng rng bn trong.[2]Ton php n gi l s zero (s 0), do h pht minh ranya.Nhngnyatrong cch dng ny khng ch din t ci khng hin hu (non-being). Tng t nh vy, khi do Pht dng thut ng ny din t mnh m tnh ph nh th cng lc n c ngha khng nh thc ti tuyt i, v n ch cho ni qun tc thi vo trong tuyt i, thng quakhng nh vn i qua ph nh, mt ph nh tng i. Ci tuyt i y c nhn ra trong trit hc o ngha th (Upaniad)khi s ph nhn c din t l neti, neti. iu ny thit lp mt nn tng cho khi nim tnh khng (nyat)ca Pht hc sau ny. C s ging gii v ngha tnh khng (nyat) rt sm ngay trong cc kinh vn h phi Nguyn thu[3]nh trong tng Nikyating Pli v tng kinh A-hm ting Sanskrit. Trong s , c Kinh Tiu Khng (Casuata-sutta; Lesser Discourse on Emptiness), c on nh sau:Thy rng khi ci g khng hin hu mt ni no , th ci khng hin hu. V th nn bit c rng khi ci g c mt ni no , th ci y thc s hin hu.[4]on kinh ny dy rng tnh khng (nyat)biu th cho s khng hin hu v s rng lng, nhng cng lc, thc ti tuyt i c th c pht hin trong tnh khng (nyat). on kinh vn ny c trch dn trong cc kinh lun Du-gi hnh tngsau ny nh mt nh ngha xc thc v tnh khng (nyat). c im ca tnh khng (nyat) v ph nh ln xc nh khin cho nhiu nh t tng Trung Hoa nh ng n vi thut ngL( nguyn l) hn l vikhng( rng lng). im tng ng ny c nhn mnh khi n c dch sang Anh ng l tuyt iabsolute hn l emptinessII. Tnh khng (nyat) c nhn bit qua kinh in.Nhng ngha ph nh ch yu ca thut ng tnh khng (nyat)li qu r rng trong cch dng thng thng ca n. C nhiu on t liu t cc bn kinh nguyn thu ni tnh khng (nyat) ch c ngha n gin l khng hin hu; l ngha ca khng trong trit hc A-t-t-ma. Chng hn, khi Kh trong T diu c gii thch trong cc kinh in nguyn thu ny, Kh thng c nh ngha bng bn thut ng sau: v thng, kh, khng, v ng. Khng y c ngha l ch cho s khng hin hu ca ci ta v ci ca ta, mt ngha t nhiu ng ngha vi cch nh ngha th t trong l v ng. Li na, tam khngthree doors of emptiness,khng(khng hin hu),v tng: khng hnh sc, khng c hnh tng hoc biu tng ca hin hu); vv nguyn, khng tham cu (desirelessness),[5]c nhn thc trong thi k rt sm rng l con ng hoc php mn gii thot duy nht. y trong mi trng hp ca ngha nn tng, n u hon ton c ph nh. Nhng trong mi v d ny, mc tiu khng phi l kho st v bn th lun (ontology), v trong Pht hc, tnh khng (nyat) l i tng thin qun cho hnh gi tu tp gip cho h trong vic chuyn ho tham sn v chp trc.Trong b kinh i tha u tin,kinh Bt-nhba-la-mt-a, Bt-nh (praj) l ch cho tr hu, c bit l tr hu t c khi qun chiu vo tnh khng (nyat). Trong nhng bn kinh thuc h ny, thin qun v ba php mn gii thot nh ni trn l c c bit nhn mnh, trc ht l qun chiu vo tnh khng (nyat), lm nn tng cho c ba php mn ny. Cu sc tc th khng[6]l ch cn bn ca cc kinh thuc h Bt-nh, kinh tip tc xut khng tc th sc.[7] nim tnh khng (nyat)khng nht thit phi c din t bng thut ng tnh khng (nyat). Cc kinh thuc h Bt-nhkhc nhkinh Duy-ma-ct,[8]vn trung thnh vi gio l Bt-nh, din t ngha tnh khng (nyat) thng qua cch trnh by s mu thun, nghch l, v dng nh nhng din t ti ngha. Chng ta c thy trong nhng bn kinh ny, chng hn, nhng on nh sau, B-ttkhng phi l B-tt, mi c gi l B-tt.[9]Ph nhn u tin y, l khng, tng ng vi khng hin hu, trong khi xc nh th hai, ... l, ch cho tnh khng (nyat)chnh l ci hin hu (ci c). V tnh khng (nyat) l lun lun tuyt i ph nh, tnh khng (nyat) chnh n phi l b ph nh. C hi ch u siu vit hin hu thng qua ph nh, v gi th tnh chn thc trong s siu vit y, tng ng vi ph nh v ph nh ca ph nh.Trong cc kinh lun khc, tnh khng (nyat)c kho st t nhiu phng din v sp t thnh nhiu loi. S phn loi c bn nht a ra hai phn: khng ca i tng c nhn (ng khng)[10]v khng ca ngoi gii, khch th (php khng).[11]Ngoi ra, nhm b ba, bn, su, by, mi, mi mt, v mi ba loikhngc lp. c bit ni ting nht l b gm 16, 18 hoc 20khng.[12]S a dng nh vy ra i khng phi t s khc bit cht no v chnh tnh khng (nyat)m t s khc nhau ca i tng b ph nh lkhng: chng c tnh a th trong tnh khng (nyat), v n l mt tuyt i ph nh khng gii hn. Khi xut hin trong kinh in. tnh khng (nyat) thng c din t bng nhng chm ngn kh hiu, thuc v trc gic, vi chng c cht phn tch lun l hoc c cu c h thng no. Cc bc thnh v danh, ngi kt tp kinh Bt-nh, v cc kinh in i tha khc, thi tc ch yu bng kinh nghim thc chng tnh khng (nyat) ca chnh mnh v ngikhc, nhng hin nhin l h chng thch th g trong s gii thch mt cch duy l cc kinh nghim y.Nhng mt yu cu mang tnh trit hc lin quan n cc nh t tng i tha,Long Th v Thnh Thin, ngi tr tc cc b lun trong th k th II v III, v lin quan n V Trcv Th Thn, tr tc vo th k th V, t tng Trung qunc pht trin thng qua n lc ca ngi Long Th v Thnh Thin, trong khi t tng Du-gi hnh tngli nh s sng to ca V Trc v Th Thn. Mi s pht trin sau ny ca trit hc i tha n u lin quan n hai trng phi t tng o Phtny.III. Tnh khng (nyat) trong trng phi Trung qunLong Th lp trit hc tnh khng (nyat)trrn nn tng ca kinh Bt-nhba-la-mt-a.[13]TrongCn bn trung qun lun tng[14]tc phm ca ngi, ngi lp nhng ph phn h thng trit hc ca mnh trn kinh nghim v tnh khng (nyat), v pht trin cng vi bin chng php ca mnh tp trung vo s vch trn nhng li lun l chc chn i phng phi c (prasaga).[15]Long Th tuyn b rng Cc php do Duyn khi, nn gi l khng,[16]v ngi gii thch Duyn khi l Khng dit, khng sinh, khng on, khng thng, Khng ng nht, khng d bit, khng tr nn hin hu, chng phi khng hin hu.[17]Duyn khi l chn l nn tng ca o Pht; chnh l yu tnh m c Pht C-m gic ng c. Nhng chnh Long Th l ngi u tin lin h iu y trc tip n tnh khng (nyat). Duyn khi, c din t l:Ci ny sinh th ci kia sinhCi ny dit th ci kia dit...[18]C ngha l s hin hu ca mt vt l nh vo cc vt khc, l tnh tng quan gia cc vt th vi nhau. Chng hn, nim tri l nh vo nim v phi; n tng quan vi nhau. Do vy, n khng hin hu c lp v khng thc c bng th tnh ca chnh n (t tngsvabhva). S ph nh v s vng mt ca t th y (v t tngnisvabhva) l ng nht vi tnh khng (nyat). S ph nh ny gm khng ch th tnh ca cc hu th, m cng l mi biu hin ca Duyn khi, nh sinh v dit.Trit hc ni chung khi i t tin (premise) rng bn tnh vn l hin nhin. Tuy nhin, Long Th gii thch rng t tnh (svabhav) nh l th tnh tuyt i, nh ngha tnh l khng to tc cng khng do cc php khc m thnhTnh danh vi v tc, bt i d php thnh.[19]C ngha l, khng bin dch (khng khi thnh c hin hu t s khng hin hu) v khng tu thuc vo ci khc. Do vy, nh ngha ca Nguyt Xngl tnh t hu/tnh bn husvo bhva. Nhng bn tnh y khng c bit c mt cch hin nhin trong th gii hin hnh ca chng ta, ni m cc php tn ti tng quan vi nhng php khc v l ni m cc php u bin dch. Chng hn, ngn la l c l nh vo que dim sau khi qut ln, v chy sng. Mi ngha c din t qua ngn ng ch l thc trong ngha v cng nhn bn tnh tht trong l iu v l, v chng khng thc s hin hu. Nh vy, Long Th nh ngha tnh khng (nyat)bng cch khng nh rng cc php l khng, v chng khng c t th ring bit.Tuy vy mt iu chn thc l t trong tm thc suthm chng ta vn mun mc nhin cng nhn c t th thc s; v chng ta thy rng cc ngn t phn nh thc t trong cc cu nh php tnh v php gii, dng nh ang m t v t th y. Nhng d nhng thut ng ny ch cho thc ti, chng vn cng lc c nh ng vi tnh khng (nyat)v c xem l siu vit nhn thc chng ta. Nh vy, mt nh ngha v tnh khng (nyat) na c cng nhn rng ri (c bit trong Pht gio Trung Hoa ) ni rng cc php l khng v n tn ti ngoi nhn thc ca chng ta (c ngha l, bt kh c (anupalabdhi), nn khng), iu ny khc vi lp trng ca Long Th, v v t tnh (nisvabhva), nn khng.D cc lun s Trung quntng ph nhn cc thut ng v tng m h cho l c th gi lp s c tht ca t th, nhng chnh h cng vay mn ngn ng v lun l thng thng, h pht trin mt lp lun mang tnh bin chng php, nhng cc ngi chp nhn iu ny ch vi mc ch thc tnh con ngi v s thc trong tnh khng (nyat). Chnh mt phn v l do ny m Long Th gii thiu v Nh , nht ngha ( chn l tuyt i, ni dung ca tu gic trc qun) v chn l quy c(th ; s tht ca th gian). Chn l tuyt i hoc nht ngha lun lun siu vit chn l quy c, siu vit suy t v ngn ng. y l l do ti sao c Pht lun lun an tr trong v ngn[20]khi c ngi hi ngi v nhng vn siu hnh, v l l do ti sao, d ngi ging dy gio php sut 45 (hoc) 49 nm, ngi vn khng nh rng ngi cha h ni mt li no.Th nn nht ngha khng th no c din t, tr phi c y c trn chn l quy c: ngha l n phi c din t bng ngn ng. Trong ngha ny, gio php ca c Pht Thch-ca Mu-niv l lun bin chng php ca ngi Long Th u l chn l quy c. c im ni bt ca Nh l siu vit v thc t l ci g quy c th khng bao gi l tuyt i, trong khi nim tnh khng (nyat)vn n t nim Duyn khi. nim tnh khng (nyat) ny, vn khng nht thit cn phi phi nh ng vi tuyt i siu vit, duy tr gi tr cho c chn l tuyt i v chn l quy c: trong chn l quy c, cc php u duyn sinh m khng cn bn tnh v chng cn ci khng, v trong chn l tuyt i, mi iu mang tnh nh nguyn (duality) u b ph nhn v l khng.Bin chng php ca Long Th c lp thnh trn nhiu hnh thi, iu c bit nhiu nht l t c (tetralemma):[21](1) C hin hu (bhava)hu, (2) Khng hin hu (abhva) v, (3) Va hin hu va khng hin hu, (4) Chng hin hu, chng khng hin hu. nh thc y c ngha l bao hm mi kh nng tn ti. Thng qua s phn tch v ph phn bn kh nng ny, tt c mi kin c by t u n cha sn mu thun chng no chng c lp trn phm tr ca hu th(ci c). Lp lun ph hu, bc b (prsagika) l nhm ch cho tnh khng (nyat)ca cc php.Phn tch rt ro, T cc th gim tr n song (dilemma) cui cng lchin hu (being) hockhnghin hu (non-being). Trung oc biu hin t s vt qua song . y chnh l ngha trong tnh khng (nyat), khng c t th trong s hin hu do Duyn khi, l ng ngha vi Trung o do c Pht ging dy. Long Th v cc mn ca ngi, nhng ngi xin dng tu qun v tnh khng (nyavda; Khng qun hc phi), c gi l Trung qunhc phi (Mdhyamika), bc thy ca Trung o, v tc phm chnh ca Long Th c nhan lCn bn trung qun lun tng.Bin chng php ph hu c p dng vo cho cc cc quan h tng i nh nhn v qu, chuyn ng v bin dch, ng v d (bn cht chung v ring),[22]ti v ca ti (ng v ng s), ton th v tng phn. nim tnh khng (nyat)khng ch c p dng vo trong Thc ti lun (realism)ca gio l A-t-t-mathuc Tiu tha, v nhng ch nh ng un(skandha), m cn p dng cho nhng nguyn l cao siu nht ca Pht hc, nh Nh Lai(tathagata) v nit-bn (nirva). nim tnh khng (nyat) khng ch dnh ph phn ch trng a nguyn Thc ti lun (pluralistic realism) trong gio php A-t-t-ma, m cn ph phn c quan nim siu hnh hcni chung. Thm ch n cn nng cao ph phn i vi chnh gio l ca n. Do vy, trong cch nhn ca cc nh t tng Trung qun, vn khng c quan im ca lp trng Trung qun. Theo h, s t khng nh v tnh khng (nyat) chnh l t kin (di) v khng,[23]chng phi l tu qun v tnh khng. Theo Long Th, bin chng php v tnh khng ch c trnh by khin cho chng sinh tnh gic v tnh khng, vn c trnh by t trc nh mt l thuyt, thng qua cch dng ngn ng v lun l quy c. V mi lun l u xoay quanh chn l quy c, v v khng c nguyn c c bit cho Trung qun hoc kt qu tt yu nh va nim tnh khng, nn tnh khng chng c quan im ring ca chnh n; lp trng ca n llp trng khng lp trng, c th ni nh vy. Hoc ng hn, l lp trng Trung o. Vcvkhngl siu vit trong nim tnh khng ca Trung o, nnclkhng. Tng t nh vy, vng lun hi sinh t trong bn cht vn chng phi l lun hi sinh t v tch dit (nit-bn) t bn cht vn chng phi l tch dit, nn sinh t chnh l nit-bn.nh cao trit hc Long Th pht trin lp lun ph nhn ca tnh khng (nyat)l v tin khong hu trong lch s trit hc. Tuy nhin, nh ca ngi khng ch cu trc mt h thng trit hc hoc siu hnh hc, m l cung hin mt mu mc cho cng phu tu tp. iu quan tm ny c minh chng qua s ng nht tnh khng (nyat) vi Trung o, l php cho ngi tu tp. Chnh Kinh Bt-nh dy php b th thanh tnh chnh l Tam lun khng tch.[24]Tnh khng (nyat), trong h kinh vn Bt-nh chnh l cht liu trc tip cho php tu tp ni qun vn c h thng ha tinh vi bi Long Th nh l mt i tng thin qun ca hnh gi.IV.Tnh khng (nyat) v Du-gi hnh tngNh ni trn, chnh kin v tnh khng (nyat)khc vi t kin v tnh khng (nyat), vn l kin chp sai lm v tnh khn. Ngay c vo thi ngi Long Th, cc nh t tng Pht hc bit trc nhng nguy him vn c trong tnh khng, ca nhng ngi nhm tnh khng l h v lun,[25]h s ph nhn mi thi tc v n lc ca con ngi. Trong mt bi kinh, c li cnh bo rng, tnh khng on tr v la xa mi t kin, nhng vi ngi chp khng th kh cu c.[26]Chnh Long Th bo trc, khng c chnh qun v tnh khng (nyat)th mt ngi tr s b tiu hu, ging nh ngi ngu bt rn bng tay khng.[27]Vn bit rng cc nh Du-gi hnh tngxoay quanh tng ca h p ng vi (hoc phn ng li) mi nguy c n tng trong gio l tnh khng. Thc vy, h ch trng rng thc (vijna) l hin hu tuyt i duy nht (do vy, trng phi ca h c gi l Duy thc tng Vijna-vda) v tch ri khi thuyt v t tnh (no-essence; nisvabhva) ca Trung qunbng cch tn tr thuyt tam tnh (three natures; tri-svabhva), trong cc tnh cht, phng din, hay c tnh ca th gii c gii thch l bin k s chp, y tha khitnh, v Vin thnh tht tnh. Nu Trung qun c gi l tng phi ca tnh khng (nyat)v v t th,[28]th Du-gi hnh tng c th c gi l trng phi ca hu th.[29]Nhng Du-gi hnh tngkhng ch khong trng tnh duy thc ca thc chng li ni qun v tnh khng. Nh tn gi gi , cc nh t tng Du-gi hnh tng t nhn mnh trng tm vo php tu tp Trung qunDu-gi (Yoga), v trong phm tr , h hon ton tin vo gio l tnh khng. H thng cng kch cc khi nim sai lm v tnh khng (durghta nyat), c ngha l t chp v tnh khng (wrongly-grasped emptiness) v t tm quan trng vochnh kin[30]v tnh khng (sughta nyat; well-grasped emptiness). Cc nh t tng cu Du-gi hnh tng dng nh bit rng c hai u b sung ln nhau v l s pht trin ca cc nh Trung qun.Tuy nhin, cch hiu v tnh khng (nyat)ca cc nh Du-gi hnh tngkhng hon ton ging nh cch hiu ca cc nh Trung qun. S khi phc li kha cnh xc nh chuyn sang ph nh hoc tnh khng (nyat) c trnh by trong t tng Long Th. Nhng Du-gi hnh tng, c bit hin nhin trongTrung bin phn bit lunca ngi Di-lc[31] tin mt bc xa hn. Lun vn ca ngi Di-lc bt u vi s suy xt tin trnh ca ci bit (chnh l thc thng nghim,vijna) trong tnh Duyn khi ca n, tin n bc b nh nguyn ch th/i tng lun lun xut hin trong tin trnh y, ri din by ngha tnh khng (nyat) thng qua ph nh ny. Li na, lun vn ch ra rng trong tm im ca tnh khng (nyat) y, hot ng ca thc tuy th khng th ph nhn n hin hu. Ton b tin trnh (t s khng nh trong Duyn khi n ph nh th lng phn v n s phc hi hoc ti khng nh ca thc nh l thc ti) c gi l Trung o Middle Path. Kin gii c ra trongTrung bin phn bit lunrt gn vi s nh ng ca ngi Long Th v Duyn khi trc ht vi tnh khng ri vi Trung o. Nhng b lun i xa hn v nh ngha tnh khng (nyat) nh l v i vi ch th v i tng, v hu i vi ci khng y.[32]iu ny tun theo mt cch Lun l li gii thch trn. Khng nh rng tnh khng khng ch l khng m cn l c ca khng tr thnh iu ng ch trong tng lai ca Du-gi hnh tng.Nhn mnh tnh khng c c hai phng din ph nh v khng nh l c lin quan n nh ngha v tnh khng c trch dn tKinh Tiu Khng,[33]mt bn kinh khng bao gi c trch dn trong kinh lun ca Trung quntng. Nn ci c ca v thbeing of non-being ny b ph phn ca cc mn ca Trung qun sau ny nh l mt mu thun trong ngha v l cch hiu sai lm v tnh khng; cng nim v gio l Duy thc v thuyt Tam tnh, khi nim trn tr thnh i tng ch trch. Nhng cc bc thy ca Du-gi hnh tnghon ton bit r v mu thun ny, v khng nh trong tuyn b cch hiu v tnh khng. H nh ng tnh khng vi cc nim nh chn nh (tathat), thc t (reality-limit; bhta-koi), chn (ultimate truth; paramrtha), v php gii (dharma-dhtu), tt c u l nhng din t mang tnh khng nh. Tng ng vi s phn bit thng c gia hin hu (phpdharma) thc t (php tnhdharmat)cc php (dharma)l khng, y chnh l chn tnh (php tnhdharmat)cc phprt ging nh s khc bit gia chnh cikhngvtnh khng, khng hiuci trcnh l ph nhn tnh khng v ci sau l mt khng nh tuyt i. S phn bit ny dng nh khng c xc nh r rng trong vn h Bt-nhhoc i vi ngi Long Th. nim tnh khng gi v tr trung tm trong Pht gio n cho n nhng ngy sau cng, nhng vo khong t th k th 7, n pht trin sang chiu hng Mt tng (Tantrism). Sau khi Pht gio c truyn qua Ty Tng, nim tnh khng li ng mt vai tr trung tm trong Pht gio Ty Tng.V.Trung Hoa v Nht Bn Trung Hoa, Trung qunn c i biu bi Tam lun tng,[34]trong khi Du-gi hnh tngch yu c i biu bi Php tng tng.[35]Gii thch chi tit v t tng tnh khng (nyat)ch yu c tin hnh bi Tam lun tng, vn c tnh thc t hn Du-gi hnh tng, bn sao ca n n , ch ca n l chn khng[36]v diu hu.[37]T khi kinh Bt-nhsm c dch sang ting Hnt th k th II hoc th III, cc Lun s v gii tr thc v quen thuc vi nim tnh khng (nyat). Nhng h c khuynh hng phin dch khi nim nc ngoi ny vi ngha lkhng(v ), mt nim quen thuc vi h t t tng Lo gio bn a ca Lo T[38]v Trang T.[39]C khng t hn su cch phin dch v tnh khng (nyat) tng truyn xut hin thi k u o PhtTrung Hoa . Nhng tt c cch dch u trnh by s tha hip vi t tng Lo gio v n khng phn nh ngha chn thccn gc t tng o Pht.S gii thiu ng tin cy Pht gio n vo Trung Hoa bt u vi ngi Cu-ma-la-thp[40]vo u th k th V. Ngi t nc Dao Tn (Kucha) vng Trung sang Trung Hoa,ngi hc t gio l i tha ti bn quc ca mnh v c ti n . Sau khi n Trng An, ngi dch nhiu kinh lun, gm Kinh Bt-nh(bn bn khc nhau) v ba b lun ca Tam lun tng: Cn bn trung qun lun tng, Thp nh mn lun ca ngi Long Th, Bch lun ca ngi Thnh Thin, cng nh i Tr lun. Ngi c nhiu v t rt thng tu, gio php ca cc v y rt thnh hnh v v sau lp thnh nn tng cho Tam lun tng.Ngi Tr Khi[41]lp hc thuyt Tng Thin Thaica ngi trnCn bn trung qun lun tngca ngi Long Th,[42]tng ng vi Duyn khi (gi l Gi , theo Tr Khi), Khng, v Trung o. Ngi ng thi cng vi Tr Khi l Ct Tng,[43]ngi c xem nh lm hi sinhTam lun tng, n lc cng c mi gio l v tnh khng (nyat) ra i t thi ngi Cu-ma-la-thp. Trong Tam lun tng, s ph nh (gi khin) v tnh khng (nyat) c gi lph t,[44]c ngha l ph phn gio l khc. Chnh trong ph c ni dunghin chnh,[45]tc l gii thch r gio php chn thc.Trong tng Hoa Nghim, c xem l nh cao nht ca s pht trin cc gio l Pht hc Trung Hoa, tu gic tnh khng (nyat) cn ng vai tr gio l trung tm trong nim then cht ca tng Hoa Nghim v L php gii.[46]Tu gic tnh khng (nyat) tng t dng nh cng thit lp nim ng nhtidentity hoctng tc,[47]vn l ct tu ca gio l tng Hoa Nghim. N hm cha ngha Php gii L s v ngi[48](ng nht gia hai yu tnh c bn l L v S), v ngha Php gii S s v ngi[49](ng nht cnh gii bt nh biu tng cho chn l bn nguyn).nh hng v phng din vn ho nht trong cc tng phi Pht gio Trung Hoa l Thin tng, kinh Bt-nh c tn trng t rt sm. Nguyn l ca Thin, Bt lp vn t[50]c th c xem nh l s pht trin ca Trung Hoa. v tnh khng (nyat).Trong tt c cc h thng thuc cc tng phi Pht hc khc nhau ca Trung Hoa, gm nhng gio l thuc Tnh tngv quan nim Pht tnh c trong tt c chng sinh, c mt nh hng mang tnh trit hc tng tc ln nhau gia ci g khng v ci g chng khng. Chn khng c cho l vt qua cch hiu v tnh khng ca Tiu tha (Hnayna), cng lc l ng nh Diu hu trong mt cp cao hn, li vt tri hn mi cch thc hin hu c tm thy trong kinh in Tiu tha.Trung qunc gii thiu sang Nht Bn sm nht l Tam lun tngTrung Hoa. Gio l Tam lun tng Nht Bn (Sanron) tr nn t tng tiu biu cho gii nghin cu ngi Nht Bn tm hiu v o Pht. nim tnh khng cng vi Duyn khi, t c c s tn knh t rt sm trong Pht gio Nht Bn.Mt bi th (waka)[51]ca Php s Jitsu-i ( ), trong tpFurther Collection of Waka Old and New (Shoku kokin wakashu), ni rng: Chng ta ni v tm, nhng chng c tm; khi gic ng, l gic ng ci g? Khng ch tm c cho lkhng, m chnh s tnh gic cng c cho lkhng.Nhng nim tnh khng (nyat)dng nh chng gt hi nhiu pht trin mang tnh trit hc hoc hc thuyt Nht Bn. ng hn, n thm nhun chnh cm thc ca ngi Nht Bn nh mt cm gic thong qua, v c th thy n c phn chiu trong tnh yu gin d ca ngi dn bn x. nhng tng m hc vwabi[52]vsabi,[53]hng v cho s gin d tao nh. Trong vn hc, hnh thchaikungn gn ra i. Trong hi ho, khuynh hng tng t vi tnh mc mc c thy trong s thch v tranh bng mc (India-ink) n gin. nim v thc ti trong khong khng gian thong gia cc nt v mu en ca tranh Thin cng c cn nguyn ca n t nim cn bn tnh khng (nyat).

[1]Thi k ngi Long Th.[2]EdwardCome, Buddhism(New York: Philosophical Library, n.d.), p. 130.[3]E: Early Hinayanic.[4]Trung b Kinh (Majjhima Nikya), s 121.[5]Tam khng : Khng , v tng , v nguyn . Cn gi Tam gii thot mn.[6]S: rpam eva nyat; e: all beings arc empty.[7]S: nyataiva rpa; e: emptiness just as it is is being.[8]Duy-ma-cts thuyt kinh ; S: vimalakrtinirdea-stra; thng c gi tt l Duy-ma-ctkinh hoc Duy-ma kinh. Mt tc phm quan trng ca i tha, c nh hng ln n nn Pht gio ti Trung Quc, Vit Nam v Nht Bn. Kinh ny xut hin khong th k th 2 sau Cng nguyn. Ngy nay ngi ta khng cn nguyn bn Phn ng (sanskrit) m ch cn bn ch Hn v Tng. C nhiu bn dch m trong ba bn thng c nhc n nhiu nht: 1. Pht thuyt Duy-ma-ct kinh ( ) ca Chi Khim thi Tam quc dch (223-253), 2 quyn; 2. Duy-ma-ct s thuyt kinh, bn dch quan trng nht ra ch Hn ca Cu-ma-la-thp(406), 3 quyn; 3. Thuyt V Cu Xng kinh ( ) ca Huyn Trang(650), 6 quyn. Ngoi ra cn c bn Tng ng di tnphas-pa dri-ma-med-par-grags-pas bstan-pa shes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-poi mdo, dch tr ngc sang Phn ng lrya-vimalakrti-nirdea-nma-mahyna-stra, c th dch l i tha thnh v cu xng s thuyt kinh. Bn ny c xem l ging nguyn bn Phn ng tht truyn nht. Kinh ny mang tn ca Duy-ma-ct (s: Vimalakrti), mt C s giu c, sng cuc i th tc nhng vn i trn con ng B Tt. Nh kinh ny m ngi ta c th xem c s v tng s c mt mc ch nh nhau trn ng tin n gic ng. Quan nim trng yu ca kinh ny l tnh Khng (s: nyat) ca tt c cc php.[9]Kinh Kim Cang.[10]B-c-gi-lav ng (pudgala-nairtmya)[11]Dharma; external beings.[12]Thp bt khng; Atdasa-snyat.1. Ni khng(Adhyatma-nyat), 2Ngoi Khng(Bahirdha-sunyata). 3.Ni Ngoi Khng, 4.( Adhyatma-bahirdha-sunyata)5. Khng khng(Sunyata-nyat ), 6.i khng(Mahnyat) 7.Hu vi khng(Saskrta-sunyata). 8.V vi khng(Asamskrta-sunyata). 9.Tt cnh khng(Atyanta-nyat), 10.V Thu khng(Anavaragra- nyat); 11.Tn khng(anavakara-nyat); 12.Tnh khng(Prakrti-nyat): 13.T tng khng(Svalaksana-nyat); 14.Nht thit php khng(sarva-dharma-nyat); 15.Bt kh c khng/v s hu khng(Anupalambha-nyat); 16.V php khng/ V Tnh Khng(Abhava-nyat); 17.Hu php khng/ T Tnh Khng, Phi Hu tnh khng(Svabhava-nyat); 18.V php hu php khng/V tnh t tnh khng(Abhava-svabhava-nyat).[13]Bt-nhba-la-mt-a kinh ; S: prajpramit-stra; cng c gi l Ma-ha bt-nh ba-la-mt-a kinh. L mt b kinh bao gm khong 40 bi kinh i tha B kinh ny l mt phn quan trng ca b kinh Phng ng (s: vaipulya-stra). Nay, phn ln kinh ny ch cn trong dng ch Hn hoc ch Ty Tng, khng my cn trong dng Phn ng (sanskrit). Trong b kinh ny th hai tp Kim cng bt-nh ba-la-mt-a kinh (s: vajracchedik-prajpramit-stra) v Ma-ha bt-nh ba-la-mt-a tm kinh (s: mahprajpramit-hdaya-stra) l ni ting nht, c dch ra nhiu th ting, k c Anh, Php v c ng. B kinh ny c tnh gio khoa rt cao, tng t nh cc b kinh vn h P-li. Phn ln cc bi kinh l nhng li khai th cho Tu-b- (s, p: subhti), c Pht thuyt ging trn nh Linh Thu (s: gdhraka). Phn c nht ca kinh ny lBt-nh bt thin tng(s: aashasrik) cn gi l Tiu phm bt-nh mt b kinh gm 8000 bi k. y cng l c s cho tt c b kinh Bt-nh khc, mi b gm t 300-100 000 bi k. Bn dch ch Hn u tin ra i khong nm 179.Nhng kinh in trong Bt-nhb cn nguyn vn Phn ng gm: 1. Adyardhaatik-prajpramit: Bt-nh l th phn; 2. Aashasrik-p. : Bt thin tng bt-nh hay Tiu phm bt-nh; 3. Mahprajpramit-hdaya: Ma-ha bt-nh ba-la-mt-a tm kinh; 4. Majurparivarta-p. = Saptaatik-p.: Vn-th Ngi-l s thuyt bt-nh ba-la-mt kinh, gi ngn l Vn-th bt-nh kinh; 5. Pacaviatishasrik-p.: Nh vn ng thin bt-nh tng hoc i phm bt-nh kinh hoc Phng quang bt-nh; 6. atashasrik-p.: i bt-nh s phn; 7. Suvikrntavikrmparipcch-p. = Srdhadvishasrik-p.: Thng Thin vng bt-nh ba-la-mt kinh; 8. Vajracchedik-p. = Triatik-p.: Kim cng bt-nh ba-la-mt-a.[14]Stanzas on the Middle; Mla-madhyamaka-krika ),[15]Prsagika: phi quy mu lun chng.[16]inasmuch as beings dcpcndently co-arise they are said to be empty.[17]Skt.anirodham anutpdam anucchedam avata |anekrtham annrtham angamam anirgama ||Hn : , , , .[18]KinhPht t thuyt. Trung b kinh (Majjhima NikyaII, 32), Tng ng b kinh (Samyutta Nikya II, 28)[19]Skt.aktrima svabhvo hi nirapeka paratra ca || MMK_15,02kuta svabhvasybhve parabhvo bhaviyati|Hn: , .[20](noble) silence.[21]s: Catukok; e: the four possibles.[22]E: substance and properties.[23](erroneous) view di ... of emptiness.Skt.nyat sarvadn prokt nisaraa jinai |ye tu nyatdis tn asdhyn babhire|| MMK_13,08Hn: , .[24]Cn gi Tam lun th khng; Gm ngi b th, vt b th v cch thc (php ) b th. e: tripartite emptiness of giver, gift, and recipient of the gift.[25]nihilistic view (nsti-vda)[26]Kayapa-parivarta,section 65.[27]sarpo yath durghto vidy v duprasdhit || MMK_24,11 , [28]Khng tng: school of emptiness or non-being.[29]Hu tng: school of being.[30]Do t gcghtac ngha lhiu r(Well apprehended or learnt).[31]Analysis of the Middle and Extremes (Madhynta-vibhga)[32]Ibid., MV.1.13.[33]Culasunnata-sutta.[34]Tam lun tng ; C: snln-zng; J: sanron-sh; K: samnon chong. Tng phi i tha ca Pht gio Trung Quc. Tn gi ny xut pht t ba b lun cn bn m tng ny lp thuyt: Trung qunlun tng ( ; s: madhyamaka-krik), Thp nh mn lun ( ; s: dvdaadvra-stra hoc dvdaanikya-stra) ca Long Th ( ; s: ngrjuna) v Bch tun ( ; s: ata-stra) ca Thnh Thin( ; s: ryadeva). Cc b lun ny c Cu-ma-la-thpdch v ch gii trong th k th 5. Cu-ma-la-thp ( ; s: kumrajva) truyn cho t l o Sinh ( ), Tng Triu ( ), Tng Du ( ) v o Dung ( ). Cc v ny vch r s khc nhau gia tng phi mnh vi Thnh tht tng v c th xem l nhng ngi sng lp Tam lun tng. Trong th k th 6, Tam lun tng rt thnh hnh v nhng Cao tng thi ny l Php Lng ( ) v t l Ct Tng( ). Trong th k th 7, Tam lun tng c Cao tng Hu Qun ( ; ekwan), t ca Ct Tng truyn qua Nht. Tam lun tng dn dn mt nh hng sau khi Php tng tng ra i. Tam lun tng bt ngun t Trung qun tng ca n nhng mang nhng nt c th ca Trung Quc: Tam lun tng cho rng c Pht ch dy hai php tu: Thanh vntha v B Tt tha, v Tam lun tng thuc v B Tt tha. Tng ny cho rng c ba thi gio: kinh Hoa nghim l thi gio th nht. Kinh ny cha nhng li khai th cho B Tt nhng cc t Pht thi cha sc lnh hi. V vy thi gio th 2, ko di gia thi kinh Hoa nghim v kinh Diu php lin hoa, trong mi gio php ca Pht bao gm c Tiu tha ln i tha, c gi tr cho Thanh vn tha, c gic tha v B Tt tha. Thi k th 3 l thi k m mi t sn sng nghe kinh Diu php lin hoa, l thi Pht tha, ch mt php duy nht. Tam lun tng Nht Bn (j: sanron-sh) c a t Trung Quc qua nm 625 do Cao tng Hu Qun ( ; ekwan), ngi Triu Tin truyn li. Hu Qun c hai t chnh v Tam lun tng Nht Bn cng v vy m c hai b phi ( Thnh tht tng). Tam lun tng khng c my nh hng ti Nht, mc d nhiu trng phi khc cng tham kho gio php ca tng ny hiu thm kinh in i tha. Tam lun tng ti Nht c nh hng ln vi Thnh c Thi t (Shotoku, 574-622), ngi thng nht nc Nht.[35] C: Fa-hsiang; e: Dharma-characteristics) school.[36]true or absolute emptiness ( chen-k'ung).[37]wondrousbeing appear ( miao-yu).[38]Lao-tzu:[39]Chuang-tzu:[40]Cu-ma-la-thp ; S: Kumrajva; dch ngha l ng Th; 344-413/ (ca. 350-409).Mt dch gi Pht hc ni ting, chuyn dch kinh sch t vn h Sanskrit sang ting Hn. Cu-ma-la-thp xut thn t mt gia nh qu tc ti Dao Tn (Kucha), thucTn Cng ngy nay. S bt u tu hc Tiu tha (s: hnayna) nhng v sau li tr thnh php kh i tha (s: mahyna). Nm 401 S n Trng An v bt u cng trnh dch thut vi s gp sc ca hng ngn nh s. Nm 402, S c phong danh hiu Quc s. Nhng kinh sch quan trng c Cu-ma-la-thp dch l: A-di-kinh (s: amitbha-stra, nm 402), Diu php lin hoa kinh (s: saddharmapuarka-stra, 406), Duy-ma-cts thuyt kinh (s: vimalakrtinirdea-stra, 406), Bch lun (s: atastra, 404) ca Thnh Thin(s: ryadeva) cng nh Trung qunlun tng (s: madhyamaka-krik, 409), i tr lun (s: mahprajpramit-stra, 412), Thp nh mn lun (s: dvdaadvra-stra, 409) ca Long Th (s: ngrjuna), ngi thnh lp tng Trung qun (s: mdhyamika). Nh ba cng trnh cui k trn S truyn b gio php ca Trung qun tng rng ri ti Trung Quc. Cng ln ca S trc ht l thay i phng php phin dch. Bn thn S ni c ting Trung Quc v cng s vin cng u l ngi gii Pht gio v Phn ng (sanskrit). Cch dch kinh ca S nh sau: ging kinh hai ln bng ting Trung Quc, sau cc tng s Trung Quc tho lun v vit li bng ting Hn. Sau S li kim sot v so snh nguyn bn cng nh bn dch ra bn chung quyt. Khc vi cc nh dch thut khc tm cch dch tng ch, S l ngi a c ni dung su xa ca kinh sch vo ch Hn v nu thy cn thit cng mnh dn ct b mt vi on kinh khng hp v bin i vn t cho hp vi ngi Trung Quc[41]Thng gi l Tr Khi, Tr Gi. Tr Khi. ; C: zhki; 538-597, cn c gi l Tr Gi; Cao tng Trung Quc, T th t ca Thin Thaitng, nhng c xem l ngi tht s sng lp tng phi ny. S l ngi u tin trong lch s Pht gio Trung Quc to mt h thng phn loi trn vn gii thch cc s ra i ca cc trng phi Pht gio. S l ngi xng php tu Ch-qun, mt mn tu tp thin nh cn truyn b rng ri ngy nay. Tc phm chnh ca S l Ma-ha ch-qun (s: mah-amatha-vipayan), Ch-qun nhp mn, Lc diu php mn. T nh S c bit ti: ch cn nghe qua mt ln, S thuc lu ton th mt b kinh. Tng truyn S th nghim tnh v thng ca vn s khi thy mt th vin y kinh sch qu bu b qun lnh ph hy. Sau th nghim ny, S gia nhp Tng-gi v tr thnh t ca T th ba l Hu T (515-577). Di s ch dy ca Hu T, S hc cc tc phm trong Lut tng (s, p: vinaya-piaka), tham cuDiu php lin hoa kinhcng nh cc phng php tu Thin (s: dhyna) khc nhau. Nm 567, S i Nam Kinh v bt u gio ho. Nm 576, S lui v ni Thin Thai v t khai sng Thin Thai tng.[42]K XXIV.18s prajaptir updya pratipat saiva madhyam || MMK_24,18aprattya samutpanno dharma kacin na vidyate | , .[43]Ct Tng ; C: jzng; J: kichiz; cng c gi l Gia Tng i s Ct Tng, 549-623; Mt trong nhng danh nhn ca Tam lun tng( ) v l t gii nht ca Php Lng. S vit nhiu bi lun ni ting v ba bi lun (tam lun) cn bn ca tng ny, l Trung qunlun (s: madhyamaka-stra), Thp nh mn lun (s: dvdaadvra-stra) ca Long Th (s: ngrjuna) v Bch lun (s: ata-stra) ca Thnh Thin(s: ryadeva). S cng vit nhiu bi lun v nhng b kinh i tha, mt lun ni v l thuyt Tam lun tng (Tam lun huyn ngha ). S c xem l ngi a gio l Tam lun tng n tuyt nh. Lc cn tr ti cha Gia Tng ( ), s thng c gi l i S Gia Tng.S ngi gc An Tc (parthie) v mt thi gian ngn sau khi S ra i (549 Nam Kinh) th cha ca S xut gia hc o. Nm by tui S vo mt cha thuc v Tam lun tngv bt n hc hi nhng kinh lun ca Trung quntng. V tnh th chnh tr lc cng thng nn S phi lnh v pha Nam Trung Quc v trong thi gian vin li ny S vit nhng b lun tuyt ho nu trn. L lun ca S v hai chn l (Nh ; s: satyadvaya) rt quan trng v c chia lm ba cp:Chn l tng i (Th tc ; s: savti-satya): 1. Chp Hu, cho rng tt c u c; 2. Chp hu hoc chp v; 3. Chp hoc khng chp c hu ln v. Chn l tuyt i (Chn ; s: paramrtha-satya): 1. Chp v, cho rng tt c l khng; 2. Khng chp c hu ln v; 3. Khng chp v cng khng khng chp c hu ln v. T l thuyt ny S t c (qua nhiu ph nhn) mt giai cp, ni c hu ln v u c ngha. y chnh l mc cao nht ca Trung o(s: madhyam-pratipad).Ting tm lng ly ca S vang n Vng triu v v vy S c Vua thnh v Trng An truyn php. Ngi theo hc php vi S c lc ln n hng vn. V s ng gp pht trin Pht gio Trung Quc qu ln nn i sau xp S vo mi v i s i Hu tu (618-626).[44]the refutation of falsehood; c: p'o-hsieh.[45]manifestation of truth" (hsien-cheng).[46]E: Dharma-realm of Ultimate Truth.[47]E: mutual interpenetration.[48]Dharma-realm of the Interpenetration of the Ultimate and the Phenomenal[49]Dharma-realm of the Interpenetration between Phenomenon and Phe-nomenon.[50]; e: not relying upon words. Bi k ca ngi B- t-ma.[51]Mt th th ca Nht Bn.[52] e: apologize; e: proud, lonely.[53] e: loneliness, quietly, mellow, mature, death of a priest.

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