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TISSUES
A.Basics
1.1.TissuesTissues Group of cells with similar structure and function
2. The study of tissues =
HistologyHistology
I. IntroductionI. Introduction
I. IntroductionI. Introduction
A.Basics 3.Tissues3.Tissues consist
of two componentsa) cellsb) extracellular matrix
of• water• small solutes • fibrous proteins
I. IntroductionI. Introduction
B.B.There are 4 tissue types There are 4 tissue types
1. Epithelial tissueprotection
2. Connective tissuesupport
3. Muscle tissuemovement
4. Neural tissuecontrol
II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial TissueA. Location
1. includes outer layer of skin
2. lines the tubes and open cavities of the digestive and respiratory systems
3. lines blood vessels & heart
II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial Tissue
A. Location 4. covers walls & organs
of ventral body cavity
5. forms glands & sense organs
II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial Tissue
B. Functions 1. Protects from mechanical & chemical injury
2. Protects against bacterial invasion3. Filters, absorbs, secretes
II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial Tissue
C. DescriptionC. Description1. tightly packed cells2. little or not visible
matrix3. may have singular or
multiple layers
C. DescriptionC. Description4. has a free surfacefree surface 5. is firmly attatched to a
basement basement membranemembrane
6. can divide rapidly (regenerationregeneration)
C. DescriptionC. Description
7. is avascular avascular • receive nutrients by receive nutrients by
diffusiondiffusion
D. Classification 1. Number of cell layers1. Number of cell layers
a. Simplea. Simple
• single layer of cellseach cell extends from the basement membrane to the free surface.
•Functionabsorption, secretion, filtration
D. Classification 1. Number of cell layers1. Number of cell layers
b. Stratifiedb. Stratified• more than one layer of cells more than one layer of cells • only one layer is adjacent to only one layer is adjacent to the basement membrane.the basement membrane.• high stress areashigh stress areas
D. Classification1. Number of cell layers1. Number of cell layers
c. Pseudostratifiedc. Pseudostratified• 1 layer of
cells• Each cell
touches basement membrane
• Appears stratified
II. EpitheliumII. Epithelium
D. Classification 1. Number of cells
2. Cell Shape a. Squamousa. Squamous
• Squashed, scale
like• Flat nucleus
2. Cell Shape b. Cuboidalb. Cuboidal
• Squarish or hexagonal in profile
• Nucleus round & centrally located
D. Classification1. Layers2.Cell Shape
a. Squamous
b. Cuboidalb. Cuboidal c. c. ColumnarColumnar
• longer than wide• cylindrical• nucleus near basement membrane
D. Classification
2. Cell Shape
d. d. TransitionalTransitional
•
combination of shapes
• tolerates stretching
II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial TissueE. EndotheliumE. Endothelium 1. Covers and lines1. Covers and lines
a) heart
b) blood vessels 2. Simple squamous2. Simple squamous
» slick & thin» capillaries are permeable
II. Epithelial TissueII. Epithelial TissueF. Epithelial MembranesF. Epithelial Membranes 1. Epithelium + connective 1. Epithelium + connective
tissue = tissue = small organs small organs
2. Mucosae membranes2. Mucosae membranes» Line organs, body cavities» Open to exterior» Respiratory, digestive
urogenital
F. Epithelial F. Epithelial MembranesMembranes
2. Mucosae 2. Mucosae membranesmembranes
– Lining of mouth = stratified squamous– Lg & Sm Intestine =
columnar
F. Epithelial F. Epithelial MembranesMembranes
3. Serosa3. Serosa
• Lines ventral, visceral, parietal cavities
walls of air sacs in lungs = simple squamous
F. Epithelial F. Epithelial MembranesMembranes
3. Synovial3. Synovial– Lines joints
– cushions, protects
G. Cutaneous G. Cutaneous EpitheliumEpithelium
1. Is the skin1. Is the skin– Keratinized, dry
epidermis
2. Epidermis is stratified squamous
II. EpitheliumII. EpitheliumH. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium 1. Characteristics1. Characteristics
a) cells specialized to produce and secrete
substances b) cells typically columnar
or cuboidal c) Kinds:
Endocrine & Exocrine
H. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium 2. EndocrineEndocrine:
a) produce hormoneshormones which
regulate or coordinate other cells
H. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium 2. EndocrineEndocrine:
b) ductlessductless:release secretions
into the blood
H. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium 2. EndocrineEndocrine:
c) Examples: thyroid, pituitary,
adrenal
THYROID GLAND
LUMENLUMEN
H. Glandular EpitheliumH. Glandular Epithelium
3. ExocrineExocrine: a) release secretions
into the ducts
b) Examples: salivary, mammary,
sweat,oil
E. Glandular Epithelium3. ExocrineExocrine:
c) Structuresimple simple - unbranched
compoundcompound –
branched
E. Glandular Epithelium3. ExocrineExocrine:
c) Structure
tubulartubular – uniform diameter
E. Glandular Epithelium3. ExocrineExocrine:
c) Structure
acinaracinar – secretory cells in sac at end
E. Glandular Epithelium3. ExocrineExocrine:
c) Structure
tubuloacinartubuloacinar – secretory
cells in both sac and tube
III.III. Connective TissueConnective TissueThe most abundant The most abundant tissuetissueA. FunctionsA. Functions
1. bind structures together (tendons)
2. provide support (bones)
3. protection(cartilage
4. insulation(fat)
5. transportation) (blood)
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective Tissue
B. Description1. cells scattered among
fibers and matrix • intercellular material
2. Vascular to avascular3. Cells capable of
division
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective Tissue
C. Kinds of Fibers (Protein)1. Collagen
• Strong & flexible2. Reticular
• Fine branching fibers form supporting framework
3. Elastic• stong & elastic
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective Tissue
D. Kinds of Cells1. Fibroblast
• Makes fibers & matrix2. Fibrocyte
• Mature fibroblast3. Macrophage
• Defense, phagocytosis
4.Plasma cell• Makes antibodies
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective Tissue
D. Kinds of Cells5. Mast Cells
• Release heparin (anti-coagulant)
• Release histamine (dilates small blood vessels)
6. Fat Cells• Mature fibroblast
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueE. Areolar connective tissue 1. Structure1. Structure
• collagenous & elastic fibers• all 6 types of connective tissue cells• filmy matrix
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueE. Areolar connective tissue
2. Function 2. Function• Covers organs• Holds vessels &
nerves in place• 2nd line of defense 3.3.LocationLocation
• Mucous membranes• Under skin• Between tissues of organs
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueF. Dense connective tissue
1.1.StructureStructure• Collagen
fibers• Fibroblasts
and macrophages
• Dense matrix
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueF. Dense connective tissue
2.2.FunctionFunction• Provide
strength3.3.LocationLocation• Tendons• Ligaments
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueG. Elastic connective tissue 1.1.StructureStructure• elastic fibers• Few
fibroblasts
2.2.FunctionFunction• Allows
stretching
3.3.LocationLocation• Lungs• Trachea• Arteries
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueH. Reticular connective tissue
2.2.FunctionFunction• Hold cells of
loose organs together
3.3.LocationLocation• Liver • Spleen• Bone marrow
1.1.StructureStructure• Reticular
fibers• Thin matrix
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueI. Adipose connective tissue
1.1.StructureStructure• collagenous &
elastic fibers• all 6 types of
connective tissue cells
• Fibroblasts specialize in fat production
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueI. Adipose connective tissue
2.2.FunctionFunction• Food reserve• Prevent loss
of body heat3.3.LocationLocation• Around most organs• Beneath skin• Marrow of long bones
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueJ. Cartilage1.1.General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics• Chondrocytes• matrix is semisolid to solid gel• lacunalacuna - a depression in matrix
which houses chondrocytes• perichondrium - connective
tissue membrane around cartilage
• no blood supply
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueJ. Cartilage
2.2.KindsKinds• HyalineHyaline
Tip of noseSternumGrowth plate
of bonesDeveloping
embryo
Stiff but flexible
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueJ. Cartilage
2.2.KindsKinds• Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage – very tough
Between vertebraePubic symphysis
• Elastic cartilage Elastic cartilage – very flexibleExternal earLarynxEustachian tubes
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone
1.1.General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics• organic matter
- 35% (cells & fibers) • inorganic material -
65%(matrix & calcium
salts)
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone
2. 2. Types of bone cellsTypes of bone cells • osteocytesosteocytes - maintenance of
matrix• osteoblastsosteoblasts - bone forming
cells• osteoclastsosteoclasts - destroy bone
matrix
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone
3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • lamella lamella - concentric ring of
matrix
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone
3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • lacunalacuna - openings between
lamellae for osteocytes
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone
3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • osteocytesosteocytes - mature bone cell
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone
3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • Haversian canalHaversian canal - in center of
lamella; houses vessels
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueJ. Bone
3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • CanaliculiCanaliculi - radiating channels
between lacuna and Haversian canal for nutrients and wastes
III. Connective TissueIII. Connective TissueK. Bone
3. 3. arranged into concentric rings arranged into concentric rings called Haversian systemscalled Haversian systems • Volkmann canalVolkmann canal - crosswise
canals from Haversian canal to exterior containing blood vessels and nerves
IV. Connective TissueIV. Connective TissueL. BloodL. Blood
1.1.CharacteristicsCharacteristics • Only fluid tissue• Fluid matrix called plasmaplasma• Dissolved fibers in plasma• Cells
2.2.CellsCells • erythrocytes (RBC)erythrocytes (RBC)
carries O2 & CO2• leukocytes (WBC)leukocytes (WBC)
immunity, defense• thrombocytes (platelets)thrombocytes (platelets)
blood clotting• lymph:lymph: takes interstitial
fluid back to blood, immunity
IV. Connective TissueIV. Connective TissueL. BloodL. Blood
3.3.Location Location within blood vessels
4.4. Function Function transport of gases, nutrients,
wastes
V. Muscle TissueV. Muscle TissueA. Contractile Tissue A. Contractile Tissue ProducesProduces1.1.Movement Movement 2.2.Heat Heat
B. 3 KindsB. 3 Kinds
V. Muscle TissueV. Muscle Tissue
1.1.SkeletalSkeletal
B. 3 KindsB. 3 Kinds
• StriatedStriated• VoluntaryVoluntary• multiple nuclei multiple nuclei
V. Muscle TissueV. Muscle Tissue
2. Smooth2. Smooth• non striatednon striated• InvoluntaryInvoluntary• spindle spindle
shapedshaped• walls of walls of
visceral visceral organsorgans
B. 3 KindsB. 3 Kinds
3. Cardiac3. Cardiac• StriatedStriated• InvoluntaryInvoluntary• Branching cellsBranching cells• intercalated intercalated
discs between discs between cellscells
• heart heart • can't divide or can't divide or
replace cells if replace cells if injuredinjured
B. 3 KindsB. 3 Kinds
VI. Neural TissueVI. Neural Tissue
A. FunctionA. Function
• conduction of information or instructions in the form of electrical impulses
VI. Neural TissueVI. Neural Tissue
B. 2 Kinds of CellsB. 2 Kinds of Cells1.1. neurons: neurons:
• Conducting cells• can't divide, • 100,000 brain cells lost
daily!2.2. neuroglia:neuroglia:
• support, nourish neurons• limited repair of axons
VI. Neural TissueVI. Neural Tissue
C. Typical NeuronC. Typical Neuron1.1. dendritesdendrites2.2. somasoma3.3. axonaxon4.4. synapse synapse
VII. VII. HOMEOSTASIS & HOMEOSTASIS & TISSUESTISSUESA. Inflammatory Response A. Inflammatory Response 1.Inflammation produces
swelling, redness, heat, tenderness, and a loss of function at the inflamed site.
2.An infection infection is an inflammation produced by an invading organism, such as a bacterium.
BB. Inflammatory Response . Inflammatory Response 2.2. Sequence of EventsSequence of Events
homeostasis disturbed mast cells release chemicals blood flow and permeability increases clot formation isolates area phagocytes remove debris and microorganisms homeostasis returns
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