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Title <研究論文>奇妙な複数形と文法的性としての名詞クラスについて - スワヒリ語の二つの地域変種における事例 -
Author(s) 古本, 真
Citation 京都大学言語学研究=Kyoto University Linguistic Research(2015), 34: 25-40
Issue Date 2015-12-31
URL https://doi.org/10.14989/218954
Right © Department of Linguistics Graduate School of Letters 2015
Type Departmental Bulletin Paper
Textversion publisher
Kyoto University
11
11 3*
1
3
1
1 sg.1 pl. sg. pl. sg. pl.
ufunguo funguo ufunguo funguo / mifunguo
ufunguo funguo / mifunguo
ufunguo 11
u 11
11
* (DC1) ( : 25 3150)
2015 6~7
1 sg. pl.
10 10 2
ufunguo funguo 1
funguo
mifunguo
mifunguo mi 4
11 3
11 3
4 3
4 mi
2
3 11 mi
4
5 3 4
6
2 ny
ny ø
ø
2 3
2.1
(Kiunguja)
(Nurse & Hinnebusch
1993: 12)
(Standard Swahili)
(Whiteley 1969: 79)
(Whiteley 1969: 80)
(Johnson 1939) (Ashton 1947)
(Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993: 12)
4
20
Johnson (1939)
TUKI (2001) Ashton (1947)
(2000)
3
/i, e [ɛ], a, o [ɔ], u/ /p, t, k/ /ch [ʧ]/ /p’ [pʰ], t’ [tʰ], k’ [kʰ]/ /ch’
[ʧʰ]/ /mb, mv [mβ], nd, nz, nj [nʤ], ng [ŋɡ]/ /b [ɓ], d [ɗ], j [ʄ], g [ɠ]/ /f [ɸ], v [β], th [θ], dh [ð], s, z, sh [ʃ], gh [ɣ], h/ /m, m̩, n, n̩, ny [ɲ], ng’ [ŋ], N/ /l, r/
/y [j], w/ /mv, nz//m̩, n̩, N/ /n̩/
/N/ /N/ [ ]IPA [ ]
/m̩, n̩/ 4 TAM -a-
(Ashton 1947: 37) TAM -ta- (Ashton 1947: 72)
-to- -enda -isha TAM -li--na- -ta- kwenda kwisha ku-
(Ashton 1947: 35)TAM -taka- (Ashton 1947: 111) -ta-
2.2
(Kikae)
(Whiteley 1959: 43, Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993: 11)
(Kimakunduchi)
(Kihadimu) 5
50 Chum (1963, 1994) BAKIZA
(2012a) Racine-Issa (2002)
3
11 2
-
11 u
10 ny (Ashton 1947: 106, 2000:
55) 10
Johnson (1939) TUKI
(2001) ( ) Johnson TUKI
( ) 6
* 5 (Kae) (Kikae)
(Makunduchi) (Kimakunduchi)
(Kihadimu) 6 Johnson (1939) TUKI (2001)
TUKI
Johnson (1939)
2 mi 11
sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl.
ubale mbale ubale mibale /
bale / vibale7
ubao mbao ubao / mbao
mbao / mibao*
ubao mbao / mibao
ubati bati (mbati) ubati mibati / bati
ubavu mbavu ubavu mabavu8 / mibavu
ubavu mibavu
ubawa mbawa ubawa mbawa ubawa mbawa / mibawa
uchochoro / chochoro
machochoro uchochoro / chochoro9
chochoro uchochoro / ch’ochoro
ch’ochoro10/ michochoro
mchokoo michokoo uchokoo / ch’okoo
michokoo / ch’okoo
ufagio fagio ufagio mifagio / fagio
ufyagio mifyagio / fyagio
ufunguo funguo ufunguo mifunguo /
funguo ufunguo mifunguo /
funguo / nyifunguo11
ujenzi majenzi ujezi12 mijezi 13 ujiti njiti ujiti ujiti14 mijiti
7 ubale uwanja vibale viwanja
vi 8 87 vibale viwanja kibale
kiwanja 7 7 kibale kiwanjavibale viwanja
8 maNurse & Hinnebusch (1993: 201) u
11 146 14
ma 6ma
(2000: 69) mau ma
9 11 10
910
10 11 10
nyi 12 /nz/ 13
sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl.
ujukuti njukuti njukuti njukuti uchukuti michukuti / chukuti
ukanda kanda ukanda kanda ukanda mikanda
ukili kili ukili kili ukili k’ili /
mikili
ukindu kindu ukindu k’indu / mikindu
ukoo koo ukoo koo ukoo mikoo / k’oo
ukumbi kumbi ukumbi kumbi ukumbi k’umbi / mikumbi
ukurasa kurasa ukurasa kurasa ukurasa mikurasa ukuta kuta ukuta kuta ukuta mikuta /
k’uta
ukuti kuti ukuti makuti ukuti k’uti / mikuti
ulimi ndimi ulimi ndimi ulimi milimi / ndimi
upande pande upande pande upande p’ande / mipande
upawa pawa upawa mipawa upawa mipawa / p’awa
utambi tambi utambi tambi utambi mitambi
utenzi tenzi utenzi tenzi utezi mitezi uso nyuso uso nyuso uso nyuso /
miso* uzi nyuzi uzi nyuzi uzi nyuzi /
mizi uzio nyuzio uzio mizio
wanga / (uwanga)
(wanga) uwanga ulanga milanga
uwanja wanja (nyanja)
uwanja viwanja / miwanja
uwanja miwanja / nyanja
2 11 mi 7
29
BAKIZA (2012a) Chum (1963, 1994) Chum (1994) BAKIZA (2012a)
Chum (1994) Chum (1963) Racine-Issa (2002) Racine-Issa (2002)
u mi
u
14 Whiteley (1959: 47) mjiti u
mi
3 u-mi sg. pl.
01. ubani mibani BAKIZA 2012a 02. ubeleka mibeleka BAKIZA 2012a 03. ubeto mibeto BAKIZA 2012a 04. udongo midongo Racine-Issa 2002 05. ufizi mifizi BAKIZA 2012a 06. ugavi migavi BAKIZA 2012a 07. ugondi migondi BAKIZA 2012a 08. ugwadu migwadu Chum 1994 09. ujoma mijoma BAKIZA 2012a 10. ujovu mijovu Chum 1963 11. ukalo mikalo BAKIZA 2012a 12. ukambaa mikambaa BAKIZA 2012a 13. ukekea mikekea BAKIZA 2012a 14. ukengele mikengele BAKIZA 2012a 15. ukenja mikenja BAKIZA 2012a 16. ukuvu mikuvu BAKIZA 2012a 17. ulongo milongo BAKIZA 2012a 18. umanja mimanja Chum 1994, BAKIZA 2012a 19. upanga mipanga Racine-Issa 2002 20. upo mipo BAKIZA 2012a 21. upwatala mipwatala BAKIZA 2012a 22. urongo mirongo BAKIZA 2012a 23. usarida misarida BAKIZA 2012a 24. usesea misesea BAKIZA 2012a 25. ushaga mishaga BAKIZA 2012a 26. usheza misheza BAKIZA 2012a 27. ushwashu mishwashu BAKIZA 2012a 28. usivi misivi BAKIZA 2012a 29. utanga mitanga BAKIZA 2012a 30. uteku miteku Chum 1994, BAKIZA 2012a 31. utembwe mitembwe BAKIZA 2012a 32. utui mitui Chum 1994 33. utunda mitunda BAKIZA 2012a 34. uvulia mivulia BAKIZA 2012a 35. uvundo mivundo Chum 1994 36. uvupu mivupu BAKIZA 2012a
Chum (1963) 03. 0715. 20. 28. 10
21. 2316. 08.
10. BAKIZA (2012a)
15 07. 10 6 16 Chum (1963) usarida usalida r l
4
u 11
11
3
4.1
(Katamba 2003: 103)
(Katamba 2003: 112) 1 2517
1~11 15~18 18 15
( 2000: 35-63)
(Racine-Issa 2002: 30-49)
4.2
19 (Hockett 1958: 231)
17 Maho (1999: 246- 255) 18 Ashton (1947) (2000)
Whiteley (1955)
Polomé (1967) 19 ‘Genders are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words.’
(Fodor 1959: 2, Greenberg 1978: 50, Dixon 2010:
156-157) Dixon (2010: 156)
20 (Hockett 1958: 231,
Dixon 2010: 156)
4.3
4.1
(Ashton 1947: 10, Conitini-Morava
1994, 2000: 35, 66)
4.2
(1) Kifaru m-dogo a-likuwa hapa
rhinoceros cl.211-small cl.1-was here
‘A small rhinoceros was here’ (Corbett 1991: 45)
(1) kifaru ki 7
1 Corbett
(1991: 45) kifaru 7
1
22
20 Hockett Dixon
vrach (Dixon 2010: 156) 21 cl. 22 djadja ‘uncle’ agricola ‘farmer’
(Corbett 1991: 45)
23
4 Ashton (1947) (2000)
15
16~18
4
1 mtu (sg.) mzuri huyu wa wangu a m ye 2 watu (pl.) wazuri hawa wa wangu wa wa o 3 mti (sg.) mzuri huu wa wangu u u o 4 miti (pl.) mizuri hii ya yangu i i yo 5 jiwe (sg.) zuri hili la langu li li lo 6 mawe (pl.) mazuri haya ya yangu ya ya yo 7 kitu (sg.) kizuri hiki cha changu ki ki cho 8 vitu (pl.) vizuri hivi vya vyangu vi vi vyo 9 nguo (sg.) nzuri hii ya yangu i i yo 10 nguo (pl.) nzuri hii za zangu zi zi zo 11 uzi (sg.) mzuri huu wa wangu u u o
11 324
25 3 11
3
11 3
m̩ / mw 11 u / w
23
24 7 hichi9/10 1
25
1/29/10 1’/2’
15 17
5
4.4 11
3 11
4.3 3 11
Nurse & Hinnebusch (1993)
3 11 (Nurse &
Hinnebusch 1993: 345)
3 11 (Meeussen 1967: 97)
3 11
3
5
3 11
3 11
10 ny
mi 3
11
mi 10 4
11 3 4
5.1 mi
mi 4 4
3
mi m̩ 3
u 11 4
5 3/4 10/11 11/3
a. m̩guu (sg./cl.3) m̩dogo huu m̩guu (sg./cl.3) m̩dogo uno
miguu (pl./cl.4) midogo hii miguu (pl./cl.4) midogo ino b. ungo (sg./cl.11) m̩dogo huu ungo (sg./cl.11) m̩dogo uno
nyungo (pl./cl.10)
ndogo hizi nyungo (pl./cl.10)
ndogo zino
c. ufuguo (sg./cl.11)
m̩dogo huu ufunguo (sg./cl.11)
m̩dogo uno
mifunguo (pl./cl.4)
midogo hii mifunguo (pl./cl.4)
midogo ino
funguo (pl./cl.10)
ndogo hizi funguo / nyifunguo (pl./cl.10)
ndogo zino
5 a. 3 4 3
m̩ 26 huu / uno 4
mi hii / ino b. 11
10 11
3 1027 hizi / zino
c. 11 3
mifunguo 4 funguo / nyifunguo 10
5.2
11 4
4 11 3 3
4 11
3 11
10 4
u 11
3
2 u 11
26 27 5 m̩-dogo [m̩ɗoɠo] [ɗ] 9 10
n-dogo [ndoɠo]
2 10 4
3
u 11 mi28
29
5.3
Nurse & Hinnebusch (1993: 350) 1. 2. 11
3 3. 10
4 2 3
2. 3. 2 3
m̩ 3 u 11
mi 11 3
Johnson (1939) TUKI (2001) 11
11 3
Chum
(1994) BAKIZA (2012a) mzi
2 uzi u
m̩
Nurse & Hinnebusch (1993: 350) 2. 3.
(Shimaore)30 upanga 11 mupanga
3
28 BAKIZA (2012b: ) (2013: ) (2013:
) (2013: ) 29
30 (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993: 18)
Rombi (1983) upanga mupanga 11 3
6
3
11 4
11 3
5 3 11
Ashton, E. O. (1947). Swahili grammar (2nd. ed.). London: Longman.
Baraza la Kiswahili la Zanzibar (BAKIZA). (2012a). Kamusi la lahaja ya Kimakunduchi.
Zanzibar: Baraza la Kiswahili la Zanzibar (BAKIZA).
Baraza la Kiswahili la Zanzibar (BAKIZA). (2012b). Kamusi la lahaja ya Kipemba. Zanzibar:
Baraza la Kiswahili la Zanzibar (BAKIZA).
Chum, H. (1963). A vocabulary of the Kikae (Kimakunduchi) dialect. Swahili, 33 (1): 51-68.
. (1994). Msamiati wa pekee wa Kikae, Kae specifc vocabulary. Uppsala: Nordic
Association of African Studies.
Contini-Morava, E. (1994). Noun classification in Swahili. Research reports from the Inst. for
Advanced Technology in the Humanities, Univ. of Virginia. Retrieved September 4,
2015, from http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/swahili/swahili.html
Corbett, G. G. (1991). Gender. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dixon, R. M. (2010). Basic linguistic theory, Vol.1. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fodor, I. (1959). The origin of grammatical gender. Lingua, 8: 1-41, 186-214.
Greenberg, J. H. (1978). How does a language acquire gender markers? In J. H. Greenberg, C.
A. Ferguson, & E. A. Morcsik (Eds.), Universals of human language: Word structure
(pp. 47-82). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hockett, C. F. (1958). A course in modern linguistics. New York: The Macmillan.
Johnson, F. (1939). A Standard Swahili-English dictionary. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
Katamba, F. (2003). Bantu nominal morphology. In D. Nurse, & G. Philippson (Eds.), The
Bantu Languages (pp. 103-120). London: Routledge.
Maho, J. F. (1999). A comparative study of Bantu noun classes. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis
Gothoburgensis.
Meeussen, A. E. (1967). Bantu grammatical reconstructions. Africana Linguistica, 3: 79-121.
Nurse, D., & Hinnebusch, T. J. (1993). Swahili and Sabaki: A linguistic history. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Polomé, E. C. (1967). Swahili language handbook. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied
Linguistics.
Racine-Issa, O. (2002). Description du Kikae: Parler Swahili du sud de Zanzibar: Suivie de
cinq contes. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
Rombi, M.-F. (1983). Le Shimaore, Premiere approche d’un parler de la langue Comorienne
(ile de Mayotte, Comores). Paris: Société d’Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques
de France.
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(2013) 600
& 24: 1-15.
(2013) (2)
600 & 24: 50-72.
(2000) : .
(2013) (1) 600
& 24: 32-49.
Non-standard plural forms and noun class as grammatical
gender in Swahili: The case of Kiunguja and Kikae
Makoto Furumoto
Abstract
In this paper, I argue that the plural forms of some nouns which differ from forms
accounted for in prescriptive grammars result from the merging of noun class
(grammatical gender) 11 into class 3 in two varieties of Swahili: Kiunguja and Kikae.
While Standard Swahili (SS), Kiunguja (KU) and Kikae (KK) are considered to
have fifteen noun classes numbered from 1 to 11 and 15 to 18 (Nakajima 2000,
Racine-Issa 2002), class 3 and class 11 cannot be distinguished in terms of agreement
patterns, the criterion generally used in descriptive linguistics for noun classification (or
using a different term, grammatical gender) (Hockett 1958, Fodor 1959, Greenberg
1978, Dixon 2010).
In KU and KK, peculiar plural forms such as the following examples are observed.
The singular forms in KU and KK are the same as those in SS, but the plural forms
differ. e.g. SS: ufunguo ‘key (sg./cl.11)’ : funguo ‘keys (pl./cl.10)’/ KU: ufunguo ‘key
(sg./cl.11)’ : mifunguo ‘keys (pl./cl.4)’/ KK: ufunguo ‘key (sg./cl.11)’ : mifunguo ‘keys
(pl./cl.4)’.
Nurse & Hinnebusch (1993) state that the change of noun prefix in the singular
forms from u (cl.11) to m̩ (cl.3) was the factor leading to the emergence of the peculiar
plural forms on the ground of only one example in Shimaore, which is a closely related
language to Swahili. However, in KU and KK , the peculiar plural forms have emerged
without the change of noun prefix in singular form.
Taking these facts into account, it is more plausible to consider that the merging of
class 11 into class 3 directly resulted in the emergence of a new plural form belonging
to class 4 of some class 11 nouns.
受領日 2015年9月29日受理日 2015年11月25日