tknx

Thit k nh xng & LTB may

Trang 1

MC LC CHNG 1: C S THIT K MT BNG XNCN..........................................................` 1.1. Mt s khi nim............................................................................................................... 1.2. Xc nh a im............................................................................................................. 1.2.1. Tm hiu qui hoch................................................................................................... 1.2.2. Tm hiu din tch khu t........................................................................................ 1.2.3. Tm hiu h thng cung cp v x l nc.............................................................. 1.2.4. Tm hiu h thng cung cp nng lng.................................................................. 1.2.5. Tm hiu v tr v h thng giao thng sn c.......................................................... 1.2.6. Tm hiu h thng thng tin lin lc......................................................................... 1.3. Chun b ti liu................................................................................................................ 1.3.1. Ti liu dy chuyn cng ngh................................................................................. 1.3.2. Ti liu ch dn xy dng......................................................................................... 1.4. Yu t t nhin.................................................................................................................. 1.4.1. a hnh, a mo..................................................................................................... 1.4.2. a cht..................................................................................................................... 1.4.3. Kh hu..................................................................................................................... 1.5. Yu t kinh t vn ha x hi............................................................................................ 1.5.1. Ch s v con ngi.................................................................................................. 1.5.2. Phong thy trong xy dng....................................................................................... 1.5.3. Ch tiu v kinh t k thut....................................................................................... 1.5.4. Th tc hon tt trong xy dng............................................................................... CHNG 2: QUI HOCH TNG TH XNCN.................................................................... 2.1. Yu cu nhim v v ni dung thit k............................................................................. 2.2. Qui hoch san nn v hon thin mt bng....................................................................... 2.3. Hp khi v nng cao mt xy dng............................................................................ 2.3.1. Mc ch ca hp khi............................................................................................. 2.3.2. Nguyn tc hp khi................................................................................................. 2.3.3. Hn ch ca hp khi............................................................................................... 2.3.4. Bin php nng cao mt xy dng....................................................................... 2.4. T chc mng li giao thng.......................................................................................... 2.4.1. Nguyn tc b tr...................................................................................................... 2.4.2. Phn b lung giao thng......................................................................................... 2.5. Thng nht, in hnh, tiu chun ha.............................................................................. 2.5.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 2.5.2. Qui nh thng nht ha trong xy dng.................................................................. 2.6. Qui hoch khng gian tng th......................................................................................... 2.6.1. Qui hoch dng phn khu......................................................................................... 2.6.2. Qui hoch dng sp xp khi. .................................................................................. 2.6.3. Qui hoch theo hng dy chuyn........................................................................... 2.6.4. Qui hoch theo chi tit.............................................................................................. 2.6.5. Qui hoch theo phn khu chc nng ca nh........................................................... 2.7. M rng XNCN.................................................................................................................ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 2

2.8. Cng ra vo v cc b phn trc XN:............................................................................. 2.9. Ch tiu kinh t - k thut.................................................................................................. CHNG 3: VT LIU XY DNG................................................................................... 3.1. thin nhin................................................................................................................... 3.1.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 3.1.2. thin nhin........................................................................................................... 3.1.3. c im chung ca thin nhin.......................................................................... 3.2. Gm xy dng................................................................................................................... 3.21. Khi nim.................................................................................................................. 3.2.2. Nguyn liu............................................................................................................... 3.2.3. Cc dng gm xy dng........................................................................................... 3.3. Cht kt dnh v c........................................................................................................... 3.3.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 3.3.2. Mt s cht kt dnh v c....................................................................................... 3.4. B tng xi mng - va....................................................................................................... 3.4.1. B tng xi mng........................................................................................................ 3.4.2. Va xy dng........................................................................................................... 3.5. Vt liu kim loi................................................................................................................ 3.5.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 3.5.2. Hp cht st - carbon................................................................................................ 3.5.3. Hp kim nhm.......................................................................................................... 3.6. Vt liu g......................................................................................................................... 3.6.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 3.6.2. Bo qun g.............................................................................................................. 3.6.3. Phn loi g.............................................................................................................. 3.7. Cht kt dnh hu c......................................................................................................... 3.7.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 3.7.2. Bitum du m........................................................................................................... 3.7.3. Nh tng xy dng................................................................................................. 3.8. Vt liu do....................................................................................................................... 3.8.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 3.8.2. Vt liu do trong xy dng..................................................................................... 3.9. Vt liu sn....................................................................................................................... 3.9.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 3.9.2. Sn xy dng............................................................................................................ 3.9.3. Vecni. ....................................................................................................................... 3.9.4. Cc vt liu khc....................................................................................................... CHNG 4: NH V CNG TRNH CNG NGHIP....................................................... 4.1. Nh cng nghip................................................................................................................ 4.1.1. Khi nim. ............................................................................................................... 4.1.2. Nhng nh hng n gii php thit k nh........................................................... 4.1.3. Kt cu nh cng nghip mt tng........................................................................... 4.1.4. Nh cng nghip nhiu tng..................................................................................... 4.2. Nh phc v sn xut........................................................................................................ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 3

4.2.1. Nh hnh chnh......................................................................................................... 4.2.2. Vn phng xng..................................................................................................... 4.2.3. Nh kho..................................................................................................................... 4.2.4. Nh xe.................................................................................................................. 4.2.5. Nh n, cng tin........................................................................................................ 4.2.6. Nh v sinh............................................................................................................... 4.2.7. Phng y t................................................................................................................. 4.2.8. Nh tr...................................................................................................................... 4.2.9. Phng ht thuc........................................................................................................ 4.2.10. Phng bo v.......................................................................................................... 4.2.11. Nh vn ha, phng trng by, forum................................................................ 4.3. Cng trnh cng nghip..................................................................................................... 4.3.1. Trm bin p............................................................................................................. 4.3.2. Cy xanh. ................................................................................................................. 4.3.3. Cng trnh gi , phc v k thut......................................................................... CHNG 5: GII PHP AN TON TRONG NH XNG CN...................................... 5.1. An ton vi vi kh hu....................................................................................................... 5.1.1. Khi nim vi kh hu. ............................................................................................... 5.1.2. Phn loi vi kh hu.................................................................................................. 5.1.3. nh hng ca vi kh hu xu.................................................................................. 5.1.4. Thnh phn v qui nh ca vi kh hu..................................................................... 5.1.5. Bin php hn ch tc ng ca vi kh hu xu........................................................ 5.2. An ton vi ting n, rung ng........................................................................................ 5.2.1. Ting n.................................................................................................................... 5.2.2. Rung ng. ............................................................................................................... 5.3. An ton khi bi................................................................................................................ 5.3.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 5.3.2. Phn loi bi............................................................................................................. 5.3.3. Tc hi ca bi.......................................................................................................... 5.3.4. Bin php hn ch tc hi ca bi. .......................................................................... 5.4. An ton chy n................................................................................................................. 5.4.1. Khi nim....................................................................................................................... 5.4.2. Bin php phng chy cha chy................................................................................... 5.5. An ton in...................................................................................................................... 5.5.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 5.5.2. Bin php an ton in............................................................................................. 5.6. An ton ha cht................................................................................................................ 5.6.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 5.6.2. Tc hi ca ha cht c........................................................................................... 5.6.3. Bin php hn ch tc ng ca ha cht c.......................................................... 5.7. An ton in t trng...................................................................................................... 5.8. An ton phng x.............................................................................................................. CHNG 6: THNG GI V CHIU SNG CNG NGHIP.......................................... 6.1. Thng gi cng nghip......................................................................................................ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 4

6.1.1. Khi nim. ............................................................................................................... 6.1.2. Mc ch ca thng gi. .......................................................................................... 6.1.3. Phn loi thng gi................................................................................................... 6.1.4. K thut thng gi t nhin...................................................................................... 6.1.4. Bin php thng gi t nhin.................................................................................... 6.1.5. K thut thng gi cng bc.................................................................................. 6.1.6. Phng tin thng gi cng bc............................................................................ 6.2. Chiu sng cng nghip.................................................................................................... 6.2.2. Gii php chiu sng t nhin.................................................................................. 6.2.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................. 6.2.3. Gii php chiu sng nhn to.................................................................................. 6.2.4. Thit b chiu sng nhn to..................................................................................... CHNG 7: LP T V VN HNH THIT B NGNH MCN................................... 7.1. Tng quan v thit b ngnh may...................................................................................... 7.1.1. Lch s pht trin thit b ngnh may. ..................................................................... 7.1.2. Phn loi thit b ngnh may.................................................................................... 7.1.3. Thc trng thit b ngnh may Vit Nam................................................................. 7.2. Lp t v vn hnh thit b ngnh may............................................................................ 7.2.1. Nguyn tc lp t thit b ngnh may..................................................................... 7.2.2. Nguyn tc vn hnh thit b ngnh may.................................................................. 7.2.3. An ton khi vn hnh thit b. .................................................................................. 7.2.4. Thao tc lp t vn hnh my may (theo Juki). ..................................................... CHNG 8: GII PHP THIT K NH XNG XN MAY CN.................................... 8.1. nh hng ca nh xng n SX MCN......................................................................... 8.1.1. Tnh hnh nh xng ca x nghip may ti VN. .................................................... 8.1.2. nh hng ca nh xng n SX MCN................................................................ 8.2. Gii php thit k nh xng x nghip may.................................................................... 8.2.1. Giai on chun b.................................................................................................... 8.2.2. Thit k cc phn xng...........................................................................................

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh

Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 5

CHNG 1

C S THIT K MT BNG TNG TH X NGHIP CNG NGHIP1.1. Mt s khi nim. 1.1.1. Kin trc cng nghip. - Xy dng l vic xy, to dng nn c s h tng (nh, cng trnh xy dng). Hot ng xy dng bao gm quy hoch xy dng, lp d n u t xy dng cng trnh, kho st xy dng, thit k xy dng cng trnh, thi cng xy dng cng trnh, gim st thi cng xy dng cng trnh, qun l d n u t xy dng cng trnh, la chn nh thu trong hot ng xy dng v cc hot ng khc c lin quan n xy dng cng trnh. - Kin trc xy dng l mt ngnh ngh thut v khoa hc v t chc sp xp khng gian, lp h s thit k cc cng trnh kin trc. Kin trc gm hai lnh vc kin trc dn dng (ngh thut xy dng nh v cng trnh pht sinh t nhu cu con ngi, phc v trc tip con ngi), kin trc cng nghip (ngh thut xy dng nh c cng trnh cng nghip phc v sn xut v con ngi nhm to ra cc sn phm phc v x hi).

- Cng trnh xy dng l sn phm c to thnh bi sc lao ng ca con ngi, vt liu xy dng, thit b lp t vo cng trnh, c lin kt nh v vi t, c th bao gm phn di mt t, phn trn mt t, phn di mt nc v phn trn mt nc, c xy dng theo thit k. Cng trnh xy dng bao gm cng trnh xy dng cng cng, nh , cng trnh cng nghip, giao thng, thy li, nng lng v cc cng trnh khc. - Thi cng xy dng cng trnh bao gm xy dng v lp t thit b i vi cc cng trnh xy dng mi, sa cha, ci to, di di, tu b, phc hi, ph d cng trnh, bo hnh, bo tr cng trnh. + Thit b lp t vo cng trnh xy dng bao gm thit b cng trnh v thit b cng ngh. Thit b ny bao gm thit b cng trnh (c lp t vo cng trnh xy dng theo thit k xy dng), thit b cng ngh (nm trong dy chuyn cng ngh c lp t vo cng trnh xy dng theo thit k cng ngh). + H thng cng trnh h tng k thut bao gm h thng giao thng, thng tin lin lc, cung cp nng lng, chiu sng cng cng, cp nc, thot nc, x l cc cht thi v cc cng trnh khc. + H thng cng trnh h tng x hi gm cc cng trnh y t, vn ha, gio dc, th thao, thng mi, dch v cng cng, cy xanh, cng vin, mt nc, cc cng trnh khc.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 6

- Ch gii xy dng l ng gii hn cho php xy dng nh, cng trnh trn l t: + Ch gii ng l ng ranh gii c xc nh trn bn quy hoch v thc a, phn nh ranh gii gia phn t c xy dng cng trnh v phn t c dnh cho ng giao thng hoc cc cng trnh h tng k thut, khng gian cng cng khc. + Khong li l khong cch gia ch gii ng v ch gii xy dng.

- Quy chun xy dng l cc quy nh bt buc p dng trong hot ng xy dng do c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn v xy dng ban hnh. Tiu chun xy dng l cc quy nh v chun mc k thut, nh mc kinh t - k thut, trnh t thc hin cc cng vic k thut, cc ch tiu, cc ch s k thut v cc ch s t nhin c c quan, t chc c thm quyn ban hnh hoc cng nhn p dng trong hot ng xy dng. Tiu chun xy dng gm tiu chun bt buc p dng v tiu chun khuyn khch p dng. - Ch u t xy dng l ngi s hu vn hoc l ngi c giao qun l v s dng vn u t xy dng cng trnh. Nh thu xy dng l t chc, c nhn c nng lc hot ng xy dng, nng lc hnh ngh xy dng khi tham gia quan h hp ng trong hot ng xy dng. + Tng thu xy dng l nh thu k kt hp ng trc tip vi ch u t xy dng cng trnh nhn thu ton b mt loi cng vic hoc ton b cng vic ca d n u t xy dng cng trnh. Tng thu xy dng bao gm cc hnh thc ch yu sau: tng thu thit k; tng thu thi cng xy dng cng trnh; tng thu thit k v thi cng xy dng cng trnh; tng thu thit k, cung cp thit b cng ngh v thi cng xy dng cng trnh; tng thu lp d n u t xy dng cng trnh, thit k, cung cp thit b cng ngh v thi cng xy dng cng trnh. + Nh thu chnh trong hot ng xy dng l nh thu k kt hp ng nhn thu trc tip vi ch u t xy dng cng trnh thc hin phn vic chnh ca mt loi cng vic ca d n u t xy dng cng trnh. + Nh thu ph trong hot ng xy dng l nh thu k kt hp ng vi nh thu chnh hoc tng thu xy dng thc hin mt phn cng vic ca nh thu chnh hoc tng thu xy dng. + Nh ring l l cng trnh c xy dng trong khun vin t , thuc quyn s dng ca h gia nh, c nhn theo quy nh ca php lut. - D n u t xy dng cng trnh l tp hp cc xut c lin quan n vic b vn xy dng mi, m rng hoc ci to nhng cng trnh xy dng nhm mc ch pht trin, duy tr, nng cao cht lng cng trnh hoc sn phm, dch v trong mt thi hn nht nh. D n u t xy dng cng trnh bao gm phn thuyt minh v phn thit k c s.

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 7

- Thit k c s l tp ti liu bao gm thuyt minh v bn v th hin gii php thit k ch yu bo m iu kin lp tng mc u t v l cn c trin khai cc bc thit k tip theo. - Gim st tc gi l hot ng gim st ca ngi thit k trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh nhm bo m vic thi cng xy dng theo ng thit k. - S c cng trnh xy dng l nhng h hng vt qu gii hn an ton cho php, lm cho cng trnh xy dng c nguy c sp ; sp mt phn hoc ton b cng trnh hoc cng trnh khng s dng c theo thit k. - Bo co u t xy dng l h s xin ch trng u t xy dng cng trnh cp c thm quyn cho php u t. Bo co kinh t - k thut xy dng l d n u t xy dng cng trnh rt gn trong ch t ra cc yu cu c bn theo quy nh. 1.1.2. Sn xut cng nghip. - Cng nghip l mt b phn ca nn kinh t, l lnh vc sn xut hng ha vt cht m sn phm c "ch to, ch bin" cho nhu cu tiu dng hoc phc v hot ng kinh doanh tip theo. y l hot ng kinh t, sn xut quy m ln, c s h tr thc y mnh m ca cc tin b cng ngh, khoa hc v k thut. mt s quc gia nh Vit Nam v Nht Bn, cng nghip bao gm lnh vc khai thc (khong sn, than, v du kh), ch bin, ch to (k c ch bin thc phm, g), sn xut v phn phi (in, kh t v nc), may mc, dng gia nh, ch bin, sn xut cc cht ha cht cn thit. * Ngha ph thng khc ca cng nghip l "hot ng kinh t quy m ln, sn phm (c th l phi vt th) to ra tr thnh hng ha". Theo ngha ngy, nhng hot ng kinh t chuyn su khi t c mt quy m nht nh s tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip, ngnh kinh t nh cng nghip phn mm my tnh, cng nghip in nh, cng nghip gii tr, cng nghip nghip thi trang, cng nghip bo ch, v.v.. - Khu cng nghip cn gi l khu k ngh l khu vc dnh cho pht trin cng nghip theo mt quy hoch c th no nhm m bo c s hi ha v cn bng tng i gia cc mc tiu kinh t - x hi - mi trng. Khu cng nghip c chnh ph cp php u t vi h thng h tng k thut v php l ring. - Khu ch xut l khu cng nghip c bit ch dnh cho vic sn xut, ch bin nhng sn phm xut khu ra nc ngoi hoc dnh cho cc loi doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc dch v lin quan n hot ng xut-nhp khu ti khu vc vi cc u i v cc mc thu xut-nhp khu hay cc u i v gi c thu mn mt bng sn xut, thu thu nhp cng nh ct gim ti thiu cc th tc hnh chnh. Khu ch xut c v tr, ranh gii c xc nh t trc, c cc c s h tng nh in, nc, ng giao thng ni khu sn c v khng c dn c sinh sng. Qun l hot ng chung ca khu ch xut thng do mt ban qun l khu ch xut iu hnh. - Khu cng ngh cao l m hnh t chc qun l kinh t trnh cao nhm tip nhn vn u t, k thut v cng ngh cao t nc ngoi, pht huy ngun tr lc, ti nguyn trong nc. - Cm cng nghip l dng khu cng nghip c quy m nh. - X nghip hay x nghip cng nghip l c s sn xut kinh doanh tng i ln nh x nghip ch bin thc phm, x nghip ng giy da, x nghip dc phmThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 8

+ Nh my l mt dng x nghip cng nghip, c s sn xut ca nn i cng nghip, thng s dng my mc tng i hin i vi quy m ln v d nh my c kh, nh my in + Cng ty l hnh thc t chc sn xut kinh doanh, theo lut doanh nghip Vit Nam hin nay c cc loi hnh cng ty sau: > Cng ty trch nhim hu hn s thnh vin t nht l 2 ngi v nhiu nht l 50 ngi, khng c quyn pht hnh c phn. > Cng ty trch nhim hu hn mt thnh vin l doanh nghip do mt t chc hay c nhn lm ch s hu, khng c quyn pht hnh c phn. > Cng ty c phn s thnh vin t nht l 3, nhiu nht khng gii hn, c quyn pht hnh c phn. > Cng ty hp danh c t nht 2 thnh vin, buc phi l c nhn, khng c quyn pht hnh c phn. > Doanh nghip t nhn do mt c nhn lm ch, chu trch nhim bng ton b ti sn, mi c nhn ch c lp duy nht mt doanh nghip t nhn. > Nhm cng ty l mt tp hp cc cng ty c mi quan h gn b lu di vi nhau v li ch kinh t, cng ngh, th trng v cc dch v kinh doanh khc. Nhm cng ty bao gm cc hnh thc cng ty m - cng ty con hoc tp on kinh t. 1.2. C s ban u thit k mt bng tng th x nghip cng nghip. 1.2.1. Xc nh a im xy dng ph hp. Xc nh a im xy dng l cng vic la chn mnh t xy dng nh v cng trnh cng nghip trn . Vic la chn ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh mc ch s dng, iu kin ti chnh, thc ch quan ca mi ngi Ni chung xc nh ng a im xy dng mt x nghip cng nghip cn thc hin cc bc (c th b qua nu khng cn thit): - Tm hiu d n qui hoch ca khu t nh c nm trong qui hoch t cng nghip, nng nghip hay khu dn c, thi gian cng nh tin trin khai ca cc d n, tc ng ca cc d n n x nghip cng nghip d nh xy dng trong tng lai... - Xc nh din tch khu t xy dng nh din tch ti thiu xin cp php xy dng, din tch t t nhin, din tch t s dng, din tch t khng s dng, din tch t c th ci ni, mt xy dng theo qui m x nghip d kin Mc ch ca vic xc nh din tch l chn loi hnh v cng ngh sn xut ph hp, tn dng ti nguyn t sn c v nh hng d tr m rng, qui hoch chi tit v chnh xc nh xng x nghip cng nghip, nng cao hiu qu u t, tit kim chi ph sn xut. - Tm hiu h thng cung cp v x l nc sn xut, nc sinh hot v nc thi nhm m bo ngun nc cho sn xut v sinh hot ca x nghip cng nghip thng xuyn v n nh, hn ch ti a nhng tc hi gy nhim do ngun nc thi sinh ra trong sn xut i vi mi trng v khu vc xung quanh, m bo cc iu kin v v sinh cng nghip, gim bt cc chi ph do vic u t h thng cung cp v x l nc thi ban u. - Tm hiu h thng cung cp nng lng (in, kh t...) nhm m bo ngun in, kh t, xng du c cung cp lin tc v n nh trong sut qu trnh sn xut, gim tht thot nng lng do truyn ti hoc do thit k, m bo an ton nng lng cho sn xut v ngi lao ng, gim chi ph u t ban u trong nng h ti in nng hoc ng dn nng lng.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 9

- Tm hiu v tr v h thng ng giao thng hin hu nhm to thun li cho vic vn chuyn ngi v hng ha, tit kim vn u t v chi ph vn chuyn, gim thi gian v y nhanh tin sn xut, gim tht thot v m bo cht lng hng ha. - Tm hiu h thng thng tin lin lc (in thoi, internet) nhm m bo thng tin lin lc c kp thi c bit l vi cc i tc, khch hng hoc nh cung cp, khai thc tt ngun thng tin trn in thoi hay mng m bo nhanh, lin tc v chnh xc, tit kim chi ph, thi gian v cc khon u t khc. 1.2.2. Chun b mt s ti liu ban u lm c s cho vic thit k mt bng tng th. - Chun b ti liu dy chuyn cng ngh i vi lnh vc d nh sn xut. Ti liu v dy chuyn cng ngh ng vai tr quyt nh i vi gii php b tr mt bng tng th ca x nghip cng nghip, th hin c trng loi hng ha sn xut, biu hin tnh lin tc v mi quan h gia cc phn xng, cng trnh cng nghip, gia my mc thit b, gia cc cng on sn xut. Ti liu dy chuyn cng ngh bao gm: + S dy chuyn sn xut ton x nghip th hin qua mi quan h gia cc xng, cng trnh, b phn. + S dy chuyn cng ngh trong tng phn xng th hin mi quan h bn trong xng gia cc v tr v thit b lm vic. + S vn chuyn th hin vic i li, phng tin, hng i ca thnh phm, bn thnh phm, h thng vn chuyn nng lng - Kho st cc ti liu ch dn xy dng lm c s cho vic xc nh chi ph u t, thit k xy dng, thi cng, gim st v qun l cng trnh t hiu qu kinh t k thut. Cc ti liu ny bao gm: + Ti liu k thut v cc loi nh, ch dn vic chn v xy dng nh ph hp vi iu kin c th. + Ti liu hng dn lp thu, u thu xy dng (nh thu, t vn thu, gi thu, chi ph pht sinh...) + Bng biu kho st gi vt liu v n gi xy dng. + Cc ti liu hng dn t chc v gim st thi cng hoc vn bn y quyn gim st thi cng. + Hng dn th tc v h s cp php xy dng nh vic lp d n u t xy dng hay bo co kinh t - k thut, xem xt v nh gi tnh kh thi ca cng trnh, th tc xin cp php giy chng nhn quyn s dng t hoc hp ng cho thu t, th tc xin cp php xy dng mi hoc xin php ci to cng trnh c. 1.2.3. nh gi nh hng ca yu t t nhin n gii php thit k tng th. a. nh hng ca a hnh, a mo n cng trnh. - a hnh th hin mc g gh, dc v hnh dng ca khu t, a hnh nh hng ln n chi ph san phng v gia c nn, gii php b tr cc hng mc cng trnh, bn cng trnh. - Yu cu a hnh ni chung khi chn khu t l: + Mnh t c kch thc v hnh dng ph hp cho vic xy dng trc mt cng nh m rng sau ny. + Mnh t cao ro, trnh ngp ng trong ma ma l, c mc nc ngm ph hp v thot nc d dng. + Khu t bng phng, dc 0.5-1% gim chi ph san nn.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 10

+ Hnh dng khu t vung vn, khng qu hp d b tr v tng tnh thm m cho cng trnh. b. nh hng ca yu t a cht n cng trnh. - a cht th hin c trng cc lp t di cng trnh lm c s cho vic tnh ton nn mng cng trnh, chn loi cng trnh v gii php thi cng ph hp, xc nh bn ca cng trnh theo thi gian. Kho st thnh phn t ph sa, t ct, t mu, t mn, t en, hong th, t tht, t st, (granite, nham thch), vn ( cui, si), t na ( macma, silicat, st thch cao), t i, t kim th, t mt , vi, t cao lanh, bt, ong phn thnh ba cp t xy dng (theo cng). - Yu cu a cht i vi cng trnh cng nghip l cng trnh khng nm trn nhng vng c a cht khng n nh nh m khong sn, hay ng t, xi mn, ct chy, l t..., t c cng chu lc t 1.5-2.5kG/cm2 nhm gim chi ph gia c nn mng cng trnh (tt nht l nn t st, st pha ct, t ong, t i) , c bin php thch hp vi cc mc xm thc, dao ng ca mc nc ngm. c. nh hng ca yu t kh hu n bn cng trnh. - Vi c im kh hu Vit Nam l kh hu nhit i gi ma nng m ca bn cu Bc gii hn v 8o22B-23o22B, kinh tuyn 102o10-109o21, nhit chnh lch (ng Bc 13-14oC, Ty Bc v Bc Trung b 9-10oC), bc x mt tri cao (min Bc 95100Kcal/cm2, min Nam 130-135Kcal/cm2), m cao (Bc 75-90%, Nam 80-85%), lng ma trung bnh (Bc 1703mm, Trung 2890mm, Nam 1979mm), thng ma nhiu (Bc 5-9, Trung 9-12, Nam 5-10), chu nh hng ca cc hng gi mt (hng Nam, ng Nam, Ty Nam) , gi nng (gi Lo - Ty Nam min Trung), gi lnh (ng Bc v Ty Bc), tc gi trung bnh c nc 2-3.6m/s, nm trn hnh lang dch chuyn ng Ty ca cc hng bo t Thi Bnh Dng, Nam Trung Quc.

- Da vo hoa gi (biu ghi tn sut ca a phng trong mt khong thi gian no ) thit k mt bng, hng nh v hng ca ca cc b phn hp l, hn ch tc ng xu ca kh hu i vi nh xng. - Chn cc gii php c th hn ch tc ng xu t cc yu t ca kh hu i vi cng trnh nh: + Hn ch bc x mt tri: trnh nh nng chiu trc tip vo nh, nh quay hng Nam, hay ng Nam, m ca hi va phi, tn dng v thng gi t nhinThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 11

+ Hn ch nhit cao: t chc thng gi tt, kt cu bao che hng Nam, ng Nam, chng lnh hng ng Bc, Ty Bc, kt cu mi trnh nt n, nh bn l thin, m ca s hai tng cho hai ma nng lnh. + Hn ch thm nc ma: t chc thot nc trn mi, thit k mi, tng chng thm, thit k cc tm che ma tt. + Hn ch m khng kh: t chc thng gi gim m, chn vt liu xy dng chu m, xm thc, trnh ng m trn sn, tng, mi... + Chng gi bo: kt cu nh chu lc vng chc, kt cu bao che nh, thong, chng tc mi tt, kt cu li chng v knh, b tr b tr b phn chng bi, nng, c cui hng gi. 1.2.4. nh gi nh hng ca yu t vn ha x hi n gii php thit k tng th. a. Kho st ch s v pht trin con ngi ca ni d nh xy dng x nghip. - S ngi trong tui lao ng d kin tuyn dng, pht trin trnh i ng nhn vin, thit k qui m x nghip, gii php a n, b tr ch - Chnh lch gii tnh b tr ph hp tnh cht cng vic, cng trnh ph (nh tr, phng ht thuc, nh v sinh). - Mt bng trnh vn ha nhm khai thc kh nng qun l nm bt k thut, b tr t chc nhn s - Xu hng chuyn dch lao ng do mc th ha, nh hng pht trin kinh t a phng, s mt cn bng gii tnh, t l tht nghip, s n nh kinh t... nhm a ra chin sn xut ph hp. - Kho st mt bng thu nhp u ngi hn mc lng ti thiu, bin ng gi c, ch s tiu dng, s hi lng iu kin sng, khu tr chi ph - Tm hiu phong tc tp qun nh li sng, ngy l hi, cch n mc, tn ngng th cng, thi khai thc s dng ti nguyn to ra mi trng vn ha c trng. b. Nghin cu quan nim phong thy mt cch khoa hc. Thut phong thy xut hin u tin Trung Quc (3000 TrCN) c xem l ngh thut t nn mng v b tr cng trnh nhm ti u ha hiu qu s dng. Bn cht ca phong thy l tt p v c gi tr cuc sng, song hin nay ang tn ti hai vn , quan nim mang tnh khoa hc c li trong xy dng, quan nim m tn, d oan, thiu thuyt phc (do s vn dng sai, v on xa ri thc t, s li dng ca mt s thy cng) cn tr b, khng p dng trong xy dng. Phong thy theo ngha Hn Vit th phong - ngha l gi tng trng cho chuyn ng, thy - ngha l nc tng trng cho a th, do vy phong thy th hin hai trng thi hung - iu d, ct - iu lnh. Phong thy phng ng da vo dch l theo thuyt ng hnh (5 v tr ta, ci sinh ra ta, ci ta sinh, ci khc ta, ci ta khc, 2 quan h tng, khc, 5 vt cht mc - khi u, ha - pht trin, th - sinh sn, kim - thu li, thy - tng cha). Thut phong thy chia hai lnh vc: phong thy m trch (iu ha m m), phong thy dng trch (iu ha nh ca) ch c tc dng ci ci bin ch khng lm thay i vn mnh con ngi. Thut phong thy trc y chia lm hai phi hnh th - ch trng hnh dng ca ni sng, php l - ch trng lun l m dng. n nay phong thy pht trin thnh nhiu trng phi khc nhau, mi trng phi c l lun ring thm ch i lp, tuy nhin phong thy vn c nhiu im cha r rng v cn mang tnh huyn b. Di y l mt s quan nim phong thy tham kho:ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 12

- Quan nim c bn cao nht thn vi sn, nht thn vi thy cao ln mt tc l ni, thp xung mt tc l nc, u c chnh lch v cao th c s vn ng ca kh, nh vy kh lun chuyn sinh lc, qu nhanh gy xo trn, qu chm gy t tng, kh cn lu thng v n ha. Nguyn nhn l kh ngng v ni, kh tan v nc, nc bt ngun t ni, ni tn cng ca ni l nc trong sn thy biu hin cho h v thc l hnh thc tn ti vt cht theo ng hnh. - Phng hng l yu t quan trng trong phong thy hng bc - hc quy - ra en tng trng mu en, ma ng mang kh m du, mt m v b n, hng nam - chu tc - chim phng - tng trng mu , ma h mang kh thun, thong v may mn, hng ng - thanh long - rng xanh - tng trng mu xanh, ma xun mang kh che ch, tr tu, tu dng, hng ty - bch h - h trng - tng trng mu trng, ma thu mang dng kh hn lon, nguy him. - Mt s h tc cng bi n nay c tit gim nhiu v ch mang tnh cht cu mong thun ha, an ton hay tn vinh ngh xy dng. V d nh vic cc thy a l xa tm v tr ngi nh theo ba giai on tm long - tm mnh t ph hp, im huyt - chn v tr t cng trnh, lp hng - xc nh hng mt tin nh, nay c thay i da trn c s l lun hin i v khoa hc ng dng. - Nhng nguyn tc c bn khc ca phong thy trnh h - khng nn: xy nh qu nhu cu, cng b th hn nh chnh, sn g gh, tng ro khng kn, ging nc khng ph hp, sn to nh b, trng thc - nn: xy nh va phi, nh ln cng nh, sn rng tng cao, thot nc tt, sn thy hi t - chn ni dng nc v ni non qui t v mt mi, dng c i h - chn ni bn phi t cao, bn tri c nc, t thy triu mn - dng nc hng v ca lm ch nh pht ti, cn thy ct mn - dng nc giao ct trc ca gia nh mt yn n, thy trc xung mn - dng nc m thng vo ca chnh gp nhiu im d, ngi nh l tng Vit Nam l ty c i thp, ng dc thoi, nam thong ng c sui chy, bc i ni cao. - Nhiu kin trc s v k s xy dng kt hp h o trong phong thy (thc L Ban) vi cc h o quc t (mt, inch). y l loi thc do ng t ngnh kin trc Trung Quc (L Ban) sng to ra, ngi ta cho rng s dng ng loi thc ny s c vinh hoa, ph qu, trnh tai nn. Thc dng c di 38.8cm o nh ca, chia lm 10 ca, mi ca 4 cung, thc m trch di 42.9cm o m m, chia lm 7 ca, mi ca 4 cung.

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 13

- Ngi Vit trc y s dng cy tm thc (gn nh thc L Ban), da vo tui ch nh, mi nh c mt cy tm thc ring c coi l s ca ngi nh. Tm thc lm bng tre, ng knh 5-6cm, 12 t tng ng vi 12 trc gm kin (c bn - iu lnh), tr (b - sng sa), mn ( - thin hnh), bnh (va - un li), nh (khng i thc vng), chp (ly - thin c), ph (v - xung st), nguy (bt n - ngc ng), thnh (t c - tam hp), thu (nhn - cp git), khai (m - sinh kh), b (tc - tai ha). Nn chn (kin, mn, bnh, thu), chp nhn (tr, nguy nh chp), tt (thnh khai), trnh (b, ph). - Cm k trong phong thy khi xy dng nh l hai nh c ca chnh xung i nhau, nh c ng m thng vo nh, nh c dc cao chy thng vo nh, nh c ca chnh thng vi ca hu. Ngi ta thng dng gng bt qui, chung gi, tng quan ngh, quan cng, tng pht b, ch khc ch.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 14

- Mt s im thng c ch trong phong thy hin nay l: + H ln st ca nh gy hi sc khe (ngy ma hi nc bc ln xng vo nh gy hi cho ngi ) hay xy nh trn ao h d sinh ha (lp h gy mt cn bng sinh thi, nn t yu gy nguy him cho ngi nh). + Nh xy gn ngha trang, bi rc, bi hoang c nhiu m kh (mi trng nhim, dch bnh, mi hi...). + Khng trng cy st nh (cy mang iu lnh nhng cy c th lm nt n, che khut tm nhn, ), a vt th sng vo nh (cy cnh, so tre, ng h to v bnh n, m quan, vui v v mang sinh kh). + Ca khng nn m hng ty nam v ng bc (nhn cc lung gi khng tt, gi c, gi lnh, kh), hai ca khng i din nhau (gi i thng t ca trc ra ca sau khng ly i c kh ng trong nh), ca ph phi nh hn ca chnh (khch d nhm ln ca chnh, khng to c v m quan, mt an ton, gy mt cn bng gia lng gi vo ra trong ngi nh), khng t phng n gn ca ra vo (gy bt tin khi c khch, n mt t nhin, bt buc phi dng rm). + Phng ng khng t gn ca hay gia nh (cm gic mt an ton, bi, n o, mt t nhin...), khng t gng ln trc phng ng (gia ch d git mnh, chng mt, kh chu, cht chi), phng v sinh t xa ca chnh (gy ting n, bt tin cho khc v ch, lan ta mi hi, mt m quan...), bp khng t gn phng ng (to cc thn kh, bm mi ln chn ga gi nm...). - Phong thy trong x nghip cng nghip hin nay cng c ch , v d: + Trn nh ni lm vic phng to iu kin dng chy nng lng tt, to khng gian lm vic vi b c thy sinh nhm thu ht tin bc, bn cnh nn a nhiu cy xanh vo ni lm vic nhng trnh nhng cy l sc cnh nh xng rng mang li iu xu + Bn lm vic c vai quan trng nht cn t ni c th quan st ton b phng lm vic sau lng phi l tng, bn cn cn thong ng, pha ng nam t tng gi c mu hay tm, pha ty t cy g mu xanh hoc khung hnh g nhiu doanh nhn cn s dng hnh bt qui nhm to ra nhng thay i tch cc ca phong thy. Nn dng vt hnh trn hoc ch nht bo trn theo quan im tng sinh ca ng hnh. Trnh ngi di qut trn, n chm, nh sng gay gt do khuy ng trng kh nh hng sc khe + Khng nn m nhiu ca gy nhiu lung kh, cn dng vch lng hai rm che gia cc phng ph, nn dng cc mu vng, en hay xanh to s mnh m v sch s, trnh dng mu chi gy cm gic cng thng, th ng, bun chn. + Ni chung trong doanh nghip, ngi ta ch trng b tr hi ha gia nm yu t c bn ca ng hnh l Thy (hng bc), Ha (hng nam), Mc (hng ng), Kim (hng ty), Th (trung tm). Mu sc la chn theo mnh ch (ha - tm, th - vng nu, kim - trng bc, thy - en xanh lc, mc - xanh l) c.Tm hiu mt s ch tiu kinh t k thut cho cng trnh trc khi i vo hot ng. - D kin ngun cung cp nguyn nhin liu s dng cho x nghip cng nghip nhm ch ng ngun cung ng c lu di n nh, kp tin , m bo cht lng t c phng thc vn chuyn, tit kim chi ph u t kho cha, chuyn ch - D kin thi gian hon vn nhm a ra gii php quyt nh qui m thit k tng th (chn la nh xng, cng ngh, thit b, c s h tng...), thi gian ti sn xut, gi thnh, cht lng sn phm, kh nng m rng x nghip trong tng laiThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 15

- Kho st th trng v i th cnh tranh quyt nh chin lc sn xut kinh doanh, m bo tnh hnh sn xut, s n nh doanh nghip t c k hoch tit gim chi ph, tip th v m rng th trng, vn u t cho nh xng - Cn tm hiu nh hng v m, chnh sch thu ca nh nc m bo thc hin tt cc k hoch ra, sn xut t doanh thu v li nhun cao, thi gian thu hi vn nhanh, nng cao thng hiu cho doanh nghip - Nghin cu v thc hin nghim chnh qui nh v an ton lao ng, mi trng trnh nhng nh hng xu n qu trnh sn xut, nng cao hiu qu lm vic ca ngi lao ng, bo v mi trng sng xung quanh d. D kin chun b khi cng v hon tt cng trnh. - Tm hiu th tc hnh chnh nh chng nhn quyn s dng t, quyn cho thu, chuyn quyn s dng t khi c yu cu, th tc xin giy php xy dng, cp php ci to cng trnh, cp php u t, lp bo co kinh t k thut v d n u t x nghip cng nghip, th tc gii quyt cc tranh chp xy dng, tranh chp kinh t, th tc vay vn ngn hng, lp ti khon kinh doanh, th tc thnh lp doanh nghip, cng b thnh lp doanh nghip... - Xem xt la chn mt s nghi thc truyn thng trong giai on khi cng, thi cng v hon cng cng trnh v d nh l ng th (cng t tin, th thn mong qu trnh xy dng thun li), l pht mc (th phng cng t s ngnh xy dng), l ct nc (cng gia tin, th thn), l tn gia hay l ci so (mng nh mi), l an th (bo th thn lm xong nh), l ng sng (dn vo nh mi), l an c (bo n nh trong nh mi)...

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 16

CHNG 2 C S QUI HOCH TNG TH X NGHIP CNG NGHIP2.1. Khi nim qui hoch. 2.1. Qui hoch khu cng nghip. - Quy hoch trong xy dng l vic t chc khng gian th v im dn c nng thn, h thng cng trnh h tng k thut, h tng x hi.. nhm to lp mi trng sng thch hp cho ngi dn sng ti cc vng lnh th, bo m kt hp hi ha gia li ch quc gia vi li ch cng ng, p ng cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t - x hi, quc phng, an ninh, bo v mi trng. Quy hoch xy dng th hin thng qua n quy hoch xy dng bao gm s , bn v, m hnh v thuyt minh. + Quy hoch xy dng vng l vic t chc h thng im dn c, h thng cng trnh h tng k thut, h tng x hi trong a gii hnh chnh ca mt tnh hoc lin tnh ph hp vi yu cu pht trin kinh t - x hi trong tng thi k. + Quy hoch chung xy dng th l vic t chc khng gian th, cc cng trnh h tng k thut, h tng x hi th ph hp vi quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t - x hi, quy hoch pht trin ngnh, bo m quc phng, an ninh ca tng vng v ca quc gia trong tng thi k. + Quy hoch chi tit xy dng th l vic c th ha ni dung ca quy hoch chung xy dng th, l c s php l qun l xy dng cng trnh, cung cp thng tin, cp giy php xy dng cng trnh, giao t, cho thu t trin khai cc d n u t xy dng cng trnh. + Quy hoch xy dng im dn c nng thn l vic t chc khng gian, h thng cng trnh h tng k thut, h tng x hi ca im dn c nng thn. im dn c nng thn l ni c tr tp trung ca nhiu h gia nh gn kt vi nhau trong sn xut, sinh hot v cc hot ng x hi khc trong phm vi mt khu vc nht nh bao gm trung tm x, thn, lng, p, bn, bun, phum, sc (gi chung l thn) c hnh thnh do iu kin t nhin, iu kin kinh t - x hi, vn ha, phong tc, tp qun v cc yu t khc. - Qui hoch - Qui hoch mt bng tng th l tng hp cc gii php v mt k thut v m thut nhm gii quyt mi quan h gia nh xng vi sn xut, gia x nghip vi khu qui hoch. Qui hoch tng th x nghip th hin c tnh khoa hc, p ng ti a cc yu cu kinh doanh, to iu kin tt nht cho ngi lao ng v th hin sc biu cm thm m cao nht. C th l hi ha vi cnh quan v mi quan h vi khu cm cng nghip, phn b hp l gia cc phn xng v cng trnh trong x nghip, nh gi c cc ch tiu sinh thi v hiu qu kinh t ca phng n thit k. - Qui hoch mt bng tng th l tng hp cc gii php v mt k thut v m thut nhm gii quyt mi quan h gia nh xng vi sn xut, gia x nghip vi khu qui hoch. >> Qui hoch tng th x nghip phi th hin c tnh khoa hc, p ng ti a cc yu cu kinh doanh, to iu kin tt nht cho ngi lao ng v th hin sc biu cm thm m cao nht. C th l: + Hi ha vi cnh quan v mi quan h vi khu cm cng nghip. + Phn b hp l gia cc phn xng v cng trnh trong x nghip.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 17

+ nh gi c cc ch tiu sinh thi v hiu qu kinh t ca phng n thit k.

2.1. Yu cu nhim v v ni dung thit k nh xng cng nghip. - Phi thit lp c mi quan h hp l gia x nghip cng nghip vi cm cng nghip hay khu cng nghip. - Thit k nh xng phi ph hp cao nht vi dy chuyn sn xut chung, thit lp c mi quan h gia cc xng, cng trnh cng nghip, gii php giao thng ngi v hng ha, mng li cung cp k thut - T hp kin trc khng gian khi thit k phi p, c sc biu cm cao, hi ha vi kin trc x nghip cng nghip v th. - Nh xng thit k phi tha mn vi cc yu cu v an ton cng nghip nh vi kh hu, an ton chy n, gim thiu ting n, hn ch nhim khi bi, bnh ngh nghip... - Phi tun th cc tiu chun thng nht ha, in hnh ha cc cu kin xy dng nhm tit kim chi ph xy dng - Phi phn k xy dng hp l, thi cng nhanh theo ng thit k ban u. - Phi tn dng c li im ca cc yu t thin nhin, vn ha x hi, khoa hc k thut nhm khai thc ti a cc u th ny. - Cn thc hin ng cc chnh sch nh nc, lut t ai, lut xy dng, lut bo v mi trng, chnh sch thu khi xy dng cng trnh. - Cn nh gi ng c hiu qu kinh t k thut ca cc gii php xy dng nh v mt s dng, chi ph u t 2.2. Qui hoch san nn v hon thin mt bng tng th. a. Khi qut v cng tc san nn mt bng cng trnh. Cng tc san t hay cn gi l san mt bng hoc san lp mt bng l cng vic thi cng san phng nn t mt cng trnh xy dng hay mt mt bng quy hoch, t mt mt t c a hnh t nhin cao thp khc nhau. San phng l vic o nhng ch t cao nht trong ni ti vng t vn chuyn n cc vng thp nht v p vo nhng ch thp , nhm lm phng li b mt a hnh vng t theo ch nh trc ca con ngi (mt thit k nh trc, c k n dc thot nc b mt). Nh vy bn thn cng tc san t thng bao gm cc cng tc o t, vn chuyn t v p t. Trong cng tc san t, u tin, t thi cng ch yu c ly ngay bn trong phm vi cng trng. Lng t tha hay thiu phi lin h vi bn ngoi phm vi cng trng, thng ch l ngun b tr hay ch chim khi lng nh, hoc thm ch khng c (nh khi san cn bng o p). Thng c hai dng cng tc san t l: + San theo iu kin khng ch trc ct cao mt bng sau san, m khng ch lm n khi lng t tha hay thiu. + San theo yu cu v khi lng t khi san, bao gm cc trng hp: san cn bng khi lng o vi p, san vi iu kin ch nh cha ra mt khi lng t sau san (o nhiu hn p) hoc c b sung thm mt lng t trc san (p nhiu hn o). Hai kiu san nn khc cng thng c dng khi thc hin cng tc san nn l: - San nn ton b cho a hnh khu t tng i phng, mt xy dng trn 25%, h thng ng dy c. Kiu san nn ny c hai kiu l san nn mt dc, san nn hai dc.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 18

- San nn cc b cho ni b tr nh xng, ng giao thng gip tit kim vn u t v p dng cho ni c t st l, din tch qu rng, cn bo v cnh quan

Mt s tiu chun v san nn tng lp khong 0.3m cn ti nc t m 1-2%, m ln t cht k=0.9, nu thc hin bm ct khng cn san i tng lp, o l kim tra.b. Tnh ton lng nh mc cng tc san nn.

Cng tc san t i hi phi c thc hin hai bc c bn nh l: + Thit k mt bng san nhm xc nh khi lng t phi thi cng, hng v c ly vn chuyn t trung bnh t vng o sang vng p trong ni b cng trng. + Thit k bin php thi cng c th cho cng tc san t, sau khi bit c khi lng t phi thi cng v c ly vn chuyn chng trong khi san. 2.3. Hp khi v nng cao mt xy dng. 2.3.1. Mc ch ca hp khi. - Gim s lng cng trnh d dng qui hoch. - Tit kim chi ph xy dng. - Rt ngn mng li giao thng. - Tit kim t xy dng. - Rt ngn thi gian xy dng. - Tng nng sut, ng dng c tin b khoa hc k thut. 2.3.2. Nguyn tc hp khi. - Ghp cc xng, cng trnh k thut c c im sn xut ging nhau, khng nh hng ln nhau. - Ph hp vi c im a cht, yu cu sn xut, phng thc giao thng n gin c th nng tng. 2.3.3. Hn ch ca hp khi. - Chiu sng v thng thong km i. - Gp kh khn trong thot nc mi. - Nu a hnh km th chi ph nn mng kh cao. 2.3.4. Bin php nng cao mt xy dng. - Hp khi, nng tng nh v cng trnh. - Chn dng nh ph hp khu t, tnh ton hp l din tch s dng. - B tr cc cng trnh hp l, tit kim t. 2.4. T chc mng li giao thng. 2.4.1. Nguyn tc b tr.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 19

- ng giao thng dng i li, vn chuyn hng ha, thot him, phn chia khu vc - B tr theo tuyn (dc, ngang nh), t do (khng gian gia my mc thit b). 2.4.2. Phn b lung giao thng. - Lung hng: vn chuyn nguyn liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm ra vo. Cn phi tnh ton: + S lng, vn tc, s ln xe, chiu rng ng, chiu rng ca cng, bn knh xoay xe, tm nhn, dc ti a, khong cch vi nh xng, tng ro, ng khc tuyn + S c c th xy ra, li di chuyn ph, hng dn giao thng, cnh bo, hi ha b cc, tit kim chi ph - Lung ngi: Hnh thnh do hot ng i li ca con ngi: + ng i v ca: thng thong, d s dng, an ton (khng trn trt, nh sng, kch thc). + Li thot him: n chiu sng, bng hng dn, d m khi c yu cu. + Bc thang: kch thc, chiu ngh, khng trn. 2.5. Thng nht, in hnh, tiu chun ha. 2.5.1. Khi nim. - Thng nht ha: thng nht v kch thc v kiu dng cng trnh. - in hnh ha: nghin cu la chn gii php tt in hnh t qu trnh thng nht ha ca cng trnh. - Tiu chun ha: sau khi kim nghim u khuyt im, tnh hiu qu chn ra gii php hon thin v cng b nh nhng tiu chun thit k. 2.5.2. Qui nh thng nht ha trong xy dng. - Module: qui c kch thc cu kin k hiu M. - Module m rng gm module bi s (2M, 3M, 6M), module c s (1/2M, 1/5M): + Bc ct (B): khong cch gia hai trc ngang nh: B=3-4-4.5-5-6-7.5-9-10.5-1215-18-21-24 + Nhp nh (L): khong cch gia hai trc dc nh: L=3-4-4.5-5-6-7.5-9-10.5-12-15-1821-24 + Chiu cao nh (H): khong cch t nn hon thin n kt cu chu lc ca mi: H=2.4-2.7-3.3-3.6-3.9-4.2-4.5-4.8-5.1-5.4 2.6. Qui hoch khng gian tng th. 2.6.1. Qui hoch dng phn khu. - Theo chc nng: khu trc XN, khu sn xut, khu ph tr, khu kho tng v giao thng. - Theo khi lng vn chuyn: nhiu, va, t. - Theo mt nhn lc: nhiu, va, t - Theo mc v sinh: khng c, t c, c. 2.6.2. Qui hoch dng sp xp khi. - Kiu bn c: cho din tch ln, va, nhiu cng trnh, cng ngh phc tp. - Kiu khi lin tc: mc hp khi cao. - Kiu n nguyn: mi n nguyn l mt dy chuyn SX hon chnh. - Kiu chu vi: p dng cho XN trong cc khu dn c, mt ph cn mt tin p.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 20

- Kiu t do: phong ph, hi ha, p mt.

2.6.3. Qui hoch theo hng dy chuyn. - Dng ng thng: dng vt liu tng i ngn. - Dng ch L: do yu cu cng ngh hoc a hnh. - Dng ch U: do s phi hp ca hai dng sn phm tuy nhin kh nng thng gi t nhin km.

2.6.4. Qui hoch theo chi tit. - Nh sn xut chnh chim din tch ln ty theo yu cu sn xut. - Cng trnh ph tr: din tch t b tr ph hp nhm phc v nh sn xut chnh. - Nh kho b tr cnh li vn chuyn hng ha, gn ni cp hoc nhn hng. - Phng phc v sinh hot, qun l b tr tp trung hoc theo yu cu m quan. - Li vo b tr mt chnh tin i li, vn chuyn. 2.6.5. Qui hoch theo phn khu chc nng ca nh. - Theo phng ngang ca nh. - Theo phng dc ca nh. - Theo dng hn hp. - Theo trc. - Theo chiu cao.

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 21

2.7. M rng XNCN. - Mc ch m rng XNCN khi SX kinh doanh hiu qu hoc p ng yu cu a dng ha mt hng. Yu cu khi m rng xng l: + Khng nh hng n cc cng trnh hin hu. + Khng nh hng n khng gian kin trc cnh quan chung ca XN. + t lm gin on nht qu trnh SX hin thi. + Phi d kin c hiu qu cng nh tc ng ca vic m rng n qu trnh SX kinh doanh. - Phng cch m rng xng: + Ci to dy chuyn SX nhm tng nng sut nh vic hp l ha SX, thay th thit b mi t nh hng n gii php qui hoch tng th. + M rng nh xng (xy ghp) trn tha t cha sn lc qui hoch ban u (t nht 30% din tch), b sung thit b, cng nhn

+ Xy dng nh my hay phn xng mi trn khu t d tr sn trong giai on thit k ban u d kin. Cn u t nhiu nh khng lm nh hng n qu trnh sn xut. 2.8. Cng ra vo v cc b phn trc XN: - Cng th hin b mt ca XNCN, l li vo lin h i vi khch hng cng vic, CBCNV vo lm vic, xe tp kt hng Cng phi m bo: + Khong cch xa nht n ni lm vic 800m. + B tr theo chiu di v trn trc chnh ca XN. + Hai cng khng cch nhau qu 1500m. + Thit k qung trng, phng n tp kt hng ha khi cn thit. + Cn c cc trm kim sot v h thng an ninh. + B tr t nht hai li vo cng (i b, hng ha). + B rng ln hn 4.5m xe t c th vo XN. + Din tch XN >1500m2 cn t nht 2 cng.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 22

+ m bo tnh m quan (kt hp vi cy xanh, cng cho, bng hiu, showroom) thu ht ngi qua li. 2.9. Ch tiu kinh t - k thut. - L cc thng s nh gi phng n thit k tng th XNCN bao gm: + Ch tiu chim t S (m2, ha). + Din tch xy dng Sxd (m2,ha: nh, cng trnh, sn bi, ng, kho tng...). + Mt xy dng Kxd(%) = (A+B+C)/S. >> A (S nh), B(S cng trnh), C(S bi sn xut), ngnh may Kxd=21-61%. + Mt s dng Ksd(%) = (A+B+C+D+E+F)/S. >> D(S ng s), E(S ng ng k thut), F(S cy xanh). + Tng chiu di, khi lng vn chuyn ca ng giao thng, ng ng k thut (m). + Khi lng o lp. + Vn u t (USD, nghn ng...).

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 23

CHNG 3 VT LIU XY DNG 3.1. thin nhin. 3.1.1. Khi nim. - L vt liu xy dng c SX t thin nhin, c hoc khng gia cng c hc (nghin, p, n mn, ca, c, chm, nh bng) gi nguyn c tnh cht vi gc. - Khong vt l nhng cht to thnh t qu trnh l ha trong t nhin trong lp v tri t. - thin nhin l t hp mt hay nhiu loi khong vt. 3.1.2. thin nhin. a. magma. - To thnh t cc khi silicate nng chy t lng xm nhp vo lp v ca tri t, phun ln v ngui to thnh. - C 2 loi magma: + Magma xm nhp: nm su trong v tri t, c tinh th ln, chu lc, nc, nhit tt... + Magma phn xut: c phun ln mt t, c nhiu l rng nn chu lc, nc v nhit km. - Cc khong vt trong magma gm: + Thnh anh (SiO2) cu trc tinh th hnh lc lng, chu nn, mi mn, acid, nng chy 1710oC. + Phenspat: c mu bin i, c mt trong nhiu loi . + Mica: hp cht phc tp ngm nc, kh mi nhn, ph bin c hai loi biotit, muscovit. + Khong vt mu sm t lc n en, kh gia cng gm c amfibon, piroxen, olivin - Tn mt s magma thng gp: + Granite (magma acid - hoa cng): loi magma xm nhp, dng di dng hc, dm lt ng, b tng... + Syenite (magma trung tnh): sm hn granite dng kh rng ri thay cho granite. + Diorite (magma trung tnh): mu xanh, xm lc c ht trng thng lm mt ng tm m. + Gabro (magma base): mu xm. + Poocfia (phn xut acid): sn xut cu kin, dm, tm p + Diabaz (phn xut base): mu xm gn ging gabro ch yu dng lm ng. + Bazan (phn xut base): gn ging gabro kh ph bin dng lm ng, b tng Tn mt s magma thng gp: + Andezit (phn xut trung tnh): chng acid. b. trm tch. - To thnh trong iu kin nhit ng hc do v tri t thay i, b phong ha v vn nh nc, p lc, cht kt dnh t nhin to thnh . - C ba loi trm tch: + trm tch c hc: do phong ha, tch t lng ng, ri rc (ct, si), gn kt (sa thch).ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 24

+ trm tch ha hc: do ha tan trong nc lng ng to thnh nh vi, thch cao, magneit. + trm tch hu c: do xc ng vt lng ng c kt dnh t nhin nh vi s, phn - Cc khong vt c trong trm tch: + Oxit silic: opan, thch anh trm tch, hanxedoan. + Carbonate: canxit(CaCO3), dolomit, manhezit. + Khong cht st: Kaolinit, montmonrilinit, mica. + Nhm sulfate: thch cao, anhydrite. - Cc loi trm tch thng gp: + Sa thch (trm tch c hc): dm lm ng, ct liu btng, hc, lt. + Ct si (trm tch c hc): dng ri rc, l vt liu quan trng lm ct b tng, va. + Cui kt, dm kt (trm tch c hc): dng b tng t nhin nh sa thch, lm dm, hc. + t st (trm tch c hc): vt liu lm gm xy dng, gch, ngi, xi mng. + vi (trm tch ha hc) ch yu l CaCO3 dng to p trang tr, ct liu b tng, dm, hc, sn xut vi, xi mng. + Dolomit (trm tch ha hc) c cht lng cao hn vi cn dng lm vt liu chu la, cht dnh. + Manhezit (trm tch ha hc) chu la, cht dnh. + Thch cao, anhydrite (trm tch ha hc): sn xut xi mng pooclang. + vi v s (trm tch hu c): vt liu xy tng, ct liu b tng nh, nung vi. + phn (trm tch hu c): sn xut bt mu thin nhin, sn, cht kt dnh v c. c. bin cht. - L loi to thnh do qu trnh bin cht (p sut, nhit , cht ha hc) t magma, trm tch. - C hai loi bin cht: + Bin cht khu vc: do st, kin to v t. + Bin cht tip xc: do magma nng chy xm nhp ln v tri t. - Mt s loi bin cht thng gp: + gnai (phin magma): gn nh granite. + hoa: lm tm p trang tr, bc thang, lt sn, ct liu cho granito. + quaczit: tm p, tr cu, dm + Dip thch st: lm vt liu lp. 3.1.3. c im chung ca thin nhin. - Phn loi thin nhin thnh hai dng: + nng: khi lng th tch >1800kg/cm3 dng xy mng, tng, ng, ct b tng nng. + nh: khi lng th tch carbon ha. b. Thch cao. - L cht kt dnh v c rn trong khng kh bao gm thch cao na phn t nc hay anhydrite. - Nguyn liu sn xut t khong thch cao. - C hai dng thch cao: nung nhit thp (150-170oC) nh thch cao xy dng, nung nhit cao (700-1000oC) nh xi mng anhydrite. c. Thy tinh lng. - C thnh phn Na2O.nSiO2 hay K2O.mSiO2. - Nguyn liu ban u ch yu l thch anh (SiO2) v Na2CO3. - S dng rng ri lm xi mng chng acid, ph gia cho b tng v cc vt liu khc. d. Cht kt dnh hn hp. - L hn hp ca vi v ph gia v c hot tnh nghin mn. - S dng ch to b tng mc thp, va xy dng, ct nn cp thp... e. Vi thy v xi mng Lam. - L cht kt dnh trong nc c sn xut bng cch nung macno (vi ln t st). - Vi thy (hm lng st 6-20%) rn 7 ngy trong khng kh, 21 ngy trong nc dng ch to va, b tng mc thp. - Xi mng la m (hm lng st >20%) c cht lng cao hn vi thy.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 27

f. Xi mng pooc lng (xi mng silicate). - Rn trong nc, bn vi nc cha 70-80% silicate canxi, 15% aluminat canxi. - Sn phm ca thch cao nghin mn vi clinke ht sn xut ln u tin ti Anh nm 1824. - sn xut 1 tn xi mng cn 1.5 tn nguyn liu gm vi, t st, cc ph gia nung to clinke sau nghin vi ph gia thch cao. - Qu trnh rn chc xi mng qua 03 giai on: + Khong 1-3 gi: dng h d nho trn v to hnh bt u ninh kt. + Khong 5-10 gi: c dn li, cng nhng cng khng ln. + Chuyn thnh rn chc v tng cng . g. Xi mng c bit. - Pooc lng rn nhanh dng ch to b tng thp lp ghp. - Pooc lng bn sulfate s dng lm b tng ct thp trong mi trng mui sulfate. - C ph gia hu c lm tng do, gim lng nc, tng c, chng thm nh xi mng c ph gia ht mn hot tnh, puzolan, x, mui silic. - Pooc lng trng v mu t vi v t st trng dng lm va b tng trang tr. - Aluminate cng cao, rn chc nhanh sn xut t vi v giu nhm ch to b tng rn nhanh, b tng n... 3.4. B tng xi mng - va 3.4.1. B tng xi mng a. Khi nim. - L vt liu nhn to nhn c sau qu trnh rn chc hn hp b tng gm xi mng, nc, ct liu, ph gia. L vt liu chnh s dng trong xy dng giao thng, thy li. - Mc b tng lp trn c s cng chu nn gm trong 28 ngy khng nh hn 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 60, 80 MPa: b. Vt liu ch to b tng nng. - Ch yu l xi mng pooc lng: cp b tng 20 chn mc xi 30, 30 chn 30-40, 40 chn 40-50.. lng xi ti thiu 300kg/m3. - Ct liu nh l ct kch thc 0.14-5mm. - Ct liu ln l dm, si kch thc 5-70mm. - Ph gia ha hc gm 07 nhm A, B, C, D, E, F, G. - Nc dng ch to b tng, ra ct liu... c. Cng ngh ch to b tng. - Trn gm hai kiu: trn t do, trn cng bc. - My trn: nghing, thng lt, ba phn hnh cn. d. Cc loi b tng c bit. - B tng thy cng: dng cho cng trnh thy hoc nm su di nc. - B tng lm ng: s dng lm cc lp o ng t, trong x nghip, ng ph, sn bay - B tng cht lng cao (HPC): mc >60MPa. - B tng t m: s dng lm m cu, p, nh cao tng - B tng nh: khi lng th tch 500-1800kg/m3 gm cc loi: cu to c, xp, hc lnThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 28

3.4.2. Va xy dng. - L hn hp c trn theo t l nht nh gia cht kt dnh v c vi ct . - Phn loi: + Va vi (ct en + vi cc). + Va xi mng (xi mng + ct). + Va tam hp (xi mng + vi + ct). + Va acid (thch anh+thy tinh+thuc tr su). + Va chu nhit (xi mng x+samot+ct vng) + Va chng mn (pooclng+ct vng+phoi thp) 3.5. Vt liu kim loi. 3.5.1. Khi nim. - Vt liu ch to t kim loi hoc hp kim. - Kim loi en: gang v thp. - Kim loi mu: hp kim nhm. - u im: chu lc cao, nh hn b tng ct thp, vt khu ln, nhc im: gi cao, b n mn. 3.5.2. Hp cht st - carbon. - Hp kim st chia ra hai loi thp (C=0-2.14%), gang (C>2.14%). - Cc dng thp xy dng: + Thp carbon: ch yu l Fe, C, ngoi ra cn c Mn, Si, P, S, Cr, Ni, Cu, W, Mo, Ti vi lng rt t. C 03 loi thp loi A (qui nh c tnh), B (qui nh ha hc), C (qui nh chung). + Thp hp kim: tng t nh thp carbon nhng lng kim loi a vo vi lng nht nh. C hai loi thp: thp trn (6,8,10,12,1434) v thp hnh (T, U, I, H, Z, thp ray, tam gic, oval, vung...) - Gang chu nn tt nhng gin v c thp, c hai loi gang: + Gang xm. + Gang cu. 3.5.3. Hp kim nhm. - Hp kim nhm c u im cng cao, nh v t n mn hn thp. - Hp kim nhm c hai loi duara (nhm+ng), silumin (nhm+silic). 3.6. Vt liu g. 3.6.1. Khi nim. - L vt liu thin nhin s dng rng ri trong xy dng. - u im: nh, cch m, cch nhit, d gia cng, thm m cao. - Nhc im: d ht nh nc, b su nm mt, nhiu khuyt tt. 3.6.2. Bo qun g. - Phng nm v cn trng: sn, ngm kim, tm ha cht. - Phng chng h dng g cng (thit mc), g do qunh (tch), g c nha (bch n). - Chng mc: bo qun, phi sy 3.6.3. Phn loi g. - Theo hnh dng:ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 29

+ G sc (trn) c phn lm 7 nhm ng knh t 15 n 800mm. + G x gm g vn, g thanh (dixrng). + G dn dng tm. - Theo g mc (08 nhm). + Nhm I: g qu nh lt, g, dng hng, mun, trc, kim giao, cm lai, p mu, trm hng... + Nhm II: chu lc nh inh, lim, tu, sn, nghin.. + Nhm III-VII: mu nh vng tm, gi ch, re xanh, gi, np, gii, sao vng, mng, sang, x c, xoi + Nhm VIII: tp nh du da xoan, dui rng. 3.7. Cht kt dnh hu c. 3.7.1. Khi nim. - Cht kt dnh hu c c th dng cng, qunh nhit thng ngun gc t cc hydrocarbon cao phn t. - Dng lm vt liu lp, cch nc, lm ng nh bitum, gudrong, nh tng, nha mu. 3.7.2. Bitum du m. - Hp cht phc tp mu en ha tan trong benzen, cloruaphoc... c th cha du, nha, asphate - Bitum du m thng s dng lm ng, v c bin tnh bng cch thm cc ph gia cn thit p ng cc yu cu v mt ng ngy nay. 3.7.3. Nh tng xy dng. - Nh tng l h thng keo phc tp gm hai cht lng khng ha tan vi nhau. - Vt liu ch to nh tng gm cht kt dnh, nc, cht nh ha. - Nhng cht nh tng hay gp trong xy dng nh bt vi ti, t st do, trepen 3.8. Vt liu do. 3.8.1. Khi nim. - L loi cht c ch to t polyme v cht n. 3.8.2. Vt liu do trong xy dng. - Bao che chu lc khng ln nh vn g p, tm lt trn, vi dn tng - Lm nn lp nh linolein, PVC, nitrocellulose... - Chu lc: cht do thy tinh, si carbon. - B tng, va polyme. 3.9. Vt liu sn. 3.9.1. Khi nim. - L vt liu dng lng c thnh phn chnh l dung mi, du sn v cc cht to mu. - L vt liu chng g cho kim loi, chng m mc cho g, chng ha cht cho thit b... - Sn c phn lm hai loi: sn, vecni. 3.9.2. Sn xy dng. - Thnh phn sn gm cht kt dnh, cht to mu, cht n, dung mi, cht lm kh, cht pha long.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 30

+ Sn du: cht to mu, cht n nghin nh trn vi du thc vt dng sn kim loi, g, b tng... + Sn men: huyn ph cht to mu v c, hu c vi vecni tng hp. + Sn polime-xi mng, sn silicate, sn vi 3.9.3. Vecni. - L dung dch nha trong dung mi hu c ankin hoc nha tng hp bin tnh bng du kh s dng qut mt trong, mt ngoi g. - Vecni tng hp khng c du l dung dch nha dung mi hu c dng qut sn g, g dn. - Vecni bitum v asphat trong dung mi hu c lm lp mng chng n mn, sn l nung, bp - Vecni alcol, vecni bng l dung dch nha thin nhin trong ru nh bng g, kim loi. - Vecni nitrocellulose, estecellulose dng qut cc sn phm g c mu, khng mu. 3.9.4. Cc vt liu khc. - Matit bi mt, matit gn cht bt, sn lt, sn ph ngoi, epoxy

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 31

CHNG 4 NH V CNG TRNH CNG NGHIP 4.1. Nh cng nghip. 4.1.1. Khi nim. - L cng trnh xy dng c mi v tng bao che dng kn hay bn l thin trong CN. - Phn loi nh CN: + Theo chc nng: nh SX chnh, nh ph tr SX, nh hnh chnh, nh phc v sinh hot, nh kho... + Theo c im xy dng: nh mt mc ch, nh linh hot, nh tho d c, nh bn l thin... + Theo s tng: Nh mt tng, nh nhiu tng. + Theo nhp nh: Nh mt nhp, nh nhiu nhp. + Theo thit b vn chuyn: Nh c cu trc, nh khng cu trc. + Theo kt cu chu lc: Nh tng chu lc, nh khung chu lc, nh khng gian chu lc. + Theo ch ta nhit: Nh khng ta nhit tha, nh ta nhit tha nhiu, nh c ch vi kh hu c bit. + Theo cht lng nh: > Nh cp 1: chu la bc 1, s dng >80 nm. > Nh cp 2: chu la bc 1-2, s dng 50 nm. > Nh cp 3: chu la bc 3, s dng 20 nm. > Nh cp 4: chu la thng, s dng Tng ngang: cng ln, kt cu n gin, t dm, cch m, thng gi, chiu sng t nhin tt nhng phng n iu, u nhau, tn vt liu, trng lng nh ln. > Tng dc: Tit kim vt liu v din tch, mt bng linh hot nhng phng mng, cch m km, thng gi v chiu sng km. > Tng kt hp: B tr linh hot, cng ln nhng tn km mng v khng gian.

- Kt cu khung ngang v dc bng b tng ct thp:

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 34

+ Ti trng c truyn qua dm xung ct. Khung chu lc tit kim vt t, trng lng nh nh, hnh thc nh nhng, phng linh hot Tuy nhin thi cng phc tp, gi thnh cao. Khung chu lc gm khung ngang, khung dc, khung kt hp.

+ Ct: Gm ct 1 thn, ct 2 thn, ct bin, ct gia. Ct chu ti trng mi, cn trc, tng, gi, bn thn.. + Mng: Kt cu di ct nhn ti trng t ct gm: > Mng cng: bng gch, hc, b tng dng ni nc ngm. > Mng mm: chu ti un, phn b lc tt. > Mng lch tm, mng ng tm. > Mng ct: mng c lp di chn ct. > Mng bng: mng chy di lin kt cc chn ct. > Mng b: mng bng c kt thnh mng. > Mng cc: ni nn t yu cn ng cc.

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 35

+ Dm mng: kt cu gi ln mng tng v truyn ti trng ln mng. + Dm cu trc: kt cu t ln vai ng ray cu trc di chuyn ng thi ging khung nh. + Dm ging: kt cu ta ln vai ct lin kt khung. + Dm mi: kt cu mi nh. + Gin mi: thay dm mi di dng khung sn. + Dm gin hay dm mi: dng cho nh nhiu nhp. + Ging: thanh lin kt ct gi n nh hnh dng nh. + Khung chng gi: lin kt ngm vi mng, khp vi mi chng gi.

- Kt cu khung cng bng b tng ct thp: dng khung c lin kt khp hoc cng vi ct. - Kt cu vm bng b tng ct thp: dng thanh dm un cong cho nh c nhp ln.

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 36

- Kt cu khung phng bng thp: s dng cho nh cng nghip 1 tng c nhp v bc ct ln, lin kt thng dng sit bulong, hn. Khung ch dng cho nh yu cu bt buc gim trng lng. - Kt cu khung cng bng thp: c hoc khng khp dng cho cc xng ch to my bay, c kh. - Kt cu khng gian: dng cho rp ht, sn vn ng, b bi c mi theo hng chu lc ba chiu. c. Kt cu bao che. - Mi nh. + L b phn bao che trn cng ca nh c kh nng chng thm, cch nhit, chu gi bo cao. + Cc b phn ca mi gm: > Tm lp: bng l , tranh, ngi, xi mng, tn > Kt cu mang lc mi: dm, gin, v ko vi x g, cu phng, li t > Trn: kt cu di mi nhm tng kh nng cch nhit v gi nhit. + Phn loi mi: > Theo hnh thc cu to: mi bng ( dc 7%). > Theo kt cu: mi phng, mi khng gian. > Theo vt liu: mi ngi, mi tn, mi fibro xi mng..

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 37

+ Cch nhit cho mi: > Tng kh nng phn x ca tm lp. > Dng vt liu cch nhit. > Dng mi c tng khng kh lu thng. > Dng trn nh. + Thot nc cho mi: > To dc cho mi nh. > Dng cc loi mng thot t trong v ngoi nh. > Dng Seno (li chn rc) v ng dn xung. + Mi ua: Bo v kt cu bn trong mi, tng kt hp che ma nng, thot nc. + Ca mi: thng gi, thot nhit tha, kh c, chiu sng t nhin. Cu to gm khung ca, cnh ca, mi. + Trn nh: gip che giu thit b, ng ng k thut, to thong mt, tng m quan.. Bng b tng, nha, thch cao - Tng nh. + L kt cu bao che gip m bo ch vi kh hu trong nh, chu ti trng, kh hu v mi trng. + Phn loi tng: > Theo v tr: tng trong nh, tng ngoi nh. > Theo vt liu: tng t, tng gch, tng .. > Theo thi cng: tng xy, tng lp ghp > Theo kt cu chu lc: tng chu lc, tng treo, tng t mang. + Tng ph bin l tng gch dng t mang (dy 110-120mm). + Km theo tng c th gm: > B tng: ngn cn s xm nhp lm h hi tng. > Lanh t: thanh chu lc trn ca s hoc ca i. > B ca s: ngn bi, nc rc vo nh > vng: tm che ma nng gip che ma, nng ht vo nh qua ca s, ca ra vo. - Ca ra vo: i li, vn chuyn hng ha, thit b, thot him. + Cu to ca ra vo gm khung ca, cnh ca, bn l, kha, knh chnThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 38

+ Kch thc ph thuc: S lng ngi, hng ha qua li. kch thc thit b, hng ha, xe i qua ca. - Ca s: chiu sng, thng gi, trang tr. + Cu to gm khun ca v cnh ca. + Chiu rng thng ly bi s 0.5m v chiu di ly theo bi s 0.6m. + Cht liu lm ca bng g, st, nhm. + Cc dng ca s: ca quay trc ng, ca quay trc ngang, ca y, ca cun, ca xp

Ca s gn 4 cnh, bn hng, thnh trn, thnh di

Xoay pha cnh, gia ngang, gia dc, ngang dc

d. Kt cu sn nn. - Nhng tc ng ln sn nn: + Ti trng nn. + Lc tnh hoc ng ca ngi, thit b t ln. + Tc ng sinh ha, cht xm thc. - Yu cu i vi sn nn: + bn c hc cao chu c tc ng ng v tnh. + Chu la tt. + Chu cc tc ng tia la in, sinh ha... + Khng trn trt, gy n o, d lau chiThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 39

- Kt cu sn nn gm: + Lp o ph: t, b tng, cht do, vt liu ri... + Lp m truyn lc: ct, x, dm, si + Lp trung gian: kt thnh khi. + Lp cch nhit, cch m, chng thm + Lp nn . - Cc loi nn nh cng nghip: + Nn t: d lm, r tin, chu ti trng ng v tnh tt cho ngnh rn, kho kim loi... + Nn b tng: chu lc cao, t mi mn, t sinh bi, chu du m, kim, d lau chi, d sinh tnh in, n, d v, trn trt... + Nn b tng nha: ht m, chu acid, khng trn, d sa cha, km chu nhit, du m, tch bi, xu + Nn mi: sch, chu va p, ha cht, trn, khng thm nc. + Nn : chu nhit cao, va chm ha cht, chu lc km, kh v sinh. + Nn g: n hi tt, nh, ht m, khng sinh bi, chu mui nhng d chy, mc, km bn kim + Ngoi ra cn c cc loi nn: gch gm, tm kim loi, vt liu tng hp - Ngoi ra cn c cc loi sn cng nghip: + Sn dm bn ton khi. + Sn c. + Sn nm.

e. Kt cu ph. - Cu thang. + Phn loi cu thang:ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 40

> Theo nguyn kt cu: ng dc, cu thang thng, cu thang t chuyn, thang my. > Theo chc nng: cu thang chnh, cu thang ph, cu thang phc v, cu thang phng chy. > Theo hnh dng: cu thang 1, 2, 3, 4 v. + Chiu rng thn thang: 600, 700, 800, 1100-1200, 1300-1400, 1500-1650, 20002200mm

+ Quan h gia chiu cao v chiu rng thang. m = 2h + b vi m=590-640mm chiu di bc i

+ Quan h gia chiu rng chiu ngh v thn thang. L = n(2h+b) + b vi n: s bc trn chiu ngh

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 41

- Tng ngn, vch ngn. + Tng ngn lng: chiu cao 2-3m, khng ngn sut chiu cao cho cc kho dng c, vt liu, bn thnh phm khng t tin... Lm bng g, kim loi, knh, b tng + Tng ngn kn: phn chia cc phng c lp, cch ly ting n, iu ha khng kh thng lm bng gch khi nh, panel b tng, tm kim loi, fibro xi mng - L k thut: nng h thit b, thit b xuyn tng, ng ng k thut - Tng k thut: cho nh nhp ln tn dng din tch t trn sn mi. - Sn thao tc: sn i li, sa cha, kim tra thit b.. - Mng my: l khi b tng cha sn khe nh v nhm gim chn cho thit b. 4.1.4. Nh cng nghip nhiu tng. - L loi nh cng nghip dng cho qu trnh cng ngh theo chiu ng p dng ph bin cho ngnh cng nghip nh, thc phm, in t, ha cht - Nh nhiu tng thng cu to n gin v c cc dng sau: + Khung b tng ct thp ton khi sn c dm. + Khung b tng ct thp lp ghp sn c dm. + Khung nh nhiu tng bng thp. 4.2. Nh phc v sn xut. 4.2.1. Nh hnh chnh. - Gm cc phng ban: Phng Gim c, phng k ton, phng nhn s, phng hp, phng tip khch, nh v sinh, phng thit k, phng kinh doanh... - Cc gii php b tr nh: + Mt khi (nhiu tng) nhm tit kim din tch v thun li cho qun l cng vic. + B tr ri: tng tnh thng thong. - Nh hnh chnh thng b tr trc nh my u hng gi ch o. - Tiu chun din tch tham kho: nhn vin 3.5m2 , gim c 12-18m2, tip tn 1824m2, khch i 9m2, phng hp 0.7m2 cho mi ngi. - Nh hnh chnh cn p mt, sch s, lch s v xung quanh cn c mt khun vin p. - Vn phng lm vic cn m bo nh sng, thng gi, c th ngn cch vi nhau bng cc vch lng. 4.2.2. Vn phng xng. - Gm phng qun c, t trng, phng k thut. - Thng b tr gn cc phn xng sn xut hoc bn trong xng. - Tiu chun tham kho: qun c 6-9m2, cn b can v 5-6m2, nhn vin khc 3m2.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 42

- Vn phng xng cn m bo nh sng, thng gi v t u hng gi ti mi xng. 4.2.3. Nh kho. - Chc nng ca kho: + Thu nhn hng ha: nguyn ph liu, thnh phm.. + Bo qun hng ha ch trin khai sn xut. + Cp pht hng n cc xng hoc ngoi cng ty. - Yu cu chung i vi nh kho l: + Cung cp u nguyn vt liu do qu trnh sn xut. + m bo kh nng kim sot qu trnh vn chuyn. + Hn ch vn chuyn ngc li kho. + m bo bc d d dng v phng tin, sn bi + m bo cht lng hng ha: m, nhit ... + An ton chy n. + Gii phng hng ha nhanh. 4.2.4. Nh xe. - Ni gi cc phng tin i li ca cn b cng nhn vin cng ty, khch hng... - Nh xe thng gm: + Nh xe t: xe ti, xe hi, xe du lch, container... + Nh xe my v xe p. - Yu cu khi thit k nh xe: + m bo sc cha cho 60% s phng tin tnh theo u ngi (tr hao cho s ngi i phng tin cng cng, i b, xe a rc, i nh xe). + D dng kim sot lng xe nh hai u ra vo. + Bo m cc iu kin an ton chy n. + Sp xp gn gng, ngn np. - Tiu chun tham kho cho nh xe: xe t du lch 12-18m2, xe ti 18-27m2, xe my 2.25m2, xe p 0.9m2.. - tit kim din tch c th b tr nh xe di tng hm hoc nh xe nhiu tng. - Nhn vin bo v thng m nhn nhim v qun l ra vo cc loi xe trong cng ty. - Nh xe nn t gn cng ph ca nh my khng xe chy qua cc xng gy n v nhim. 4.2.5. Nh n, cng tin. - Nh n thng gm ba b phn: phng ngi n, ni phn phi thc n v ni ch bin thc n v thng ch phc v ba n tra i khi n ti nu tng ca. - Vi trn 300 ch n, nh n thng 2 tng tr ln. - Tiu chun tham kho: 300 ch n 1.776m2 ngi. - Yu cu khi tnh ton xy dng nh n: + Tnh theo s lng ca ng nht hoc khong 60% tng s cng nhn. + Cch ly vi khu vc khc nhm m bo v sinh, nhng bn knh phc v nh hn 500m. + C th t chc nh n bng thc n nu sn t bn ngoi hoc kt hp vi nh n ca x nghip khc. + Nh n cn m bo v sinh, an ton thc phm.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 43

+ Thng thong, tin nghi, c ch gi , ra tay 4.2.6. Nh v sinh. - Yu cu khi b tr nh v sinh: + B tr gn ni lm vic ti a 150m, c th b tr trong phng vi iu kin thng gi tt. + Nn b tr kn o nhm m bo m quan. + Phi b tr phng m (chu ra, vi nc). + Tnh theo s lng ca ng nht (15 ngi b cho n, 30 loi treo cho nam, 04 b b tr 01 chu ra...). - Ngoi vic b tr nh v sinh cn kt hp vi cc phng gi qun o, phng tm, phng thay , phng ra tay vi cc dng c cn thit nh vi hoa sen, chu git, bnh nc nng, ch mc qun o. 4.2.7. Phng y t. - Ni cp pht thuc, khm bnh, s cu cc tai nn trong lao ng... - Phng y t gm ch i bnh nhn, ging bnh, ch lm th tc, bn trc, phng v sinh... Ty qui m m c th lp trm y t (>800 ngi) hay bnh vin. - Tiu chun tham kho: nhn vin 4m2, ging khm 4m2 (phng y t thng khong 80-190m2). - Phng y t c th thit k phn tn theo cc xng nhng tt nht ch cc hp cu thng. - Cn c b tr ni ng cng nhn, ni nguy c xy ra tai nn cao v t khng cch xa qu 800m v tuyt i khng t ln trn tng cao. - phc v tt hn c th phi hp vi cc x nghip bn thnh lp bnh vin khm cha bnh cho CN. 4.2.8. Nh tr. - S dng phn ln cho cc x nghip nhiu lao ng n vi s ca ng nht trn 100 ngi. - Xc nh s tr theo 1:10 s lng cng nhn n ca ca ng nht. - Din tch tham kho: ging cho b 2m2, phng cho b 1.5m2 mt b, phng ch 0.7m2 b m - t nh tr khng cch qu 500m ni m lm vic. 4.2.9. Phng ht thuc. - Cn b tr v iu kin xng d chy n, c ph n, phng kn... - Da theo ca ng nht theo tiu chun 0.02m2 cng nhn, phng khng nh hn 8m2, khng ln hn 20m2. - Trang b thm cc thit b cp nc ung. 4.2.10. Phng bo v. - ng vai tr kim sot hng ha, phng tin, ngi ra vo x nghip. - Chc nng chnh ca phng bo v l: + Thng k, ghi nht k s cng nhn ra vo cng ty. + Kim tra s lng hng ha ra vo. + Lin h cng vic gia khch hng v ban lnh o. + m bo an ninh trt t, bo v ti sn cng ty. + m bo cc yu cu phng chy cha chy.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 44

+ B tr, coi gi phng tin i li ca cn b cng nhn vin, khch hng. - Phng bo v tc trc 24 gi c chia ca lm vic. - Din tch ti thiu ca phng l 6m2, chiu cao 2.5m. 4.2.11. Nh vn ha, phng trng by, forum - Ngoi cc loi nh phc v sn xu trn, ty qui m v mc ch s dng m cn c cc cng trnh sau: + Nh vn ha: hot ng vn ha vn ngh. + Phng c, th vin: cha ti liu, sch c... + Phng trin lm: trng by sn phm ca cng ty. + Cu lc b th thao, nh thi u. + Phng ngh ngi, th gin, xem phim. - Yu cu chung vi cc cng trnh ny l: + p ng nhu cu ca ngi lao ng. + Trnh lng ph s dng, chi ph u t. + To v p thm m cho ton x nghip. 4.3. Cng trnh cng nghip 4.3.1. Trm bin p. - Gi vai tr n nh v phn phi in cho sn xut v sinh hot ca x nghip c bit khi mc tiu th nng lng in ln. - Trm bin p h th dng in quc gia xung in p sinh hot l 220V (2,3 pha). - Trm bin p c kh nng xy ra cc tai nn: + Chy n cho qu ti, chp in, gi bo. + in trng cao, phng in, git. - Yu cu an ton khi b tr trm bin p: + B tr xa ni d chy n nh nh kho, bi cha nhin liu, nh xe hoc bi xe, bi hng + Khng t bin p gn khu vc xng, nhiu ngi i li, ng giao thng. + Bo v che chn quanh trm bin p bng li + B tr cc bin cnh bo nguy him v gii hn phm vi tip xc i vi ngi i li. + t trm bin p cui hng gi, khng mc dy dn i trn nh xng hoc cc v tr ngi d tip xc. 4.3.2. Cy xanh. - Cy xanh gi vai tr: + iu ha khng kh, cung cp lng oxy cn thit, gim lng carbon, trnh gy nhim. + Lm gim bc x mt tri dn n gim nhit . + iu ha lng gi, tng thng gi t nhin. + Che chn khi bi, ha cht do sn xut sinh ra. + Gim ting n (ht m). + To v p cnh quan, trang tr p cho nh xng, to cm gic th gin, thoi mi cho ngi lao ng. + Chng xi mn, n nh mt t - Phn loi cy xanh trong XNCN.

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 45

+ Theo chiu cao: tn cao (cy c th nh si, s, bng...), tn trung (bi cy), tn thp (thm c). + Theo chc nng: cy xanh vi kh hu (iu ha khng kh), cy xanh thm m (lm p). + Theo hnh dng: hng cy (theo li), cy tng ro (ct ta), cy lm ng vin (ng bao, bn hoa), mng cy (t do), gin dy leo, thm c, hoa - Yu cu khi trng cy xanh trong XNCN: + Khng lm nh hng n kt cu cng trnh. + Khng che khut tm nhn. + Hi ha cnh quan v mi trng. + Khng gy nguy him cho con ngi, nh xng (gy , git in) + Chi ph u t v chm sc thp. 4.3.3. Cng trnh gi , phc v k thut. - B gi : ch yu dng cho cc nh my ha cht, cao su, xy dng, nha tng hp... b tr cc thit b cng ngh hay nng lng ni trn mt t. - ng hm: lp t cc ng ng cng nghip (nhit, nc, cp) hoc vn chuyn nguyn vt liu. - Cu cn: ni bc d hng ha (than g, cht lng) t xe la hoc bng chuyn ngnh khai khong - K chn t: gi cho t khi st l ti sn dc, nn cao, cng trnh thy li - Bunke: cha tm cc nguyn liu ri. - Silo: kho cha vt liu ri. - Thp lm ngui: h gin lm ngui, x l nc thi. - Trm bm: bm nc cu ha, a nc vo sn xut, nc sinh hot kt hp b ngm, bn nc

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 46

CHNG 5 GII PHP AN TON TRONG NH XNG CNG NGHIP 5.1. An ton vi vi kh hu. 5.1.1. Khi nim vi kh hu. - L trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian thu hp gm cc yu t nhit , m, bc x nhit, vn tc khng kh. - Vi kh hu trong XNCN ph thuc: + Kh hu a phng ni xy dng XNCN. + c im tnh cht qu trnh cng ngh ca XNCN. 5.1.2. Phn loi vi kh hu. - Vi kh hu nng: ta nhit >20Kcal/m2.h nh xng c, rn, luyn gang, cn thp - Vi kh hu lnh: ta nhit 33.5oC cc nng. - Gy bnh v c: thp khp, co c, mt mi sm - Gy bnh v h hp trn, vim phi, bnh lao - Gy bnh v mt: vim mc, au mt, kh mt - Bnh khc: ri loi cn bng nhit, ri lon vn mch, vim dy thn kinh, long dch v, chuyn ha nc.. b. nh hng n qu trnh sn xut. + nh hng cht lng sn phm: hoen , gim bn + Tc ng n gii php b tr chuyn, thit b. + nh hng n thit b: tui th, hiu sut + Chi ph u t hn ch tc ng ca vi kh hu xu. + Nng sut, tin sn xut. 5.1.4. Thnh phn v qui nh ca vi kh hu. a. Nhit . - L yu t quan trng ca sn xut, nhit ph thuc cc yu t: + Cc l nhit, ngn la trc tip khi gia cng. + Nng lng in nh bng n, thit b sinh nhit + Chuyn ha c thnh nhit: ma st, mi, da + Phn ng ha hc ca cc ha cht. + Bc x mt tri. + Con ngi sinh ra khi h hp, lm vic - Qui nh i vi nhit vo ma h trong cc XNCN khng vt qu 303-5oC. b. Bc x nhit. - Sinh ra t tia hng ngoi, tia sng thng, tia t ngoi do cc vt th en c nung nng pht ra. + Khong 500oC pht ra tia hng ngoi.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 47

+ Khong 1800-2000oC pht tia sng thng. + Khong 3000oC pht ra tia t ngoi. - Qui nh v bc x nhit o bng nhit k cu (actinanomette) l 1Kcal/m2.pht. c. m. - L lng hi nc tnh bng g trong 1m3 khng kh hay sc trng n hi nc (mmHg). - m gm m tuyt i D(g/m3) - lng hi nc trong 1m3 kh, m tng i (%) - t s gia m tuyt i vi m bo ha. - Qui nh m tng i ni sn xut 75-85%.. d. Vn tc khng kh. - Tc gi l khong cch m khi khng kh di chuyn c trong 1 giy. - Qui nh vn tc khng kh khng vt qu 3m/s. 5.1.5. Bin php hn ch tc ng ca vi kh hu xu. - Qui hoch nh xng, sp xp xng nng xen k xng mt, trnh nh nng chiu trc tip vo xng. - T chc thng gi, lm ngui trong xng (m ca s, qut ht, qut thi, phun ma, lm sch, lc bi khng kh, iu ha, cch ly ngun nhit) - T ng ha t xa, dng cc thit b t sinh nhit... - S dng cc bin php phng h c nhn nh khu trang, knh eo mt, gng tay, qun o cn nhit 5.2. An ton vi ting n, rung ng 5.2.1. Ting n. a. Khi nim. - Ting n l nhng m thanh gy kh chu, quy ri s lm vic, ngh ngi ca con ngi. - m thanh l nhng dao ng sng n hi do vt th va p lan truyn trong khng gian (trng m). - Tai nghe c (ngng nghe) tn s 16-20.000Hz tuy nhin cn ty thuc la tui, sc khe, thnh gic. H m c tn s 20.000Hz. b. Phn loi ting n. + Theo ngun gc ting n: > Ting n giao thng: xe n, ci, x, phanh, ma st. > Ting n xy dng: my trn, i, khoan, ba, p > Ting n sn xut: ca, g, dt, my chy, dt > Ting n sinh hot: radio, ch, ting rao, m tic + Theo tnh cht ting n. > Ting n n nh: my bm, my pht in, qut... > Ting n bin i: giao thng, ch, m tic.. > Ting n ngt qung: thang my, t lnh, ting my bay, ting my may > Ting n xung: dng va p mnh, ba nn > Ting n thng k: t hp hn lon nhng m thanh nghe c trong ngng nghe. > Ting n m sc: m c trng ch sa, mo ku. + Phn loi theo di tn:ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 48

> Ting n tn s cao: f>1.000Hz. > Ting n tn s trung bnh: f=300-1.000Hz. > Ting n tn s thp: f Bnh v tai gim nhy, ngng nghe, kh nng phc hi, ic, lng tai. > Bnh khc: ri lon vn mch, au d dy, cao huyt p, mt ng + Gy kh chu nh nh hng i thoi, cng thng, lm sai lch thng tin, mt tp trung, gim nng sut.. + Mc nh hng ph thuc mc n, thi gian, cng , kh nng ca con ngi, + Ting n lin tc kh chu hn ting n gin on. + Qui nh ting n ni cn lm vic tp trung khng qu 55dB, vn phng ti a 70dB, trn 90dB cn phi c bin php bo v. d. Hn ch tc ng ca ting n. + Hn ch lan truyn ting n xung quanh bng cch: > Trng cy xanh ngn cch. > To tng bao che chn ting n. > Thit lp khong cch an ton vi ngun n. > Bit lp (di chuyn) ngun n. + Hon thin cng ngh, thit b gim ting n, ci tin, hp l cc cng on sn xut. + Thng xuyn bo dng, sa cha thit b. + T ng ha mt s cng on gy n ln. + Cch m bng bin php che chn, s dng vt liu cch m lm tng, s dng thm ht m, sn m thit b, gim kch thc ca + Gin ca, ngh ngi, kim tra sc khe nh k, khng dng lao ng km sc khe + p dng cc bin php phng h c nhn. 5.2.2. Rung ng. - L nhng chuyn ng lin tc di dng sng vi tn s cm nhn c 12-8.000Hz, gy kh chu c th. - Phn loi theo mc nh hng. + Rung ng chung (gy dao ng ton c th). + Rung ng cc b (dao ng mt ni trn c th). - Phn loi theo tn s rung. + Rung ng tn s cao bin nh nh siu m. + Rung ng tn s thp bin ln nh ng sc. - nh hng ca rung ng. + Gy nh hng n thn kinh trung ng, tim mch, cc c quan ni tng, lon tuyn tin nh, tun hon, vim c, vi ha khp + Gy say (tu xe), mt mi, t chn, nga - Bin php hn ch rung p dng song song vi bin php hn ch ting n. 5.3. An ton khi bi. 5.3.1. Khi nim. - L nhng ht vt cht rt b tn ti trong khng kh.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 49

- phn tn bi ph thuc trng lng ht, sc cng khng kh. - Bi cng ln cng d ri, cng mn cng gy hi, bi c tnh nhim in cao, d bt chy n. 5.3.2. Phn loi bi. + Theo tnh cht: Aerogen (l lng), aerogen (lng). + Theo ngun gc: bi hu c (len, lng, g), bi v c (ng, st, thch anh), bi hn hp (khong, ) + Theo kch thc: bi lng (>10m), bi thng thng (10-0.25m), bi bay ( 35m/s m chy kch n. - Nguyn nhn chy: + St nh: phng in gia m my tri du hoc gia m my vi mt t. + Sinh tnh in do ma st: tia la in, kim loi va chm. + Thit b h nhit: l t, l nung + N bnh kh nn. + Thao tc sai qui trnh. 5.4.2. Bin php phng chy cha chy. - La chn cng ngh, thit b ph hp. - Chn vt liu xy dng hay kt cu chng chy tt. - S dng h thng cnh bo t ng khi c chy. - Che chn an ton cc thit b c th gy ra chy. - Tuyn truyn, gio dc, tp hun thng xuyn v an ton chy n. - Thit lp cc phng n PCCC hiu qu. - Thng xuyn kim tra, n c cng tc an ton chy n trong XNCN. - T chc thng trc i PCCC trong XN.ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 50

- S dng cc thit b cha chy hin i nh bnh bt, bnh kh CO2, N2, xe cha chy lu ng... - Theo chiu cao. 5.5. An ton in. 5.5.1. Khi nim. - in l dng electron t do xut hin khi c s chnh lch v hiu in th. - in ng vai tr quan trng trong i sng, bn cnh cng gy ra mt s nguy c mt an ton nh: + Gy chn thng: bng, co git c, vim mt + in git: t cng, ngt xu, cht lm sng, ri lon h hp, ri lon tim... - Nhng nguyn nhn gy mt an ton in: + m khng kh cao (>75%), thi gian di, c bi. + Nn nh dn in (b tng, ct thp), t + Nhit mi trng cao (>35oC) + H in t thit b nh v my, dy in. + Vn hnh sai qui cch, khng an ton. 5.5.2. Bin php an ton in. - Che chn cc thit b v b phn ca mng in. - Chn in p p ph hp vi thit b. - Thay th cc thit b in khng an ton. - Ni t, ni trung tnh, ni khng cc thit b in. - S dng cc bin php phng h c nhn: bt th in, cch t, km cch in, mt n, gng tay... - Kim tra, vn hnh theo ng nguyn tc an ton. - Bo m khong cch an ton gia ngi v thit b. - S dng cc bin bo an ton in, kha lin ng, cu dao, cu ch an ton. - Thng xuyn bo tr, kim tra h thng in. - Tuyn truyn, ph bin, tp hun cc kin thc v an ton in trong sn xut v sinh hot. 5.6. An ton ha cht. 5.6.1. Khi nim. - L nhng cht s dng trong cc lnh vc nng, lm, cng nghip, dch v... dng rn, lng hay kh. c ha cht l Tlm (mg), LD50 (mg/kg cn nng). - Phn loi ha cht c trong cng nghip: + Theo c: nhm cc mnh (Tlm500). + Theo bn vng: khng bn (1-2 tun: pht pho hu c, carbonate), trung bnh (118 thng: 2D, 3D, thuc bo v thc vt), bn (2-5 nm: DDT, cloridan, 666, hp cht halogen..), rt bn (10-18 nm: Hg, Pb, As, Cr, cht c da cam, dioxin). 5.6.2. Tc hi ca ha cht c. - Gy ra cc vn v sc khe: + Kch ng v bng da: xng, acid, halogen, HCHO...ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh Khoa CN May v Thi trang


Trang 51

+ D ng, ph, nn ma: nha epoxy, thuc nhum hu c, acid crom, NO2... + Ngt th: CO2, N2, CH3... + Gy m, t: ethanol, aceton, ether... + Gy ung th (asen, amian..), h thai, qui thai (Hg). + Gy bnh ngh nghip thm ch t vong (liu mnh) - Gy ra cc vn v sn xut: chy n, n mn, oxy ha, d chy, cc c 5.6.3. Bin php hn ch tc ng ca ha cht c. - S dng, thay th ha cht hay cng ngh hp l. - Che chn, cch ly ngun ha cht c. - Thng gi (y kh c ra), trng cy xanh (ht CO2) - S dng cc bin php phng h c nhn. 5.7. An ton in t trng. - in t trng c bc sng di pht ra t cc thit b nh rada, l trung tn, cao tn, sng truyn hnh. - Con ngi khng c cm gic v in t trng, mc tc dng ln c th ph thuc ngun pht, thi gian, ch lm vic... Loi bc sng mm (b mt da), cm (t chc da), dm (10-15cm da), m (su hn 15cm). - in t trng gy tn hi h thn kinh, nhc u, mt mi, nng ny, kh th, bin i gan, l nch... - Phng chng tc hi ca t trng. + To khong cch an ton i vi ng dy cao p. + Ro chn, bao bc thit b cao tn bng nhm, ng. + Ni t, dng nc trit tiu in t trng. + Hn ch s dng kim loi, din tch lm vic rng. + Thng gi, chp ming l. + Gim thi gian tip xc vi cc thit b cao tn. 5.8. An ton phng x. - L cc nguyn t pht ra cc tia c kh nng ion ha vt cht (tia phng x). - Cc ng v phng x thng gp (Co60, U238, Ra236, C14, Ba130) pht ra cc tia , , vi chu k bn r cao. - n v phng x: Ci (curi), R (ronghen), Rad, Rem - Tc hi ca tia phng x: + Xm nhp su vo c th qua h hp, tiu ha (ni chiu), bn ngoi (ngoi chiu). + Gy ri lon h thn kinh trung ng, bng da, ty , gy, suy nhc, ung th thm ch t vong. - Hn ch tc ng ca tia phng x: + Trnh hng trc tip ngun phng x, thng gi + S dng phng php phng h c nhn. + S dng cc bin php phng chng phng x song song vi phng chng ha cht v khi bi.

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 52

ThS. Nguyn Tun Anh



Trang 53

CHNG 6 THNG GI V CHIU SNG CNG NGHIP 6.1. Thng gi cng nghip. 6.1.1. Khi nim. - Khng khi la mi trng ma con ngi sng, lam vic va nghi ngi trong o. Thanh phn khng khi: 78,08 % N2 (nitrogen), 20,95% O2 (oxygen). Ngoai ra H2 (hydrogen), Ar (argon), CO2 (carbonic), vi sinh vt... - nh hng ca khng kh: + Sc khe: phu thuc vao c im sinh ly, la tui trang thai, mc lao ng, tinh trang sc... Gy ra cac bnh v h hp, tiu hoa, da... + Sinh hot: Khng khi nhim lam khut tm nhin, mt tp trung... + San xut: giam bn va kha nng gia cng ch bin san phm, hao mon thit bi, san xut inh tr... 6.1.2. Mc ch ca thng gi. - Thay i khng kh bn trong nh b nhim bng khng kh trong sch t bn ngoi . - Lm gim nhit trong phng do thit b hoc con ngi thi ra trong SX. Do vy: K thut thng gi c xem l vic to ra mi trng khng kh trong sch c y cc yu t: nhit , m, tc lan truyn khng kh ph hp vi yu cu ca con ngi v p ng yu cu cng ngh ca x nghip. 6.1.3. Phn loi thng gi. - Theo thi gian: + Thng gi nh k: lu lng thp, kh c hi t. + Thng gi thng xuyn. - Theo s t chc: + Thng gi chung: p dng cng trnh cng cng, nh dn dng, trng hc, bnh vin... + Thng gi cc b: ht cc b, thi cc b. - Theo nguyn nhn: + Thng gi c kh cn gi l thng gi cng bc, thng gi nhn to. + Thng gi t nhin: dng cc loi ca thng gi. + Thng gi trng lc: dng ct p hay trng lc. + Thng gi phi hp: dng iu ha hay phi

Documents

tknx