TNA and Technology Action Plan Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand:

TNA and Technology Action Plan

Climate Change Technology Needs

Assessments for Thailand: Technology for Energy Management

Science and Technology Research Institute,Chiang Mai University

October 2011

Wongkot Wongsapai

Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: Mitigation

Presentation outline

1 Rational of this study

2 Prioritize technology methodology

3 Technology Action Plan

2

Energy plan

Sources DetailsMoEnergy - Policy & Strategy plan

- Provincial planEPPODEDEEGATMEAPEA

- PDP 1990 & 2010- Energy efficiency plan (EEP)2011-2030

- Renewable energy development plan (REDP) 2008-2022

Environmental plan

Sources DetailsONEP - National Climate

change plan

OTP - National transport plan

Industry - National Industry plan

Economic plan

Sources DetailsNESDB - National Economic

plan

Plan and Data from past and existing energy activity

Suggested measures

Condition: 20C & 450 ppm

Comparison : Thai and world

Suggested TAPExisting TAP (adjusted)New TAP (best practices from other countries)

Technology Need assessment andTAP (Mitigation)

Framework TNA and TAP-Energy

TNA and TAP

AnalysisAssessmen

tconclusion

3

-1-Rational of this study


Past energy projects/activities

• From the study of the past energy activities (e.g. energy efficiency and renewable energy development projects) under Thai energy conservation plans, we found that

• In the past, Thai energy programs focused mainly on energy issues, not in climate change issue, but however, many energy projects have big impacts in GHG mitigation,

• Energy technologies from this Technology needs assessment should match with national energy strategy plan,

• This TNA based on 10 years action plan (2012-2021)

5


Energy & Climate Change: TNA

• Strategy 1: Adequate energy supply for energy security (from Ministry of Energy’s Energy Strategy)

• Strategy 3: Support Thai energy business• Strategy 4: Energy development which

environmental consideration Renewable energy development (RE) Energy efficiency improvement (EE) Clean energy technology (CT)(1)Energy

Technologygrouping (2)

TNA Criteria setting

(3)Technologyprioritize

Prioritize concept

6


Past meetings and seminar in TNA

Energy expert group meetings,Two public hearing seminars

7

-2-Prioritize technology

methodology

1: Supply 2: RENEW 3: EE 4: Others

Energy sector

High

Readiness (8 Criterias)

LowImpact (2 criterias)

TNAResults

Mul

ti Cr

iteria

Prio

ritize

dTe

chno

logy

Technology selection Gr

oupi

ng

Ready Not ready

Final consideration• Timeframe/neccessity• TNA Steering committee

comments9


Energy sector consideration in this TNA

Renewable energy

• Solar energy (2)• Wind energy (1)• Hydro energy (1)• MSW (3)• Biofuels (3)• Hydrogen (-)• Biomass (2)• Biogas (3)• CNG (1)

Energy efficiency

• Cross-sector• Industry (4)• Commercial (2)• Residential (2)• Transport (3)

Energy supply• Power generation/

district cooling (3)• Oil refinery (1)• Gas separation (1)

Other technology• CCS (1)

• Multi-criteria analysis by above sub-sector

• Scoring made by energy group experts via meeting and computer system (delphi)

4 parts Power Supply and Transformation; Renewable energy (based on REDP);

Energy efficiency (based on EEP); Other technology (CCS)

33technologies

10


Criteria setting

• The Readiness (If ready = 5 : If NOT ready = 1)

• The Impact (If big impact = 5 : Least impact =1)

Criteria(a)

Assessment (from 1 to 5)

(b) Weight

(c) = (A)*(B) Point

Readiness(1) Policy infrastructure including regulatory 5 0.1 0.5(2) Benefit and cost 5 0.1 0.5(3) Short-term trend 5 0.1 0.5(4) Management infrastructure 5 0.1 0.5(5) Possibility of domestically based production 5 0.2 1(6) Stakeholder and social acceptance 5 0.2 1(7) Current technology situation in Thailand (if ready=1) 5 0.1 0.5(8) Current tech. situation in developed countries (if ready = 5) 5 0.1 0.5Impact(9) Other impacts (social, economic and environment) 5 0.5 2.5(10) Estimated GHG mitigation of technology 5 0.5 2.5Grand total score 10 11


Resu

lts

of T

echn

olog

y pr

iori

tiza

tion

Policy

and p

lan in

cludin

g reg

ulato

ryBe

nefit

and c

ost

Shor

t-term

tren

dM

anag

emen

t infra

struc

ture

Possi

bility

of do

mesti

cally

ba

sed p

rodu

ction

Stake

holde

r and

so

cial a

ccept

ance

Curre

nt te

chno

logy s

ituati

on

in Th

ailan

dCu

rrent

tech

nolog

y situ

ation

in

deve

loped

coun

tries Sub-

total point

Othe

r impa

cts (s

ocial

, ec

onom

ic and

envir

onme

nt)

Estim

ated G

HG

mitig

ation

of te

chno

logy

Sub-total point

Weighted of criteria 5% 5% 5% 5% 10%

10%

5% 5% 50%

25%

25% 50% 100%

Energy Supply Power Generation

- Efficiency improvement 3 4 2 4 1 3 2 4 2.7- Smart grid (cross cutting issue) 4 3 4 4 2 5 5 4 3.8 5 5 5 8.8· Oil refineries and Natural gas separation 2 2 1 5 1 2 2 4 2.2

District cooling 3.6 3 4 3.5 7.1

Solar Energy Solar thermal 4.1 5 3 4 8.1 Solar PV 3.4 5 4 4.5 7.9

Wind Energy Electricity 4 1 3 3 2 5 3 4 3.2

Waste and MSW Thermal 4 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 Electricity 3.5 5 5 5 8.5 For Fuel 2.1Biomass Electricity 4 3 5 4 4 2 3 4 3.5 4 5 4.5 8 Thermal 4.1 4 4 4 8.1Biogas CBG (Compressed Biogas) 3 2 3 2 2 4 5 3 3 Electricity 3.4 Thermal 3.2

Total

Renewable Energy

ImpactReadiness

Technology

12


Resu

lts

of T

echn

olog

y pr

iori

tiza

tion

Polic

y an

d pl

an in

cludi

ng

regu

lato

ry

Bene

fit a

nd co

st

Shor

t-te

rm tr

end

Man

agem

ent i

nfra

stru

ctur

e

Poss

ibilit

y of

dom

estic

ally

base

d pr

oduc

tion

Stak

ehol

der a

nd

socia

l acc

epta

nce

Curr

ent t

echn

olog

y sit

uatio

n

in T

haila

nd

Curr

ent t

echn

olog

y sit

uatio

n

in d

evel

oped

coun

trie

s

Sub-total point

Oth

er im

pact

s (s

ocia

l,

econ

omic

and

envi

ronm

ent)

Estim

ated

GHG

miti

gatio

n of

tech

nolo

gy

Sub-total point

Weighted of criteria 5% 5% 5% 5% 10%

10%

5% 5% 50%

25%

25% 50% 100%

Biofuels Biodiesel 3.4 Ethanol 3.4 2nd generation biofuels 3.2 5 5 5 8.2 NGV 5 3 5 2 2 3 4 4 3.3

Lighting 3.5 4 3 3.5 7 Building Envelope 3.6 4 4 4 7.6

Industry sector Motor and drives 3.8 4 3 3.5 7.3 Combustion 3.6 5 5 5 8.6 Chiller 3.1 Air Compressor 3

Transport sector passenger (Mass) 3.5 5 4 4.5 8 passenger (Private) 3 3 3 2 2 4 5 5 3.3 Logistic (IT and planning) 3.2

Other energy sector CCS 3 5 5 5 8

Total

Commercial sector and Residential sectorEnergy Efficiency Improvement

ImpactReadiness

Technology

13


3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.23

3.5

4

4.5

5

Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Energy Supply Other Energy Sector

Readiness

Impa

ctResults of Technology prioritization

Technology Readiness Impact Total

Smart Grid 3.8 5.0 8.8

Combustion 3.6 5.0 8.6

Waste Electric 3.5 5.0 8.5

2nd gen biofuels 3.2 5.0 8.2

Solar Thermal 4.1 4.0 8.1

Biomass Thermal 4.1 4.0 8.1CCS 3.0 5.0 8.0Mass Transport 3.5 4.5 8.0Biomass Electric 3.5 4.5 8.0

PV Solar 3.4 4.5 7.9

Building Envelop 3.6 4.0 7.6

Motor and Drives 3.8 3.5 7.3

District Cooling 3.6 3.5 7.1

Lighting 3.5 3.5 7.0

Solar Thermal and Biomass Thermal

Smart Grid

Hi-efficiency Combustion

Energy Supply Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency

WasteElectricity

PV SolarBiomass Electric and Mass Transport

Building Envelop

Lighting District Cooling Hi-eff Motor and Drives

CCS

Other Energy Sector

2nd genbiofuels

14


TNA Conclusions

Results from the second round of prioritization(a) Energy supply • Smart grid (b) Renewable energy technology• Waste to power (power generation) • Second generation biofuels (c) Energy efficiency improvement• Fuel Combustion in industry sector (Large and

small scale) (d) Other• Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)

MSW

Smart grid

CCS

15

Technologies in Thai Energy

• Power generation (fossil: Thermal, CCGT, diesel) (renewable: Gasification, Thermal)

• Oil refinery • Gas separation plant (GSP)• Heat generation/District cooliing• Energy planning

Transformation

Transmission/Distribution

Energy Supply• Fossil energy (coal gas oil others) • Renewable energy (Solar, wind, biomass,

biogas, MSW, biofuels)

• Energy demand forecast• Electricity consumption (motors and

drives, air compressor, air conditioning, etc.)

• Fuel consumption (transport)• Thermal energy consumption (boiler,

burner)• Energy management system (control

system)

• Energy (power) transmission• Energy distribution• Petroleum/gas transport• Operation & Maintenance

Power Oil refinery GSP

Grid Tube Transport

Final Energy Consumption

Industry

ResCommercial

TransportOther

s

CCS1.Smart grid2.Waste-to-power3.Efficient Burner4.CCS5.2nd Gen biofuel

3

4

2

1

1

5

524

16

-3-Technology Action Plan


Source: UNEP RisØe center

สว่น Technology Action Plan (TAP)

18

Multi-technologies, one location

Smart gridThe term “smart grid” refers to a modernization of the electricity delivery system so it monitors, protects, and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements — from the central and distributed generator through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to industrial users and building automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances, and other household devices (EPRI, 2009). Smart in both Supply and Demand• This study considers in RET to

smart grid in supply and energy efficiency in demand-side

1

19

Smart grid Impact

20

Power output control systemfrom Battery Storage

For both supply side, demand side (industry or household) and mobile devices (Electricity vehicles

Smart grid Impact

21

Smart grid concept

22

• Self‐healing from power disturbance• Enabling active participation by consumers in demand

response• Providing power quality for the needs• Accommodating all generation and storage options• Enabling new products, services, and markets• Optimising assets and operating efficiently

Source: MEF Smart grids, 2009

Technology Mapping: Smart GridSub-

technology

Details Demand for development

Important issues for implement

Status/accessibility

1.1 Smart Metering

• An electric meter that responding to both producers and two-way users,

• Producer will receive the power consumption information by auto/real-time reply,

• End-user can choose the power supply source and also can monitoring their electric expense.

• Advance imported technology,

• High investment and high potential to deploy in Thailand,

• Respond to connect the power system completely with more stability,

• Respond to energy plan of Thailand in both energy security and renewable energy development plan,

• Generation and using with real cost and choosing the electrical by demand.

• System risk considering,

• Operate area and technology,

• Cost per unit considering in both fix cost and variable cost,

• Laws and regulations design to accommodate,

• Secret system control for user (security),

• Social and community acceptance,

• Knowledge and confidence in technology of stakeholder include electrical standard and IT through the complete capacity building

Early stage of research and development

, rarely installed /limited

1.2 Storage system

• Collects and stores power from power generation and keeps balancing power voltage and others to be constant which cause the electrical application are stable and stationary,

• Support power to supply-side (the electricity from power generation or other substation), demand-side (all sector) and mobile-side (hybrid or EV charger).

Early stage of research and development / very limited

1.3 Control system

• An information system to control the power generate connection and electrical distribution in complete network.

Early stage of research and development / very limited23

Barriers and solutions (TAP) - Smart GridSub-

technology

Barriers Solution/TAP Stakeholders

1.1 Smart Metering

Financial: • High investment

cost and require high energy potential

Policy and Regulatory:

• Roadmap policy appear in PEA’s plan but not clear in EGAT and MEA,

• No equipment standard and IT Security system,

• No cooperation with international organization.

Financial: • Plan to get more supports from abroad in

high technology equipment [S-Term]• Government support the financial for smart

device though the projects/measures (e.g. Tax incentive, ESCO fund) [M-Term]

• Implement & Deploy energy authorities for education and/or research [S-Term]

• CDM-PoA/Credited NAMA concept [S-term]

Policy and Regulatory.• Develop smart grid national plan along with

the roadmap by other related authorities [S-Term]

• Study and push the clear policies/regulations for support in appropriate period and internalize smart grid to REDP and EEP with clear success framework and time duration. [M-Term]

• Study the international standard (IEEE, IEC, ISO) of the smart equipment and may establish the National Smart Grid Certification center. [S-M Term]

• Set the policy to test both security and stability of smart grid by both system and each device [S-Term]

MoEn (DEDE and EPPO) policy, regulatory and promotion

ERC(policy and regulatory)

EGAT, PEA, MEA and end-users (implement)

MOST and MoEd (research and development)

1.2 Storage system

1.3 Control system

24

Barriers and solutions (TAP) - Smart GridSub-

technology Barriers Solution/TAP Stakeholders

1.1 Smart Metering

Technology: • All technology need to

import and the equipment has various types. However, it should be start developing from the most importance and high potential,

• The research and develop in Thailand is at beginning in institute or university level but not in wide-spread,

• No information of smart grid in climate change impact,

• System must be maintained by power utility.

Capacity Building:• Lack of technology

knowledge from design to maintenance areas,

• Smart grid is a rapidly-improved technology

Technology: • Prioritize the smart grid devices and start

plan to developing that device such as start metering and storage [S-Term-Continue]

• Potential & feasibility analysis in country level and beginning area and demonstrate the full pilot project operation. [S-M Term]

• Study the impact of the smart device market [S-Term]

• Analyze the climate change impact of smart grid [S-Term-Continue]

• Suggest and push for Utility to invest and develop the main control system [S-Term-Continue]

Capacity Building:• Develop a research network from academic

institutes with best practices case-study [S-Term-Continue]

• Develop international smart grid network. [M- Term-Continue]


ERC(policy and regulatory)

EGAT, PEA, MEA and end-users (implement)


1.2 Storage system

1.3 Control system

25

Note: MoEn=Ministry of Energy [DEDE=Dpt. of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, DMF=Dpt. of Mineral Fuels, EPPO=Energy Policy and Planning Office, ERC=Energy Regulatory Commission of Thailand, EGAT=Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand] MNRE= Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment [ONEP= Office of Natural Resources and Environment Policy and Planning, PCD=Pollution Control Dpt.] MoIn=Ministry of Industry [ DIW=Dpt. of Industrial Works] MoE=Ministry of Education, MOST=Ministry of Science and Technology, MoA=Ministry of Agriculture and cooperation; PEA=Provincial Electricity Authority, MEA=Metropolitan Electricity of Thailand,

Waste to powerBangkok:8,800-9,000 tons per dayOther municipality > 100 TPD (around 25 municipalities)Current = 13 MWe and 1.09 ktoe thermal energy generation3 types of waste to energy in Thai Landfill gas 6 CDM

projects Fermentation Incineration (by burner)

2

• Considered the appropriate technology for Thailand,

• Also considered the appropriate area and technology and management limitation for TAP development

26


Water

Steam

Boiler

Rotor Unit

Reactor

Water Treatment Condenser

Fuel

Raw Input

Product

Hydrothermal Treatment Technology is a new technology that developed by the Tokyo Institute of Technology. The advantage of this technology is that the condensate from system can bring pollution such as Dioxin in liquid that can treat and reuse in system. Moreover, the technology can compatible with all waste type without waste separation

Raw Product

(wet, 40-70% moisture)

Hydrothermal

processDrying

Final Product

(dry, 10% moisture)

MSW

(wet)

Hydrothermal Technology

27

Technology Mapping: Waste to power

Sub-technology Details Demand for development



2.1 Hydrothermal Treatment Technology

• Transformation of waste to fuel powder. The pollutants such as dioxins can released in liquid. (No need for waste separation)

• Advance technology (Hydrothermal) and need to import.

• High investment and high potential to deploy/implement in Thailand

• Design and control system technology understanding

• Waste is big and very importance problem in Thailand

• Information disclosure from owner technology,

• Domestic based production is acceptable,

• Cost consideration in both fixed and variable cost,

• Stakeholder knowledge and confidence in technology.

Early stage of research and development and Need to import / very limit access

• Technology extension from owner technology,

• Domestic based production is acceptable,

• Cost consideration • Stakeholder knowledge

and confidence in technology

Beginning development / limit access2.2 Incinerator • Waste to energy in both

heat and electricity by burn the waste in furnace and generate steam for power generation.

28

Barriers and solutions (TAP) - Waste to power

Sub-technology Barriers Solution/TAP Stakeholders

2.1 Hydrothermal Treatment Technology

Economic: • High investment cost and

should have waste enough for generate energy.

Policy and Regulatory:• Has Roadmap and clear

policy in REDP, • Obstruct in other problems

such as scavenging and joint venture Act.

Technology: • Main equipment need to

import, • This technology belongs to

Japanese license (HTT).

Capacity Building:• Lack of knowledge

management in the long-term,

• Protest from community,• Lack of waste separation

management.

Economic: • Plan to get external support for

expensive device. [S-Term]• Government support the financial

for smart device though the projects/ measures (e.g. Tax incentive, ESCO fund) [M-Term]

• CDM-PoA/Domestic or Credited NAMA concept [S-Term]

Policy and Regulatory:• Create the waste separation and

system and revision the relevant laws [S-Term]

Technology: • Plan for technology transfer and

promote for Thai entrepreneurs to domestic production [S-Term]

• Study of the impact of the waste/trash market. [S-Term]

• Analyze the climate change impact from waste to energy technology [S-Term-Continue]

Capacity Building:• Advance technology transfer of HTT

[S-Term-Continue]• Capacity building in local community

and NGO and public promotion in waste separation system [S-Term-Continue]


MoIn (DIW) policy and regulatory

MNRE (PCD, ONEP) emission and EIA

MOST and MoE (research and development

2.2 Incinerator

29

Efficient Fuel combustion in industrial sector

3

30

8,816 steam boilers in Thailand110,000 ton per hr

Fire-tube 6,306 units (31,000 ton per hr)Water tube 2,510 units (79,000 ton per

hr)

Technology Mapping: Efficient Fuel combustion

Sub-technology Details Demand for development



Efficient boiler3.1 Modulating burner

• Burner that has the ability to vary the fire that heats the water up and down so that the water temperature stays precisely where the computer brain in the boiler wants it to be,

• This temperature is figured by measuring the outdoor temperature and changing the water temperature based on that.

• Understanding in technology including processes and control system,

• Rising in fuel price

• Technology transfer from manufacturers and technology owner,

• Readiness of domestic manufacturer,

• Knowledge and reliable of technology in Thai industry.

Imported technology/

Limited

3.2 Once Through Boiler

• Water is input at the bottom, and steam is produced from the top with quick supply of steam in a few minutes,

• Compact design saving installation space,

• Safe and no fear of explosion because of small water content.

• Demand of steam utilization is fluctuated and not 24-hr operate,

• Keep the steam quality stability,

• Knowledge in material design,

• Rising in fuel price.

• Technology transfer from manufacturers and technology owner,

• Readiness of domestic manufacturer,

• Knowledge and reliable of technology in Thai industry.

Imported technology/

Not widespread

31

Barriers and solutions (TAP) - Efficient Fuel combustion

Sub-technology Barriers Solution/TAP Stakeholders

3.1 Modulating burner

Finance: • High investment cost

(especially in SME), • Potential depends on steam

demand pattern of each industry.

Policy and regulatory• Roadmap in industry also

included in National energy efficiency plan.

Technology:• Need to import technology,• Property right for domestic

production.

Capacity building:• Lack of knowledge in operation

and maintenance in long-term, • Lack of good practice in boiler

operation, especially in SME level.

Finance: • Government support in financial

measures (e.g.tax incentive or ESCO fund [M term]

• CDM-PoA/Domestic NAMA [S Term]

Policy and regulatory• Action and implement plan

including loan incentive [S-term]• Regulatory/guideline/standard on

fuel use per ton of steam production in each fuel type [L-term]

Technology:• Technology transfer • Support domestic based

production• Study the impact of implementing

especially in boiler equipment market [S-term]

• Study on impact to climate change [S-term-continue]

Capacity building:• Technology transfer and approach

[S-term-continue]• Technician/operator

training/development by using the า Best practices case [S-term-cont]


MoIn (DIW) regulatory


3.2 Once Through Boiler

32

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

43 types of carbon storage• in Gaseous state with

enhanced oil recovery (EOR) benefit

• In liquid state in ocean• In solid state

33

1 32

34

Technology Mapping: CCSSub-

technology

Details Demand for development


Status/accessibili

ty1.1 Post combustion capture

• The CCS basic concept.• Mainly in energy industry such

as power plant,• After burning, CO2 from exhaust

gas will be captured and storage.

• Need to import technology,

• Very high investment cost,

• Clear understanding in CCS technology,

• Regional and stratum analysis (in-depth),

• Investment and technology risk assessment,

• Cooperate system design or feasibility study (currently, PTT studied in 1 site; i.e. CCS South Bongkot NG Producing area potential at 1 Mt-CO2 annually) and found that is not cost effective even with CDM.

• Stakeholder knowledge and confidence in technology,

• Cost consideration both fixed and variable cost,

• Need to have direct law and regulations (currently, only EOR: Enhanced Oil recovery can do through Petroleum Act while other CCS technology are in question),

• Social and community acceptance,

• Appropriate CCS site and technology decision,

• Technology and experience transfer to operator via capacity building.

Beginning/ Very limited

1.2 Pre-combustion capture

• Used in some chemical industry or gas production (hydrogen, methane),

• Fuel will be transformed to CO and burned by gasification,

• CO will be transformed to CO2 and storage,

• Hydrogen will be used as fuel.

None / Very limited

1.3 O2/CO2 Recycle (Oxyfuel)

• Separate O2 from air to burn fuel in power/heat plant,

• CO2 from combustion and steam will be recovery to the system.

None / Very limited

3535

Barriers and solutions (TAP) - CCSSub-


1.1 Post combustion capture

Financial: • Very high investment cost and

require large area site,• CCS to CDM is now in process.Policy and Regulatory:• Policy and regulations are not

clear in CCS, especially in monitoring, operating, Reporting, and (if gas) leak

• International LawTechnology: • Thailand NG contains 15-35%

CO2, but still lack of research and develop in institute or university in CCS potential,

• Lack of deep stratum analysis both on- and off-shore,

• Lack of impact information in off-shore case that may impact to other country,

• Lack of study in CCS impact to climate change.

Capacity Building:• Lack of all technology

knowledge from design to maintenance.

• May encounter protest against CCS in long term,

• Long-term safety operation and maintenance.

Financial: • Plan to get external support. [S-Term]• Push department of energy for study and/or

research in pilot scale. [S-Term]• Support CCS to CCS-CDM and Credited

NAMA concept [S-Term] Policy and Regulatory:• Study and deploy policies and regulations &

support in the appropriate time [S-M Term]• 10 years Design approval and

construction • 20-30 years CCS Operate & Injection• after 20 years Monitoring site and

post-injection• Study International std/regulations in both

the international covenant and sea borders [M-Term]

Technology: • Potential and site (area) analysis of CCS [S-M

S-M Term• Study and research the geology and related

data [S-Term]• Impact analysis of CCS to climate change [S-

Term-Continue]Capacity Building:• Establish the CCS research network from

academic institute [M-Term-Continue]• Capacity building in CCS main issues to

stakeholders including the understanding of environmental impact. [M-Term-Continue]

MoEn (DMF) policy, regulatory

EGAT, PTT, IPP (imnplement)

MOST and MoE (research and development

1.2 Pre-combustion capture

1.3 O2/CO2 Recycle (Oxyfuel)

36

• Comprehensive mapping for storage

• Site assessment [Geology, hydrogeology, EOR potential]

• Technology selection

• Risk mgt.• Best practices

study

$ 62-120 per tonne CO2 avoided

36

Second generation biofuels

5

Lignocellulosic biofuels can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by around 90% when compared with fossil petroleum, in contrast first generation biofuels offer savings of only 20-70%

(http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wtw.html)

37

Source: http://www.altprofits.com/ref/se/re/bio/bio.html Note: In some documents (e.g. National Non-food crops center, USA), algae also considers as second generation biodiesel.

Technology Mapping: 2nd Generation BiofuelsSub-

technology Details Demand for development


Status/accessibili

ty1.1 Conversion Process

• Technology for converting biomass cellulose to liquid fuel

• Type of technology:1. Biochemical conversion

process2. Thermochemical

conversion process3. Biodiesel from algae• High potential of biomass

from agricultural waste.

• Do basic research covers all areas of second-generation biofuels,

• Set up budget for supporting research work and demonstration plant,

• Understanding in technology including processes and equipment,

• Selecting of appropriate technology for a specific raw material,

• Risk management analysis on investment and technology selection,

• Preliminary design and feasibility analysis,

• Follow up new technologies.

• Separation of food and energy chains,

• Own technology, reduce imported technology,

• Knowledge related to equipment and machines for collecting and harvesting agricultural waste,

• Investment feasibility,

• Policies,• National institute

required,• Databases ,• Regulations,• Human development

in the areas of research, technics & management

Early stage of research

and developme

nt /Limited

1.2 Value chain products & technology

• Products needed in the production such as enzyme, catalyst and others,

• Process or equipment that uses in the process such as gasification.

Barriers and solutions (TAP) - 2nd Generation BiofuelsSub-


1.1 Conversion Process

Technical: • 2nd-gen. biofuel tech has been

developed in limited countries, • Technologies have many routes

and complicates,• Technology development in

Thailand still in the early stage,• Lack of knowledge related to

equipment and machines. Finance:• High investment cost.Policy:• Lack of national target and plan in

research and supports in all levels.

Institute:• No national institute who directly

responds for all details.

Technical: • Do basic research covering all areas

of second-generation fuel [S-M term]• Fiscal support in pilot scale &

Demonstration plant [S and continue]

• Develop waste management system including equipment and post-harvest machines [M-L term]

Finance:• Investment fiscal support [S-M term]• Focus on credited NAMA [M term]

Policy:• Development national plan [S-term]Institute:• Set up national institute to response all

activities [S-term]

MoEn (DEDE, DOEB and EPPO) policy, regulatory and promotion

MoIn (DIW and BOI) regulatory & investment support

MoA and MNRE (long term supply)

MOST and MoE (research and development)

1.2 Value chain products & technology

Technical: • Lack of research,• Materials are currently

imported.Finance:• High investment cost.Policy:• Lack of national plan.

Technical: • Support basic and applied

researches [S-M term]Finance:• Investment support for local usage

and export [S-M term]Policy:• Development national plan for 2nd-

gen biofuel supporting industry [S term]


Acknowledgements

• National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office (STI)

• Steering committees of TNA project• Experts from energy focus group• Related organizations for useful

information (DEDE, EPPO, DIW, DMF, EGAT, PEA, PTT, TGO, JGSEE, etc.)

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Documents

TNA and Technology Action Plan Climate Change Technology Needs Assessments for Thailand: