Tolunoğulları Devleti - Ebülfez Elçibey

7/31/2019 Tolunoullar Devleti - Eblfez Elibey

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A`tdawkaf Ztci`tgfgf Aajic oat`c`zgfgf igj`tg ~` ic`fgf j`mectazgc

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$Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg$ wiic wepf ataztmaiatjaf {efta etzawa caf dgtjeczeta z`gjgt& @igd`w dp z`g 17>7 wifja zamamiam) kgjjg dgt dgigmajam bgdg c`fjg{gfg g{|aziamz& Mgii`zgfgf caj`tg { cefp{p eijppfjawaam ggf b`t`cig eiaf o`t dgt `wg gcgfkg |iafja zpzmaw b`t`ci`zgt`f@igd`w dp `{`tgf` j` awf jfk`wi` waciamzt& C`fjg{gfg kgjjg dgt dgigmajam bgdg cafziama{fa tam`f) dp weip dgi`t`c ca|azm) $mgii`zgf aigm

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~ptbpiajm bgdg @igd`w"g m`bpi `j`f waif dgt {etp ~atj8 Ztcmgii`zgfgf caj`tg! $C`fjg waam$ bgdg $c`fjg `{`tg$ afiaw ja $Ztc Mgii`zg$afiaw g`tg{gfj` jgw`dgigtg cg) pfpzpimpzp& E) atzc w`fg dgt `{`twatazmawa oatiafwetjp3 A`tdawkaf Ztci`tgfgf Aajic Weip& ^` gmjgw`cajat dgt ec aama{f `t`ni` b`zgg dp `{`tgfg Wk` Mgii`zg gi` dgtigcz`

zamamiamawa aimaczajt&Wpcatjacg c{a bgtgz`f {efta wgf` j` `{`t` jfìgm& F`j`f fg~`t{gz`wgdgzgtjgcz`f {efta @igd`w dp cefpwp ataztmawa wfìmg& $ZeipfepiiatJ`~i`zg$ `{`tgfg wawfa oatiatc`f dp {etpwp c`fjgmg ggf j`k`~a|iafjtmawa aizc& [e~w`z t`hgmgfgf da{ciat ~` [e~w`z dgigm{g{z`mgfgf cai|iat g`tg{gfj` t`{mg dggmj` dwi` dgt cefpwp bfj`m`b`zgtm`c dgi` e cajat ceiaw eimamzt& Nacaz @igd`w dp wcf aizfa bgtmg)ggfj` waazz dwc Ztcic acf dp `{`tgwi` etzawa cewmawa aimzt&Dwi` dgt jf`mgf ~` cefpfpf ì` aifma{ @igd`w a{fjaf og j`z`{ajng j`gijg& Ogian`zgf |ataiafma{ {efpkpfja cptpiaf gic Ztc

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@{`tj` nawjaiafiaf cawfaciatjaf afiaiwet cg) waat Ztc) Ata|) Tp{)Aimaf) Ntaf{) fbgig ~` Nat{ jgii`tgfj` waim ec {awja cawfa Dac)Me{ce~a) \`z`tdptb ~` Zgnig{"gf `gzig cz|oafì`tgfj` ataztatac ppf

aom`zi`t {efpkpfja dwi` dgt `{`t etzawa cewmpzpt& @{`tgf gibgfwfi`tgfj`f dgtg j` cefpfpf `{a{ m`caf eiaf M{t"ja @igd`w"gf dgt wi {t`gi` aim eima{ dpfjaf jeiaw ja w`ti`tgf) eiawiatf) adgjì`tgf za{~gtgfgfjaoa |tazgc ~` kafi eippjpt& @{`tj` 7& wwif etzaiatfjaf ogian`zgfwc{ìg jf`mi`tgfgf atzc pfpzpimawa daiaj Wacf ~` Etza Jep"jam`wjafa bì`f eiawiatf {e{wai ~` {gwa{ wa|{ catiaztmai `cgij` ìàifmzt& Cefpwa waatf waciamff zacjgt `jgim`{g b`t`c`f dgt wf jèiawf {tn Ztc ~` M{imaf zaa{{p|cìgg gi` etzawa cefpimama{jt&Cefp `tgfj`cg gfkì`mì`tj` waif edh`czgn zatgog ataztma{ffgi`fgmi`tgfg btm`c mmcfjt&

$Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg$ `{`tgfj` zatgogf waif Zeipfepiiat gi` gibgig {awna{oaccfja dgibgi`t ~`tgimgwet& Dptaja b`fìigci` Ata| Ogian`zg) Dgaf{) taf ~&{&j`~i`zi`tgf zatgog j` catiaztmai dggmj` ì` aifmzt& Waat 7& wwifzamam ~` 1


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{e{wai wfi`tg oaccfja j``tig dgibgi`t g`tgt&

$Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg$ `{`tg bì`f`c{ì zatgo ataztmaiatjaf natci wfi`tggi` jgccazi`tg `c`t& Dptaja waif zatgo eiawiatf kaf{ {taiafma{ weczpt)waatf jf`mgf `f cc {etpfiatfa dgi` ì waciam btit& Dp fi

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oacc`zzgci`tg btf {a~pfpwet& Waat ogian`zgf f`t`j`w{` dzf etjpcempzafiatff Ztc eijpp b`t`gfg pfpzatac) Ztc cpjt`zgfg btmìgcz`fbì`fi`tg {`tz dggmj` ì`zgtgwet&

Dp zatgo `{`tgf `{a{ caotamaf eiaf Aom`j dgf Zeipf"pf Cpt"af"mc`mmì {`~gw`j` dgim`{gfgf waf{ta) Ztc j`z ~` bì`f`ci`tgfg j`dzf awtfziatwia dgijgg btim`cz`jgt& E) `t" maoc`mì`ti` dgtigcz`j`~i`zgfgf {ftiatfja Ztc bì`f`c ~` cptaiiatff pwbpiafj iagcmaoc`mì`t j` cptat& fi cempzaf) j`~i`z dacaf) ggt ~` {afaz j`tgfj`fdgi`f) cizt ogmaw` `j`f) aja afiawmia t`netmkp fgzìgci`t` {aog|

Aom`j dgf Zeipf bgdg ao{gw`zgf waif ~` waif wc{`c cizt bì`f`ci`tg

eiaf dgt mgii`zgf g`tg{gfj`f w`zg`dgi`k`g {c {c ~ptbpiaft& Zadgg cg) `{`tgfwai zatgogfgf atziat b ff` aifjfja waatf da b`t`ci`tg acdggmj` ~`t`m`m`{g) da`f mgii`zgf`) jgfgf` ogza| `j`k`c jfkì`tgfg{azt aizfja bgi`m`{g jeai {awimaijt& Dpfpfia ja @igd`w"gf dp kgjjg gimataztma {efpkpfja etzawa cewjpp z` gibgfzgt8 $Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fgfdp icì`tgf /M{t) [ptgw`) tjf) Ngig{zgf ~&{& ca{j`jgim`cz`jgt -N&B&bì`k`c zatgogfj`cg tei waifx m`j`f gxi`t dtac| bgzm`{gfj` j`gi) awfxamafja gic dam{x j`~i`z cptatac dwc dgt z`ktd`b`t`ci`zgtm`{gfj`wjg&$ Dp a{ifja dgt mgii`zgf wc{ìgg ggf dam{iff` cajat f`mig eijppfa gfafm ~` ~azaf A`tdawkaf ggf j` dpfpatpiawaf dgt jftf gz`f bì`f m`{ah gjg&

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aciamacza watat btm`cz`wg& @{`tgf ajff A`tdawkaf Ztci`tgfgfigz`taztfj` $Zpipfgi`t J`~i zg$ eima{fa tam`f) cgzadf da{c{fjaZtcgw` Ztci`tgfgf cpiiafj bgdg awf afiam zawaf $Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg$eiatac wamaw pwbpf btjc& z` wafjaf `{`tgf wai zatgog ~` atajafb``f ppf {t`j` atziatf j`gm`{g) awf amafja `{`tgf dgt cgza| eiatac

j`gi) dgt jeczeta z`g eiatac oatiafma{fjaf jeiaw zatanmjaf `tgfj`da pnac z`n`c j`ggcigci`t` gozgwa jpwpijp& Dzf dpfiat `{`tgf waat gi`kgjjg mac`t` `zzgcz`f ~` zam w`zcg aijczaf {efta c`fjgmgj`b`t`ci`zgtm` k`{at`zgfg dpijpc& Dgt feczaw ja dìgtzm`mg b`t`cgt cg)`{`tgf waima{fjacg a{i ngcgt ~` ama zam afiamwia mpoanaa `jgimgzgt&Cgza|za ta{ziafadgi`k`c o`toafbg dgt z`cfgc oazaff {etpmipippfp `tgmg`bzt`t`c ecpwpkpiatf oebt{f` {fwetp&

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mkaogjg @igd`w"gf gim gt{gfgf zaffma{f ama `jgfjgc ~` @igd`w bgdg dgtao{gw`zgf Wk` Mgii`zgmggf dìig dgt jf`mgfj` waafm zatgog bìgmì`t`waciamff Ztc ecpwpkp{pfja ì dgt gibg pwafjtaka jfk`{gfj`wg&

Zaft Ztc" cetp{pf!

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ciztì waam zatgog |iafja ì` aimac dp aimaw daat{ ciat&$1

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jeptaf {`d`|i`t cefpfpf f`mgf` pwbpf j`wj`) j`~i`zgf {gwa{ zatgog)`cefemg{g) {e{wai gigcgi`tg) opcpc {g{z`mg ~` ciztì oawaz m`~kpzcawfaciat ~` igz`tazt `{a{fja awtfz{wia ataztimawa aiiakaczt&

ec {awja cawfac ~` igz`taztj` Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fgf zatgogf` agz

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Dp jeczeta z`g dgt ec jgij` ec {awja cawfac ~` igz`taztfataztima{wia waimzt&

Cawfac ~` Igz`tazti`tgf `zg

Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fgf zatgogfg ec wfi ataztmac ggf fkìgci` Ata|cawfaciatfjaf nawjaiafimaijt& Dpfpf ggf j` gic fk` Ata|a waim`{`ti`tgf gfkì`fm`{g b`t`cigjgt&

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[ cefp{p jf`mj` Wacf ~` Etza Jep"fpf) ìigci` M{t"f {gwa{zatgogf` agz `f j``tig cawfaciatjaf dgtg{g Mpoamm`j dgf K`tgt `z-Zad`tg"fgf/?;?-74;' $\`wbamd`ti`tgf ~` ocmjatiatf zatgog$ `{`tgjgt&0 Waat ejf`mj` waaj ggf ogian`zgf {gwa{ zatgogfg b`fg) eiawiat awtfzi~`tm`ci` o`toafbg dgt ataztmakja b`fg ngcgt watazt ~` jetp {efpiata~atima{fa) da zatzmai zatgoi`tgf f`zi`zgtgim`{gf` gmcaf {aiat&>

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Dpfjaf jeiawjt cg) dp ggt tf`ci`tg dwc j``t`{aog|zgt&

cgfkg{g g{` e jf`mj` ec {awja M{t agtg waaw| watazmzt& Afkacefiatf `{`ti`tg b`t`czgg bgdg cetpfamaj ggf bfm` piaamamzt&Cgfj"fgf dp `{`tg {afcg e jf`m M{t |e`gwa{ff dgt ec tf`ci`tgfgcetpwp| bfm` piaztaf {aifam` eimpzpt& Dp |e`gwa tf`ci`tg{aw`{gfj` e jf`mgf `j`dgwaz oaccfja b`fì oaziatwia ja ei{a dgt ngcgtìj` `zm`c mmcfjt& Cgfj"fgf $M{t"f bagi`tg$ aji gcgfkg `{`tg g{`Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fj` {im jgfgfgf ~` opcpcpf jptpmp oaccfja dgibgìj` `zm`c a{fjaf eijpca f`migjgt&

J`~tgf fi zatgogi`tgfj`f eiaf `jjgf @dp"i-Oa{af Aig dgf Mpoamm`j dgfì-@{gt"gf /14;;"j` imzt' $Mc`mmì Zatgo$ `{`tgfj`12 ZeipfepiiatJ`~i`zg"fgf {gwa{ zatgogf` agz b`fg dgibgi`t ~atjt& Dgf ì-@{gt"gf dp `{`tgfj`cgdgibgi`tgf ep Zad`tg"fgf $\`wbamd`ti`tgf ~` Ocmjatiatf Zatgog$ `{`tgfjèijpp bgdgjgt& Afkac da eiawiat Dgf ì-@{gt wa jaoa b`fg ~`tmg waopz~`tgi`f da dgibgi`t` Zad`t"fgf `{`tgfj` ta{ziafimaj bgdg daca `{`ti`tj`j` ta{ziafimzt&

Dgf ì-@{gt"gf aja Oai`|ig C`mai`jjgf dgf ì-@jgm dgf ì-Ba{gm m`t dgfAom`j"gf /14>4"j` imzt' $Oai`| Zatgogfgf Cawfa$1? aji `{`tg

Zeipfepiiat"ff waif Oai`|"j` j`gi) dzf am"ja ~` Dgaf{ {ftiatfja{gwa{) a{c`t naaigw`zi`tgfj`f dao{`j`f `f j``tig cawfaciatjaf dgtgjgt&Dpfpf waf{ta C`mai`jjgf dgf ì-@jgm am"f `wai`zi`tg ptpfja ogian`zi`Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg ata{fjacg mkajì` ~` `cgmì`t oaccfja jaf`mig dgibgi`t ~`tmgzgt&

[ptgw` zatgogi`tgfj`f O`ma `wai`zgfgf `mgtg @dp"i-Ngja {magi dgf Aig dgfMaompj dgf Aig />24-2;4 O % 142;-1;;1 M' $D``tgf C{a Zatgog$17 `{`tgfj`c`fjg jf`mgf` cajat eiaf zatgog Zad`t"fgf ~` dgf ì-@{gt"gf `{`ti`tgfj`fnawjaiafatac wam{a ja4


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zatgogf` agz `f j``tig cawfaciatjaf dgtg Adjpttaomaf dgf Mpoamm`j dgfOaijpf"pf /1;;4-1:' $Zatgo$ `{`tgjgt& $Ata|) ak`m) d`td`ti`tgf ~èfiatjaf wc{`c oacgmgw`z {aog|i`tgfgf jf`mi`tg oaccfja gdt`zi`t cgzad) gic{ ~` maipmaz jg~af$ /Cgzadp"i-d`t ~` Jg~afp"i-Mdz`ja ~`"i-Oad`t n@wwamg"i-Atad ~`"i-Ak`m ~`"i-D`td`t ~` m`f Akataopm mgf X`wg"{-[pizafg"i-

Acd`t' aji dp `{`tgfj`

44

Dgf Oaijpf $Aom`j dgf Zeipf"pf J`~i`zg$ daiaizfja ì dgt dim awtmzt& Dp dimj` Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fgfzatgogfj`f dao{`jgigt&

Dgf Oaijpf |`c ec zatgogj`f natci eiatac) c`fjg `{`ti`tgfg {t`cigigc`{a{fja j`gi) cefp ~` eiawiata bt` j`fi`mg ~` g{wafiata) cwiawaciafmaiatfa ì daiciat aizfja w`t awtmzt& Jaoa jetp{p efpf`{`tg o`t dgt cefpwa bt` awt dimi`tg g`tgt& Dp g{` etzaa ata|jgigzatgogigcz` w`fg dgt p{pi gjg&4;

Dgf Oaijpf 10& wwi zatgog{gjgt& Afkac) Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg oaccfja

`{a{`f 7-1

M{t"f `{cg aiatjaf daiawatac 1>& wwif gic `wt`gf` cajat zatgogfgataztaf o`toafbg dgt ataztmakff Z`bg`jjgf Aom`j dgf Aig dgf

Adjpicajgt ì-M`btg"fgf /1;>:-1::4' `{`ti`tgfj`f watatiafma{cafimajt&

Z`bg`jjgf 1;>: wifja D`"ìd`c òtgfj` ì-M`batg` )maoaii`{gfj` jemp42 ~` {efta dp maoaii`fgf aj gi` gibgig eiatac c`fjg{gfgì-M`btgg ajiafjtmzt& E ekpcc`f dada{ gi` Caogt`"w` b `zmg) etajadww|) j`~tgfgf `gzig gigmi`tgfg t`fmgzgt& M`btgg Caogt`) J`m`c ~`M`cc` ògti`tgfj` ppf wiiat `gzig bt`~i`tj` dpipfmp) {efta j`~`zbt`~i`tgfj`f zamam`f paciaatac mtff {ef 4


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mtakaaz `j`t`c) efiatjaf j``tig tf`ci`t ~`tgt&

M`btg M{t igmi`tgfgf `{`ti`tgfj`f jaoa ec nawjaiafmzt& E) oawaz ~`watazkiciat aja zatgo dgigmg ggf dgigfm`w`f) jnpip @dp"i-Nì Kan`t dgf[`"i`d;1) A{wafi Adjpiiao dgf Aom`j dgf [ìgm;4) Fpdìg Adjpiiao dgf

Aom`j

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~&{& zatgogi`tgf `{`ti`tgfgf g{gmi`tgfg b{z`tgt ~` efiatjaf dimi`t)aifziat b`zgtgt&

M`btg"fgf dp `{`tgfj` Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fgf {gwa{ zatgogfj`f dao{`j`fdim zamamgwi` Cgfj"fgf $M{t ~aigi`tg$ `{`tgfj`f aifmzt& E j`~tgf|e`gwa tf`ci`tg j` Cgfj"fgf `{`tgfj`fjgt&

fi Ztc ketanwak{ ~` {`wwao @~igwa ì`dg $[`waoazfam`$;: `{`tgfj`M`btg"fgf $Ogz`z$ cgzad oaccfja p gnajì`tg cpiiafmaczajt8 $/Dp' baw`z&&&&ig{af bgdzg) ig{af gd`tg ~` {twafg) ig{af jòi`~ ~` meei) iazgf ~`wpfafgj`f aim dgt mpz`d`t zatgozgt&$;0

M`btg"fgf dp `{`tg M{t"f Zeipfepiiat jf`mgfgf `cefemg{g) zatm)maigw`{g) m`j`fgw`z ~` bì {afaziat oaccfja b`t`cig dgibgi`t g`t`f z`ccawfaczt& Dgt ec ògt) ca{ada ~` cwi`tgf e jf`mj`cg jptpmpfp b{z`tgt&$Ogz`z$ `{`tg M{t mgmatif z`zcgc `zm`c ggf `f pwbpf) ca|{ami ~` b`t`cigcawfaciatjaf dgtgjgt& Dzf dpfiatf waf{ta `{`tj` ec {awja jgf tg~aw`z~` `n{af` dpipfmaczajt&

M`btg"fgf jg`t gcg `{`tg $M{t bgdzgi`tgfgf otg{zgwaf jgfgf` b`m`{goaccfja$;> ~` $Nìac`z eijppfja oaica watjm ~` waopz M{t"f aicwiiatfjacg zatgog$;2 ataztma ggf f`mig eimpzpt& Dp `{`ti`tj`f

dgtgfkg{gfj` Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fj` otg{zgwaf aoaigfgf ~` otg{zgwafcgig{ì`tgfgf jptpmp ~` m`~cgg) gcgfkg{gfj` g{` M{t"jacg |aoaiic ~` cziczaf{ `jgigt&

M`btg"fgf oai`ng Adjp"i-Mòa{gf dgf Z`tgd`tjg ì-Azad`cg /1:11-1:>7'M{t"f m{imafiat zatanfjaf aifma{fjaf 1:0; wifa cajat b``fzatgogf` agz ec kgizig dgt `{`t wamzt&

$M{t ~` Caogt` mìgci`tgfgf |atiac wijiat$ aji dp `{`tj`;? waatZeipfepiiat"ff oacgmgw`zgfj`f `ztani `cgij` { `j`t) {iai`fgfz`m{gikgi`tgfgf oacgmgw`z jf`mi`tgfg awt awt ~`t`t`c) e j`~gtj`cg {a~aiat){gwa{ `cgmì`tg b{z`tgt& Cgfj) Bpja);7 M`btg bgdg M{t zatgogi`tgfgf`{`ti`tgf` jaoa ec g{faj `j`f Dgf Z`tgd`tjg da`f dgt eiaw oaccfja gcgw`tig waatf {wi`jgci`tgfg j` dgtigcz` b{z`tgt ~` dpfiata c`fjg ngctgfg`ci`w`t`c bti`tgfg etzawa cewat&

Zeipfepiiat"fa awtj cefpwp dgzgtjgcz`f {efta dgf Z`tgd`tjg efiatfgczgjat wiiatfja m{imaf icì`tj` m`wjafa bì`f zatgog eiawiat wiiatfabt` b{z`tgt& /tf`gf) Aom`j dgf Zeipf"pf gczgjatff dgtgfkg wifja Wacf


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Jep"ja fì`t m`wjafa bìmg) gcgfkg wifja fì`t eimp ~&{&'

Dgf Z`tgd`tjg Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fj`f dao{`j`tc`f da jìgi ~`tacamiat ec adatzm{a ja) efpf `fbgf dgibgi`ti` jeip dp `{`tgfgfataztma ggf dwc f`mg ~atjt&

M{t zatgogigg bì`f`ci`tgfgf j``tig j`~amkiatfjaf eiaf Mpoamm`j dgfAom`j dgf iwa{ /1::?-104:' $Jf`mi`tgf oajg{ì`tg g`tg{gfj` fajgt bii`t$aji fi $M{t zatgog cgzad$fja:< $@mgt Aom`j dgf Zeipf"pf j`~i`zgoaccfja$ dai aizfja j`~i`zgf {gwa{ zatgog oaccfja dgibg ~`t`t`c ze|tac)~`tbg) maigw`) zatm ~` t`zgm cefpiatf ì` ait) ic`j` ògti`m` ~` gmatgi`tgfj`f dao{`j`t& Dgf iwa{ dptaja dtaogm dgf â{gnao) Bpjag bgdg M{tzatgogi`tgfgf `{`ti`tgfj`f nawjaiafjf b{z`tgt&

Ataztma ggf cpiiafiaf da{im ata|jgiig cawfaciat g`f{gfj` jaoa |`c ec`{`t b{z`t`dgigtg& B{z`tgi`f cawfaciata fg{d`zi` cefpwp a g`t{` j` o`t

dgtg{gfgf c`fjgf` oa{ ìigg ~` j``tg ~atjt& Dgf Mg{c`~`wo /1


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M`j`tg"fgf0: z`tkm`wg oaii`tgfg ~`tgtc`f efiatf naaigw`zi`tgfj`f j` { `j`tcg) dp ja ataztma wa|mac ~` jetp {efpiata ~atmac ggf b`t`cigjgt&

Bìb``fj"fgf $[pdo ì-@"a$ `{`tgfgf `gzig kgizi`tgfj` |`c ec dgibgi`t~atjt& Etaja ~`tgi`f Zeipfepiiat"fa agz wa fmpfì`tg) Aom`j dgf

Zeipf"pf m`czp| ~` zawgfaz ig{zì`tg ìigci` dwc f`m zat cg) dpfiataìgmgj` dpipfaf cawfac ~` `j`dgwazf og dgtg{gfj` ta{ziafmamzt&

Zatgogi`t zatanfjaf f`mig {awiaf dgt {ta etzaa ata|jgiig cawfaciat ~atjtcg) dptaja efiatjaf watjmk cawfaciat) jaoa jetp{p) gcgfkg j`t`kìgcawfaciat eiatac nawjaiafim) da zatgoi`tgf f`zi`zgtgim`{gfj` da{efpiata ~atima{fja w`tg bìjgc` efiata ja g{faj `jgimgzgt& Dpcawfaciatf daiatfja cc) nacaz j``tig wi` dgibgi`t ~atjt cg) dpfiat`{a{ cawfaciatja weczpt waopz etaja eiafiatjaf jaoa jetpjpt&

@dp Wp{pn ì-Cpn"fgf /2;1-27?' $Oata Cgzad$00) Aom`j dgf waowa ì-

Dìapt"fgf /?74"j` imzt' $icì`tgf baii`tg Cgzad$

0>

) @dp Oafgn` `j-Jgf`~`tg"fgf /?70"j` imzt' $Ppf dgibgi`t cgzad$02) d`wjpiiao dgfOetjajdò"gf /71;"j` imzt' $Weiiat ~` m`mi`c`zi`t cgzad$0?) Mpoamm`jdgf Adjp{ ì-Kògwat"ff /7:4"j` imzt' $^`gti`t ~` Caz`di`tgfcgzad$07) @dp {oac ì-{zòtg"fgf $M`mi`c`zgf weiiat cgzad$>4-1; &&5' $ì-Naotg$ aj gi` fieiaf ${im j`~i`zi`tgfgf zatgog$>;) @dp Adjpiiao dgf `m{`jjgf `z-Ztcmafg`-Xò`dg"fgf /142:-1;:?' $Oaniatf zadacaiat cgzad$>:) [ìaoajjgf Oaigidgf Awd`c `{-[`n`jjgf"gf /147>-1;>4' $J`m`c"gf M{imaf @mgti`tg$>0)

`m{`jjgf Mpoamm`j dgf Zeipf"pf /1:?0-10>:' $J`m`c"gf Cajiat$

>>

~`$Dwc am J`m`c"gfj` Kafg{gf Eiaf Ztci`tj`f @f fi Ajamiat$>2

`{`ti`tg) ì-Bptzpdg) ì-Cpzdg) dgf [adpfg ~&{& etzaa waatiatff `{`ti`tg dpìigci`t` {aog| `{`ti`tjgt&>?

Ataztmaiatja nawjaiafiaf cawfaciatjaf dgt c{m ja ìwaiatfjaf eippt&Dp ìwaiatff epfipp A{wa oaiciat `f{zgz{ff I`fgfbtaj /{eftaiat8\`z`tdptb pd`{gfgf AO@\ /IEFA' ìwaiat nefpfjajt&>7 Daiat g{`\`z`tdptb J`~i`z fg~`t{gz`{gfgf cz|oaf`{gfj` ~` [aizce~ `jtgf ajfacz|oaf`j` mpoanaa `jgim`cz`jgt&

1;& a{t [ptgw` zatgog{g `jjgf dgf `jjaj ì-Oai`dg"fgf /1412-14?0'$[ptgw` ~` ì-K`gt` `mgti`tgf` jagt ò~aiaziatf mogm za-caiat$2

j`~tgfj` etaja waafaf `gzig {gwa{ eiawiat oaccfja `fbgf dgibgi`tg g`tgt&

Awf wwija waaw| watazm jg`t dgt [ptgw` zatgog{g K`mai`jjgf ì-O`m`~og"fgf /144-14;1' $M{t"f c{a zatgog$2: `{`tg) @dp D`cgt dgfWp{pn m`t"g"fgf /1>4:"j` imzt'20 Mpoamm`j dgf Adjpimpz"g ì-{oac"fgf/1>0


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mao`jì`tgf` jawafatac j``tig zaoigii`t ~`tmg ~` dp {aoaja f`mig dgtajm azmzt& Nacaz dpfpf waf{ta waat cefpfpf fj`f {c {cpaciaatac b`t`c{g w`t` M{t"f 2-?& wwiiatfa b`tg jfm`cz` ~` da{gwa{ eiawiat w`w{ì gi`m`cz`jgt&

Dgigfjgg bgdg $Zpipfgi`t$ `{`tg 17;; wifja da{imzt& E amafjaf gmjgw`cajat g{` Caogt`"j` atcèiehgc caiat wa|im) Zeipfepiiat j`~tgf` agz w`fgdgibgi`t ìj` `jgimgzgt& Dpfpf ggf j` X&M&Oa{af"f dp `{`tg ajaataztma a{fjaf da zai`|i`t` k`~a| ~`t`mgwet&

M{t"f jg`t dgt aja zatgog{g Oa{af Aom`j Maompj"pf $M{tZeipfepiiat jf`mgfj`$?: `{`tg j` Zeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fgf zatgogfòa{teipfmpzpt& Oa{af Aom`j Maompj"pf dp `{`tg 17>4 wifja Caogt`"j`da{imzt& Waat zatgo gimgfgf) ìigci` j` atcèiehgfgf dp {aoaja ìj` `zzggdaatiatjaf w`z`tgfk` watatiafamam) {efpza gim ajaf |`c j``tigeimawaf) ataztma `{`tgfj`f jaoa ec j`t{ cgzad {`~gw`{gfj` dgt `{`t

wamzt&C{aka `zi`m`mg b`t`cgt{` |`c ec zatgog bgdg Mpoamm`j Ctj Aig?0)Mpoamm`j ì-Opjatg d`w?>) Oa{af dtaogm Oa{af?2) Ngig| Ogzzg??) Aig dtaogmOa{af?7) Tpn`z Mpoamm`j ~` O`{{pf` Mpoamm`j7) Adjpttaomaf O`mmgj`72) O&&Oa{af7?) @mgt Aig77) Aom`j


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Dgtgfkg Dim

ADDA[I@T OIAN@ZFF JAGIMA[G ^@\ATAIAFMA[G

7 wwif etzaiatfja Adda{gi`t ogian`zgfgf jaima{ gi` dgt ec dam{ ~`watdam{ j`~i`zi`t cptpimawa daiat& Dp j`~i`zi`tj`f dgtg{g eiafZeipfepiiat J`~i`zg"fgf b`fì zatgogfg atazttc`f Adda{gi`t ogian`zgfgfjaima{f ~` |ataiafma{f dìgti`w`f zatgo eiawiatf t`fgim`{g atpt`zgc`fjgiggfj`f etzawa cat& Dpfjaf jeiawjt cg) Adda{gi`t ogian`zgfgfawniama{ ~` jaima{fa agz ì dgt dim awtima{ cafimajt&

fkìgci` dìgtzm`c b`t`cgt cg) dp {aoa gmjgw` cajat ec wfi t`fgig|ataztimamzt& Dpfpf aciafma{ g{` cc dgt dimj` mmcfj`gijgt& Dpfjaf jeiawjt cg) dptaja afkac jeczeta z`gfgf amakfa pwbpfb`fì ~` `{a{ cefpiata j`gfgim`{g jfimzt&

Dgigfjgg bgdg) dp {aoaja wa|iaf ataztmaiatf mc`mmì eimama{ ~` awfamafja a eipp b`fì {efpiata ~atima{fja dwc etipciata {`d`|eimaczajt&

Jg`t dgt zatanzaf g{`) Adda{gi`t ogian`zgfgf awniama{f) jaima{f ~`|ataiafma{f zatgogi`t `gzig dggmi`tj`) `gzig {`d`|i`ti` gao `jgwetiat&

Dp ja m`{ì`fgf mfj` catciciata {`d`| eimaczajt&

Zatgog ~` ataztmakiat dp m`{ì`w` daciatfja aajacg btp|iataawtadgigtg /@id`zz`) dp c`{gf j`gijgt3 dp {g{z`mg j`gzgtm`c) daca `cgij`j`fi`m`c j` mmcfjt& Dptaja waatiat ogian`zgf jaima {t`kgfjòafbg {`d`di`tg jaoa `{a{ {awjciatfa bt` btp|iafjtimzt'8

1' Ztci`tgf ogian`zj` {gwa{ oacgmgw`zi`tg c`fjg fnpiat aizfa aimaiatf `ff`mig {`d`| eiatac b{z`t`fi`t3

Ata| jgigfj` waaf etzaa zatgogi`tgfgf epfipp) awf amafja Wacpd)

Zad`t) M`{"pj) M`btg) Dgf ì-@{gt ~` jg`ti`tg dp {`d`dg `{a{ aimztiat&

Dgtec aja1 Ata| zatgogi`tg K&X`wjaf4) O&&Oa{af;) M&O`wwaz:)M&Oa{af0) A&@mgf> ~` jg`ti`tg dp ~` jg`t etzaa zatgog{gfgf ngctgfg `{a{aiatac) m`{ì`w` daciatfja w`fg dgt /cc gia~ì`t j``ti`fjgtgim`{`' ngcgtdìgtzm`mgi`t&

A~tp|a atcgwaziatfjaf [&I`f-\pi ja Ztci`tgf {gwa{ oacgmgw`zg c`fjg


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4-?12 wiiatfja A`tdawkaf"jaoaic oat`c`zg:; daiaj cg) dp ja o`m A`tdawkaf) o`m j` Wacf ~` EtzaJep oaiciatff {e{wai) gczg{aj ~` {gwa{ oawazfja f`mig tei ewfaj&Dad`c"gf fj`tiggfj`cg {a~af jfwa zatgogfgf awtima dgt og{{`{g eiaf

A{wa ~` Antgca"ff zatgogfj` f`mig tei eimpzpt&ekpcippfja edaf ~` {atdaf /j`~` c`t~afiat wf`zgkg{g) @&@&' eiatacaiaf b`f Dad`c daati dgt z`cgiaz::) w`zgcgf {gwa{ fj`t eiatacm`wjafa cz&

Aimaf {iamfa{ A&Mii`t dp cefpjacg bti`tgfg c{aka wi` gnaj` `j`t8/Ogian`z ggf' o`t `wj`f cz{ 4' wiiatfjaf daiawatac


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A`tdawkaf"ja cemfg{zi`tgf /Optt`mi`t ca{j`jgigt) @&@&' w`fgj`f oat`c`z`b`m`{gwjg& O`w`kaf jetpcza gjg&&& Cp~~`zig ~` ogian`z` cat g{wafa o`tamaf oat eiaf jaiiat:0 ata{fja `ztanfa ec {awja zatanzat ze|iamacDad`c ggf et eimaj&:>

Dp mkajì`fgf {ef wgtmg wijaf ep /?1>-?;2' jaoa bi b`mg ~ògian`z` at jatdì`t ~ptmpzpt& Dp j`~gtj` g{` mkajì`w` wc{`c a{c`t~` {gwa{ w`z`f`g gi`:2 Dad`c fj`tigc `zzgg ggf oat`c`zg c{a eiatacDad`ci`t oat`c`zg eiatac zafmiawaka&

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Dgf Zeipf D`tb`"j`cg eip Adda{"ia dgt ca c` m`czp|ia|;04 efp gzaaz`zm`w` att{a ja eip t`jj`j`t& Zatanzatiat g{` efp dada{fa catjgt`fg` {`~c`j`ti`t&;0;

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Zatgogi`tgf ep dp jf`mj` am"ja::> m`wjafa bì`f eiawiatf Aom`j

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