English Grammar Bin tp:Tiu_Long_tin_t Cun sch English Grammarc bin tp nhm b tr vic hc Ting Anh cho cc bn hc sinh a Phc. Cun sch ny gm nhng l thuyt Ng php c bn, thng dng nht cng mt s bi tp thc hnh cc bn c th luyn li ngay cc Ng php c gii thiu.V l nhng Ng php cn bn nht, nn mnh khng cp n nhng quy tc nng cao hay nhng Ng php nng cao i km. y yu cu v Ng php l rt c bn. Cc bn ch nn lm bi tp ngay sau phn l thuyt nm c Ng php mt cch hiu qu. Cun sch dnh cho tt c cc bn hc sinh lp 10, 11, 12 v k c cc bn khc mun t hc. Mnh s c gng trnh by cc vn Ng php n gin, ngn gn v d hiu nht. Cun sch ny Tiu_Long bin son theo kinh nghim hc Anh ca bn thn nn chc chn s cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong cc bn c s ng gp kin nhit tnh, Tiu_Long s rt kinh nghim, b sung, hon thin em li cun Ng php tht tt cho tt c cc bn. Chn thnh cm n! Tiu_Long_tin_t (Voi Ci) 1.Vn 1: Cc th trong ting anh (12 th) a.Hin ti n b.Hin ti tip din c.Hin ti hon thnh d.Hin ti hon thnh tip din e.Qu kh n f.Qu kh tip din g.Qu kh hon thnh h.Qu kh hon thnh tip din i.Tng lai n j.Tng lai gn k.Tng lai tip din l.Tng lai hon thnh 2.Vn 2: Li ni trc tip v gin tip 3. Vn 3: Nhng ng t c ngi c bit a.ng t khuyt thiu b.To be, to have, to do 4.Vn 4: Cu iu kin 5.Vn 5: Cu iu kin vi wish, if only 6.Vn 6: Cu b ng 7.Vn 7: Mnh quan h 8.Vn 8: Cch rt gn mnh ph 9.Vn 9: So snh tnh t 10.Vn 10: Mo t 11.Vn 11Cch dng ..too..to.., enough, ..so..that.. 12.Vn 12: Cu hi ui (Tag question) 13.Vn 13: Cch dng although, in spite of, despite 14.Vn 14: Cch dng because, because of 15.Vn 15: Gii t Vn 1: Cc th trong Ting Anh(12 th) 1. Hin ti n: (Simple present) * Cu trc: (+) S + V/ V(s;es) + Object...... (-) S do/ does not + V +................ (?) Do/ Does + S + V * Cch dng: -Hnh ng xy ra hin ti. Eg: I smell something burning. - Thi quen hin ti. (thng i km trng t ch tn sut nh always, usually, often, sometime) Eg: I always get up early. - S tht hin nhin; Chn l ko th ph nhn. Eg: The sun rises in the East. * Trng t i km: always; usually; often; sometimes; occasionally; ever; seldom; rarely; every.............. 2. Hin ti tip din: (Present Continuous) * Cu trc: (+) S + is/am/are + Ving (-) S + is/am/are not + Ving (?) Is/Am/ Are + S + Ving * Cch dng: -ang xy ra ti 1 thi im xc nh hin ti. Eg: It is raning now -Sp xy ra c d nh t trc. Eg: Tam is leaving for New York tomorrow. ** Khng dng vi cc ng t chi cm gic nh: SEE; HEAR; LIKE; LOVE... * Trng t i km: At the moment; at this time; right now; now; ........ 3. Hin ti hon thnh: (The Present Perfect tense) * Cu trc: (+) S + have/has + PII (-) S + have/has not + PII (?) Have/ Has + S + PII * Cch dng: -Xy ra trong qu kh, kt qu lin quan n hin ti. ( Nhn mnh n kt qu ca hnh ng) Th hin ti hon thnh Qu khhin ti (lc ni) Eg: + I have lived here since 1987 ( l lc ni cu ny vn sng y) + I have painted the door. Dont touch it! (hnh ng sn ca vn cn lin quan n hin ti l ca cn t khng nn ng vo) - Din tmt hnh ng xy ra mt thi im khng xc nh trong qu kh. Eg: -John has traveled around the world. (We don't know when) -Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh v cn tip tc tng lai Eg: -George has seen this movie for three times.(Maybe he will see this movie more) 3.1 Cch dng SINCE v FOR: FOR + khong thi gian: for three days, for ten minutes, for twenty years ... SINCE + thi im bt u: since 1982, since January, ...3.2 Cch dng ALREADY v YET: Already dng trong cu khng nh, already c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu. We have already written our reports.We have written our reports already.Yet dng trong cu ph nh, cu nghi vn. Yet thng xuyn ng cui cu. We haven't written our reports yet. Have you written your reports yet?Trong mt s trng hp th ph nh, yet c th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng php: ng t PII tr v dng nguyn th c to v khng dng not. John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet. 3.3 Th hin ti hon thnh thng dc dng vi trng t nh sau: Dng vi:now that... (gi y khi m...)Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply for the scholarship. Dng vi mt s ph t nh:till now, untill now, so far (cho n gi). Nhng cm t ny c th ng u cu hoc cui cu. So far the problem has not been resolved. Dng vi recently, lately (gn y) nhng cm t ny c th ng u hoc cui cu.I have not seen him recently. Dng vi before ng cui cu.I have seen him before.- Dng vi ever, never ng sau have/ has trong cu. I have never met him- Cm t ch thi gian:for, over, in, during: the past, the last + khong thi gian* Trng t: just; recently; lately; ever; never; already; yet; since; for; so far; until now; up to now; up to present.. 4. Hin ti hon thnh tip din: (The Present Perfect Continuous) * Cu trc:(+) S + have/has been + Ving (-) S + have/has been + Ving(?) Have/Has + S + been + Ving * Cch dng: - Xy ra trong qu kh, ko di n hin ti v c th tip tc xy ra trong tng lai. ( Nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca hnh ng) Eg:They have been studying French since 1998. -Mt hnh ng kt thc nhng kt qu c lu li rt r rng hin ti: Ex: She has been working with her computer for hours so her eyes are burnt. -Din t qu trnh ca mt hnh ng c bt u trong qu kh (all day, all....) Ex: Mary has been learning cooking all day. -Mt hnh ng ko di n hin tiEx: Lan has been waiting for Tuan for 4 hours. * Trng t i km: just; recently; lately; ever; never; since; for. 5. Qu kh n: (The Past Simple tense) * Cu trc (+) S + Ved/ PI-ct 2 trong bng ng t bt quy tc. (-) S + didnt + V(?) Did + S + V * Cch dng: - Xy ra v chm dt hon ton trong qu kh. -Nhiu hnh ng xy ra lin tip trong qu kh. -Trong cu iu kin loi 2. * Trng t i km: Yesterday; the day before yesterday; ago; already; last; in + mc thi gian trong qu kh. 6. Qu kh tip din: (The Past Continuous) * Cu trc: (+) S + was/ were + Ving (-) S + was / were not + Ving. (?) Was/ Were + S + Ving. * Cch dng: _ Cc hnh ng xy ra ti 1 thi im xc nh trong qu kh Eg: At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. _ Nhiu hnh ng xy ra ng thi trong qu kh. Eg: While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. _ 1 hnh ng ang xy ra 1 hnh ng khc xen vo: hnh ng ang xy ra dng QKTD; hnh ng xen vo dng QK. Eg: I was watching TV when she called. - Th Qu kh tip din vi "always"hay "constantly" din t mt hnh ng thng xy ra trong qu kh nhng li gy kh chu vi ngi khc trong qu kh. ngha ca n ging nh l "used to" nhng vi ngha tiu cc. Eg: +She was always coming to class late.+He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. * T ni i km: While; when. 7. Qu kh hon thnh: (The past perfect) * Cu trc: (+) S + had + PII (-) S + had not + PII (?) Had + S + PII - Hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc Eg: I had eaten lunch before they arrived. - Hnh ng xy ra trong 1 khong thi gian trong qu kh, trc 1 mc thi gian khc Eg: I had lived abroad for twenty years when I received the transfer. - Hnh ng xy ra nh l iu kin tin quyt cho hnh ng khc Eg: I had prepared for the exams and was ready to do well. - Trong cu iu kin loi 3 din t iu kin khng c thc Eg: If I had known that, I would have acted differently. - Dng vi wish din t c mun trong qu kh Eg: She wishes she had known about his problems.* Trng t i km: before; after; when; while; as soon as; by(trc); already; never; ever; until. 8. Qu kh hon thnh tip din (The past perfect progressive): * Cu trc: (+) S + had been + Ving (-) S + hadnt been + ving (?) Had + S + been + Ving * Cch dng: _ Ch hnh ng v ang din ra v c th hon tt trc 1 hnh ng khc trong qu kh ( nhn mnh n tnh lin tc ca hnh ng) * Trng t: before; after; when; while; as soon as; by(trc); already; ever; until. 9. Tng lai n: (Simple future) * Cu trc:(+) S + will/ shall + V (will ngy nay c th dng vi tt c cc ngi nhng shall dng vi I v WE (-) S + will/ shall not + V (?)Will / Shall + S + V * Cch dng: - D don trong tong lai It will snow tomorrow. She won't win the election. - S kin d dc ln ljch The concert will begin at 8 o'clock. When will the train leave? - Ha hn Will you marry me? I'll help you with your homework after class - nghj I'll make you a sandwich. They'll help you if you want - Kt hp vi mnh d thi gian (nh: as soon as, when, before, after) He will telephone as soon as he arrives. Will you visit me when you come next week? * Trng t: tomorrow; the day after tomorrow; next; in + thi gian tng lai next (week, month, year), tomorrow, in X's time (khong thi gian: two week's time), in year, time clauses (when, as soon as, before, after), th hin ti n (v d: I will telephone as soon as I arrive.) soon, later 10. Tng lai gn: (Near future) * Cu trc: (+) S + is/am/are + going to + V (-) S + is/am/ are not + going to + V (?)Is/Am/ Are + S + going to + V * Cch dng:- Sp xy ra trong tng lai c d nh trc. Eg: We are going to have a reception in a moment - Chc chn s xy ra trong tng lai nh d tnh cho d thi gian l tng lai xa Eg: We are going to take a TOEFL test next year. * Trng t: tomorrow; the day after tomorrow; next; in+ thi gian tng lai. 11. Tng lai tip din: (The future progressive ) (+) S + will / shall + be + Ving (-) S + will / shall not + be + Ving (?) Will / Shall + S + be + Ving * Cch dng: Dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. Eg: + At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture. Dng kt hp vi present progressive khc din t hai hnh ng ang song song xy ra. Mt hin ti, cn mt tng lai. Eg: Now we are learning English here, but by this time tomorrow we will be attending the meeting at the office. c dng cp n cc s kin tng lai c xc nh hoc quyt nh (khng mang ngha tip din). Eg: Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass-making at the same time next week. Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l (nhng khng din t nh ca c nhn ngi ni). Eg: + You will be hearing from my solicitor. + I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect. D on cho tng lai: Eg: Don't phone now, they will be having dinner. Din t li ngh nh nhn mun bit v k hoch ca ngi khc Eg: Will you be staying in here this evening? (ng c d nh li y ti nay ch )*Trng t: cc trng t nh trong tng lai n; nhng phi da vo tng hon cnh c th chia th. 12. Tng lai hon thnh: (The future perfect) Cu trc: (+) S + will / shall + have + PII (-) S will/ shall not + have + PII (?) Will / Shall + S + have + PII * Cch dng: _Din t hnh ng g s xy ra hoc din ra trong bao lu tnh n 1 thi im xc nh trong tng lai. Eg: We will have finished the report by the time arrives * Trng t: By the time; By + mc thi gian trong qu kh. Bi tp t luyn: Chia ng t cho ng th: Ex1 1. Jack (look) no trouble with my English lesson up to now. ........................................................ 2. The weather generally (get) quite hot in July and August. ....................................................... 3. That brown briefcase (belong) to Dr. Rice. .................................................................................. 4. Yes, I (remember) that order fellows name now. ...................................................................... 5. Michael (work) thirsty eight hours a week. ................................................................................. 6. I (be) sorry. I (forget) that girls name already. ........................................................................ 7. How many times you (see) him since he went to Edinburgh? .................................................... 8. Freds brother just (graduate) from Oxford University. ........................................................ 9. The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days. ....................................................................... 10. Up to the present, we (write) almost every lesson in the book. ............... Ex2 1. We (study) a very hard lesson the day before yesterday. ..................................................... 2. I (read) that novel by Hemingway several times before. ....................................................... 3. We (study) almost every lesson in this book so far. ................................................................ 4. My wife and I (travel) to Mexico by air last summer. ............................................................. 5. I (have) a little trouble with my car last week. ......................................................................... 6. What you (do) yesterday? ............................................................................................................. 7. How long you (learn) English? ....................................................................................................... 8. Tom (never be) in Hanoi. ............................................................................................................... 9. The plane (stop) at a small town. It the (take) off immediately after refueling. ........... 10. She (be) so happy when she (hear) the news that she (cry). ..............................................Ex3: 1. John (not read) ________ a book now. 2. What you (do) ________ tonight? 3. Jack and Peter(work) ________ late today. 4. Silvia(not listen) ________ to music at the moment. 5. Maria(sit) ________ next to Paul right now. 6. How many other studentsyou (study) ________ with today? 7. He always (make) ________ noisy at night. 8. Where your husband (be) ________? 9. She (wear) ________ earrings today. 10. The weather (get) ________ cold this season. 11. My children (be)________ upstairs now. They (play)________ games. 12. Look! The bus (come)________. 13. He always (borrow) ________me money and never (give)________ back. 14. While I (do)________ my housework, my husband (read)________ books. Ex4: 1. Yesterday, I (go)______ to the restaurant with a client.2. We (drive) ______ around the parking lot for 20 mins to find a parking space.3. When we (arrive) ______ at the restaurant, the place (be) ______ full.4. The waitress (ask) ______ us if we (have) reservations.5. I (say), "No, my secretary forgets to make them."6. The waitress (tell)______ us to come back in two hours.7. My client and I slowly (walk) ______ back to the car.8. Then we (see) ______ a small grocery store.9. We (stop) in the grocery store and (buy) ______ some sandwiches.10. That (be) ______ better than waiting for two hours.11. I (not go) ______ to school last Sunday. 12. She (get) ______ married last year? 13. What you (do) ______ last night? - I (do) ______ my homework. 14. I (love) ______ him but no more. 15. Yesterday, I (get) ______ up at 6 and (have) ______ breakfast at 6.30. Ex 5:Dear Linda, Im sorry I ..(1).to you for so long, but I.(2).very busy lately. All last month I(3)exams, and I(4)anything else but study for ages. Anyway, I.(5)studying now, and I(6) for my exam results. As you can see from this letter, I.(7)..my address and.(8)..in Croydon now. I.(9) .that I wanted a change from central London because it.(10).so expensive. A friend of mine..(11).me about this flat, and I..(12)here about 2 months ago. When you .(13)..to London this summer, please visit me. I..(14)..here until the middle of August. Then I..(15)..on holiday to Scotland. Please write soon Margaret. 1. A. dont write B. havent written C. am not writing D, wasnt writing 2. A. was being B. had been C. am D. have been 3. A. had B. was having C. had had D. have had 4. A. havent done B. dont do C. wasnt doing D. am not doing 5. A. stop B. will have stopped C. have stoppedD. was stopping 6. A. wait B. am waiting C. have waited D. was waiting 7. A. am changing B. had changedC. will change D. have changed 8. A. will live B. have been livingC. liveD. have lived 9. A. decidedB. have decidedC. was decidingD. decide 10. A. will become B. becomes C. has become D. will have become 11. A. tellsB. told C. was telling D. will tell 12. A. have moved B. had moved C. was movingD. moved 13. A. will comeB. cameC. come D. were coming 14. am stayingB. stayed C. stay D. have stayed 15. have goneB. wentC. am going D. will have gone Ex 6:1. The performance (begin) at 7 o'clock and (last) for three hours. We all (enjoy) it. 2. "You (be) here before?" "Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year." 3. He (leave) for London 2 years ago and I (not see) him since. 4. You (be) to the laboratory this week? 5. "You (find) the key which you (lose) yesterday?" "Yes. I (find) it in the pocket of my other coat." 6. I (see) him in the library today. We (be) there together. 7. We never (meet) him. We don't know what he looks like. 8. I suppose when I (come) back in two years 'time, They (pull) down all these old buildings. 9. We (finish) all our housework by tomorrow evening. 10. "your face (be) dirty, Tom." "All right, I (wash) it" Ex7:1. I (never see) anyone more punctual than your brother. 2. I (meet) your brother this afternoon at Green Street. 3. I understand you (have) an unpleasant experience at the weekend. What (happen) exactly? 4. He (light) a cigrarette and (walk) to the window. 5. My clothes are not in the room. They (take) them away. 6. "Good night". It (be) nice to meet you," he (say) and (go) off his car. 7. A lot of modern medicines (make) from plants. 8. The music for " The Marriage of Figaro" (write) by Mozart. 9. The results (announce) tomorrow morning at nine o'clock. 10. All the beautiful buildings in our cities (destroy) by exhaust gases from cars- we must (do) something to stop this. Do it carefully! Vn 2: Li ni trc tip v gin tip (Dicrect and Indirect Speeches) 1.Gii thiu:- Trong li ni trc tip, chng ta ghi li chnh xc nhng t, ng ca ngi ni dng. Li ni trc tip thng c th hin bi: cc du ngoc kp " ".V d: 1- Tam said, I am going to the cinema.2- "I love you," she said. - Nhng chng ta hon ton c th sa i cht t v lng vo cu ni ca mnh thut li cu ni ca ngi khc. (gi l li ni gin tip) V d:1.Tam said that he was going to the cinema. 2.She said that she loved him Trc khi i su vo ng php ca phn ny, hs cn lu cc khi nim thng dng trong khi gp bi tp loi ny: + Phn gii thiu: L phn ng bn ngoi du ngoc kp + Phn trc tip: L phn ng bn trong du ngoc kp. E.g.: She said to me: "I will call you tomorrow"Phn gii thiuPhn gin tip + Ngi th nht: I: ngi th nht s t We: ngi th nht s nhiu + Ngi th hai: You: va s t, va s nhiu. + Ngi th 3: cc ngi v cc ch ng cn li u c xp vo ngi th 3 + i t nhn xng lm ch ng: I- We - You - They-He - She - It + i t nhn xng lm tn ng: me - us-you - them - him - her - it + Tnh t s hu: my - our - your - their -his -her - its + Ch ng l thnh phn lun ng u cu nh cc i t nhn xng lm ch ng: I- We - You - They-He - She - It hoc cc danh t chung, ring, danh ng t.... + Tn ng ng sau ng t, gii t nh cc i t nhn xng lm tn ng: me - us-you - them - him - her - it hoc tn ring, danh t chung + Tnh t s hu ng trc danh t biu th rng vt m danh t nhc n l ca ai Nu trong cu trc tip l dng t g th khi chuyn sang cu gin tip n phi dng t , ch thay i ngi trong mt s trng hp, ty vo tng cu c th. E.g.: She said to me:"I will call you tomorrow" Trong cu trn ta c:+ Ch ng ca phn gii thiu l "She" + Ch ng ca phn gin tip l "I" + Tn ng ca phn gii thiu l "me" + Tn ng ca phn gin tip l "you" Trong cu trn thut/pht biu c th khng c tn ng nhng bt buc phi c ch ng. Trc khi chuyn t trc tip sang gin tip cn phi lu mi quan h gia cc ch ng, tn ng, tnh t s hu trong phn gii thiu v phn gin tip bin i cc i t, tnh t mt cch ph hp. VD: trong cu trn, "I" chnh l "she", "you" chnh l "me" nn khi i sang cu gin tip th "I" s c chuyn thnh "she", "you" s c chuyn thnh "me". Vic thay i ny ph thuc vo tng cu, theo kinh nghim ca mnh th nhng ngi mi hc rt hay nhm ln phn ny. 2. Quy tc chuyn li ni trc tip sang gin tip 2.1 i th ca cu:Th ca cc ng t trong li ni gin tip thay i theo mt nguyn tc chung l li v qu kh (cc th xung cp): Th trong Li ni trc tip Th trong Li ni gin tip- Hin ti n -> Qu kh n- Hin ti tip din -> Qu kh tip din- Hin ti hon thnh -> Qu kh hon thnh- Hin ti hon thnh TD -> Qu kh hon thnh TD- Qu kh n -> Qu kh n hoac Qu kh hon thnh- Qu kh hon thnh -> Qu kh hon thnh - Tng lai n -> Tng lai trong qu kh- Tng lai TD -> Tng lai TD trong qu kh- Is/am/are going to do -> Was/were going to do- Can/may/must do -> Could/might/had to do Hy xem nhng v d sau y: He does -> He didHe is doing -> He was doingHe has done -> He had doneHe has been doing -> He had been doingHe will do -> He would doHe will be doing -> He would be doingHe will have done -> He would have doneHe may do -> He might doHe may be doing -> He might be doingHe can do -> He could doHe can have done -> He could have doneHe must do/have to do -> He had to do 2.2 Cc thay i khc:a. Thay i i tCc i t nhn xng v i s hu khi chuyn t li nitr c tip sang li ni gin tip thay i nh bng sau: TRC TIP GIN TIP i tnhn xng Ch ngI he, shewe theyyou they Tn ngme him, herus themyou them i ts hu mine his, herours theirsyours theirsTnh ts humy his, herour theiryour their Ngoi quy tc chung v cc thay i i t c nu trn y, ngi hc cn ch n cc thay i khc lin quan n v tr tng i ca ngi ng vai tr thut li trong cc v d sau y: V d: Jane, "Tom, you should listen to me."+ Jane t thut li li ca mnh:I told Tom that he should listen to me. + Ngi khc thut li li ni ca JaneJane told Tom that he should listen to her + Ngi khc thut li cho Tom nghe:Jane told you that he should listen to her. + Tom thut li li ni ca JaneJane told me that I should listen to her.b. Cc thay i trng t khng gian v thi gian: Trc tip Gin tipThis -> ThatThat -> ThatThese -> ThoseHere -> ThereNow -> ThenToday -> That dayAgo -> BeforeTomorrow -> The next day / the following dayThe day after tomorrow -> In two days time / two days afterYesterday -> The day before / the previous dayThe day before yesterday -> Two day beforeNext week -> The following weekLast week -> The previous week / the week beforeLast year ->The previous year / the year before V d:Trc tip: "I saw the school-boy here in this room today."Gin tip: She said that she had seen the school-boy there in that room that day. Trc tip: "I will read these letters now."Gin tip: She said that she would read those letters then. Ngoi quy tc chung trn dy, ngi hc cn ch rng tnh hung tht v thi gian khi hnh ng c thut li ng vai tr rt quan trng trong khi chuyn t li ni trc tip sang li ni gin tip. 3. Cu hi trong li ni gin tip: Cu hi trong li ni gin tip c chia lm 3 loi: 3.1. Cu hi bt u vi cc tr ng t: Ta thm If/whetherV d:Trc tip: "Does John understand music?" he asked.Gin tip: He asked if/whether John understood music. 3.2. Cu hi bt u who, whom, what, which, where, when, why, how: Cc t hi trn s c gi nguyn trong cu gin tip, ng thi o ch ng ln trc ng t (lm mt dng cu hi) Trc tip: "What is your name?" he asked.Gin tip: He asked me what my name was. 3.3. Cc dng c bit ca cu hi trong li ni gin tipa. Shall/ would dng din t ngh, li mi:V d:Trc tip: "Shall I bring you some tea?" he asked.Gin tip: He offered to bring me some tea. Trc tip: "Shall we meet at the theatre?" he asked.Gin tip: He suggested meeting at the theatre. b. Will/would dng din t s yu cu:V d:Trc tip: Will you help me, please?Gin tip: He asked me to help him. Trc tip: Will you lend me your dictionary?Gin tip: He asked me to lend him my dictionary. c. Cu mnh lnh v cu yu cu trong li ni gin tip.V d:Trc tip: Go away!Gin tip: He told me/the boys to go away. Trc tip: Listen to me, please.Gin tip: He asked me to listen to him. d. Cu cm thn trong li ni gin tip.V d:Trc tip: What a lovely dress!Tu theo xc cm v hnh thc din t, chng ta c th dng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau nh sau:Gin tip: She exclaimed that the dress was lovely.She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely once.She exclaimed with admiration at the sight of the dress. e. Cc hnh thc hn hp trong li ni gin tip.Li ni trc tip c th bao gm nhiu hnh thc hn hp: cu khng nh, cu hi, cu mnh lnh, cu cm thn:V d:Trc tip: She said, "can you play the piano? and I saidnoGin tip: She asked me if could play the piano and I said that I could not. Ch : Cu gin tip l mt phn kh kh v nhiu kin thc, cc bn nn ch ng tm hiu thm phn ny c kin thc y nht. Mnh s cp nht thm nhng dng thng dng nht cc bn tin hc. Cc cu trc thng gp cn nh: 1. Accept (Chp nhn) 2. Invited sb to V (invite : Mi)3. Add(Thm vo) 4.Object (Phn i) 5. Admitted V-ing (admit: Cng nhn) 6. Offered to V (offer: ngh) 7. Advised sb to V (advise : Khuyn) 8. Point out (Ch ra) 9. Agreed to V (agrre: ng tnh) 10. Predict (on) 11. Answer (Tr li) 12. Promised to V ( promise : Ha) 13. Apologised (to sb) for V-ing (apologise :Xin li) 14. Recommend(Gi ) 15. Argue (Tranh lun) 16. Refuse (T chi) 17. Ask sb to V (ask: Hi) 18. Said (that) (say: Ni) 19. Begged sb to V (beg: Cu khn) 20. Suggested V-ing (suggest: Gi ) 21. Command (Ra lnh) 22. Told sb to V (tell: K, ni) 23. Comment (Nhn xt) 24. Thanked sb for V-ing (thank: Cm n) 25. Complain (Phn nn) 26. Think (Ngh) 27. Decide (Quyt nh) 28. Warned to V (Cnh bo) 29. Demand to V(Yu cu) 30. Wondered to V(Bn khon) 31. warned sb to V warned sb against V-ing 32. reminded sb to V 33. blamed sb for V-ing 34. denied V-ing (ph nhn) 35. insisted on V-ing (khng khng) 36. congratulated sb on V-ing (chc mng) 37. threatened to V (e do) 38. encouraged sb to V (khuyn khch ng vin) 39. accused sb of V-ing (buc ti) 40. hoped to V (hy vng) etc Ch cn hiu l thuyt v nh c my cu trc ny th c th chin u vi bi tp cu gin tip ri ^_^ Bi tp t luyn: Rewrite the following sentences: 1. Open the door, he said to them. -He told them... 2. Where are you going? he asked her. -He asked her where... 3. Which way did they go? he asked. -He asked... 4. Bring it back if it doesnt fit, I said to her. -I told... 5. Dont try to open it now, she said to us. -She told... 6. Is it going to be a fine day today? I asked her. -I asked her... 7. Hes not at home, she said. -She said that... 8. Is the bus station far away? the girl asked. -The girl wanted to know... 9. Dont stay out late, Ann Tom said. -Tom told Ann... 10. Please let me borrow your car, he said to her. -He asked... 11. Jean, have you seen my gloves? Thomas asked. -Thomas asked Jean..... 12. Dont leave the window open, Mary, I said. -I told Mary.... 13. Ill have a cup of tea with you, she said. She said that... 14. Ill pay him if I can she said. -She said that... 15. What are you going to do next summer? she asked. - She asked us.... 16. Ill phone you next Tuesday, he told Jack. -He told Jack that.... 17. Can I sit beside you at present, Jean? Tom asked. -Tom asked Jean.... 18. I want a camera for my birthday, he said. -He said that.... 19. Dont keep the door locked,he said to us. -He told us.... 20. How long are you going to stay? I asked him. -I asked him how long.... 21. He asked her what she had been doing the day before. - What ...... 22. The conductor asked them not to smoke in that bus. - Please... 23. She said that she had lost her key.-She said, I... 24. Are you going by train? she asked me. -She wanted to know.... 25. Dont use too much hot water, she said to us. -She asked us.... 26. Will you come to my party? she said to me. -She asked me.... 27. Dont do it again, she said to them. She told them....... 28. Did Mr Brown send the potatoes a long time ago? she asked. -She asked.... 29. Dont get your shoes dirty, boys, she said. -She told....... 30. What do you want for lunch today, Peter? Gwen asked. -Gwen asked.... 31. I asked the hotel porter to wake me at 8 oclock the following morning. -Please... 32. I dont think John will come, said Bill.- Bill doubted....... 33. She asked John how he liked her new dress. -How.... 34. John asked if it was the blue one or the green one she wanted. - Which.... 35. Why dont you put a better lock on the door, Mary? said John. - John suggested..... 36. Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet? asked Peter. - Peter asked if .... 37. Why dont you put your luggage under the seat? he asked. -He suggested.... 38. Bring you swimming things in case it is sunny -He told me..... 39. Keep away from this area, said the security guard when we approached the fence. -The security guard told.... 40. why didnt I get a computer before? thought the office manager. -The office manager wondered..... 41.You had better not lend him any more money, Elizabeth, said John. -John advised Elizabeth....... 42. You stole my best cassette, Amanda! said John. -John accused.... 43. why dont you meet them to discuss the pay offer? I asked him. -I suggested........... 44. You damaged my bicycle, John! said Mary. -Mary accused... 45. When was your little boy born? said the nurse to Mrs Bingley. -The nurse asked Mrs Bingley.... 46. Never borrow money from friends, my father said. - My father told me....... 47. Where is the station car park? Mrs Smith asked. Mrs Smith asked...... 48. Philip asked Olive if she could remember where she had put the camera. -Philip said, Olive....... 49. Youd better go to the doctors if you have got a pain in your back, Anna, Henry said. -Henry suggested...... 50. Peter said he wasnt feeling well. -Peter said, I..... 51. You should take more exercise, Mr Robert, the doctor said, if you want to lose weight. -The doctor advised....... 52. Will I ever find ajob?, Tim said to himself. -Tim wondered....... 53. Im sorry I gave you the wrong number, said Paul to Susan. -Paul apologised...... 54. When is the first day of your holiday, Peter? Martha asked. - Martha asked Peter when........... 55. Can I have a new bicycle? said Anna to her mother. -Anna asked........ 56. Dont leave the house until I get back, William, his mother said. - Williams mother told......... 57. Dont bite your nails, said Mrs Rogers to her son. -Mrs Rogers told....... 58. Ive seen the film three times, Mary said George. -George said..... 59. Im sorry, Angela, said Martin, Im afraid Ive damaged your car. -Martin apologised...... 60. Have you had enough for lunch? the landlady asked us. -The landlady asked.............. 61. John, please dont tell anyone my new address, said Mary. -Mary asked............ 62. Would you mind waiting for a few minutes? -We were asked...... 63. Breakfast will not be served after 9. 30 said the notice. -The notice said that............. 64. Where is the best place to buy souvenirs in your town? -I asked......... 65. Dont forget to bring your passport with you tomorrow - She reminded me .......... 66. Give us our money back or well take you to court - We threatened............... 67. There is a strong current so be careful not to swim out too far -He warned.......... 68. Why dont we go and look at the cathedral? - He suggested.......... 69. The receptionist promised to give us an early call tomorrow morning. - I will........... 70. The travel agent advised us not to go by plane that day. - If I............... 71. They told me how lovely their holiday had been. - We............ 72. If Brain doesnt train harder, I wont select him for the team, said the manager. - The manager threatened........ 73. Our correspondent in Paris sent this report some days ago said the editor- in - chief. -The editor- in - chief told ............ 74. How long have you been waiting here? the girl asked me. -The girl asked me ........ 75. Do not write on the wall, said the teacher to the boys. -The teacher told the boys........... 76. Take your place in the queue, said the nurse to the old man. -The nurse asked ......... 77. How many jobs have you had since you left school? the interviewer asked Mr Simpson. - The interviewer asked ........ 78. Why didnt you report the incident to the police last week? the officer asked the frightened witness. - The officer wanted to know......... 79. Why hasnt Peter phoned? she wondered. - She wondered ......... 80. If I were you, I wouldnt trust Peter she told John. - She advised ........... 81. Im sorry that I broke the glass, said Peter. - Peter apologised ........ 82. You were cheating, said Carol to him. - Carol accused .......... 83. I think you should go by train he told us. He advised ........ 84. Dont forget to phone the office, she told him. - She reminded ....... 85. Where are you spending your holidays? Janet asked us. - Janet asked ......... 86. Why dont you complain to the company, Peter said William. -William suggested .......... 87. I was not there at the time, he said.- He denied ........ 88. Who does that suitcase belong to?, the policeman asked us. -The policeman asked us whose ......... 89. Please dont make such a mess in your room, his mother said. -His mother asked ......... 90. He said, You must walk faster, you are too slow. -He told her.......... Vn 3: Nhng ng t c ngi c bit 1.ng t khuyt thiu (Model verbs) 2.To be, to have, to do 1. ng t khuyt thiu (Can, could, may, might, must, need, ought to, dare, use to) Ngoi nhng c tnh nh tr ng t, ng t khuyt thiu cn c thm mt s c tnh ring nh sau: 1.Khng c TO nguyn mu v khng c TO khi c ng t theo sau. Eg: They can speak French and English. 2.Khng c S ngi th ba s t th Hin ti.Eg: He can use our phone. 3.Ch c nhiu nht l 2 th: Th Hin ti v th Qu kh n. Eg: She can cook meals. CAN CAN l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n ch c 2 th Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh thc khc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cng c th c dng nh mt tr ng t hnh thnh mt s cch ni ring. 1.CAN v COULD c ngha l "c th", din t mt kh nng (ability). Eg :Can you swim? She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old. 2. Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thay cho MAY din t mt s cho php (permission) v th ph nh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on (prohibition). Eg: In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you cant smoke downstairs. 3. CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility). Trong cu hi v cu cm thn CAN c ngha l Is it possible...? Eg: Can it be true? It surely cant be four oclock already! 4. CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra (virtual impossibility). Eg: He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully. 5. Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho mt ngha tng ng vi th Tip din (Continuous Tense). Eg:Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea.(khng dng I am hearing) COULD 1.COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN. Eg: She could swim when she was five. 2. COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin. Eg: If you tried, you could do that work. 3. Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu tnh cht lch s hn CAN. Eg: Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please? Could you tell me the right time, please? 4. COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng. Eg: His story could be true, but I hardly think it is. I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow. 5. COULD - WAS/WERE ABLE TO a) Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO. Eg: He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match. The door was locked, and I couldnt open it. b) Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TO c s dng ch khng phi COULD. Eg: I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends. MAY - MIGHT

1.MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho php (permission). Eg: May I take this book? - Yes, you may. She asked if she might go to the party. 2. MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra hay khng th xy ra. Eg: It may rain. He admitted that the news might be true. 3. Dng trong cu cm thn MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc. Eg: May all your dreams come true! 4. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng). Eg: I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction. He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction. 5.MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses of concession). Eg: He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor...) Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard...) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard...) 6. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cng thng dng CAN/COULD thay cho MAY/MIGHT. Eg: She was studying so that she might read English books. 7. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di (petulant reproach). Eg: You might listen when I am talking to you. (Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni) -You might try to be a little more helpful. (Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht) 8. Trong trng hp cn thit ngi ta dng be allowed to, permit... ty theo ngha cn din t thay cho MAY v MIGHT. Eg: I shall be allowed to go to the party.

MUST MUST l mt ng t khuyt thiu v ch c hnh thc hin ti. 1. MUST c ngha l "phi" din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc. Eg: You must drive on the left in London. 2.MUST bao hm mt kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni. Eg: Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired. 3. MUST NOT (MUSTN'T) din t mt lnh cm. You mustnt walk on the grass. 4.Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha "khng cn thit" ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT). Must I do it now? - No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon enough. 5. CANNOT (CANT) c dng lm ph nh ca MUST khi MUST din t ngha kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2 trn y. Eg: If he said that, he must be mistaken. If he said that, he cant be telling the truth. 6. MUST v HAVE TO a) HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m MUST khng c. Eg: We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train. b) HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST khi MUST mang ngha kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2 trn y. Ngi ta phi din t bng nhng cch khc. Eg: He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad) c) MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (external circumstances) Eg: You must do what I tell you. Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc ng St) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khng cn ng no khc)

SHALL - SHOULD

1. SHALL c th l: Mt tr ng t gip hnh thnh th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th nht s t. Eg: I shall do what I like. Mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu SHALL din t mt li ha (promise), mt s qu quyt (determination) hay mt mi e da (threat) theo ngh ca ngi ni. Eg: If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat) These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. (determination) 2. SHOULD c dng trong nhng trng hp sau: Lm mt ng t khuyt thiu c ngha l "nn" v tng ng vi ought to. Eg: You should do what the teacher tells you. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb) Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt ngha qu bt buc vi must. Eeg: Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary. WILL - WOULD 1. WILL c th l: Mt tr ng t. Dng lm tr ng t WILL gip hnh thnh th Tng lai (simple future). Mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu WILL din t mt s mong mun (willingness), mt li ha (promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination). Eg: All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness) I wont forget little Margaret's birthday. I will send her a present. (promise) Trong cch din t s qu quyt (determination) c SHALL ln WILL u c th s dng nhng mi t mang mt ngha ring. Vi SHALL, s qu quyt l ngi ni. Vi WILL, s qu quyt ch t (subject) ca ng t. So snh hai th d sau:

(a) George shall go out without his overcoat.

(b) George will go out without his overcoat.

cu (a), ngi ni nht nh bt George phi i ra ngoi m khng c mc o khoc. cu (b) George nht nh i ra ngoi m khng thm mc o khoc. 2. WOULD c th l: Mt tr ng t. WOULD gip hnh thnh mt Tng lai trong qu kh (future in the past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin. Eg: He said he would send it to me, but he didnt. If she were here, she would help us. He would have been very happy if he had known about it. Khi dng nh mt ng t khuyt thiu, WOULD din t mt thi quen trong qu kh. Vi ngha ny, WOULD c th dng thay cho used to. Eg: Every day he would get up at six o'clock and light the fire. OUGHT TO - DARE - NEED OUGHT TO OUGHT TO l mt ng t khuyt thiu ch c th Hin ti (simple present). N c ngha l "nn", gn ging vi should. Trong hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay th bng should. Eg: They ought to (should) pay the money. He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself. 1.OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng (strong probability). Eg:If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now. 2.OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next Tuesday..Eg: Our team ought to win the match tomorrow. 3. OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh. Eg: You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.

DARE

DARE c ngha l "dm, c gan" c th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny. Eg: Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu) You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu) He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng) She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng) Thnh ng I daresay c ngha l "c th, c l" ng ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng ny thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht. Eg: He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later. NEED C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnh thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuyt thiu. N c ngha l "cn phi", tng t nh have to. V th n cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must. Eg: Need he work so hard? You neednt go yet, need you? C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng dng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph nh v nghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt t ng ph nh. Eg: You neednt see him, but I must. I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.

USED TO ng t khuyt thiu USED TO USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th c xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t khuyt thiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn. Eg: You used to live in London, usednt you? He usednt to smoke as much as he does now. He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now. Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden? Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiu trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cch s dng never. Eg: You never used to make that mistake. USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko di, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn na. Eg: People used to think that the earth was flat. Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra. Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di ca hnh ng y. Eg: He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu) He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu)

Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc

1. USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh 2. (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g 3. (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g. Eg: He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now hes used to it. 2. to be, to have, to do 1) BE 1.BE c s dng lm tr ng t hnh thnh cc th tip din (Continuous Tenses) v th th ng (Passive Voice). Eg: She was washing clothes when we came. He was washed to sign his name. 2. BE l mt loi ng t cha y (incomplete predication). V th lun i hi phi c mt b ng t (Complement) hon thnh ngha ca cu. Eg: Your dinner is ready. His father was a famous man. 3. Khi c s dng nh mt ng t hon chnh, BE c ngha l "hin hu, tn ti". Eg: I think, therefore I am. 4. BE TO din t: a) Mt s thu xp, sp t (arrangement). Eg: The wedding is to take place on Saturday. b) Mt mnh lnh, mt yu cu. Eg: You are to see the headmaster at 4 oclock. c) Tnh cht tng lai trong nhng trng hp cn din t tng lai trong qu kh (Future in the Past). Eg: My sister and her husband were to come and see us this weekend, but they couldnt come. 5. DO BE l mt hnh thc nhn mnh, lm tng ngha tnh cm ca hnh ng hay lm cho cu n c ngha thuyt phc hn. Eg: Do be careful when you cross the road. Do be as nice to him as you can. 6. Mt s thnh ng vi BE -be able to: c th, c kh nng Eg: I am not able to guarantee the results. - be about to: sp sa Eg: The plane is about to take off. -be apt to: c khiu, nhanh tr v Eg: Hes apt to ask awkward questions. - be bound to: nht nh, c khuynh hng Eg: Prices are bound to go up this autumn. - be certain to: chc chn Eg: The match is certain to start on time. - be due to: v, do bi, t hn, nht nh Eg: Hes due to arrive at any moment. -be going to: nh s Eg: Were going to need more staff here. - be liable to: c kh nng s Eg: This machine is liable to break down. - be sure to: chn chn, dt khot l Eg: Hes sure to be waiting outside. - be likely to: c v nh l Eg: Theyre likely to win by several goals. - be meant to: mun ni l Eg: Are you meant to work overtime? - be supposed to: xem l, c nhim v l Eg: Were not supposed to smoke in here. III. Tr ng t HAVE 1. HAVE c dng lm tr ng t to cc th hon thnh (Perfect Tenses). Eg: I have answered your questions. Has he finished his dinner? 2. Khi c dng nh mt ng t chnh trong cu, HAVE c ngha l s hu (possess). Vi ngha ny, trong vn ni v trong nhiu cu trc vn vit, got c thm vo vi have m khng lm tng thm ngha.

The man has (got) a car. How many children have you (got)? 3. Khi dng vi ngha khc hn l s hu, HAVE c cc hnh thc ph nh, nghi vn... nh cc ng t thng thng khc. Khi y HAVE cng khng dng vi got pha sau. Did you have a letter from home? (= receive)I dont have much difficulty with English grammar (= find, experience)

Vi cch s dng ny HAVE thng din t mt hnh ng c tnh cht ca mt thi quen, mt s lp i lp li nhiu ln. Hy so snh hai cu sau:

He has a walk in the garden.

(ng ta i do trong vn)

He walks in the garden.

(ng ta bc i trong vn)

4. HAVE c th c dng trong th nguyn nhn (Causative). Cch s dng ny cho bit ai gy nn mt hnh ng no. Causative ca HAVE c hai cu trc sau:

active:S + (have) + O1 + V + O2

passive:S + (have) + O2 + past participle (by O1)

They had Daisy clean the floor.

(H bo Daisy lau nh)

We have just had our house painted.

(Chng ti va cho ngi sn cn nh ca chng ti)

Why dont you have your hair cut?

(Ti sao anh khng i ht tc)

- Trong hu ht cc trng hp ny HAVE c th c thay th bi GET.

Why dont you get your hair cut?

They got the floor cleaned.

5. HAVE TO (phi, cn phi) dng din t mt s cn thit (necessity), s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Trng hp ny HAVE cng c th dng vi got pha sau.

I missed the bus, so I had to walk to the office.

Youve got to work hard to make a living.

6. HAVE TO c dng thay cho MUST cc th m MUST khng c.

You will have to leave for work early in the morning.

We had to answer all the questions in the examination.IV. Tr ng t DO

DO c th l

- mt ng t thng:

He does his work well.

- mt tr ng t. Khi dng lm tr ng t, DO c nhng cch s dng sau y:

1. Dng hnh thnh th ph nh (negative) v th nghi vn (interrogative) cho cc ng t thng.

What does he read?

She doesnt like swimming.

Dont sit on that chair!

2.Dng hnh thnh Cu hi ui (Tag-questions) khi ng t trong cu chnh l mt ng t thng.

They stayed in that hotel, didnt they?

Mary doesn't clean the floor, does she?

3. Dng trnh lp li ng t chnh khi ng t chnh l mt loi ng t thng trong cu tr li ngn (short answer).

David likes swimming. - So do I.

Did they go to London? - Yes, they did.

Mary doesnt like fish, neither does Fred.

4.Dng hnh thnh Th Nhn mnh (Emphatic Form).

You did make me surprised.

He does write his name on the board. Vn 4: Cu iu kin (Conditionals) Loi 1: (conditional type 1) (Real conditional) Cng thc : IF S + V (hin ti) , S + WILL ( CAN, MAY) + V (nguyn th) Cch dng: Ch s vic c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai. V d: If it is sunny, I will go fishing.( nu tri nng, ti s i cu)Loi 2: (conditional type 2) (Unreal conditional in the present) Cng thc : IF S + V (qu kh) , S + WOULD ( COULD, MIGHT ) + V (nguyn th) ( be lun dng were d ch t s t hay nhiu ) Cch dng: Ch s vic khng c tht hin ti. V d: If I were you, I would go abroad. ( nu ti l bn, ti s i nc ngoi)Chuyn ny khng th xy ra c v ti u th no bin thnh bn c. Loi 3: (conditional type 3) (Unreal conditional in the past) Cng thc : IF S +HAD +P.P , S + WOULD ( COULD, MIGHT ) HAVE + P.P Cch dng: Ch s vic khng c tht qu kh. V d: If I hadnt been absent yesterday, I would have met him. ( nu hm qua ti khng vng mt th ti gp anh ta ri) => nhng thc s ti vng mt LU : + Unless = if not : tr phi + Bn mnh c if, ch had trong loi 3, ch were trong loi 2 v ch should trong loi 1 c th em ra u cu th cho if. (cu trc o ng) type 1: should c th a ln trc v b if eg: If u should need my help, just give me a ring = Should u need my help, just give me a ring type 2: c th were ln trc v b if eg: If I were u, I wouldn't go there = Were I you, I wouldn't go there type 3: a had ln trc v b if eg: If I had known u were ill, I would have visited you = Had I known u were ill, I would have visited you Cu iu kin phc: (Mixed Conditional) (phc gia loi 2 v loi 3) Active: S Vhin ti , S Vqu kh Passive: If SV, SVloi 2loi 3 (were/ Vqu kh n ) would have PII Active: SVqu kh, S Vhin ti Passive: If SV, SV (had PII) (would V) Eg: - If you hadnt been cought yesterday, you wouldnt been ill now loi 3loi 2 - If I were you, I wouldnt have kissed him ^^ loi 2loi 3 Loi 0Cu trc cu iu kin loi 0 dng din t nhng s tht tng quan, nhng d kin khoa hc lun lun xy ra vi mt iu kin nht nh.Ta cn c th gi cu iu kin loi 0 l cu iu kin hin ti lun c tht. Trong mt cu iu kin lun c hai mnh : mnh NU v mnh chnh. * Cng thc cu iu kin loi 0: IF + S1+ V(HT) +B ng,S2 + V(HT)+ B ng (nu c). - Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 0, c hai mnh IF (NU) v mnh chnh u s dng th hin ti n. - Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau. - B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu. - Mnh IF v mnh chnh c th ng trc hay sau u c.- Th d: + IF YOU EXPOSE PHOSPORUS TO AIR, IT BURNS. = Nu bn pht-pho ra ngoi khng kh, n s chy. Bi tp t luyn:Exercise 1. Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences. 1.If I .a lot of money now, I ..a new car. a. have /will buyb. have / would buyc. had/ will buy d. had/ would buy. 2. If I you, I .do that. a. am/ will b. were /would c. were/ willd. had been/ would. 3. if I were offered the job, I think I . it. a. takeb. will takec. would taked. would have taken. 4. I would be very surprised if he.. a. refusesb. refused c. had refused d. would refuse. 5. Many people would be out of work if that factory..down. a. closes b. had closedc. closed d. would close. 6. If she sold her car, she much money. a. getsb. would get c. will getd. would have got. 7. They would be disappointed if we. a. hadnt comeb. wouldnt comec. dont come d. didnt come. 8. Would John be angry if I . his bicycle without asking? a. takeb. took c. had takend. would take. 9. She .terrible upset if I lost this ring. a. will be b. would bec. were d. had been. 10. If someonein here with a gun, I would be very frightened. a. would walk b. walks c. had walked d. walked. 11. What would happen if you ..to work tomorrow? a. dont gob. didnt go c. wont go d. wouldnt go. 12. We ll get wet if we .out. a. go b. did go c. went d. had gone. 13. If I go shopping, I some food. a. buy b. will buy c. would buy d. would have bought. 14. If I find it, I you. a. will tellb. would tellc. had toldd. told. 15. What would you do if youa million dollars? a. would win b. win c. had won d. won. 16. They d be hurt if I . a. dont gob. didnt go c. hadnt gone d. wouldnt go. 17. If we took the 6: 30 train, wetoo early. a. would have arrivedb. arrivedc. will arrivedd. would arrive. 18. If I had known you were in hospital, I to see you. a. will go b. would goc. went d. would have gone. 19. If I ., I would have said hello. a. had seen b. see c. sawd. would see. 20. I..out if I hadnt been so tired. a. will go b. went c. would have gone d. would go. 21. If I ..a camera, I would have taken some pictures. a. have b. had c. would have d. had had. 22. You wont pass the examinationyou study more. a. as long asb. unless c. if d. whether. 23. If only I you wanted to invest money in business. a. had knownb. knewc. have knownd. know. 24. If I were to leave my country , I disappointed. a. probably beb. would have beenc. will be d. would be. 25. If he hadnt wasted too much time, he.in his examination. a. would failb. wouldnt failc. wouldnt have failed. d. wont fail. 26. If I had taken that English course, I ..much progress. a. had madeb. would have madec. maded. would make. 27. If I were in your place, I .a trip to England. a. will makeb. had made c. made. d. would make. 28. If I.. you , Id save some of your lottery winning. a. be b. were c. amd. was 29. If the car .. larger, we would have bought it. a. had been b. have been c. has been d. been 30. If I had enough money, I abroad to improve my English. a. will go b. should goc. would god. should have go to Exercise 2: Identify the one that has a mistake by circling the corresponding letter a, b, c, d. 1. If we will reduce the speed of population growth, there will be less pressure on the earth. A bcd 2. Unless we leave a bowl of water under the sun, it will evaporate. Ab c d 3. If we continue to use fuels at the current rate, we would soon have to face a fuel crisis. Abcd 4. If I am 10 centimeters taller, I would play basketball. A bcd 5. If the doctors could find in the remedy, a lot of people would be saved. Abc d 6. If she bought that house now, she ran out of money. A b c d 7. What you would do if you could speak French well? A b cd 8. If I had known he is not at home, I wouldnt have gone all the way to his house. Ab c d 9. If I had known that the road were flooded, I would never have taken that way. A bcd 10. If I were you, I will go to the dentists and have the tooth checked. a b cd Exercise 3: Rewrite those sentences with words given: 1.Let me give you my advice. You should cut down on smoking right now. If I ..............2.Leave me alone or Ill call the police. Unless.3.If you arrive at the office earlier than I do, please turn on the air-conditioner. Should.4.The children dont go to school in the snowy weather. If it .5.He died so young; otherwise, he would be a famous musician by now. Had . 6.You must tell me the whole truth or I wont help you. Unless.7.The car breaks down so often because you dont take good care of it. Were I. 8.He is very bad-tempered, thats why his wife left him soon after marriage. If he. 9.Dont tell lies to your boss or youll be fired at once. If.10. She got married at such an early age: otherwise, she would be at university now. Had *Vn 5:Cu iu kin vi wish ch c 1 v, cng c 3 iu kin: tng lai, hin ti v qu kh FUTURE WISH (c mun trong tong lai) S + wish + (that) + S + could/would/should + Vinf If only + could Eg: I wish you would pass the exam.(T c cu s thi tt) PRESENT WISH (c mun hin tai) S + wish + (that) + S + VQK If only + (VQK ; be-> were )

Eg: I wish I were a dove ( I'm not a dove) (Ti c ti l chim b cu) PAST WISH (c mun qu kh) S + wish + (that) + S + PII If only + could + have + PII Eg:I wish that I had wash the clothes yesterday (I didn't wash the clothes) (Ti c g ti git qun o hm qua) Vn 6: Cu b ng (Passive voice) 1. Phn chung Active: S V O Passive: SO be+PII OS Bng chia Ch ng sang B ng: Simple presentdodonePresent continuous Is / are doingis / are being done Simple PastdidWere / was done Past continuouswas / were doingWere / was being done Present PerfectHas / have doneHave / has been done Past perfectHad doneHad been done Simple futureWill doWill be done Future perfectWill have doneWill have been done Is/are going toIs / are going to doIs / are going to be done CanCan / could doCan / could be done MightMight doMight be done MustMust doMust be done Have toHave toHave to be done V d: Ch : @@iu kin c th chuyn cu ch ng sang b ng: - Cu ch ng phi xc lp c c tn ng. (object)- Cu ch ng phi c Ngoi ng t. (transitive verbs) @@ Vi nhng cu qu di, c t 2 mnh tr ln th c th ngt bt ra, i b ng tng mnh mt. 2. Cc dng b ng c th ( y tng hp gn cc dng b ng. ) 2.1 Dng b ng i vi cu hi c 2 loi : loi cu hi yes/no v loi cu hi c t hi (cn gi l WH question)1) I VI CU HI YES / NO: Cu hi yes / no l cu hi c ng t t bit hoc tr ng t do,does,did u cu Bc 1 : i sang cu thng Bc 2: i sang b ng ( lc ny n tr thnh cu thng, cch i nh hc.) Bc 3: i tr li thnh cu hi yes / no Em no qun cch i sang cu hi yes / no (cu nghi vn) th VO Y xem nh y cc em phi lm quen vi cm t "i sang cu thng" ( v thy s dng n trong nhiu cu trc vn phm khc na) . Cch i sang cu thng nh sau : Nu cc em bit cch i sang cu nghi vn th cng s bit cch i sang cu thng: lm ngc li cc bc ca cu nghi vn, c th nh sau: - Nu c do, does , did u cu th b - chia ng t li cho ng th (da vo do,does, did ) 1) i ng t chnh ( chn trn) thnh P.P. 2) Thm (BE) vo trc PII, chia (BE) ging nh ng t cu ch ng. 3) Gia ch t v ng t c g th em xung ht. - Nu c ng t c bit u cu th chuyn ra sau ch t. V d minh ha 1: ( tr ng t u cu) Did Mary take it ?Bc 1 :i sang cu thng : b did, chia ng t take thnh qu kh v did l du hiu ca qu kh => Mary took it. Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1=> It was taken by Mary Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn => Was it taken by Mary? Cc em cng c th lm theo cch th to be vo do,does, did nh "mo" bi 1 V d minh ha 2: ( ng t c bit u cu) Is Mary going to take it ?Bc 1 :i sang cu thng : chuyn ng t c bit (is) ra sau ch t : => Mary is going to take it. Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1=> It is going to be taken by Mary Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn ( em is ra u ) => Is it going to be taken by Mary ?2) I VI CU HI C CH HI: Cch lm cng chia ra cc bc nh dng trn, nhng khc bit nm bc 2 v 3 Bc 1 : i sang cu thngBc ny phc tp hn dng 1, lm c bc ny cc em phi bit chia n lm 3 loi- Loi ch hi WH lm ch t : ( sau n khng c tr ng t do,does,did m c ng t + tc t) What made you sad? (iu g lm bn bun ?) Who has met you ? (ai gp bn ? ) Loi ny khi i sang cu thng vn gi nguyn hnh thc m khng c bt c s thay i no - Loi ch hi WH lm tc t: ( sau n c tr ng t do, does, did hoc ng t c bit + ch t )What do you want ? Who will you meet ? Khi i sang cu thng s chuyn WH ra sau ng t - Loi ch hi WH l trng t : l cc ch : when, where, how , why When did you make it ? Gi nguyn ch hi , i ging nh dng cu hi yes/no Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1 Bc 3: i tr li cu hi c ch hi ( em WH ra u cu) V d minh ha:1 ( WH l tc t, c tr ng t) What did Mary take ?Bc 1 :i sang cu thng : C tr ng t did => What l tc t :b did, chia ng t take thnh qu kh v did l du hiu ca qu kh, em what ra sau ng t : => Mary took what. Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1=> What was taken by Mary Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny what l ch t ri nn khng c g thay i na ) => What was taken by Mary ? V d minh ha:2 ( WH l tc t, c ng t c bit) Who can you meet ? Bc 1 :i sang cu thng : C ng t c bit can , Who l tc t : chuyn ra sau ng t meet , you l ch t :chuyn can ra sau ch t you=> you can meet who. Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1=> Who can be met by you ?Bc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny who l ch t ri nn khng c g thay i na ) =. Who can be met by you ? V d minh ha:3 ( WH l ch t ) Who took Mary to school ?Bc 1 :i sang cu thng : Sau who l ng t + tc t => who l ch t => i sang cu thng vn gi nguyn hnh thc=> Who took Mary to school Bc 2 : i sang b ng : lm cc bc nh bi 1=> Mary was taken to school by whoBc 3: i tr li cu hi nghi vn : (v lc ny l cu hi nn who phi u cu ) => Who was Mary taken to school by ? Nu By em ra u th who phi i thnh whom: => By whom was Mary taken to school ? 2.2 Dng b ng i vi cu kp - Vi nhng cu c nhiu mnh , ta nn tch ra thnh tng cu ring ri lm bnh thng, gi li cc t ni. V d: When I came, they were repairing my car. Nhn vo l thy r rng c 2 mnh , cc em c vic tch chng ra ri lm b ng tng mnh : When I came : mnh ny khng i sang b ng c v khng c tc tthey were repairing my car. lm b ng nh bnh thng => my car was being repairedCui cng ta ni li nh c : When I came, my car was being repairedDng ny suy cho cng cng l cch lm tng cu nh ta hc trn, cn mt dng na phc tp hn m trong cc bi kim tra cng thng hay cho, cc em cn lu . l dng mt ch t lm 2 hnh ng khc nhau, v d : They opened the door and stole some pictures dng ny cc em cng tch lm 2 phn nhng nh thm ch t cho phn sau: They opened the door and they stole some pictures Lc ny cc em ch vic i sang b ng tng cu ring bit v gi li lin t and l xong. => The door was opened and some pictures were stolen. 2.3 B ng ca cu mnh lnh Trc ht cc em cng nn bit cch nhn dng ra cu mnh lnh. l cu khng c ch t, m l ng t nguyn mu ng u cu. Cng thc: xem s TI Y - Thm Let u cu - em tc t cu trn xung - Thm be vo sau tc t (be nguyn mu khng chia) - i ng t thnh P.P - Cc phn cn li (nu c ) vit li ht V d: Write your name on the blackboard. - Thm Let u cu: Let..... - em tc t cu trn xung: (your name) Let your name ..... - Thm be vo sau tc t (be nguyn mu khng chia): Let your name be..... - i ng t thnh P.P ( write => written)Let your name be written..... - Cc phn cn li vit li ht (on the blackboard ) Let your name be written on the blackboard 2.4 Cc dng b ng c bit DNG 1: People say that .... Dng ny cu ch ng ca n c dng sau: People/ they + say/think/believe... + (that) + S + V + ODng ny c 2 cch i sang b ng nh sau Cch 1: - Bc 1: Ly ch t mnh sau em ra u cu- Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think....-Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be)- Bc 4: Ly ng t mnh sau i thnh to INF. ri vit li ht phn sau ng t ny. LU : Nu ng t trong mnh sau trc th so vi say/think.. th bc 4 khng dng to INF m dng : TO HAVE + P.PV d1: People said that he was nice to his friends- Bc 1: Ly ch t mnh sau em ra u cu (he ) => He....- Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think....Said l qu kh nn (be) chia thnh was=> He was... -Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be)P.P (ct 3) ca said cng l said :=> He was said.. - Bc 4: Ly ng t mnh sau i thnh to INF. ri vit li ht phn sau ng t ny. So snh th 2 mnh , ta thy said v was cng l th qu kh nn i ng t mnh sau l was thnh to be , vit li phn sau ( nice to his friends)=> He was said to be nice to his friends. V d 2:People said that he had been nice to his friends3 bc u lm ging nh v d 1 nhng n bc 4 th ta thy said l qu kh nhng had been l qu kh hon thnh ( trc th ) nn ta p dng cng thc to have + P.P ( P.P ca was l been )=> He was said to have been nice to his friends. Cch 2: - Bc 1: Dng IT u cu- Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think....-Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be)- Bc 4: Vit li t ch that n ht cu. V d: People said that he was nice to his friends- Bc 1: - Bc 1: Dng IT u cu=> It.... - Bc 2: Thm (be) vo : (be) chia ging ng t say/think....Said l qu kh nn (be) chia thnh was=> It was...-Bc 3: Ly ng t say/think.. lm P.P sau (be)P.P (ct 3) ca said cng l said : => It was said... - Bc 4: Vit li t ch that n ht cu. => It was said that he was nice to his friends Nhn xt: - Bc 2 v 3 ging nhau c 2 cch - Cch 2 d hn do khng phi bin i ng t pha sau do khi ngi ta ku i sang b ng m khng cho sn t u tin th cc em dng cch 2 cho d 2.5 Nhng dng b ng ring l Mu 1 : Mu ny c dng :It is sb's duty to inf.=> Sb (be) supposed to inf.V d: It's your duty to do this work. => You are supposed to do this work. Mu 2 Mu ny c dng :It is impossible to do sth => Sth can't be done. V d: It is impossible to repair that machine. => That machine can't be repaired Mu 3 Mu ny c dng :S + enjoy + Ving + O=> S + enjoy + O being + P.P V d: We enjoy writing letters. => We enjoy letters being written. Mu 4 Mu ny c dng :S + recommend / suggest + Ving + O => S + recommend / suggest that S + should be p.p V d: He recommends building a house. He recommends that a house should be built Ghi nh: Cc ng t dng with thay cho by : Crowd , fill , cover V d: Clouds cover the sky.=> The sky is covered with clouds. Bi tp t luyn:1. The storm has delayed the 11.20 flight to London. a) The 11.20 flight has been delayed to London by the storm. b) The 11.20 flight to London has been delayed by the storm. c) The 11.20 flight to London has delayed the storm. d) All are correct. 2. The police stopped us on our way to school. a) We were stopped by the police on our way to school. b) We stopped by the police on our way to school. c) We stopped the police on our way to school. d) A & B are correct. 3. People believe that hundreds of homeless children are living on the streets. a) It is believed that hundreds of homeless children are living on the streets. b) Hundreds of homeless children are believed to be living on the streets. c) Hundreds of homeless children believe to be living on the streets. d) A & B are correct. 4. You should give us this information. a) We should give you this information. b) We should be given this information. c) We should be give this information. d) This information should give us. 5. They are repairing our car at the garage. a) Our car is repairing at the garage. b) Our car is being repairing at the garage. c) Our car is being repaired at the garage. d) They are being repaired our car at the garage. 6. No one has cleaned the floor for weeks. a) The floor hasnt been cleaned for weeks. b) The floor has been cleaned by someone for weeks. c) The floor hasnt cleaned for weeks. d) A & B are correct. 7. They have given me a chance to explain my view. a) I have given them a chance to explain my view. b) I have be given them a chance to explain my view. c) I have been given a chance to explain my view. d) B & C are correct. 8. We will finish the report in time. a) The report will finish in time. b) The report will be finished in time. c) The report will be finish in time. d) The report is finished in time. 9. Someone woke me up this morning. a) I woke up someone this morning. b) I was waken up this morning. c) I was being waken up this morning. d) B & C are correct. 10. We made certain mistakes. a) Certain mistakes were made. b) Certain mistakes made us. c) Certain mistakes made. d) Certain mistakes was made. 11. They considered his speech one of the best. a) His speech was considered one of the best. b) His speech was one of the best. c) His speech one of the best was considered. d) His speech considered them one of the best. 12. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number. a) 13 believes to be an unlucky number. b) 13 is believed to be an unlucky number. c) It is believed that 13 is an unlucky number. d) B & C are correct. 13. They thought that the man was still living. a) The man thought he was still living. b) The man was thought to be still living. c) The man is thought to be still living. d) It thought the man to be still living. 14. People know that English is an international language. a) English is known to be an international language. b) It is known that English is an international language. c) It is known that English to be an international language. d) A & B are correct. 15. She advised me to sell that house. a) I am advised to sell that house. b) I advised her to sell that house. c) I was advised to sell that house. d) She was advised to sell that house. 16. He recommends us to do the job. a) We are recommended to do the job. b) We recommended to do the job. c) We recommend him to do the job. d) A & C are correct. 17. She helps me to do all the difficult exercises. a) I am helped to do all the difficult exercises. b) I am helped her to do all the difficult exercises. c) I help her to do all the difficult exercises. d) B & C are correct. 18. How did the police find the lost man? a) How was the lost man found by the police? b) How the lost man found by the police? c) How the police found the lost man? d) How was the police found by the lost man? 19. They believed that she won the competition. a) She was believed to win the competition. b) It was believed to win the competition. c) It was believed her to win the competition. d) She believed them to win the competition. 20. How can they open this safe? a) How can this safe is opened? b) How can this safe opened? c) How can this safe be opened? d) B & C are correct. 21. Do they teach English here? a) Is English taught here? b) English is teach here? c) Is English teach here? d) English taught here? 22. Did the teacher give some exercises? a) Were some exercises given by the teacher? b) Were some exercises given to the teacher? c) Were the teacher given some exercises? d) A & B are correct. 23. People believe that red is the symbol of luck. a) Red believes people to be the symbol of luck. b) Red believed to be the symbol of luck. c) Red is believed to be the symbol of luck. d) B & C are correct. 24. They may use this room for the classroom. a) This room may use for the classroom. b) The classroom may be used for this room. c) They may be used for the classroom. d) This room may be used for the classroom. 25. The teacher is going to tell a story. a) A story is going to be told by the teacher. b) A story is going to tell by the teacher. c) A story be told by the teacher. d) A story is going to tell the teacher. 26. Mary is cutting a cake with a sharp knife. a) A cake is being cut with a sharp knife by Mary. b) A cake is cut with a sharp knife by Mary. c) A sharp knife is cut with a cake by Mary. d) A & C are correct. 27. Somebody has taken some of my books away. a) Some of my books have been taken away. b) Some of my books have taken away. c) Some of my books away have taken. d) Some of my books taken away. 28. People spend a lot of money on advertising every day. a) A lot of money is spent on advertising every day. b) A lot of money spent on advertising every day. c) On advertising a lot of money is spent every day. d) On advertising is spent a lot of money every day. 29. They have provided the victims with food and clothing. a) The victims have provided them with food and clothing. b) The victims have been provided them with food and clothing. c) The victims have been provided with food and clothing. d) B & C are correct. 30. You mustnt use this machine after 5.30. a) This machine mustnt be used after 5.30. b) This machine mustnt used after 5.30. c) You mustnt be used this machine after 5.30. d) A & C are correct. 31. You must wash this dress in cold water. a) Cold water must be washed in this dress. b) This dress in cold water must be washed. c) This dress must be washed in cold water. d) B & C are correct. 32. He has made no mistakes in his composition. a) No mistakes have been made in his composition. b) No mistakes have made in his composition. c) His composition has made no mistakes. d) A & C are correct. 33. They built this house 100 years ago. a) This house was built 100 years ago. b) This house was being built 100 years ago. c) This house being built 100 years ago. d) This house built 100 years ago. 34. People feed these animals twice a day. a) These animals are feed twice a day. b) These animals are fed twice a day. c) These animals fed twice a day. d) These animals were fed twice a day. 35. Someone was cleaning the room when I arrived. a) The room cleaned when I arrived. b) The room was being cleaned when I arrived c) The room was cleaned when I arrived. d) The room was cleaning when I arrived Vn 7: Mnh quan h (Relative clause) I. Defining RelativeClauses(Mnh quan h xc nh)-c dng b ngha cho danh t i trc n, tc l lm chc nng nh ng v cn thit cho ngha ca cu Notes: 1. i t quan h thay th cho danh t e.g: + The students work very hard.The y come from japan ---> The students who/ that comes from Japan work very hard. + The shop is closed today.It sells that kind of bread. ---> The shop which/ that sells that kinds of bread is closed today 2. Mnh quan h xc nh thng ng sau the + noun. Ngai ra chng c th c dng sau mo t a, an +danh thoc danh t s nhiu khng c the, v nhng i t nh all, none, anybody, somebody,.... e.g: + I like the rulerw hich my friend bought from Laos very much + Somebodyw ho must be a naughty boy made my window broken when i was not at home 3.Mnh quan h xc nh thng c t ngay sau the+ danh thoc i t, nhng i khi chng b tch ra bi mt t hoc 1 cm t ( thng l trng ng).e.g: I saw something in the newspaper which would interestyou.4. Du phy khng c dng trong mnh quan h xcnh5. Chng ta khng th b c mnh quan h trong cuv nh th lm ngha ca cu khng r rng.6.Whom l 1 t rt trang trng v ch c s dng trong vn vit. Chng ta c th s dng who/ that hoc b i cng c! e.g: -The man whom we are talking about is a successfullbusinessman.-The man (who/ that) we are talking about is asuccessfull businessman.7. That thng theo sau cc t nh something, anything,everything, nothing, all v trong so snh bc nhte.g: + Is there anything that we must pay attention to?+ It is the most delicious that i've ever tasted8. Gi t trong mnh quan ha. Gii t thng c t cui mnh quan h.e.g: + The beautiful girl smiled. I was lookingat her---> The beautiful girl that/ who i was lookingat smiled. + The room was untidy. The young boy livedin it. ---> The room which the young boy livedin was untidy b. Trong vn vit hoc din t mt cch trang trng,gii t thng t trc i t quan h.e.g: +The girl at whom i was looking smiled+ The room in which the young boy lived was untidy.II. Non-defining RelativeClauses ( Mnh quan h khng xc nh) Mnh quan h khng xc nh c dng b ngha cho 1 danh t c cp n trongcu. N cho ta bit thng tin thm v ngi, v s vt, mt hin tng no c biu hin danh t m n b ngha. e.g: + William Shakespeare, who was in Stratford-on-Avon, wrote the play "Romeo and Juliet" Notes: 1. Mnh quan h khng xc nh lun c tch ra khi phn cn li ca cu bng du phy e.g: + Mr John, who is the vice-president of our University, isgoing to LonDon next week.+ This church, which is very quiet, is famous for itspeaceful atmosphere.2. Trong mnh quan h khng xc nh, ta khng dngthat thay th cho who, whom, hoc which3. Chng ta khng c php b i t quan h, ngay c khi n l tn ng ca ng t trong mnh quan h khng xc nh. e.g: + He told me about Susan,who he just met at a partyHe told me about Susan, he just met at a party4. Mnh quan h khng xc nh c th c m ubng cc cm t nh all of, many of + i t quan hVi cm t c th s dngAll of Some ofMany of A few of Each of Neither ofEither of None of Many of Much of One,two,...of Most of E.g: There were a lot of students gathering at the hall, all of whom looked excited. + He was studying all the cameras in the shop, some of which attracted him 5. i t quan h which ng u mnh quan h khng xc nh c th c dng ch tan b thng tin trong phn trc ca cu. e.g: +He keeps asking a lot of questions, which annoys me. + She passed the exam without any difficulty, which surprised everyone III. i t quan h 1. WHO : thay th cho ngi, lm ch t trong MQH. EX: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend's son. I need to meet the boy who is my friend's son. 2. WHOM : thay th cho ngi, lm tc t trong MQH. EX: - I know the girl. You spoke to this girl. I know the girl whom you spoke to. * ng sau i t quan h who thng l mt ng t, cn sau i t quan h whom thng l mt danh t. 3. WHICH :thay th cho vt, vt. Va lm ch t, va l tc t trong MQH. EX: - She works for a company. It makes cars. She works for a company which makes cars. 4. WHERE : thay th cho ni chn: there, at that place,... . Lm ch t, tc t trong MQH. EX: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place. The movie theater is the place where we can see the films. * ng sau i t quan h which thng l mt ng t, cn sau i t quan h where thng l mt danh t. Sau i t quan h which cn l mt danh t khi ni chn l b ngha cho mt ng t nh visit... 5.WHOSE : thay th cho s hu ca ngi, vt ( his- , her- , its- , their- , our- , my- , -'s )EX: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken. John found the catwhose leg was broken. 6. THAT : thay th cho ngi, vt. Lm ch t, tc t trong MQH. EX: - I need to meet the boy that is my friend's son. - She has a car that is made in Japan. * Khng c dng that trong nhng trng hp : + Mnh quan h khng c gii hn( mnh b ngha cho 1 danh t ng trc xc nh ri ). EX: - Mary, ( who / that ) sits next to me, is good at maths. Mary, who sits next to me, is good at maths. ( Khng c dng that ) + Sau gii t : EX: - The girl to ( whom / that ) I was talking yesterday is my sister. The girl to whom I was talking yesterday is my sister. ( Khng c dng that )@@ That khng ng sau du phy * Bt buc dng that trong nhng trng hp : + Sau danh t ch c ngi ln vt : EX: - I saw a lot of people and vehicles that were moving to the market. + Sau nhng danh t dng so snh cc cp ( superlative ) :EX: - Yesterday was one of the hottest days that I have ever known. + Sau nhng cch ni m u bng ' It is/was...' EX: - It is the teacher that is important, not the kind of school he teaches in. + Sau 'all, everybody, everything, nothing, nobody,...' EX: - Answer all the questions that I asked. 7. WHY : thay th cho cm trng t ch l do : for that reason. EX: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason. Tell me the reason why you are so sad. 8.WHEN : thay th cho cm t ch thi gian : then, at that time, on that day.... EX:- Do youremember the day. We fisrt met on that day. Do you remember the day when we fisrt met ? - Ta c th lc b i t quan h whom, which khi n l tc t ( tn ng ) trong MQH c gii hn ( mnh b ngha cho 1 danh t ng trc cha xc nh ), khng c dng vi mnh khng c gii hn ( mnh b ngha cho 1 danh t ng trc xc nh ri ). EX: - I know the boy whom you spoke to. I know the boy you spoke to. Bi tp t luyn: I/Choose the most suitable word to complete sentence. 1. My friend,Jack,(that, who, whose) parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland. 2. Heres the computer program (that, whom, whose) I told you about. 3. I dont believe the story (that, who, whom) she told us. 4. Peter comes from Witney,(that, who, which) is near Oxford. 5. This is the gun with (that, whom, which) the murder was committed. 6. Is this the person ( who, which, whose) you asked me about. 7. Have you received the parcel (whom, whose, which) we sent you? 8. Thats the girl (that, who, whose) brother sits next to me. 9. The meal,(that, which, whose) wasnt very tasty, was expensive. 10. We didnt enjoy the play ( that, who, whose) we went to see. 11. She gives her children everything (that, what, who) they want. 12. Tell me (what, that, which) you want and Ill have you. 13.The reason (why, that, what) I phoned him was to invite him to party. 14. I dont like people (who, whom, whose) never stops talking. 15. The day (which, that, when) they arrived was Sunday. 16. Ann,(whose, who, whom) children are at school all day is trying to get a job. II/Rewrite these sentences, using relative pronouns 1. Brenda is a friend.I went on holiday with her. -> .. 2. This is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. -> 3. Her book was published last year. It became a best seller. -> 4.This is the bank. We borrowed the money from it. ->. 5. I told you about a person. She is at the door. ->. 6. Jacks car had broken down. He had to take a bus. ->.. 7. I lent you a book. The book was written by one my friends. ->... 8. Some boys were arrested. They have been released. ->. 9. Do you know a restaurant? We can have a good meal there. ->. 10. I dont remember the day. I left school on that day. ->.. III. Dng ''whose, who, whom, where, and, when '' vo on vn sau: Im going to the States at the beginning of January (1).............., hopefully, it wont be too cold. Im flying to New York, (2)................my friend Brian has been living for the past two years. Im really looking forward to meeting his American girlfriend Cyndy, (3)...............I met when they both came over to London last year. Cyndy, (4)...........brother is quite a famous jazz musician, has promised to take me to Greenwich Village, (5)...............there are a lot of jazz clubs. After two weeks in New York, Ill take the Greyhound bus to Cleveland. Ohio. Im going to stay there with my Aunt jackie, (6)...............son-my cousin Abe- i met last summer in England. Then, if I hv enough money, Ill travel south to New Oleans. I hope to get there by the first two weeks of February, (7)........the Mardi Gras Festival takes place. Vn 8: Cch loai b mnh d ph i vi nhng mnh ph bt buc ngi ta c th loi b i t quan h v ng t to be (cng vi cc tr ng t ca n) trong mt s trng hp sau: Trc mt mnh ph m cu trc ng t thi b ng. This is the Z value (which was) obtained from the table areas under the normal curve.

Trc mt mnh ph m sau n l mt ng gii t. The beaker (that is) on the counter contains a solution.

Trc mt cu trc ng t th tip din. The girl (who is)running down the street might be in trouble.

Ngoi ra trong mt s trng hp khi i t quan h trong mnh ph bt buc gn lin vi ch ng ng trc n v mnh ph y din t qui lut hoc s kin din t theo tn s, ngi ta c th b i t quan h v ng t chnh thay vo bng mt Verb-ing. The travelers taking (= who take) this bus on a daily basis buy their ticket in booking.

Trong nhng mnh ph khng bt buc ngi ta cng c th loi b i t quan h v ng t to be khi n ng trc mt ng danh t. Tuy nhin phn ng danh t cn li vn phi ng gia 2 du phy. Mr Jackson, (who is) a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.

Loi b i t quan h v ng t chnh, thay vo bng 1 Verb-ing khi mnh ph ny i b ngha cho mt tn ng (li vit ny rt ph bin). The president made a speech for the famous man visiting (who visited) him. Vn d 9: So Snh tnh t (Comparisons of adjective) 1. So snh ngang/bng nhau. (Comparative of equality) Hnh thc so snh bng nhau c thnh lp bng cch thm "as" vo trc v sau tnh t: AS + adj/adv +AS V d: John is as tall as his father. This box is as heavy as that one 2. So snh hn/km. (Comparative) Hnh thc so snh bc hn c thnh lp bng cch thm -er than vo sau tnh t (n m tit) hoc thm more +(tnh t t hai m tit tr ln) + than- so snh hn: adj er + than Eg:You are teller than I amJohn is tronger than his brother more + adj + than The first problem is more difficul than the second - So snh km: Less+ adj +than Eg: She is less intelligent than her sister Ch : Nu tnh t tn cng bng e, chng ta ch thm -r hoc -st m thi: Nice nicer nicest Large larger largest Nu tnh t gc tn cng bng ph m +y, chng ta i y thnh i trc khi thm -er hoc -est: Happy happier happiest Easy easier easiest Nhng nu tnh t tn cng bng nguyn m + y, y vn c gi nguyn: Gay gayer gayest Gray grayer grayest Nu tnh t gc ch c mt vn v tn cng bng mt nguyn m + mt ph m , chng ta phi gp i ph m trc khi thm - hoc -est Hot hotter hottest Big bigger biggest 3. So snh nht (superlative) a. Hnh thc so snh bc nht c thnh lp bng cch thm ui -est vo sau tnh t (n m tit) hoc thm -most vo trc tnh t (tnh t t hai m tit tr ln). the adj -est Eg: John is the tallest in the class The most + adj Eg: Da Lat is one of the most romantic cities in Viet Nam. @@Mt s trng hp Bt quy tc: - GOOD --> BETTER - WELL--> BETTER- BAD--> WORSE - MANY --> MORE - MUCH --> MORE - LITTLE --> LESS- FAR --> FARTHER/FURTHER (FARTHER dng khi ni v khong cch c th, FURTHER dng ni v khong cch tru tng) - QUIET --> QUIETER hoc MORE QUIETu c - CLEVER --> CLEVERER hoc MORE CLEVER u c - NARROW --> NARROWER hoc MORE NARROW u c - SIMPLE --> SIMPLER hoc MORE SIMPLE u c Bi tp:Ex1:1. The problem isnt important. It wont cause us concern. Cu 2, 3: Fill the banks any phrase to comfortable mean 2. ., the more difficult it is get up in the morning. 3. The bigger the European Union gets , 4. Ive never enjoyed myself so much --- Ive never had .. 5. If you run a lot, you will get finer--- The more 6. I must have a rest. I cant go any more. --- I must have a rest. I cant go .. 7. Home computers used to be much more expensive. --- Home computers arent 8. Jack can skate just as well as John can --- John isnt . 9. Bill was growing angrier all the time. Rewrite use and. 10. Thats the worst film Ive ever seen. --- Ive never seen 11. The weather is still unpleasant today but yesterday is was worse. --- The weather isnt 12. Ive never had such a good friend as you. --- You Ex 2: Hon thnh cu bng dng so snh ng ca ng t trong ngoc 1. Her daughter is .her (beautiful).2. Summer is..season of the year (hot) 3. That dog isnt ..it looks (dangerous) 4. In the past, people were ..than today (polite) 5. It is ..today than it was yesterday (cold) 6. Our hotel was ..than all the others in the town (cheap) 7. Whats ..river in the world (long) 8. It was an awful day. It was .day of my life (bad) 9. Everest ismountain in the world. It is .than any other mountain (high) 10. I prefer this chair to the other one. Its (comfortable) Ex 3:: Vit li cc cu sau bt u bng t cho trc sao cho ngha khng thay i. 1. This is the most delicious cake Ive ever tasted. > Ive.. 2. Ive never met any more dependable person than George. > George is 3. There isnt anybody as kind-hearted as your mother. > Your mother is 4. There is no better teacher in this school than Mr John. > Mr John is.. 5. Have you got any bigger than that one? > Is this...? Vn 10: Mo t (Articles) 1. Mo t bt nh (a, an) Mo t bt nh "A" hoc "AN" lun ng trc danh t m c s t. Do , c th ni, v ngha th "A" hoc "AN" tng ng vi ONE (ngha l "mt"). Tuy nhin, khi dng ONE, ta c phn mun nhn mnh s lng hn, trong khi mo t bt nh ch gii thiu ra mt danh t c nhc n ln u tin trong mt cuc ni i thoi. Th d:A TEACHER = mt gio vin v ONE TEACHER cng l "mt gio vin", nhngbn ch ni "I AM A TEACHER" (ti l gio vin) ch khng bao gi ni "I AM ONE TEACHER" v chng l bn c th l HAI gio vin hay sao m cn phi nhn mnh ONE ch khng phi con s no khc. Bn hiu ri, ng khng? Vy chng ta hy phn bit khi no dng A trc danh t m c s t v khi no dng "AN" trc danh t m c s t: Dng A trc danh t m c s t bt u bng PH M. Ti sao chng ta cn nhn mnh M PH M y? V a s ch ci ph m u c m ph m, nhng mt s t bt u bng ch ci ph m li c c nh nguyn m v ch ci l m cm khng c. Ngc li, mt s ch ci l ra l nguyn m nhng li c ngi bn x c nh mt ph m.Th d: A BOY = mt a con trai, A GIRL = 1 a con gi, A STREET = 1 con ng, AFAN = 1 ci qut my, A MOTORCYCLE = 1 chic xe gn my, A STUDENT = 1 hc vin, A SINGER = 1 ca s, A SONG = 1 bi ht, A LESSON = 1 bi hc, A TABLE = 1 ci bn, A HUSBAND = 1 ngi chng, A FAMILY = 1 gia nh, A MINUTE = 1 pht, A SECOND = 1 GIY, A YEAR = 1 nm, A MONTH = 1 thng , A WEEK = 1 tun, ...Th d trng hp ngoi l: A UNIFORM = 1 b ng phc (Bn thy khng, UNIFORM bt u bng U, mt nguyn m nhng UNIFORM c c nh /DIU-NI-FO;RM/ thnh ra U l M PH M ri.Dng AN trc danh t m c s t bng u bng NGUYN M (a, e, i, o, uc l u oi cho d nh ^^ ) v m h cmTh d: AN APPLE = 1 tri to, AN EAR = 1 tai, AN UMBRELLA = 1 ci d, ANOX = 1 con b c, ANARM = 1 cnh tay, AN EYE = 1 con mt, AN EGG = 1 qu trng Th d trng hp ngoi l: AN HOUR ("HOUR" bt u bng H, 1 ch ci ph m nhng trong trng hp ny ngi bn x c "HOUR" y nh "OUR" nn ta phi ni AN HOUR ch KHNG th ni A HOUR.) Khi danh t c b ngha bi mt tnh t hoc mt danh t khc ng trc n, ta da vo m bt u ca t b ngha cho danh t chnh xc nh dng A hay AN. Th d: ta c ENGLISH TEACHER= gio vin ting Anh. Ch ENGLISH ng trc danh t TEACHER b ngha cho TEACHER. Vy ta thy m u ting ca ENGLISH l nguyn m nn ta dng AN --> AN ENGLISH TEACHER. Tng t, ta c: BEUTIFUL = p, WOMAN = ngi n b --> BEAUTIFUL WOMAN = ngi n b p. BEAUTIFUL bt u bng m ph m (B) vy ta ni A BEAUTIFUL WOMAN = 1 ngi n b p. 2. Mo t xc nh (the) THE lun ng trc danh t. VD: THE SUN = mt tri THE MOON = mt trng * Khi THE ng trc mt s tnh t, tnh t c bin thnh mt danh t ni v mt tng lp, mt th loi lin quan n tnh t . (bn khng th ly bt c tnh t no rp v, nhng tnh t c dng theo kiu ny c hn) VD: THE RICH = nhng ngi giu THE POOR = nhng ngi ngho THE WEAK = nhng k yu* Dng THE trc bt c mt danh t no khi ngi ni v ngi nghe u bit v danh t ang c ni ti hocc xcnh r rng: PAY HIM BACK THE MONEY YOU BORROWED FROM HIM = Hy tr li cho n s tin anh mn n! (Ngi ni bit v s tin ny mi ni ra cu ny v ngi nghe cng bit n s tin ny v anh ta mn ca 1 ngi th 3) PLEASE GIVE ME THE KEY TO MY CAR = Vui lng a ti cha kha xe hi ca ti. THE WOMAN IN BLACK IS HIS WIFE = Ngi n b mc en l v anh ta. * Dng THE trc nhng danh t thng thng c xem l duy nht, khng c ci th hai. VD: The sun = mt tri, the moon = mt trng, the sea = bin, the sky = bu tri...* Dng THE trc s th t: VD: I am the first person to come here today. (Hm nay, ti l ngi u tin n y )* Dng THE thnh lp SO SNH NHT . THIS IS THE BEST DICTIONARY I HAVE EVER HAD. =y l t in tt nht m trc gi ti c c. * Mt s tn quc gia phi c THE (a s khng c): THE PHILIPPINES, THE USA, THE UNITED KING DOM...* Trong mt s thnh ng, phi c THE (hc thuc lng): DONT' BEAT ABOUT THE BUSH! = ng c vng vo tam quc. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nh vy, chng ta KHNG dng mo t THE khi no?

* KHNG dng THE khi danh t c tip theo sau bng mt ch s hoc ch ci. VD: The Chicago train is about to depart from track 5.Her flight leaves from gate 32. He fell asleep on page 816 of "War and Peace". She is staying in room 689.* Khng dng THE khi c ng ng t i trc mt trong nhng danh t bed (ging), church (nh th), court (ta n), hospital (bnh vin), prison (nh t), school (trng hc), college (trng i hc), university (trng i hc) nu nh ch ng s dng nhng ni ng nh chc nng ca n VD: Nu ti n trng hc l hc, tc l ng vi chc nng ca trng hc, vy ti khng cn dng THE trc danh t SCHOOL :IMUST GOTO SCHOOL NOW !(By gi ti phi i hc ri!) * Khng dng THE khi ni 3 ba n: n sng, n tra, n ti I NEVER HAVE BREAKFAST. = Ti khng bao gi n sng. * Khng dng THE trong nhiu thnh ng. BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER = Ngu tm ngu, m tm m. Bi tp:Ex1:(1)_space is difficult to imagine and yet (2)_ man has been to (3)_ Moon and sent (4)_ machines to (5)_ Mars and far futher. There is no (6)_ air between us and the stars and yet light and X-rays and radio waves reach us here on (7)_ earth. We are seeking (8)_ information, trying to find planets with (9)_ air and (10)_ water and (11)_ valuable materials such as (12)_ minerals that we need. Perhaps we will find (13)_ world like ours with (14)_ oxygen that we can breathe. Of course, (15)_ real romance would be to find other living species,