Toyota_Grünewald WS_IPHE 150610

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TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

The Toyota Way towards Sustainable MobilityHybrid Technology as Key for the Electrification of the Powertrain

IPHE Workshop „Governmental Programs on E-Mobility“

Ulm, June 15, 2010

Toyota Motor Europe - Berlin Office

Bernhard Grünewald



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Toyota’s Environmental Vision



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Ultimate eco-car

Hybrid technology

Energy diversity CO2 reduction Air quality

GasolineDiesel

Gaseousfuels

BiofuelsSynthetic

fuelsHydrogen Electricity

The right car The right place The right time

Towards the Ultimate Eco-Car



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

HV

PHV

FCHV

FCHV(BUS)

Passenger cars Route buses

Short-distance

commuters

EV

Winglet

Vehicle size

Delivery trucks

Heavy-duty trucks

Small delivery

vehicles

ｉ series

Motorcycles

FCHVs

EVs

HVs & PHVs with

internal combustion engine

Dd

Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressednatural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc.ElectricityFuel Hydrogen

Reg

Response to Environmental Challenges



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Electric Vehicle (EV)

PHV

FCHV

FCHV(BUS)

Passenger cars Route buses

Winglet

V e h i c l e

s i z e

Deliverytrucks

Heavy-dutytrucks

Small delivery vehiclesｉ series

Motorcycles

FCHVsHVs & PHVs with


Driving distance

HVShort-distancecommuters

EV

EVs

Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressednatural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc.Electricity HydrogenFuel



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

History of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

1902 Loner Porsche

（Austria）

Type：Series

Motor：2.5PS×2 (Front wheels)

Engine：28PS（For generator)

1968 GM- Stir-Lec（U.S.A）

Type：Series

Motor：induction 3 phase

Engine：Stirling

1917 Woods dual power

（U.S.A）Spec：4 – seater coupe

Type：Parallel

Motor：5ｋW×2（Rear wheel）

Engine：12PS（1126cc）

1977 VW Taxi（Germany）

Type：Parallel

Motor：15ｋW ( series-wound DC)

Engine：25ｋW (1600cc）

1901 Fisher combination engine

(U.S.A）

Spec：18- seat bus

Type：Series

Motor：5ｋW×2（Rear wheels)

Engine：10PS（Permanent 600rpm for generator）

Sources: FERRY PORSCHE CARS ARE MY LIFE, Development trends of hybrid electric vehicles Toyota museum journal,

Motorlexikon.de, DYKE’S AUTOMOBILE and GASOLINE ENGINE ENCYCLOPEDIA

1989 - 1996 A（GermType：Parallel

Motor：29ｋW（PM

Battery：Lead（Gel

Engine：1.9L Diese



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

EV range

Retail priceCharging timeCharging points

Electric Vehicles – Realistic for compact commuto

RAV4-EV E-COM FT-EV1997 1998 2012

250 km?

6-8 hours?

100 km?

9.5 hours?

80 km ??

? hours?



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

From 2012: Toyota FT- EV Concept

- City EV based on Toyota iQ

- Focus on urban usage: 80km range

- Up to 4 passengers and/or reasonable luggage capacity



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

• Limited cruising range / consumer anxiety

• Battery cost

• Battery life

• Charging time

• Need for charging infrastructure

EV Challenges



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Battery Pack

’09 Prius

Camry HV

RX450

LS600h

Ni-MH

Lithium-ion

Vitz Prius PHV



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Fit for tough surrounding

(Extreme cold and hot)

Secure battery life and

reliability

Highly accurate fail-safecontrol system

Thoroughness ofproduction quality cont

Next Generation: Lithium-ion Battery



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Battery Challenges

1000

10000

5000 10000

100

10

(Wh/kg)

4000300020001000 6000 7000 8000 90000

(Wh/L)

G r a v i m e t r i c E n e r g y d e n s i t y ( W h / k g )

Volumetric energy density (Wh/L) Toyota estimate

Gaseous fuels

Batteries

Hydrogenabsorbing alloy

CNGHydrogen

Lithium-ion

Nickel metal hydride

Lead acid

Die

Bio-dieselEthanol

Gasoline

Liquid fuels

Batteries have poor energy density



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Battery development is the keyfor further electrification of the powertrain.

Focus area of Toyota

Strengthening R&D for Next-generation Batteries

O u t p u t

D e n s i t y

( W / l )

Energy Density (W/l) Cruising Distance

Lithium-ion batteries

National project targets

Nickel-hydride batteriesTraditional batteryperformance limit

“Sakichi”*

Batteries

Research bodies

Universities

Research bodies

Toyobattery re

depart

Electrochemistry

A

B

C

Organic and inorganic chemistry

Physical chemistry

Solid-state physics

Chemical engineering

Analysis

Simulation

Recruitment &training ofresearchpersonnel

*Sakichi Toyoda : the founder of the Toyota Group.



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

FCHV(BUS)

Motorcycles

Small delivery vehicles

EVs

Short-distancecommuters

FCHVs

Route buses Heavy-dutytrucks

Deliverytrucks

FCHV

Winglet ｉ series

Toyota’s Hybrid Technology

EV

V e h i c l e

s i z e

Driving distance

HVs & PHVs with


PHV

Passenger cars

HV

Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressednatural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc.Electricity HydrogenFuel



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Key components of Hybrid Systems

Battery

Hybrid Unit

Combustion engine

Power Control Unit PCU



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Time

Why is a Hybrid efficient?

Gasoline engine operation in

optimal efficiency

Battery

Deceleration

EnergyStorage

E n

e r g y

+

-

B r a k e e n e r g y

Pure EV drive

Engine stop



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Hybrid Technology Reduces CO2 Emissions

Mild hybrid Strong hybrid

Start/Stop Start/Stop Start/Stop Start/Stop

Regenerativebraking

Regenerativebraking

Regenerativebraking

Motor-assist

Motor-assist

EV Drive

Idle-stop Eco-run

30%

20%

10%

40%

Average

CO2savings



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

（Unit: Million）

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CO2 emissions volume from conventional gasoline-poweredvehicles of equivalent size and performance

CO2 emissions volume from HVs

1.2

1.4

1.6

9 million tons CO2 less

Cumulative CO2 emissions volume = No. vehicles sold driving distance fuel efficiency CO2 emissio

Over 2 million hybridscumulative sales

More than 9 milliontons CO2 less



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Fuelefficiency

Drivingperformance

Lowemissions

Quietness

Toyota’s

HybridTechnology

Benefits of Hybrid



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Development Targets Prius III

1. Improvement of fuel consumptionEspecially real world driving, highway cruising, winter season

2. Satisfaction of the most stringent emission regulations

3. Applicability of different vehicle modelsDownsized, lightweight, enhanced system output

While keeping the well proven base architecture of theToyota Hybrid System THS:



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Hybrid System Cost ReductionExample Prius

2. GenerationPrius

1. GenerationPrius

Prius III

70%

H V C o s t

40%

Further cost reduction necessary



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Aim early 2010s : 1 million hybrids/year

(Unit: Million) Annual Toyota HV sales (worldwide)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1.0

0

0.9

Over 2.5 milliocumulative sal

Hybrid versioncarline by 2020



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Toyota’s Plug-in Hybrid Technology



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Plug-in Hybrid Technology

Mild hybrid Strong hybrid

Start/Stop Start/Stop Start/Stop

Regenerativebraking

Regenerativebraking

Regenerativebraking

Motor-assist

Motor-assist

EV Drive

Idle-stopStrong Plug-in

hybrid

Start/Stop

Regenerativebraking

Motor-assist

EV Drive

Eco-run

Start/Stop

Charge bygrid30%

20%

10%

40%

AverageCO2

savings

0%

PHV Best Balance



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Hybrid

Near => Electric Far => Hybrid

PHV – Best Balance:Range Requirement, Battery Cost and CO2 Reduct

Electric

EV Range vs Battery Volume



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

EV+HV range

EV Range vs Battery VolumeBattery ( kWh) =cost

Range per ch25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

FT-EV

0

RAV4-EVToyota experienced

30

Longer

10

1400

C o s t

PriusPlug-in

20

EVs of nowadays

DailyTrip

AverageUS:50kmFR,JPN:

25km

EV range

PriusPlug-in



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20 40 60 80 10

EV range (km) E l e c t r i c i t y

( k W h ) = B a t t e r y

c o s t

EV Range vs Battery Cost, Space and Weight

Priusbattery

Priusbattery

Priusbattery

C t Id f S t i bl M bilit



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Concept Idea for Sustainable Mobility

Biofuel compatible plug-in

hybrid vehicle

+ Photovoltaic generationsystem

Towards zero Well toWheel CO2 emissions

F l C ll H b id V hi l (FCHV)



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle (FCHV)

PHV

Passenger cars

Short-distancecommuters

EV

Winglet

V e h i c l e S i z e

Deliverytrucks

Heavy-dutytrucks

Small delivery vehiclesｉ series

Motorcycles

EVs

HVs & PHVs withinternal combustion engine

Driving distance

Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressed

natural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc.Electricity HydrogenFuel

HV

FCHV

FCHV(BUS)

Route buses

FCHVs

Evolution of TOYOTA FCHV



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Present 2015

’02 FCHV(lease model)

Vehicle

210km 230km 500km or more

15 years or mo

Dec. 2002 ~ Jul. 2005 ~

0degC

’08 FCHV-adv(lease model)

1/10 or less(design / mate

’05 FCHV(lease model)

TechnicalChallenges

2. Actual Cruising Range

1. Cold Start / DrivingCapability

3. FC Stack Durability

4. Cost reduction

0degC -30degC

* FCCJ: Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference

FCCJ* Targeton startingcommercialization(Decision making)

- Actual cruising range and cold start / driving capability has been significantly improved.- Toyota continues efforts especially on FC stack durability and FC system cost reduction

targeting commercialization in 2015.

Evolution of TOYOTA FCHV

Cost Reduction for FCHV



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Cost Reduction for FCHV

1/10

Cost reductionInnovations in design,

materials, andproduction technology

Mass productioeffect

Resolution ofengineering-related

technical issues

1/10

Model

generation

Model

generation

Model

generation

Model

generatio

First, we aim to reduce the cost to 1/10 of the current level

by design and materials improvement.

By design andmaterials

By meriscale



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Press release issued by FCCJ (July 4, 2008)

Commercialization Scenario

Source: Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan (FCCJ)





TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Ultimate eco-car

Hybrid technology

Energy diversity CO2 reduction Air quality

GasolineDiesel

Gaseousfuels

BiofuelsSynthetic

fuelsHydrogen Electricity

The right car The right place The right time

Plug-in Hybrid technology

Towards the Ultimate Eco-Car

Hybrid technology boosts performance for all powertrain systems

Future Mobility Concepts



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Future Mobility ConceptsToyota I-Real



TOYOTA MOTOR EUROPE

Thank you!

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Toyota_Grünewald WS_IPHE 150610