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Track Track Engineering Engineering Part II Analysis of Part II Analysis of interactions interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions Interactions

Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

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Page 1: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

Track Track EngineeringEngineering

Part II Analysis of Part II Analysis of interactionsinteractions

Dynamics of Vehicle-track Dynamics of Vehicle-track InteractionsInteractions

Page 2: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

Why and whatWhy and what

為什麼要分析?為什麼要分析? 想知道什麼?想知道什麼? 除了分析之外,沒別的辦法嗎?除了分析之外,沒別的辦法嗎? 分析結果有用嗎?分析結果有用嗎?

要分析什麼?要分析什麼? 與安全有關與安全有關 與舒適有關與舒適有關 與成本有關與成本有關 與環境有關與環境有關

Page 3: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

縱向縱向 耦合程度較低耦合程度較低 長焊軌道的穩定性長焊軌道的穩定性

垂直向耦合垂直向耦合 輪軌狀況輪軌狀況 軌道狀況軌道狀況 車廂設計車廂設計 軌道設計與養護軌道設計與養護 車輛設計車輛設計 減振減噪減振減噪

側向耦合側向耦合 脫軌安全評估脫軌安全評估 軌道養護與脫軌軌道養護與脫軌

Page 4: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

HowHow

StaticStatic Beam + foundation + point loadBeam + foundation + point load

SimplificationSimplification Beam modelBeam model Foundation modelFoundation model Contact problemContact problem SuperpositionSuperposition

Finite element analysisFinite element analysis

Page 5: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions
Page 6: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

EIy’’’’+ky = 0EIy’’’’+ky = 0

y(y(±∞)=0, ±∞)=0, y’(0)=0, y’(0)=0, EIy’’’(0)=P/2EIy’’’(0)=P/2

∞ ∞

P

y

xEI [Nm2]

k [N/m2]

( x / )P x xy e cos sin

2k

4

4EI

k

Page 7: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

0

Py

2k

0 0

aq k y

A

0

PM

4

Page 8: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

i( x / ) i ii

N

x x1y P e cos sin

2k

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Page 10: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

Backcalculate kBackcalculate k

Foundation characteristics: poor - goodFoundation characteristics: poor - good Foundation modulus Foundation modulus C [N/mmC [N/mm33] 0.02 - 0.] 0.02 - 0.

2020 Spring constant Spring constant c [kN/mm] 5.5 - 55c [kN/mm] 5.5 - 55 Foundation coefficient Foundation coefficient k [N/mmk [N/mm22] 9 - 90] 9 - 90 Characteristic length Characteristic length L [m]L [m] 1.30 - 0.70 1.30 - 0.70

4

340

a Pk

4 A EI y

Page 11: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

P1 P2

a

k1

k2

EI1

EI2

4

11 1 1 24

d yEI k y y 0

dx

4

22 2 2 1 1 24

d yEI k y k y y 0

dx

Page 12: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions
Page 13: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

P1374

r

P: kN; r : mm; mean: N/mm2

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Page 17: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

Sleeper stressSleeper stress Max. force on sleeper : Max. force on sleeper : FFmaxmax=k=k··aa··yy00

Max. moment : MMax. moment : Mmaxmax =F =Fmaxmax··u/4u/4

u

P P

Page 18: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

DynamicDynamic Loads Loads varies with time varies with time

PeriodicPeriodic ImpactImpact StochasticStochastic

StructuresStructures MassMass DampingDamping

Coupled

Vehicle/track interactions

如何進行耦合分析如何進行耦合分析 建立數學模型,以反映車輛建立數學模型,以反映車輛 -- 軌道耦合現象軌道耦合現象 求解,數值分析求解,數值分析 基本參數的擷取基本參數的擷取

Page 19: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

Fixed load with varying magnitudeFixed load with varying magnitude Boundary conditions:Boundary conditions: EIy’’’’(0,t)=QeEIy’’’’(0,t)=Qei2i2ftft; y’(0,t)=0; y(; y’(0,t)=0; y(∞,t)=0∞,t)=0

Moving loadMoving load Q = Q = (x-vt)(x-vt)

EIy''''( x,t ) my( x,t ) cy( x,t ) ky( x,t ) 0

Page 20: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

Wheel-rail interactionWheel-rail interaction

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Page 22: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

版式軌道;浮式道床;梯式軌道版式軌道;浮式道床;梯式軌道 道渣軌道道渣軌道

2 2b b b e b b e b b

4M h l l h tan ( l l ) h tan

3

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x = x0 + x’ + vt

Page 27: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions
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Page 33: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

側向力的重要性側向力的重要性 軌道破壞軌道破壞 行車穩定行車穩定 脫軌安全脫軌安全

側向力來源側向力來源 摩擦 摩擦 蠕滑力 蠕滑力 接觸角 接觸角 垂向力 垂向力

Page 34: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions
Page 35: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

牽引力 F=P/v

vmax V

F

Adhesion limitResistance

減速力加速力

Page 36: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions
Page 37: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

摩擦力 摩擦力 = = NN·· 這個值的意義這個值的意義 摩擦力是定值? 隨時在變? 如何變? 摩擦力是定值? 隨時在變? 如何變?

蠕滑力?蠕滑力?黏著,但有相對移動區:未達最大摩擦

滑動區:動摩擦力

Page 38: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

x 11 xF f

y 22 y 23 spF f f x 23 y 33 spM f f

平行接觸面剪切力平行接觸面剪切力 (shear stress) (shear stress) 變形量變形量 材料力學:力 與 變形量之關連 材料力學:力 與 變形量之關連 係數 係數 蠕滑力 與 蠕滑率之關連 蠕滑力 與 蠕滑率之關連 蠕滑係數 蠕滑係數

FFxx 、、 FFyy :縱向、側向蠕滑力;:縱向、側向蠕滑力; MMxx :旋轉蠕滑力矩:旋轉蠕滑力矩 ff1111 、、 ff2222 :縱向側向蠕滑係數;:縱向側向蠕滑係數; ff3333 :旋轉蠕滑係數:旋轉蠕滑係數 ff2323 :旋轉:旋轉 // 側向蠕滑係數側向蠕滑係數

Page 39: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions
Page 40: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions
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蠕滑係數蠕滑係數 ff1111 = G (ab) C = G (ab) C1111

ff2222 = G (ab) C = G (ab) C2222

ff2323 = G (ab) = G (ab)3/23/2 C C2323

ff3333 = G (ab) = G (ab)22 C C3333 GG :輪、軌材料合成剪力係數:輪、軌材料合成剪力係數 aa 、、 bb :接觸橢圓長半軸和短半軸 ?:接觸橢圓長半軸和短半軸 ? CCijij :: KalkerKalker 係數係數 (( 査表査表 ) ) ??

w r

w r

2G GG

G G

Page 42: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

a

b

RRwheelwheel

[mm][mm]RRwheelprofwheelprof

[mm][mm]RRrailprofrailprof

[mm][mm]aa

[mm][mm]bb

[mm][mm]

NN

[N/mm[N/mm22]]460460 ∞∞ 300300 6.16.1 4.74.7 10121012

460460 -330-330 300300 3.93.9 14.614.6 502502

460460 -330-330 8080 7.17.1 2.72.7 15201520

150150 -330-330 8080 4.24.2 3.33.3 21032103

Page 43: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

蠕滑率蠕滑率 VV : : 輪對質心前進速度輪對質心前進速度 VVw1w1 : : 鋼輪接觸點前進速度鋼輪接觸點前進速度 VVr1r1 : : 鋼輪純滾動速度鋼輪純滾動速度 w3 w3 : : 上方物體的角速度上方物體的角速度 r3r3 : : 下方物體的角速度下方物體的角速度

w1 r1x

V V

V

w2 r 2y

V V

V

w3 r3sp V

Page 44: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

滾動速度為何不等於前進速度滾動速度為何不等於前進速度

Page 45: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

蠕滑率之計算蠕滑率之計算 V, V, , , RRRR, R, RLL 速度差速度差 接觸角 接觸角 RR, , LL 速度差座標轉換 速度差座標轉換 xx, , yy, , spsp

(( 輪軸組座標 輪軸組座標 接觸面 接觸面座標座標 )) 接觸角是固定值嗎?接觸角是固定值嗎? 滾動速度是定值嗎?滾動速度是定值嗎?

接觸點座標 接觸點座標 接觸角、滾動半徑 接觸角、滾動半徑

Page 46: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

接觸點座標如何決定接觸點座標如何決定

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法向力法向力

Kalker Hertz

Page 48: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

位移 角度

座標轉換

Page 49: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

困難才剛要開始困難才剛要開始 要解決什麼問題要解決什麼問題

振動振動 噪音噪音 平穩平穩 軌道養護標準軌道養護標準 行車安全判定行車安全判定 系統評估系統評估

工具在哪裡?工具在哪裡? 程式難覓程式難覓 技術自主技術自主 創新突破創新突破

Page 50: Track Engineering Part II Analysis of interactions Dynamics of Vehicle-track Interactions

頻率域的意義、與時間域的關係頻率域的意義、與時間域的關係 傅立葉轉換傅立葉轉換

參數隨頻率而變?參數隨頻率而變? 材料材料 模型模型

分析步長 分析步長 (( 時間增量時間增量 ) () ( 你希望多麼精緻的你希望多麼精緻的動畫影片?動畫影片? ))

你知道自己需要怎麼樣的精確度嗎?你知道自己需要怎麼樣的精確度嗎? 你如何確定分析結果是對的?是可信的?你如何確定分析結果是對的?是可信的?