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Transliteration of Arabic 1/6
Thomas T. Pedersen – http://transliteration.eki.ee Rev. 2.2, 2008-02-25
ARABICArabic script*
DIN 31635 ISO 233 ISO/R 233 UN ALA-LC EI 1982(1.0) 1984(2.0) 1961(3.0) 1972(4.0) 1997(5.0) 1960(6.0) iso ini med !n
Consonants
01 ! " ! " — (3.1)(3.2) — (4.1) — —
02 # $%, &% ! " #, $ (2.1) —, ’ (3.3) %, — (4.2) —, ’ (5.1) "
03 ' ( ) * b b b b b b
04 + , - . t t t t t t
05 / 0 1 2 & & & th th th
06 3 4 5 6 ' ' ' j j dj
07 7 8 9 : ( ( ( ) ( (
08 ; < = > * + + kh kh kh
09 ? @ d d d d d d
10 A B , , , dh dh dh
11 C D r r r r r r
12 E F z z z z z z
13 G H I J s s s s s s
14 K L M N - - - sh sh sh
15 O P Q R . . . / . .
16 S T U V 0 0 0 d 1 0 0
17 W X Y Z 2 2 2 3 2 2
18 [ \ ] ^ 4 4 4 z 1 4 4
19 _ ` a b 5 5 5 6 6 5
20 c d e f 7 7 8 gh gh gh
21 g h i j f f f f f f
22 k l m n q q q q q 9
23 o p q r k k k k k k
24 s t u v l l l l l l
25 w x y z m m m m m m
26 { | } ~ n n n n n n
27 � � � � h h h h h h
28 � � " h, t (1.1) : ;, < (3.4) h, t (4.3) h, t (5.2) a, at (6.1)
29 � � w w w w w w
30 � � � � y y y y y y
31 � � ! = — y y !
32 � � l! la" l! l! l! l!
33 s! # al- (1.2) "#al (2.2) al- (3.5) al- (4.4) al- (5.3) al-, %l- (6.2)
Transliteration of Arabic 2/6
Thomas T. Pedersen – http://transliteration.eki.ee Rev. 2.2, 2008-02-25
DIN 31635 ISO 233 ISO/R 233 UN ALA-LC EI 1982(1.0) 1984(2.0) 1961(3.0) 1972(4.0) 1997(5.0) 1960(6.0) iso ini med !n
Vowels and diphthongs
34 � � $ "! "â !, %! (3.6) ! !, %! (5.4) !
35 �% a a a a a a
36 �% u u u u u u
37 �% i i i i i i
38 ! �% " �% ! a" ! ! ! !
39 �% ! ! — ! ! !
40 � �% ! a= à á á !
41 � % ! != à — — —
42 �� % �� % > uw > > > >
43 � �% � �% ? iy ? ? ? ?
44 � %, �% % an á", á @A aA an (5.5) —
45 � �% % an á= — — — —
46 �% % un ú BA uA un (5.5) —
47 �% % in í CA iA in (5.5) —
48 �� �% �� �% aw aw° aw aw aw aw
49 �� �% � � �% ay ay° ay ay ay ay
50 �� % uww uwD uww, > (3.7) uww >w (5.6) uww, > (6.3)
51 �� �% iyy iE iyy, ? (3.8) iyy ?y, ? (5.7) iyy, ? (6.4)
Other signs
52 �% % (1.3) F° — (3.9) (4.5) — —
52 �% & (1.4) FD (3.10) (4.6) (5.8) (5.5)
54 � ' F% F "G (3.11) ’ (5.9) F%
Additional characters H
55 � � � p — p — p p
56 ¡ ¢ £ ¤ H — H — ch, zh H
57 ¥ ¦ I — I — zh zh
58 § ¨ © ª v — v — v —
59 « ¬ ® v — v — v —
60 g h i j q q q — f —
61 ¯ ° ± ² f f f — q —
62 ³ ´ µ ¶ g — g — g g
63 · ¸ ¹ º g — g — g g
64 » ¼ v — v — v —
Transliteration of Arabic 3/6
Thomas T. Pedersen – http://transliteration.eki.ee Rev. 2.2, 2008-02-25
Punctuation
65 ½ ,
66 ¾ ;
67 ¿ ?
Numbers
68 À 0
69 Á 1
70 Â 2
71 Ã 3
72 Ä 4
73 Å 5
74 Æ 6
75 Ç 7
76 È 8
77 É 9
Transliteration of Arabic 4/6
Thomas T. Pedersen – http://transliteration.eki.ee Rev. 2.2, 2008-02-25
Notes
* Character forms: iso isolated form, ini initial form, med medial form, !n (nal form.
! ham°za: (hamza;).
" ta"$ mar°buw2a: (t!’ marb>2a;).
# The de(nite article. Se individual notes.
$ mad Da: (madda;).
% sukuwn (suk>n).
& !ad Da: (-adda;).
' ham°za: "Gal°wa.°l (hamza< al-wa.l).
) Characters used in various Arabic-speaking countries to represent sounds not found in standard Arabic. Not all transliteration systems have a complete list of these characters.
1.0 DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) 31635: Umschrift des arabischen Alphabets as referenced in Klaus Lagally: ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic.
General notes:
i. Hyphen is used to separate grammatically differing elements within single units of Arabic script, notably the noun from the article and/or from the particles wa-, fa-, ta-, bi-, li-, ka-, la-, sa- and a-.
1.1 As t in the construct state.
1.2 The de(nite article is assimilated with the following “sun” letter (+, /, ?, A, C, E, G, K, O, S, W, [, s, {).
1.3 Suk>n is not transliterated.
1.4 The consonant is written twice.
2.0 International Standards Organisation. (http://www.iso.ch).
General notes:
i. If the Arabic text supplies vowels, it will be entirely transliterated; if the Arabic text does not supply vowels, only those characters appearing in the text will be transliterated.
2.1 With bearer (Ê Ë Ì): #, without bearer: $. E.g. �G�Ë�C ruw#usú (ruw#us); �s�#"�H sa"$ala.
2.2 The de(nite article is always joined to the next word without a hyphen, e.g. ÍJÎyÏMtÐ Ñ "#al- Dam°su.
3.0 International Standards Organization. This standard was withdrawn and replaced by ISO 233:1984. Nevertheless, this version of ISO 233 can still be found in various publications.
General notes:
i. The standard distinguishes between transliteration with and without i‘r!b (case endings):
With i‘r!b Without i‘r!b Í.�Ð ( baytB bayt Ò.�Ð ( baytuBA bayt Ó�}aÐx ma5nàA ma5nà Ð~�DQÔx mi.riyy?n@ mi.riyy?n
ii. Hyphen is used in transliteration to separate grammatically differing elements, especially the noun from the article and/or from the particles wa-, fa-, ta-, bi-, li-, ka-, la-, sa- and a-.
iii. ~(Õ and ~( in transliteration without i‘r!b : always transliterated ibn.
3.1 See entry under the section “Vowels and diphthongs” and note 3.2.
3.2 Special condition for Ê, Ì and Ë : The base letter is not transliterated, e.g. ÖÑÐ× ra’à, zÐ ØÔ t li’am, ÙÕÐÚÍH su’!l.
Transliteration of Arabic 5/6
Thomas T. Pedersen – http://transliteration.eki.ee Rev. 2.2, 2008-02-25
3.3 Hamza; is not transliterated initially, elsewhere by ’.
3.4 With i‘r!b: <, e.g. Í�Ð }�Ô@Ð ÛÕ al-mad?na<B; without i‘r!b in the absolute state: ;, e.g. �}�@ÛÕ al-mad?na;; without i‘r!b in the construct state: <, e.g. �)}tÕ �}�@ÛÕ mad?na< an-nab?.
3.5 The l in the de(nite article is assimilated with “sun” letters: +, /, ?, A, C, E, G, K, O, S, W, [, s, and {. E.g. ÍJÎyÏMttÕ a---amsB.
3.6 ! is used initially, %! elsewhere.
3.7 > used in (nal position.
3.8 ? used in (nal position.
3.9 Suk>n is ignored in transliteration.
3.10 Jadda; is rendered by doubling the consonant.
3.11 Hamza< al-wa.l (alif wa.la;): With i‘r!b transliterated by its original vowel with a breve, indicating that the vowel is not pronounced, e.g. ÔÜ"yÔ-�ÝÔ( bi-Khtim!mC, ÔrÔuÐ ÛÞ Í.Î�Ð ( baytB Ll-malikC; without i‘r!b after a vowel as with i‘r!b, e.g. Ü"y-�Ý( bi-Khtim!m; without i‘r!b after a consonant without the breve, e.g. ruÛÕ .�( bayt al-malik.
4.0 United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN). (http://www.eki.ee/wgrs).
4.1 Not romanized in itself. Se “Vowels and diphthongs” section for other uses.
4.2 Not romanized in initial position. E.g.: ÐBÐ<Ð Ñ akhadha, DÎ Ø( bi’r, ÙÕÐßÍH su’!l, J�Ô àÐ× ra’?s, ÐvÔØÍH su’ila, áÕÐ#"Ð }Ô( bin!’!t, Ð ÑÐDÐ l qara’a, ÐâÔDÍl quri’a.
4.3 T!’ marb>3ah is romanized h, except in the construct form of feminine nouns, where it is roman-ized t instead.
4.4 The l of the de(nite article al is assimilated with the following “sun letters” (t, th, d, dh, r, z, s, sh, s, d, t, z, l, n). E.g.: �lC"Mt! ash-Sh!riqah.
4.5 Marks absence of the vowel and is not romanized.
4.6 Marks doubling of the consonant.
5.0 American Library Association/Library of Congress.
General notes:
i. Hyphen is used to connect the de(nite article al with the following word; between an inseparable pre(x and the following word; between bin and the following word in personal names when they are written in Arabic as a single word.
ii. Prime (M) is used to resolve disambiguity, e.g. z�?! AdMham, "�-xDpÕ akramatMh!; to mark the use of a letter in its (nal form when it occurs in the middle of a word, e.g. �4 �aul Qal6ahMj?, ãäå >�L ShaykhMz!dah.
iii. ~( and ~(Õ are both romanized ibn, except in modern names, typically North African, in which ~( is romanized bin.
5.1 Hamzah in initial position is not romanized; when medial or (nal it is romanized ’, e.g. �tæIx mas’alah, çY< kha2i’a.
5.2 T!’ marb>2ah: In a word in the construct state: t, e.g. ��(D-tÕ è×Õåé Wiz!rat al-Tarb?yah; in an inde(nite noun or adjective or proceeded by the de(nite article: h, e.g. è�P .al!h, ���)tÕ �t"HDtÕ al-Ris!lah al-bah?yah.
5.3 The de(nite article is always romanized al-, whether is it followed by a “sun letter” or not. An ex-ception is the preposition s followed by the article: lil-, e.g. �}�(DMut lil-Shirb?n?.
5.4 Initial � is romanized !; medial � is romanized %! when it represents the phonetic combination, e.g. j�tæ, ta’!l?f; otherwise � is not romanized different from Õ, e.g. #�iu< khulaf!’.
5.5 Tanw?n is not normally romanized. For exceptions see ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Transliteration of Arabic 6/6
Thomas T. Pedersen – http://transliteration.eki.ee Rev. 2.2, 2008-02-25
5.6 �� �% representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized >w.
5.7 Medial �� �% representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized ?y; (nal �� �% is romanized ?, e.g. êÖÔDQÛÕ al-Mi.r?, �ê �ÔDQÛÕ al-Mi.r?yah.
5.8 Shaddah or tashd?d is romanized by doubling the letter.
5.9 � (wa.lah), is not romanized. When alif with wa.lah is part of the article s! , the initial vowel of the article is romanized a. In other words beginning with hamzat al-wa.l, the initial vowel is roman-ized i. E.g. @�5yt� @)` w"y-�Ý( bi-ihtim!m 6Abd al-Maj?d.
6.0 The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition.
6.1 at is used in construct state.
6.2 Always al- and ’l-.
6.3 Final position >.
6.4 Final position ?.
6.5 Doubles the consonant.
Sources
• ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. Randal K. Berry (ed.). Li-brary of Congress, 1997. (http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html).
• Anleitung zur Transkription des Arabischen. Fachschaft Asiatisch-Orientalische Kulturwissenschaften, Universität Bonn, No date. (http://www.orientasia.uni-bonn.de/downloads/arab_trans.pdf).
• Araabia / �(D` ‘Arab!y. Eesti Keele Instituut / Institute of the Estonian Language. KNAB: Kohanimeand-mebaas / Place Names Database, 2003-02-08. (http://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblar1.pdf).
• Bauer, Thomas: “Arabic Writing”, in Peter T. Daniels & William Bright, eds. The World’s Writing Systems. New York/Oxford, 1996.
• The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition. Leiden, 1960-.
• ISO 233:1984. Documentation – Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters. International Or-ganization for Standardization, 1984-12-15.
• ISO Rules for Transliteration. In “Manual for the Preparation of Records in Deve lopment-Information Systems” by Gisele Morin-Labatut & Maureen Sly. Information Sciences Division, International Develop-ment Research Centre, 1982. (http://199.75.20.92/useful/pdf-(les/transliteration.pdf).
• Lagally, Klaus: ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic. User Manual Version 3.09. Institut für Informa-tik. Universität Stuttgart, 1999. (http://129.69.218.213/arabtex/doc/arabdoc.pdf).
• Romanization System for Arabic. BGN/PCGN 1956 System. (http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Arabic.pdf).
• United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names. Report on Their Current Status. Compiled by the UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems. Version 2.2. January 2003. (http://www.eki.ee/wgrs).
• The World’s Major Languages. Bernard Comrie (ed.). London, 1991.
Arabic
Letters of the Alphabet
Initial Medial Final Alone Romanization
omit (see Note 1) ا ا ا ا b ب ب ب ب t ت ت ت ت th ث ث ث ث j ج ج ج ج ḥ ح ح ح ح kh خ خ خ خ d د د د د dh ذ ذ ذ ذ r ر ر ر ر z ز ز ز ز s س س س س sh ش ش ش ش ṣ ص ص ص ص ḍ ض ض ض ض ṭ ط ط ط ط ẓ ظ ظ ظ ظ (ayn) ‘ ع ع ع ع gh غ غ غ غ f (see Note 2) ف ف ف ف q (see Note 2) ق ق ق ق k ك ك ك ك l ل ل ل ل m م م م م n ن ن ن نهـة ، ه ه h (see Note 3) ة ، ه w و و و و y ي ي ي ي
Vowels and Diphthongs
◌ a ا◌ ā (see Rule 5) ◌ى ī ◌ u ى ◌ á (see Rule 6(a)) ◌و aw ◌ i ◌و ū ى ◌ ay
Letters Representing Non-Arabic Consonants
This list is not exhaustive. It should be noted that a letter in this group may have more than one phonetic value, depending on the country or area where it is used, and that the romanization will vary accordingly. v ڤ ch چ g گ v ۋ zh چ ñ ڴ v ڥ zh ژ p پ
Notes
1. For the use of alif to support hamzah, see rule 2. For the romanization of hamzah by the consonantal sign ’ (alif), see rule 8(a). For other orthographic uses of alif see rules 3-5.
2. The Maghribī variations ڢ and ڧ are romanized f and q respectively. .in a word in the construct state is romanized t. See rule 7(b) ة .3
RULES OF APPLICATION
Arabic Letters Romanized in Different Ways Depending on Their Context
1. As indicated in the table, و and :may represent ي (a) The consonants romanized w and y, respectively.
waḍ‘ وضع ‘iwaḍ عوض dalw دلو yad يد ḥiyal حيل ṭahy طهي
(b) The long vowels romanized ū, ī, and ā respectively. ūlá ولىأ ṣūrah صورة dhū ذو īmān يمانإ jīl جيل fī في kitāb كتاب saḥāb سحاب jumān جمان
See also rules 11(a) and 11(b)(1-2). (c) The diphthongs romanized aw and ay, respectively.
awj وجأ nawm نوم law لو aysar يسرأ shaykh شيخ ‘aynay عيني
See also rules 11(a)(2) and 11(b)(3).
.are not represented in romanization (hamzah) ء when used to support ى and و ,(alif) ا .2See rule 8(a).
is not represented in ( آ ) and maddah ( ٱ ) when used to support waṣlah (alif) ا .3romanization. See rules 9 and 10.
when used as orthographic signs without phonetic significance are not و and (alif) ا .4represented in romanization.
fa‘alū فعلوا ulā’ika والئكأ ūqīyah أوقية See also rule 12 and examples cited in rules 23-26.
.is used to represent the long vowel romanized ā, as indicated in the table (alif) ا .5 fā‘il فاعل riḍā رضا This alif, when medial, is sometimes omitted in Arabic; it is always indicated in
romanization. See rule 19.
6. Final ى appears in the following special cases: (a) As ى ◌ (alif maqṣūrah) used in place of ◌ا to represent the long vowel romanized ā.
ḥattá ىحت maḍá مضى kubrá كبرى Yaḥyá ىيحي musammá مسمى Muṣṭafá ىمصطف
(b) As ◌ ى in nouns and adjectives of the form fā‘īl which are derived from defective roots. This ending is romanized ī, not īy, without regard to the presence of ◌ (shaddah). See rule 11(b)(2).
Raḍī al-Dīn رضي الدين Compare the fa‘īl form of the same root الرضى [without shaddah] al-Raḍī.
(c) As ◌ ى in the relative adjective (nisbah). The ending, like (b) above, is romanized ī, not īy.
al-Miṣrī المصري Compare .al-Miṣrīyah and see rule 11(b)(1) المصرية
(tā’ marbūṭah) ة .7(a) When the noun or adjective ending in ة is indefinite, or is preceded by the definite
article, ة is romanized h. The ة in such positions is often replaced by ه. ṣalāh صالة al-Risālah al-bahīyah الرسالة البهية mir’āh مرآة Urjūzah fī al-ṭibb رجوزة فى الطبأ
(b) When the word ending in ة is in the construct state [muḍāf wa-muḍāf ilayh], ة is romanized t.
Wizārat al-Tarbiyah وزارة التربية Mir’āt al-zamān انمرآة الزم
(c) When the word ending in ة is used adverbially, ة (vocalized ة) is romanized tan. See rule 12(b).
Romanization of Arabic Orthographic Symbols Other than Letters and Vowel Signs
The signs listed below are frequently omitted from unvocalized Arabic writing and printing; their presence or absence must then be inferred. They are represented in romanization according to the following rules:
(hamzah) ء .8(a) In initial position, whether at the beginning of a word, following a prefixed preposition
or conjunction, or following the definite article, ء is not represented in romanization. When medial or final, ء is romanized as ’ (alif).
asad أسد uns أنس idhā إذا mas’alah مسألة mu’tamar مؤتمر
dā’im ئمدا mala’a مأل khaṭi’a خطئ
(b) ء, when replaced by the sign (waṣlah) and then known as hamzat al-waṣl, is not represented in romanization. See rule 9 below.
9. (waṣlah), like initial ء, is not represented in romanization. See also rule 8(b) above. When the alif which supports waṣlah belongs to the article ال, the initial vowel of the article is romanized a. See rule 17(b). In other words, beginning with hamzat al-waṣl, the initial vowel is romanized i.
Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr بن جبيرٱرحلة al-istidrāk اإلستدراك kutub iqtanatʹhā قتنتهاٱكتب bi-ihtimām ‘Abd al-Majīd لمجيدٱهتمام عبد اب
10. ˜ (maddah) (a) Initial آ is romanized ā.
ālah آلة Kullīyat al-Ādāb كلية اآلداب
(b) Medial آ, when it represents the phonetic combination ’ā, is so romanized. ta’ālīf تآليف ma’āthir مآثر
(c) ˜ is otherwise not represented in romanization. khulafā’ خلفآء
11. ◌ (shaddah or tashdīd) (a) Over و:
representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized ,◌و (1)ūw.
‘adūw عدو
qūwah قوة See also rule 1(b).
representing the combination of diphthong plus consonant, is romanized ,◌و (2)aww.
Shawwāl شوال ṣawwara صور jaww جو
See also rule 1(c). (b) Over ى:
(1) Medial ى◌, representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized īy.
al-Miṣrīyah المصرية See also rule 1(b).
(2) Final ى◌ is romanized ī. See rules 6(b) and 6(c). (3) Medial and final ى◌, representing the combination of diphthong plus
consonant, is romanized ayy. ayyām يامأ sayyid سيد Quṣayy قصي
See also rule 1(c). (c) Over other letters, ◌ is represented in romanization by doubling the letter or digraph
concerned. al-Ghazzī الغزي al-Kashshāf الكشاف
12. Tanwīn may take the written form ◌, ◌ (ا◌), or ◌, romanized un, an, and in, respectively.
Tanwīn is normally disregarded in romanization, however. It is indicated in the following cases: (a) When it occurs in indefinite nouns derived from defective roots.
qāḍin قاض ma‘nan معنى
(b) When it indicates the adverbial use of a noun or adjective. ṭab‘an طبعا faj’atan فجأة al-Mushtarik waḍ‘an المشترك وضعا wa-al-muftariq ṣuq‘an رق صقعاوالمفت
Grammatical Structure as It Affects Romanization
13. Final inflections of verbs are retained in romanization, except in pause. represent man waliya Miṣr مصروليمن ma‘rifat mā yajibu la-hum معرفة ما يجب لهم ṣallá Allāh ‘alayhi wa-sallam عليه وسلمهللاصلى al-Lu’lu’ al-maknūn fī ḥukm اللؤلؤ المكنون فى حكم al-ikhbār ‘ammā sa-yakūn عما سيكوناإلخبار
14. Final inflections of nouns and adjectives: (a) Vocalic endings are not represented in romanization, except preceding pronominal
suffixes, and except when the text being romanized is in verse. uṣūluhā al-nafsīyah wa-ṭuruq صولها النفسية وطرق تدريسهاأ tadrīsihā ilá yawminā hādhā الى يومنا هذا
(b) Tanwīn is not represented in romanization, except as specified in rule 12. (c) ة (tā’ marbūṭah) is romanized h or t as specified in rule 7. (d) For the romanization of the relative adjective (nisbah) see rule 6(c).
15. Pronouns, pronominal suffixes, and demonstratives: (a) Vocalic endings are retained in romanization.
anā wa-anta انا وانت hādhihi al-ḥāl هذه الحال mu’allafātuhu wa-shurūḥuhā مؤلفاته وشروحها
(b) At the close of a phrase or sentence, the ending is romanized in its pausal form. ḥayātuhu wa-‘aṣruh حياته وعصره Tawfīq al-Ḥakīm, afkāruh, ق الحكيم، أفكاره، آثارهتوفي āthāruh
16. Prepositions and conjunctions: (a) Final vowels of separable prepositions and conjunctions are retained in romanization.
anna أن annahu نهأ bayna yadayhi بين يديه Note the special cases: مما mimmā, ممن mimman.
(b) Inseparable prepositions, conjunctions, and other prefixes are connected with what follows by a hyphen.
bi-hi به wa-ma‘ahu ومعه lā-silkī السلكي
17. The definite article: (a) The romanized form al is connected with the following word by a hyphen.
al-kitāb al-thānī الكتاب الثاني al-ittiḥād تحاداإل al-aṣl صلاأل al-āthār اآلثار
(b) When ال is initial in the word, and when it follows an inseparable preposition or conjunction, it is always romanized al regardless of whether the preceding word, as romanized, ends in a vowel or a consonant.
ilá al-ān الى اآلن Abū al-Wafā’ ابو الوفاء Maktabat al-Nahḍah al-Miṣrīyah مكتبة النهضة المصرية bi-al-tamām wa-al-kamāl بالتمام والكمال
Note the exceptional treatment of the preposition ل followed by the article: lil-Shirbīnī للشربيني
See also rule 23. (c) The ل of the article is always romanized l, whether it is followed by a “sun letter” or
not, i.e., regardless of whether or not it is assimilated in pronunciation to the initial consonant of the word to which it is attached.
al-ḥurūf al-abjadīyah بجديةالحروف األ Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandī السمرقندي الليث ابو
Orthography of Arabic in Romanization
18. Capitalization: (a) Rules for the capitalization of English are followed, except that the definite article al is
given in lower case in all positions. (b) Diacritics are used with both upper and lower case letters.
al-Ījī االيجي al-Ālūsī اآللوسي
19. The macron or the acute accent, as appropriate, is used to indicate all long vowels, including those which in Arabic script are written defectively. The macron or the acute accent, as the case may be, is retained over final long vowels which are shortened in pronunciation before hamzat al-waṣl.
Ibrāhīm برهيم إبراهيم ، إ Dā’ūd داؤود ، داؤد Abū al-Ḥasan ابو الحسن ru’ūs سؤور dhālika ذلك ‘alá al-‘ayn على العين
20. The hyphen is used: (a) To connect the definite article al with the word to which it is attached. See rule 17(a). (b) Between an inseparable prefix and what follows. See rules 16(b) and 17(b) above.
(c) Between bin and the following element in personal names when they are written in Arabic as a single word. See rule 25.
21. The prime ( ʹ ) is used: (a) To separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds, when the
combination might otherwise be read as a digraph. Adʹham دهمأ akramatʹhā كرمتهاأ
(b) To mark the use of a letter in its final form when it occurs in the middle of a word. Qal‘ahʹjī جى قلعه Shaykhʹzādah زاده شيخ
22. As in the case of romanization from other languages, foreign words which occur in an Arabic context and are written in Arabic letters are romanized according to the rules for romanizing Arabic.
Jārmānūs (not Germanos nor Germanus) جارمانوس Lūrd Ghrānfīl (not Lord Granville) لورد غرانفيل Īsāghūjī (not Isagoge) ايساغوجي For short vowels not indicated in the Arabic, the Arabic vowel nearest to the original
pronunciation is supplied. Gharsiyā Khayin (not García Jaén) خينغرسيا
Examples of Irregular Arabic Orthography
23. Note the romanization of هللا, alone and in combination. Allāh هللا billāh lillāh bismillāh هللا بسم al-Mustanṣir billāh
24. Note the romanization of the following personal names: Ṭāhā طه Yāsīn يس ، يسن ‘Amr عمرو Bahjat بهجت ، بهجة
.are both romanized ibn in all positions بن and ابن .25 Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al-Rabī‘ الربيعابياحمد بن محمد بن Sharḥ Ibn ‘Aqīl ‘alá Alfīyat Ibn Mālik شرح ابن عقيل على الفية ابن مالك
Exception is made in the case of modern names, typically North African, in which the element بن is pronounced bin.
Bin Khiddah بن خده Bin-‘Abd Allāh هللابنعبد
26. Note the anomalous spelling مائة, romanized mi’ah.
Aleph 1
Aleph
AlefBet →
Phoenician Hebrew Aramaic Syriac Arabic
א ܐ ا
Alphabetic derivatives
Greek Latin Cyrillic
Α A А
Phonemic representation: ʔ
Position in alphabet: 1
Numerical value: 1
ʾĀlp is the first letter of many Semitic abjads (alphabets), including Phoenician Aleph , Syriac 'Ālaph ܐ, HebrewAleph א, and Arabic Alif ا.The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Alpha (Α), being re-interpreted to express not the glottal consonant butthe accompanying vowel, and hence the Latin A and Cyrillic А.
The aleph is in Unicode at U+05D0 א hebrew letter alef (HTML: א).In phonetics, aleph /ˈɑːlɛf/ originally represented the glottal stop ([ʔ]), often transliterated as U+02BE ʾ modifierletter right half ring (HTML: ʾ), based on the Greek spiritus lenis ʼ, for example, in the transliteration of theletter name itself, ʾāleph.
OriginThe name aleph is derived from the West Semitic word for "ox", and the shape of the letter derives from aProto-Sinaitic glyph based on a hieroglyph which depicts an ox's head.In Modern Standard Arabic, the word أليف /ʔaliːf/ literally means 'tamed' or 'familiar', derived from the root |ʔ-l-f|,from which the verb ألف /ʔalifa/ means 'to be acquainted with; to be on intimate terms with'. In modern Hebrew, thesame root |ʔ-l-f| (alef-lamed-peh) gives me’ulaf, the passive participle of the verb le’alef, meaning 'trained' (whenreferring to pets) or 'tamed' (when referring to wild animals); the IDF rank of Aluf, taken from an Edomite title ofnobility, is also cognate.Wikipedia:Please clarify
Aleph 2
ArabicWritten as ا, spelled as ألف and transliterated as alif it is the first letter in Arabic. Together with Hebrew Aleph, GreekAlpha and Latin A, it is descended from Phoenician ʾāleph, from a reconstructed Proto-Canaanite ʾalp "ox".Alif is written in one of the following ways depending on its position in the word:
Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
ا ـا ـا ا
Arabic variantsHistorically, the Arabic letter was used to render either a long /aː/, or a glottal stop /ʔ/. This led to orthographicalconfusion, and to introduction of the additional letter hamzat qaṭ‘ ء. Hamzah is not considered a full letter in Arabicorthography: in most cases it appears on a carrier, either a wāw (ؤ), a dotless yā’ (ئ), or an alif. The choice of carrierdepends on complicated orthographic rules. Alif إ أ is generally the carrier where the only adjacent vowel is fatḥah. Itis the only possible carrier where hamzah is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamzah,hamzah is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-kasrah, below it, indicating that the letter so modified does indeedsignify a glottal stop, and not a long vowel.A second type of hamza, hamzat waṣl (همزة وصل), occurs only as the initial phoneme of the definite article and insome related cases. It differs from hamzat qaṭ‘ in that it is elided after a preceding vowel. Again, alif is always thecarrier.The alif maddah is, as it were, a double alif, expressing both a glottal stop and a long vowel: آ (final ـآ) ’ā /ʔaː/, forexample in آخر ākhir /ʔaːxir/ 'last'. "It has become standard for a hamza followed by a long ā to be written as twoalifs, one vertical and one horizontal" (the "horizontal" alif being the maddah sign).The alif maqṣūrah (ألف مقصورة, 'limited/restricted alif'), commonly known in Egypt as alif layyinah (ألف لينة, 'flexiblealif'), looks like a dotless yā’ ى (final ـى) and may only appear at the end of a word. Although it looks different froma regular alif, it represents the same sound /aː/, often realized as a short vowel. When written, alif maqṣūrah isindistinguishable from final Persian ye or Arabic yā’ as it is written in Egypt, Sudan, and sometimes other places. Alifmaqsurah is transliterated as á in ALA-LC, ā in DIN 31635, à in ISO 233-2, and ỳ in ISO 233.
Codepoint
Isolated Final Medial Initial Unicode character name (or descriptive synonyms used in the JoiningType and JoiningGroupdatatables)
U+0622
آ ـآ ـآ آ
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE
U+0623
أ ـأ ـأ أ
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE
U+0625
إ ـإ ـإ إ
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW
U+0627
ا ـا ـا ا
ARABIC LETTER ALEF
U+0671
ٱ ـٱ ـٱ ٱ
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WASLA
U+0672
ٲ ـٲ ـٲ ٲ
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE
Aleph 3
U+0673
ٳ ـٳ ـٳ ٳ
ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW
U+0675
ٵ ـٵ ـٵ ٵ
ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA ALEF
U+0773
ݳ ـݳ ـݳ ݳ
ARABIC LETTER WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE
U+0774
ݴ ـݴ ـݴ ݴ
ARABIC LETTER WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE
HebrewWritten as א, spelled as אלף and transcribed as Aleph.In Modern Israeli Hebrew, the letter either represents a glottal stop ([ʔ]) or indicates a hiatus (the separation of twoadjacent vowels into distinct syllables with no intervening consonant), as well as sometimes being silent (asword-final always, as word-medial sometimes, e.g. הוא [hu] "he", ראשי [ʁaˈʃi] "main", ראש [ʁoʃ] "head", ראשון[ʁiˈʃon] "first"). The pronunciation varies among Jewish ethnic groups.In gematria, aleph represents the number 1, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 1000 (i.e..(in numbers would be the date 1754 א'תשנ"דAleph, along with Ayin, Resh, He, and Heth, cannot receive a dagesh. (However, there are few very rare exampleswhere the Masoretes added a dagesh or mappiq to an Aleph or Resh. The verses of the Hebrew Bible wherein anAleph with a mappiq or dagesh appears are Genesis 43:26, Leviticus 23:17, Job 33:21 and Ezra 8:18.)In Modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of alef, out of all the letters, is 4.94%.Aleph is sometimes used as a mater lectionis to denote a vowel, usually /a/. Such use is more common in words ofAramaic and Arabic origin, in foreign names and some other borrowed words.
Orthographic variants
Various Print Fonts CursiveHebrew
RashiScript
Serif Sans-serif Monospaced
א א א
Rabbinic JudaismAleph is the subject of a midrash which praises its humility in not demanding to start the Bible. (In Hebrew the Biblebegins with the second letter of the alphabet, Bet.) In this folktale, Aleph is rewarded by being allowed to start theTen Commandments. (In Hebrew, the first word is אנכי, which starts with an aleph.)In the Sefer Yetzirah, the letter aleph is king over breath, formed air in the universe, temperate in the year, and thechest in the soul.Aleph is also the first letter of the Hebrew word emet, which means truth. In Jewish mythology it was the letter alephthat was carved into the head of the golem which ultimately gave it life.Aleph also begins the three words that make up God's mystical name in Exodus, I Am who I Am (in Hebrew, EhyehAsher Ehyeh אהיה אשר אהיה), and aleph is an important part of mystical amulets and formulas.Aleph in Jewish mysticism represents the oneness of God. The letter can been seen as being composed of an upper yud (Yodh), a lower yud, and a vav (Waw (letter)) leaning on a diagonal. The upper yud represents the hidden and
Aleph 4
ineffable aspects of God while the lower yud represents God's revelation and presence in the world. The vav("hook") connects the two realms.Jewish mysticism relates aleph to the element of air, the Fool (Key 0, value 1) of the major arcana of the tarotdeck,[1] and the Scintillating Intelligence (#11) of the path between Kether and Chokmah in the Tree of theSephiroth.
Hebrew sayings with aleph
From aleph to tav describes something from beginning to end, the Hebrew equivalent of the English "From A to Z."One who doesn't know how to make an aleph is someone who is illiterate.No...with a big aleph! (lo be-aleph rabbati - לא באלף רבתי) means 'Absolutely not!'.
Syriac Alaph/Olaf
Alaph
Madnḫaya Alaph
Serṭo Alaph
Esṭrangela Alaph
In the Syriac alphabet, the first letter is ܐ — Syriac: ܐܠܦ — Alaph (in eastern dialects) or Olaf (in western dialects).It is used in word-initial position to mark a word beginning with a vowel — although some words beginning with ior u do not need its help, and sometimes an initial Alaph/Olaf is elided. For example, when the Syriac first-personsingular pronoun ܐܢܐ is in enclitic positions, it is pronounced no/na (again west/east) rather than the full formeno/ana. The letter occurs very regularly at the end of words, where it represents the long final vowels o/a or e. Inthe middle of the word, the letter represents either a glottal stop between vowels (but West Syriac pronunciationoften makes this a palatal approximant), a long i/e (less commonly o/a) or is silent.
NumeralAs a numeral, Alaph/Olaf stands for the number one. With a dot below, it is the number 1,000; with a line above it,Alaph/Olaf will represent 1,000,000. With a line below it is 10,000 and with two dots below it is 10,000,000.
Ancient Egyptian
"Aleph"in hieroglyphs
Aleph 5
The Egyptian "vulture" hieroglyph (Gardiner G1), by convention pronounced [a]) is also referred to as aleph, ongrounds that it has traditionally been taken to represent a glottal stop, although some recent suggestions[2] tendtowards an [ɹ] sound instead.The phoneme is commonly transliterated by a symbol composed of two half-rings, in Unicode (as of version 5.1, inthe Latin Extended-D range) encoded at U+A722 Ꜣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF and U+A723 ꜣLATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF. A fallback representation is the numeral 3, or the Middle Englishcharacter ȝ Yogh; neither are to be preferred to the genuine Egyptological characters.
Other uses
MathematicsIn set theory, the Hebrew aleph glyph is used as the symbol to denote the aleph numbers, which represent thecardinality of infinite sets. This notation was introduced by mathematician Georg Cantor.
Character encodings
Character א ا ܐ ࠀ း� ႐� ℵ
Unicodename
HEBREWLETTER ALEF
ARABIC LETTERALEF
SYRIAC LETTERALAPH
SAMARITANLETTER ALAF
UGARITIC LETTERALPA
PHOENICIANLETTER ALF
ALEF SYMBOL
Encodings decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex decimal hex
Unicode 1488 U+05D0 1575 U+0627 1808 U+0710 2048 U+0800 66432 U+10380 67840 U+10900 8501 U+2135
UTF-8 215 144 D7 90 216 167 D8 A7 220 144 DC 90 224160 128
E0A0 80
240 144142 128
F0 908E 80
240 144164 128
F0 90A4 80
226132 181
E2 84 B5
UTF-16 1488 05D0 1575 0627 1808 0710 2048 0800 5529657216
D800DF80
5529856576
D802DD00
8501 2135
Numericcharacterreference
א א ا ا ܐ ܐ ࠀ ࠀ 𐎀 𐎀 𐤀 𐤀 ℵ ℵ
Namedcharacterreference
ℵ
References[1] Tarot Journey with Leisa ReFalo - The Magician (http:/ / tarotjourney. net/ tarot-cards/ major-arcana/ 1-the-magician/ )[2] Schneider, Thomas. 2003. "Etymologische Methode, die Historizität der Phoneme und das ägyptologische Transkriptionsalphabet." Lingua
aegyptia: Journal of Egyptian Language Studies 11:187–199.
Article Sources and Contributors 6
Article Sources and ContributorsAleph Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583772001 Contributors: 334a, Aarondude919, Abjiklam, Adavis444, Addshore, Aeusoes1, AhMedRMaaty, Allo002, Angr, Arisriyanto, Assyrio, Atitarev, Ayal dimant, BD2412, Bachrach44, Badagnani, Bebp, Being blunt, CBM, CRGreathouse, ChristTrekker, Cntrational, Codex Sinaiticus, Coekon, CoverMyIP,Cruccone, Crystallina, Curb Chain, DDRRE, Dan Pelleg, Darkwind, Davidiad, Dbachmann, DePiep, Defdoc, Deflective, Denelson83, Diderot, Dmyersturnbull, DopefishJustin, Ecemaml,Ednastvincent, Eliezerke, EmilJ, Epson291, Erutuon, Evertype, FilipeS, Fresheneesz, Furkaocean, Garzo, Gene Nygaard, Gldren, Grenavitar, Gschupfta Ferdl, Hans-Friedrich Tamke, Hvn0413,IBaghdadi, Infoporfin, It Is Me Here, Ivan Štambuk, JarlaxleArtemis, Jaynus, Jeltz, Jnothman, Johanna-Hypatia, Jonahrank, Knulclunk, Koavf, Kristaga, Kwamikagami, Lfdder, Liadgo, LilHelpa,Livajo, LjL, Lockesdonkey, Lotje, MHSunderground, Mahali syarifuddin, Mahmudmasri, Mandarax, Maurice Carbonaro, Mholland, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mrg3105, Muu-karhu, Naught101,Nickjamil, One4gaia, Ooswesthoesbes, Ordtoy, Petri Krohn, Plastikspork, Pmepepnoute, PrometheusDesmotes, RetiredUser2, Rohita, Ross Burgess, Samw, Sburke, Scarian, Shahin.shn,Sombrero, SpaceFalcon2001, Sputnikcccp, StAnselm, Standforder, Stephen MUFC, Suruena, TaborType, Test-tools, The Mysterious El Willstro, TimNelson, TomeHale, Tunnels of Set,UsmanKhanShah, Vanisaac, Vaughan Pratt, Verdy p, Vilcxjo, Weft, Woohookitty, YapaTi, Yidisheryid, Yodaat, Yom, Yossarian, Zarcillo, Zerokitsune, 86 ,טבעת-זרם anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Phoenician aleph.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_aleph.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902File:aleph.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aleph.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Cronholm144File:phoenician aleph.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoenician_aleph.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ch1902File:Hebrew letter Alef handwriting.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg License: unknown Contributors: Dan Pelleg, Pymouss,SarangFile:Hebrew letter Alef Rashi.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hebrew_letter_Alef_Rashi.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Dan PellegFile:Syriac Eastern alap.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Syriac_Eastern_alap.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Tasnu ArakunFile:Syriac Serta alap.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Syriac_Serta_alap.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Tasnu ArakunFile:Syriac Estrangela alap.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Syriac_Estrangela_alap.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Tasnu ArakunFile:Syriac letter shapes Alaph.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Syriac_letter_shapes_Alaph.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors:[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Assyrio
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ISO 233 1
ISO 233The international standard ISO 233 establishes a system for Arabic transliteration (Romanization). It has beensupplemented by ISO 233-2 in 1993.
1984 editionThe table below shows the consonants for the Arabic language.
Arabic Latin Unicode Notes
Hex Dec
ء ˌ 02CC 716 hamza without carrier - low vertical line
◌ ˈ 02C8 712 hamza above carrier - vertical line (high)
◌ hamza below carrier (= alif)
ا ʾ 02BE 702 modifier letter right half ring
ب B b
ت T t
ث Ṯ ṯ 1E6E 1E6F 7790 7791
ج Ǧ ǧ 01E6 01E7 486 487
ح Ḥ ḥ 1E24 1E25 7716 7717
خ H ẖ H+0331 1E96 H+817 7830
د D d
ذ Ḏ ḏ 1E0E 1E0F 7694 7695
ر R r
ز Z z
س S s
ش Š š 0160 0161 352 353
ص Ṣ ṣ 1E62 1E63 7778 7779
ض Ḍ ḍ 1E0C 1E0D 7692 7693
ط Ṭ ṭ 1E6C 1E6D 7788 7789
ظ Ẓ ẓ 1E92 1E93 7826 7827
ع ʿ 02BF 703 modifier letter left half ring
غ Ġ ġ 0120 0121 288 289
ف F f
ق Q q
ك K k
ل L l
م M m
ن N n
ه H h
ة T ẗ T+0308 1E97 T+776 7831 combining diaeresis
ISO 233 2
و W w
ي Y y
ى Ỳ ỳ 1EF2 1EF3 7922 7923
ISO 233-2:1993ISO 233-2:1993 is an ISO schema for the simplified transliteration of Arabic characters into Roman characters.This transliteration system was adopted as an amendment to ISO 233:1984. It is used mainly in library context, andwas introduced because ISO 233 was not meeting the indexing purposes, which are essential for the consistency oflibrary catalogs.According to ISO 233-2(1993), Arabic words are vocalized prior to romanization.ISO 233-2 is used in French libraries[1] and in North African libraries, and is recommended by ISSN for establishingkey titles when cataloguing serials.
ISO/R 233:1961ISO/R 233 is an earlier standard that has been withdrawn.[2]
External links• Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts [3] -A collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T.
Pedersen. PDF reference charts include ISO 233.
References[1] Translittération des caractères arabes en caractères latins - Partie 2: Langue arabe - Translittération simplifiée (http:/ / guideducatalogueur.
bnf. fr/ ABN/ GPC. nsf/ C00F8804C7C3E372C12576A8002BED96/ $FILE/ Translitteration arabe. htm?OpenElement) (2010)[2] http:/ / www. iso. org/ iso/ iso_catalogue/ catalogue_ics/ catalogue_detail_ics. htm?csnumber=4116[3] http:/ / transliteration. eki. ee/
Article Sources and Contributors 3
Article Sources and ContributorsISO 233 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=589785620 Contributors: AlefZet, BD2412, Boson, Crissov, Croquant, Dbachmann, Filemon, Gro-Tsen, Kbdank71, Mahalisyarifuddin, Moilleadóir, Mzajac, Pinji, SebastianHelm, Sl, Tobias Conradi, Typhlosion, Verdy p, 14 anonymous edits
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