/ (Chain Surveying) /

(Triangulation) (Traverse)

(Triangulation) (Geodetic surveying) /

(Traverse) ( )

1. (Compass traverse) ( )

Compass Theodolite Brunton Compass Prismatic Compass

2. (Theodolite traverse)

3. Stadia (Stadia traverse)

2

A

B

C

D

X

Y

Direction of Observed

(EA , NA)

(ED , ND)

(Startup Station)

(Final Station)

1. 1015 .. 3 ..

4 .. 0.3 ..

2 .. 0.2 ..

0.1 ..

2.

- 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.0

- 16 8 12 6 8 4 2

-

4 4 5 4 5 5 5

3.

- 1/600,000 1/300,000 1/120,000 1/60,000 1/30,000

4.

- 3 D/R 3 D/R 2 D/R 2 D/R 2 D/R

- 10 10 10 10 20

-

4 6 6 8 8 10 10 15 15 20

5. (Az)

- Az

5 6 10 12 15 20 20 25 30 40

- 16 16 12 8 4

- Az 2 2 1 1 1

- 0.45 0.45 1.5 3.0 8.0

- Az Az

1

n2

1.5

n3

2

n3

2

n6

4

n8

3

n01

6

n51

8

n03

6. Az

K04.0 .

1/100,000

K08.0 .

1/50,000

K2.0 .

1/20,000

K4.0 .

1/10,000

K8.0 .

1/5,000

* : McGraw-Hill. Surveying: Theory and Practice (1981:334-335)

1.

2. ()

.1 .2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7 .8

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

3. ( ) (Traverse points)

3.1

3.2 ()

3.3

T.1

.1 .2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

T.2

T.3

T.4

T.5

O.1

O.2

O.3

O.4

. = T. = O. = R. = /

/

4. ()

2

5.

5.1 T.1 T.5 T.2

5.2 T.2 T.5 (Backward = BW) T.2 (Forward = FW) T.1 T.5 T.1 T.2

T1

.1

T2

T5

T1

.1

T.2

T5

5.3

5.2 5.3

STA MK D

R

Reading ( D ) ( R ) Mean

Reading Angle

Average

Angles Distance

(m)

N . 0 00 00.0 00 02.0 0 00 01.0

. 96 51 45.0 51 46.0 96 51 45.5 96 51 44.5

T.1 . 45 00 30.0 00 34.0 45 00 32.0 96 51 45.0

. 141 52 15.0 52 19.0 141 52 17.0 96 51 45.0

. 90 00 00.0 00 04.0 90 00 02.0

T.2 . 186 51 45.0 51 50.0 186 51 47.5 96 51 45.5

T.5 . 25 26 28.0 26 30.0 25 26 29.0 84.900

. 125 53 53.0 53 54.0 125 53 53.5 100 27 24.5

T.1 . 60 42 45.0 42 49.0 60 42 47.0 100 27 25.0

. 161 10 10.0 10 14.0 161 10 12.0 100 27 25.0

. 105 23 24.0 23 28.0 105 23 26.0

T.2 . 205 50 49.0 50 54.0 205 50 51.5 100 27 25.5 56.158

T.1 T.2 . 205 50 49.0 50 52.0 205 50 50.5

.1 . 349 17 43.0 17 44.0 349 17 43.5 143 26 53.0 143 26 54.0 7.670

5.4 T.5 T.1 T.2 T.3 T.1 T.2

5.5 T.1 T.3 .2 T.2 T.1 T.2 T.3 ( )

5.5

STA MK D

R

Reading ( D ) ( R ) Mean

Reading Angle

Average

Angles Distance

(m)

T.1 . 102 35 25.0 35 27.0 102 35 26.0 56.158

. 190 17 29.0 17 30.0 190 17 29.5 87 42 03.5

T.2 . 140 25 31.0 25 33.0 140 25 32.0 87 42 04.0

. 228 07 35.0 07 38.0 228 07 36.5 87 42 04.5

. 212 30 25.0 30 27.0 212 30 26.0

T.3 . 300 12 29.0 12 31.0 300 12 30.0 87 42 04.0 171.111

T.2 T.1 . 28 45 44.0 45 47.0 28 45 45.5

.2 232 27 56.0 27 55.0 232 27 55.5 203 42 10.0 10.955

T.1

.2

T.2

T.3

5.6 T.1 T.2 T.3 T.4 T.2 T.3

5.7 T.2 T.4

.7 T.3 T.4 T.3 T.2

STA MK D

R

Reading ( D ) ( R ) Mean

Reading Angle

Average

Angles Distance

(m)

T.3 . 40 52 28.0 52 32.0 40 52 30.0 63.455

. 132 01 56.0 01 60.0 132 01 58.0 91 09 28.0

T.4 . 75 28 50.0 28 54.0 75 28 52.0 91 09 28.0

. 166 38 18.0 38 21.0 166 38 19.5 91 09 27.5

. 210 24 32.0 24 33.0 210 24 32.5

T.5 . 301 33 60.0 34 02.0 301 34 01.0 91 09 28.5 87.135

T.3 T.2 205 50 49.0 50 51.0 205 50 50.0 .

.7 73 39 01.0 38 58.0 73 38 59.5 227 48 09.5 227 48 12.0 11.800

.7

T.2

T.3

T.4

5.8 T.4 T.5 T.2 T.3 T.3 T.4

5.9 T.3 T.5

.8 T.4 T.3 T.4 T.5

STA MK D

R

Reading ( D ) ( R ) Mean

Reading Angle

Average

Angles Distance

(m)

T.3 . 40 52 28.0 52 32.0 40 52 30.0 63.455

. 132 01 56.0 01 60.0 132 01 58.0 91 09 28.0

T.4 . 75 28 50.0 28 54.0 75 28 52.0 91 09 28.0

. 166 38 18.0 38 21.0 166 38 19.5 91 09 27.5

. 210 24 32.0 24 33.0 210 24 32.5

T.5 . 301 33 60.0 34 02.0 301 34 01.0 91 09 28.5 87.135

T.4 T.3 . 155 52 50.0 52 48.0 155 52 49.0

.8 . 345 06 56.0 06 57.0 345 06 56.5 189 14 07.5 8.455

.8

T.3

T.4

T.5

5.10 T.5 T.1 T.3 T.4 T.4 T.5

5.11 T.3 T.5

T.5 T.4 T.5 T.1

5.11

STA MK D

R

Reading ( D ) ( R ) Mean

Reading Angle

Average

Angles Distance

(m)

T.4 . 205 54 48.0 54 52.0 205 54 50.0 87.135

. 14 37 09.0 37 11.0 14 37 10.0 168 42 20.0

T.5 . 3 42 54.0 42 57.0 3 42 55.5 168 42 21.0

. 172 25 15.0 25 20.0 172 25 17.5 168 42 22.0

. 86 44 02.0 44 04.0 86 44 03.0

T.1 . 255 26 23.0 26 25.0 255 26 24.0 168 42 21.0 84.900

5 4. ( 4)

T1

T4

T5

(Offset points) .2 .7

6. () (Optical Square) ( )

(Optical Square) Pole A AB () Pole Pole A AB Peg Offset

A

C A

D

A

C

C C A A A (Pole A)

B

C

C

A

A

A

A

A

1. (Pole) .7 .2

2. .2 .7 ( AB) .3 .4 .5 .6

3. AB A

B

A

.7

.2

B

A

.3

.7

.2

.4 .5 .6

B

A

.3

.7

.2

.4 .5 .6

4. Pole .3 Pole A ( C 14)

5. Peg

6. AB Offset

B

O1

A

.3

.7

.2

.4 .5 .6

B

O1

A

.3

.7

.2

.4 .5 .6

O2

B

O1

A

.3

.7

.2

.4 .5 .6

6 A

O2

B

O1

A

.3

.7

.2

O3

.4 .5 .6

6 B

O2

B

O1

A

.3

.7

.2

O3 O4

.4 .5 .6

6 C

O2

B

O1

A

.3

.7

.2

O3 O4

.4 .5 .6

6 D

Optical Square

1. AB

2. Peg () C

3. C

4. C D E ( Peg )

5. D E

6. ( DE) Peg O Offset C AB

A

B

C

D

E

A B

O

A

B

C

D

E

7. Offset ()

Offset

Offset

AB .2 O1, .2 O2, .2 O3, .2 O4 .2 .7 () .2 O1, O1 O2, O2 O3, O3 O4 O4 .7

***************************************************************

O2

B

O1

A

.3

.7

.2

O3 O4

.4 .5 .6

O2

B

O1

A

.3

.7

.2

O3 O4

.4 .5 .6

T1

.1 .2

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7 .8

T2

T3

T4

T5

R1

R2

R3

R4

O 1

O 2

O 3

O 4

. = T. = O. = R. = /

/