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KIT – The Research University in the Helmholtz Association
INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH, ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES AND REMOTE SENSING
www.kit.edu
Tropopause-following analysis of water vapour and ΔD for the monsoon systems and the tropics
Gabriele Stiller, Norbert Glatthor, Stefan Lossow, and the MIPAS team at KIT
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 2 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017
Motivation / open questions How is water vapour transported into the stratosphere? In particular: What role plays overshooting of convection? Are there systematic differences in relevance or frequency for monsoon
systems and tropics, respectively? Tropopause altitude varies
considerably, on altitude, pressure and potential temperature levels
Therefore: analysis directly on tropopause surfaces Data base: MIPAS
observations of tem- perature, water vapour and HDO for 2002 to 2012
5 June 2017 Pan et al., 2016
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 3 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017
Motivation / open questions How is water vapour transported into the stratosphere? In particular: What role plays overshooting of convection? Are there systematic differences in relevance or frequency for monsoon
systems and tropics, respectively? Tropopause altitude varies
considerably, on altitude, pressure and potential temperature levels
Therefore: analysis directly on tropopause surfaces Data base: MIPAS
observations of tem- perature, water vapour and HDO for 2002 to 2012
5 June 2017 Pan et al., 2016
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 4
Processes leading to depletion and enrichment of heavy water (ΔD)
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 5
H2O, HDO and ΔD at 16 km altitude, JA 2003
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
H2O HDO ΔD @16 km
AMA NAM
S-TRO
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 6
LR Tropopause altitudes from MIPAS
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Tp-height
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
15
25
35
45La
titud
e / d
egkm
10
12
14
16
AMA Tp-height
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
152025303540
Latit
ude
/ deg
km
10
12
14
16
NAM Tp-height
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
-30-25-20-15-10
Latit
ude
/ deg
km
10
12
14
16
S-TRO
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 7
TP temperatures
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Temp at Tp+0 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
15.022.530.037.545.0
Latit
ude
/ deg
K
185190195200205210215
Temp at Tp+0 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
152025303540
Latit
ude
/ deg
K
185190195200205210215
Temp at Tp+0 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
-30-25-20-15-10
Latit
ude
/ deg
K
185190195200205210215
AMA
NAM
S-TRO
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 8
General behavior of TP
Altitude: § S-TRO: TP highest during SH Summer (16-17 km), lowest around July
(< 16 km) § AMA: highest TP on absolute scale, 17-18 km; highest and the most
North around 15 July § NAM: lower than AMA (~15 km), phase and extension as AMA
Temperature: § S-TRO: T lowest during SH summer (<190 K), highest around July (~
200K); è lowest WV above TP in SH summer; lowest WV absolute § AMA: coldest and furthest North around July, T ~ 195 K; strong
temperature contrast and meridional gradient between monsoon and extra-tropics; è low WV during monsoon season, but higher than tropics
§ NAM: less cold than AMA (~200 – 205 K), less strong meridional gradient; è highest WV of all three regions expected
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 9
H2O, Tp+0 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
152025303540
Latit
ude
/ deg
ppmv
0
5
10
15
H2O for AMA, NAM and S-TROP at TP
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
H2O, Tp+0 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
1525
3545
Latit
ude
/ deg
ppmv
0
5
10
15
AMA
NAM
S-TROP
H2O, Tp+0 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
-30-25-20-15-10
Latit
ude
/ deg
ppmv
0
5
10
15
S-TRO
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 10 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
@ 16 km
TP-2km
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 11 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 12 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 13 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 14 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Pattern of low water vapor on TP surface seems to be linked to West Pacific low CPT region and not to the monsoon region
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 15 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 16 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Low water vapour comes along with reduced D depletion, in particular over Bay of Bengal and over the Caribbean
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 17
AMA, H2O, delta D, TP-2, TP, TP +2
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
H2O, Tp-2 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
1525
3545
Latit
ude / d
eg
ppmv
0
5
10
15
H2O, Tp+0 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
1525
3545
Latitu
de / d
eg
ppmv
0
5
10
15
delta D, Tp+0 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
15
25
35
45
Latitu
de / d
eg
per mil
-1000
-800
-600
-400
delta D, Tp+2 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
15
25
35
45
La
titu
de
/ d
eg
per mil
-1000
-800
-600
-400
H2O, Tp+2 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
1525
3545
Latit
ude / d
eg
ppmv
02468
delta D, Tp-2 km
Jan2003
Jan2004
Jan2005
Jan2006
Jan2007
Jan2008
Jan2009
Jan2010
Jan2011
Jan2012
-30-25-20-15-10
Latitu
de / d
eg
per mil
-1000
-800
-600
-400
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 18 3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 19
Summary so far
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
AMA NAM
S-TRO
q Low water vapor just below and at monsoon tropopause q Pattern of low water vapor on TP surface seems to be linked to West
Pacific low CPT region and not to the monsoon region q Low water vapour comes along with reduced D depletion, in particular over
Bay of Bengal and over the Caribbean q ΔD enhancements over Bay of Bengal and Caribbean seem not to travel
further North in the central monsoon areas q ΔD enhancements over Bay of Bengal and Caribbean seem to be unique
features; no similar features exist in the SH during DJF => monsoon related
q Compare to convection areas over land:
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 20
Seasonal averages over selected regions
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil
-4
-2
0
2
4
Alti
tude
wrt
Tp
/ km
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E
NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W
south. hem., JJA, 10-30S
south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W
Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E
IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
1 10 100H2O / ppmv
-4
-2
0
2
4
Alti
tude
wrt
Tp
/ km
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E
NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W
south. hem., JJA, 10-30S
south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W
Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E
IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil
100
10
1
H2O
/ p
pmv
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 21
Seasonal averages over selected regions
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil
-4
-2
0
2
4
Alti
tude
wrt
Tp
/ km
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E
NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W
south. hem., JJA, 10-30S
south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W
Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E
IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
1 10 100H2O / ppmv
-4
-2
0
2
4
Alti
tude
wrt
Tp
/ km
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E
NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W
south. hem., JJA, 10-30S
south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W
Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E
IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil
100
10
1
H2O
/ p
pmv
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 22
Seasonal averages over selected regions
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil
-4
-2
0
2
4
Alti
tude
wrt
Tp
/ km
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E
NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W
south. hem., JJA, 10-30S
south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W
Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E
IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
1 10 100H2O / ppmv
-4
-2
0
2
4
Alti
tude
wrt
Tp
/ km
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130E
NAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160W
south. hem., JJA, 10-30S
south Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80W
Africa, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40E
IND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
-800 -600 -400 -200 0delta D / per mil
100
10
1
H2O
/ p
pmv
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
Randel et al., 2011
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 23
Preliminary conclusions and further work In contrast to analyses on pressure/altitude/Tpot levels the tropopause-following
analysis demonstrates that water vapor (WV) minima are located below and at the monsoon tropopauses
Above the tropopause WV is slightly (~ 0.5 ppmv) increased above the monsoon systems, compared to the rest of the tropics
The Asian monsoon WV minimum is directly connected to that over the West Pacific/maritime continent
ΔD helps to understand the phase transition processes during water WV uplift into the stratosphere
The monsoon regions have about the same ΔD depletion as other convective regions over land, but are less depleted than the SH inner tropics, and H2O is higher
Both findings hint towards uplift and deposition of ice in the TP region (± 2km) to play a more dominating role than in the SH inner tropics
Convective processes over the Bay of Bengal and the Caribbean produce clearly enhanced ΔD values hinting towards strong ice lofting processes
Future work: refine analysis using also radio occultation temperature data, studying the intra-seasonal variation, and resolving this mystery:
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 24
Preliminary conclusions and further work In contrast to analyses on pressure/altitude/Tpot levels the tropopause-following
analysis demonstrates that water vapor (WV) minima are located below and at the monsoon tropopauses
Above the tropopause WV is slightly (~ 0.5 ppmv) increased above the monsoon systems, compared to the rest of the tropics
The Asian monsoon WV minimum is directly connected to that over the West Pacific/maritime continent
ΔD helps to understand the phase transition processes during water WV uplift into the stratosphere
The monsoon regions have about the same ΔD depletion as other convective regions over land, but are less depleted than the SH inner tropics, and H2O is higher
Both findings hint towards uplift and deposition of ice in the TP region (± 2km) to play a more dominating role than in the SH inner tropics
Convective processes over the Bay of Bengal and the Caribbean produce clearly enhanced ΔD values hinting towards strong ice lofting processes
Future work: refine analysis using also radio occultation temperature data, studying the intra-seasonal variation, and resolving this mystery:
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
-800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300delta D / per mil
10
H2O
/ p
pmv
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
Gabriele Stiller, IMK-ASF 25
Preliminary conclusions and further work In contrast to analyses on pressure/altitude/Tpot levels the tropopause-following
analysis demonstrates that water vapor (WV) minima are located below and at the monsoon tropopauses
Above the tropopause WV is slightly (~ 0.5 ppmv) increased above the monsoon systems, compared to the rest of the tropics
The Asian monsoon WV minimum is directly connected to that over the West Pacific/maritime continent
ΔD helps to understand the phase transition processes during water WV uplift into the stratosphere
The monsoon regions have about the same ΔD depletion as other convective regions over land, but are less depleted than the SH inner tropics, and H2O is higher
Both findings hint towards uplift and deposition of ice in the TP region (± 2km) to play a more dominating role than in the SH inner tropics
Convective processes over the Bay of Bengal and the Caribbean produce clearly enhanced ΔD values hinting towards strong ice lofting processes
Future work: refine analysis using also radio occultation temperature data, studying the intra-seasonal variation, and resolving this mystery:
3rd ACAM workshop, Guangzhou, China, 5 - 9 June 2017 5 June 2017
-800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300delta D / per mil
10
H2O
/ p
pmv
ASM, JJA, 15-45N, 10-130ENAM, JJA, 15-40N, 15-160Wsouth. hem., JJA, 10-30Ssouth. Amer., DJF, 22.5S-10N, 30-80WAfrica, DJF, 22.5S-10N, 10W-40EIND+PAC, DJF, 20S-15N, 100E-160W
Thank you!