Trường ĐH Dược Hà Nội

8/7/2019 Trng H Dc H Ni

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TRNG I HC DC H NIBM HA PT V MI TRNG

TIU LUN MI TRNG

Ti: AN TON THC PHM

Ngi thc hin: 1. L Th Giang2. H Thanh Nga3. Trn Th Lan Phng4. Phm Th Thu Trang5. Phm Vn Trng

T: 6 Lp: A3K63

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MC LC

TrangA. T VN ... 3B.TNG QUAN VN 4 I.Cc cht c sn trong thc phm.. 4

1.1. c t aflatoxin.. 41.2. c t c nc.. 71.3. c t cc.. 81.4. c t ciguatoxin... 91.5. Sn, mng ti... 101.6. c t t nm n 101.7. Ht iu.. 11

1.8. t 121.9. Mm khoai ty, c chua cn xanh.. 121.10. Mc nh ti. 13

II. Cc cht sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun 131.1. Cc cht sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin 131.2. Cc cht sinh ra trong qu trnh bo qun.. 20

C. KT LUN V XUT. 22

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A, T VN

Mt trong cc vn x hi ang c quan tm hin nay chnh l tnhhnh v sinh an ton thc phm. Vn an ton thc phm lin quan ti rt

nhiu mc tiu ra trong Mc tiu c bn v an ninh con ngi (Bo copht trin con ngi 1994). Cc mc tiu bao gm l an ninh lng thc,an ninh sc kho, an ninh thn th v an ninh mi trng. Vn lngthc thc phm khng an ton trc ht vi phm an ninh sc kho, an ninhthn th v an ninh lng thc ca con ngi. Nguyn nhn ca vn lng thc thc phm khng an ton dn n an ninh sc khe, an ninhthn th ca con ngi b vi phm nghim trng chnh l do s vi phm tiuchun sn xut an ton, s vi phm ny khng ch din ra trong qu trnhsn xut m c trong qu trnh x l cc cht thi (thi ba bi gy nhimmi trng sng ca con ngi). Khng ch c th trong bn thn cc thcphm cng c th n cha nhng nguy him khn lng gy nguy hi tisc khe con ngi.

Nhng nguy him thc cht l g? Trong tiu lun di y chng ti sc th ha mt s cht vn c/sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin thc phmgy tc ng ti sc khe ngi tiu dng vi hi vng gp phn a ranhng gii php c hiu cho vn an ton thc phm.

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B. TNG QUAN VN

I. Cc cht c c sn trong thc phm:

1.1 c t aflatoxin:

Tn, c tnh:

Aflatoxin l mt c t nm mc ng s nht. C nhiu chng nm mc tit ra c t ny

nhng Aspergillus flavus l loi nm mc cung cp nhng lng aflatoxin ln nht, nguy him

nht. Sau ny cc nh ha sinh hc xc nh thm khng phi ch c mt m nhiu aflatoxin

c cng thc ha hc kh gn gi nhau. Hin c 4 loi aflatoxin c xc nh l B1, B2,

G1, G2 (Phn bit k t "B" v "G" theo mu hunh quang xanh da tri v xanh l cy khi

chiu tia cc tm ln bn tch cc vt sc k lp mng aflatoxin).

F Cng thc cu to mt s aflatoxin chnh:

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lc ht c 3,3% s c l rt c - 1kg cha trn 0,25mg aflatoxin B1 (c t ch yu ca

Aspergillus flavus) v 21,7% s c c va, 75% s c khng c. Cn trn kh lc: 42% s

mu l rt c, 49,3% c va v ch c 8,7% l khng c. Nh vy cht c tch ly li trong

kh lc l do s ch bin, hoc do Aspergillus flavus pht trin mnh ln. Mi nguy him khc,khi cc nguyn liu thc n gia sc nh bp, kh du u nnh b nhim mc th ngi s dng

thng v, sy v thi cho bay mc, c tng nh th th s s dng c nhng trn thc t

th ch bay cc si nm cn c t Afatoxin do nm tit ra vn cn nguyn trong nguyn liu

.

nh hng ti sc khe:

Ngoi vic gy ng c cp tnh (liu gy cht ngi khong 10mg), c t aflatoxin cn c

xem l nguyn nhn gy x gan v ung th. Ngi ta bit aflatoxin l mt trong nhng cht

gy ung th gan mnh nht tc ng qua ng ming - nu hp thu mt tng lng 2,5mg

aflatoxin trong thi gian 89 ngy c th dn n ung th gan hn 1 nm sau. khp cc vng

Nam Phi, ni ngi ta n nhiu lc c mc Aspergillus flavus, t l bnh nhn b ung th gan

rt cao. Bn cnh nhng quan st M-dm-bc v U-gan-a... cn cho kt qu ng lo

ngi hn

c t aflatoxin rt bn vi nhit, khi em lc mc rang ln, mc d nhit rt cao, cc bo t

ca mc b tiu dit, nhng c t ca chng vn khng b ph hy hon ton. Ngi ta

nghin cu thy rang lc 1500C trong 30 pht th t sut aflatoxin B1 gim trung bnh 80% v

aflatoxin B2 gim 60%. Nh vy lc mc d c rang nhit cao, n vo vn nguy him.

1.2 c t c nc:

Tn, c tnh:

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Thng thng loi c t ny tn ti trong c l 1 tin c (tetrodomin) khng c nhng khi

c cht chng chuyn ha thnh tetrodotoxin th gy c.

F Cng thc ha hc ca cht c ny:

Ngun gc sinh ra:

c t tetrodotoxin)chng thng c trong gan, bung trng c nc v tng ln trong ma

trng (thng 3 n thng 7).

nh hng ti sc khe:

L mt cht c thn kinh mnh, kh nng gy c cao

Liu gy c 1-4 mg, tng ng 8- 10microgam/ kg th trng

Khi n phi lng c t gy c th cht c s tc ng ln thn kinh lm kha cc ng

xung thn kinh dc theo si trc thn kinh gy t lit h hp v dn n t vong.

Mt s loi khc cng c cha cht c trn nh bch tuc m xanh, c sao, ch Costa Rica,

rong bin1.3 c t cc:

Tn, c tnh:

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Ngun gc sinh ra:

C trong gan v trng cc, v c tm thy c trn nc sau 2 mt v trn da cc.

nh hng ti sc khe:

Mt s triu trng khi n phi cht c trn: Sau khong 1 gi th c triu chng chng mt,

bun nn, nn, au u, ri lon tiu ha, tim mch, lit h hp v t vong.

1.4 c t ciguatoxin:

Tn, c tnh:

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ciguatoxin CTX3C

Ngun gc sinh ra:

c tm thy trong cc loi hi sn, c bit l cc sn phm nhuyn th

Chng c to ra do cc loi hi sn c cha cc vi khun gy c t hoc n phi to

dinoflagellates, v c t c tch ly li.nh hng ti sc khe:

1 n 4 gi sau khi n s xut hin cc triu chng ca ng c nh: au u, bun nn, au

bng, tiu chy, gy c ln h thn kinh, t lit chn tay, khng cp cu kp thi s dn ti t

vong.

1.5Sn, mng ti:

Mc d khng c s dng rng ri, nhng sn vn l mt trong nhng mn n c c m

chng ta thch. Khi n sn, chng ta thng c cm gic ngt hoc ng. Sn cng c hng v

c trng, nhng trn thc t, sn rt c. Sn c th gy cht ngi. Sn c v n c hm

lng acid cyanhydric cao. Nhng ngi ng c sn thng b t lit, lo o v thm ch sau

c th cht.

Hm lng cyanua c trong mng cng rt ng lo ngi, n s gim dn khi ngm mng trong

nc. Tuy nhin, i vi mng chua, trong qu trnh ngm, cht xyanua c th kt hp vi mt

s enzym hoc kt hp vi mt s cht trong rut ngi gy ng c cp tnh.

1.6 c t t nm n:

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C khong 5.000 loi nm c bit n M th c khong 100 trong s c gi l c

hi. Trong trng hp bt k no, nm c th gy kh chu cho h thng tiu ha. Thc t, nm

c rt nhiu loi, chnh v vy cng rt kh phn bit c nm no c c. Thng thng,

nhng loi nm c l nhng loi nm mc t nhin v c hnh th, mu sc bt mt. Mt trongnhng loi nm cht ngi nht l Alpha-amanitin, loi ny c th lm tn hi nghim trng

cho gan. Hin c 38.000 loi nm v khong 5% trong s ny l c hi.

Alpha-amanitin

1.7 Ht iu:

Mc d khng tht s l mt loi ht nhng ht iu vn c xem l ht v chng pht trin

bn trong v. Bi l, ht iu nguyn cht c cha urushiol, l ha cht gy c. Ha cht nyc th gy cht ngi.

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1.8 t:

t l mt loi qu gia v cc k nng v c cha mt cht ha hc gi l capsaicin. Trong t,

capsaicin to cho ngi n c cm gic cay v nng. n t s khng b thng, nhng n nhiu

t bn c th b cht v lng capsaicin nhiu.

1.9 Mm khoai ty, c chua cn xanh:

Khi d tr khoai ty khng ng cch nh qu nhiu nh sng, qu nng, khoai s b xanh di

v hoc mc mm, lc hm lng solanin (cht gy c) trong khoai tng ln rt cao. Tng

t, trong qu c chua xanh cng cha nhiu solanin

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Triu chng ng c: au bng, nn ma, tiu chy, kh th

1.10 Mc nh ti:

Mc nh ti c cha mt cht cm quang rt mn cm vi nh sng. Sau khi n, qua s chiu

x ca nh sng mt tri c th gy ra bnh vim da.

Triu chng: Tt c cc phn da l ra ca c th u b nga, sng mng ln, h hp kh khn.

II, Cc cht sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun1.1 Cc cht sinh ra trong qu trnh ch bin

1.1.1 PAHs

Cc hydrocacbon thm a vng (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon -PAHs), hay cn cgi l hydrocacbon thm a vng ngng t l hp cht ha hc trong bao gm cc vngthm v khng cha cc d t hoc mang theo nhm th. [1] PAHs c trong du m, than , vnha , v l sn phm ph ca qu trnh t chy nhin liu bao gm nhin liu ha thch hocsinh khi.

Nh mt cht nhim, chng c quan tm bi v mt s hp cht c xc nh l gyung th, gy t bin, v qui thai. PAHs cng c tm thy trong thc phm. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng thc n nhim PAHs n t ng cc, cc loi du v cht bo. Mt lng nh nt rau v tht nu chn.

Cc PAHs l nhng cht lipophil, chng d dng ha tan du hn. Do nhng c tnh ny,PAHs trong mi trng c tm thy ch yu trong t, lp trm tch v cc cht nhn, t xut

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hin trong nc. Tuy nhin, chng cng l mt thnh phn c mt trong cc ht l lng trongkhng kh.

Trong du th v than c cha mt lng ng k PAHs, chng sinh t qu trnh bin iha hc ca cc phn t hp cht t nhin, nh steroid, n hydrocarbon thm. H cng c

tm thy trong qu trnh ch bin nhin liu ha thch, hc n v du n.PAHs l mt trong nhng cht hu c nhim ph bin nht. Ngoi s hin din ca chngtrong nhin liu ha thch, chng cng c hnh thnh bi qu trnh chy khng hon ton cacacbon trong nhin liu nh: g, than , du diesel, cht bo, thuc l, hoc hng.

Cc qu trnh t chy khc nhau to nn cc PAHs to nn lng PAHs khc nhau v ccng phn khc nhau. V vy, qu trnh t chy than to ra mt hn hp PAHs khc vit chy nhin liu trong ng c hoc chy rng. Lng pht thi hydrocarbon t nhin liuha thch-ng c t trong c quy nh ti cc nc pht trin.

c tnh ha hc ca PAHsCc PAHs n gin nht (theo cch gi tn ca IUPAC), l naphtalen (C10H8 ) bao gm hai

vng su cnh chia s mt cnh, phenanthrene v anthracen, c hai u cha ba vng thmCc phn t nh hn, chng hn nh benzen, khng phi l cc PAHs.

PAHs c th cha bn, nm, su hoc by vng thm, nhng chng thng c nm hay suvng l ph bin nht. PAHs ch gm su vng thm c gi l alternant PAHs. Mt salternant PAHs c gi l "benzenoid" PAHs. Tn dn n t benzen, mt hydrocarbon thmvi mt vng duy nht

PAHs cha n su vng thm hp nht thng c gi l "nh" PAHs v nhng PAHs ccha hn su vng thm c gi l "ln" PAHs. Do tnh sn c ca cc mu ca PAHs nhkhc nhau, phn ln cc nghin cu v PAHs tp trung su vng. Cc hot tnh sinh hc v sxut hin ca PAHs ln khng xut hin lin tip nh ca PAHs nh. Chng c tm thy tcc sn phm t chy, nhng mc thp hn PAHs nh do gii hn ng hc thng quaqu trnh cng vng k tip. Ngoi ra, vi ng phn nhiu hn c th cho PAHs ln hn, nns xut hin ca cc cu trc c th l nh hn nhiu.

Mt s hp cht thm a vng c trng

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PAHs c quang ph hp ph UV rt c trng. Chng thng c nhiu di hp th v l duynht cho mi cu trc vng. V vy, i vi mt tp hp cc ng phn, mi ng phn c mtquang ph UV hp thu khc nhau so vi cc PAHs khc. iu ny c bit hu ch trong vicxc nh cc PAHs. Hu ht cc PAHs l hunh quang, pht x bc song c trng ca nhsng khi chng c kch thch (khi cc phn t hp th nh sng). Vic m rng cc electronin t pi lm cho PAHs c quang ph ny, mt s PAHs cng c c tnh bn dn v hnh cctnh cht khc.

nh hng ca PAHs n sc khe con ngi Trong ch bin thc phm c s dngnhit nh chin, nng... hay trong qu

trnh bo qun tht, c bng xng khithng lm cho thc phm b nhimPAHs. Cc nghin cu ch ra rng, khinhit phn cc gluxit v lipit nhit 500 - 700 C th to ra 19 loi PAHs,trong c benzo pyren, cc lipit l nhngcht tin thn tt nht cho qu trnh to raPAHs. iu ny rt nguy hi khi ngi

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tiu dng hin nay c thi quen s dng nhiu thc phm chin, nng hay nhng thc phmch bin sn nh hun khi.

PAHs hp th vo c th thng qua cc chui thc n. Cc cht ny c khi lng phn t

ln th t gy c hn l cc PAHs c khi lng phn t nh. Tuy nhin, cc PAHs phn tlng ln li kh phn hu sinh hc hn, chng thng b tch t rt lu trong c th.

Ngoi ra, con ngi c th b nhim PAHs thng qua thc n, nc ung, kh th hoc trctip tip xc vi cc vt liu c cha PAHs. PAHs xm nhp vo c th ngi qua cc conng khc nhau, nhng chng u c xu hng tch t nhiu hn thn, gan v cc m mMt lng nh c th tch t l lch, tuyn thng thn v bung trng. Tu theo cu to cacc PAHs v i tng tc ng m PAHs c cc mc tc ng khc nhau.

Trong rt nhiu trng hp, s c mt nhng liu lng nht nhca PAHs thng gy ra nhng tc ng khng tt n s sinh sn,sinh trng, pht trin v kh nng min dch. Sau mt thi gian ditch t trong c th, PAHs s gy nh hng trc hoc gin tip nsc khe con ngi thng qua mt s con ng khc nhau.Nhn bit nh hng ban u

Cc PAHs thng gy hi khi tip xc vi liu lng nh trong mtthi gian di. Rt nhiu PAHs l nhng cht gy ung th v gy tbin gen. c tnh ca PAHs ph thuc vo cu trc, vi cc ng

phn khc nhau c tnh thay i t trng thi t c n cc k chi. V vy, PAHs c th gy ung th vi mc t hoc nhiu. NhngPAHs trong phn t c 2 - 3 vng benzen th kh nng gy ung th vt bin gen thng rt yu.

Ch nhng PAHs c 4 vng thm tr ln mi bt u xut hin khnng gy ung th v t bin gen mnh. Tuy nhin hot tnh ung ththng ch tp trung vo cc PAHs c 4, 5, 6 vng thm. Cc PAHs c cu trc phn t gccnh c hot tnh ung th nguy him hn cu trc thng, hoc cu trc khi.

Mt trong nhng hp cht PAH, benzo [a] pyrene, ng ch l cht gy ung th ha hcu tin c pht hin (v l mt trong nhiu cht gy ung th c tm thy trong khi thucl). Cc bo v mi trng M ( EPA) phn loi by hp cht PAH l cht c th gy ungth cho con ngi: Benz [a] anthracen, benzo [a] pyrene, benzo [b] fluoranthene, benzo [k]fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz [a, h] anthracen, v indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene.

PAHs nh hng rtmnh n li, gycm gic cay, nng,cm gic nga khitip xc vi u li,dn n gy mt cmgic cc b. PAHs dng lng hay rn, khitip xc trc tip vi

mt s gy cm gicnga, rt v sng ty;nu s tip xc nyko di lin tc th cth gy tn thngn cc m ca mt.

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Cc PAHs gy ung th l benz [a] anthracen v chrysene, benzo [b] fluoranthene, benzo [j]fluoranthene, benzo [k] fluoranthene, benzo [a] pyrene], benzo [ghi] perylene, coronene , dibenz[a, h] anthracen (C 20H14), indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (C22 H12) v ovalene.

Trong mi trng lm vic, si m v un nu, hy cnh gic vi PAHs hnh thnh pht vkhng kh; iu ny s gy nh hng ti sc kho. PAHs c mi thm t d chu n khchu v chng l nhng hp cht kch thch khu gic, gy rt ty mng nhy. PAHs tip xcvi m phi s gy nn vim v hy hoi m phi.

Ch cn mt lng nh PAHs c ht vo phi c th lm vt thng phi lan rng v lmtn thng mnh n phi. Khi PAHs lng tip xc trc tip vi da s gy nn hin tng khda v rt; Khi tip xc lu PAHs lng s chuyn vo phn m di da, iu ny c th gy nns kh, bong vy, kh nt ca da.

1.2 Mt s cht ph gia v tc hi

PGTP l cht c hoc khng c gi tr dinh dng c b sung vo thnh phn TP trong qutrnh ch bin, x l, bao gi, vn chuyn TP nhm gi nguyn hoc ci thin c tnh no ca TP.

Cht h tr ch bin TP l cht c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin nguyn liu TP hocthnh phn TP nhm hon thin cng ngh x l, ch bin TP.

Mt s loi ph gia thc phm thng dng

1.2.1 Bt ngt

L cht to v thng dng nm nm thc n. Tuy nhin nu s dng nhiu c th nh hngn tr nh ca ngi ln v s pht trin no b ca tr nh. Cn lu , mt s ngi nhy cmc bit vi bt ngt khi n c th c nhng triu chng: nng bng mt, cng gy, chng mt,t li, nhc u, bun nn

Lu

- Khng s dng bt ngt cho tr em di 12 thng tui.

- Ngi ln khng dng qu 2g (tng ng vi na mung c ph) trong mt ngy.

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1.2. 2 Phm mu

Thng c b sung vo trong bnh, ko, mt, ht da, xi, ch, lo xng, m si, b, thcung, kem, cc loi nc gii kht lm tng tnh hp dn cho sn phm. C 2 loi phmmu l phm mu tng hp (dng trong cng nghip thc phm v cng nghip khc) v phm

mu t nhin. Phm mu dng trong cng nghip khng c php dng cho thc phm, tuynhin v gi r nn nhiu ngi vn dng, iu ny v cng nguy him v c th gy tc hi nsc khe nh:

- Mc nh: bun nn, nn ma, ri lon tiu ha, gy d ng, ni mn, chm, nga, ph

- Mc nng (s dng lu di v thng xuyn): tn thng gan, thn, thn kinh, c th gyung th v nh hng n bo thai.

1.2.3. ng ha hc

L nhng cht khng c gi tr dinh dng, khng to nng lng cho c th c s dng vimt lng rt t nhng c ngt rt cao. C rt nhiu loi ng ha hc c bn trn thtrng.

Loi r tin: Saccarin (ngt gp 300 ln ng thng). Nu dng thng xuyn c th bchng kh tiu.

Loi t tin hn: Aspartam (ngt gp 180 ln), Acesulfame K (ngt gp 150 ln), Sucralose(ngt gp 600 ln).

Nhng loi ng ha hc tt, an ton cho sc khe thng c bn ti cc nh thuc nhAspartam (s dng cho ngi bnh tiu ng, bo ph). Mi nht c loi Sucralose kh anton khi s dng.

=> Hn ch s dng ng ha hc trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm. Nu cn phi s dngng ha hc th nn theo s ch dn ca bc s v nn mua ti cc nh thuc .

1.2.4. Hn the

Borac hay trong dn gian cn gi l hn the l tn gi ch cc khong cht hay hp cht hahc c quan h gn nhau:

Borac khan hay ttraborat natri khan (Na2B4O7) Borac pentahirat (Na2B4O7.5H2O) borac cahirat (Na2B4O7.10H2O)

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http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borac_khan&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%AAtraborat_natri&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94xyhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borac_pentahi%C4%91rat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borac_khan&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%AAtraborat_natri&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94xyhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borac_pentahi%C4%91rat&action=edit&redlink=1


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Borac cng c gi l borat natri ngm 10 phn t nc hay ttraborat natri ngm 10 phnt nc, l mt hp cht ha hc quan trng ca bo. N l mt cht rn kt tinh mu trngmm, nhiu cnh d dng ha tan trong nc. Khi ra ngoi khng kh kh, n b mt ncdn v tr thnh khong chttincalconit mu trng nh phn (Na2B4O7.5 H2O). Borac thng

phm c bn ra thng thng b mt nc mt phn.Hn the c tnh st khun nh, li lm cho sn phm tinh bt, c, tht,... tr nn dai nn hayc cc nh sn xut Vit Nam cho vo thc phm sn phm ch bin ra dai v ko dithi gian bo qun v s dng.

Tuy nhin hn the c th gy ng c. Liu t 5 gam tr ln gy ng c cp tnh, c th dnn t vong. Dng vi liu lng thp c th gy ng c mn tnh, nh hng n gan, thn,gy bing n v suy nhc c th. Khi vo c th, hn the kh b o thi m tch t trong gan,n khi lng tch t ln s gy tc hi mn tnh.

Mc d hn the l cht b B Y t Vit Nam lit k vo danh sch cc ha cht cm s dngtrong vai tr ca ph gia thc phm, nhng n vn c s dng trong cc loi thc phmnh gi, ch, nem chua, bn, bnh ph, bnh cun, bnh su s, bnh c vi hm lng khngc c quan no kim sot. V th, vic s dng gi, ch cn ht sc cn thn.

Danh mc cc loi PGTP c php s dng trong thc phm (theo quyt nh3742/2001/Q-BYT)

- Cht iu chnh axit: axit xitric, axit acetic

- Cht iu v: Mononatri glutamat

- Cht n nh: Dinatri orthophosphat

- Cht bo qun: Natri benzoat

- Cht chng ng vn: Silicon dioxit, bt talc

- Cht chng oxy ha: Tert Butylhydroquinon

- Cht chng to bt: Poly dimetyl siloxan

- Cht n: Xenluloza vi tinh th

- Cht ngt tng hp: Aspartam

- Ch phm tinh bt: Tinh bt c x l bng axit

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http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_d%E1%BB%8Bchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kho%C3%A1ng_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tincalconit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Y_t%E1%BA%BF_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B2http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A3&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_d%E1%BB%8Bchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kho%C3%A1ng_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tincalconit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Y_t%E1%BA%BF_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B2http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A3&action=edit&redlink=1


19/22

- Enzym: Amylaza

- Cht kh y: Kh nit

- Cc cht lm bng: Sp ong, sp du

- Cht lm dy: Thch trng (Aga), Pectin

- Cht lm m: Glycerol

- Cht nh ha: Mono v diglycerit ca axit bo

- Cht to bt: Cht chit xut t Quillaia

- Cht to phc kim loi: Pentanatri triphosphat

- Phm mu: Tartrazin

- Cht to xp: Natri carbonat

- Cht x l bt: Azodicacbonamit

- Cht to hng:

+ T nhin: Hng bc h

+ Tng hp: Etyl ramilin, vanillin

2.Cc cht bo qun thc phm

Cht bo qun thc phm l ha cht tnhin hay tng hp c thm vo thcphm ngn nga s thi ra, h hng gyra bi s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Chng cth c chia lm hai loi: Cht khng

khun v cht chng oxy ha. Cht bo qunkhng khun hot ng da trn nguyn tcngn chn s pht trin ca vi khun, nmmc, cn trng. Cht bo qun chng oxyha ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha cc thnhphn trong thc phm.Ti mt cuc hi tho v ha cht nhhng n v sinh an ton thc phm, gio

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20/22

s Chu Phm Ngc Sn cho bit ha cht bo qun tri cy c phun ln lp v b ngoi giptri cy ti lu trong thi gian di. Tuy nhin ha cht ny li thm vo bn trong lm tri cycng v gim v ngt nhng nguy hi hn l cht bo qun d gy ung th v mt s bnh khcGn y, ha cht c pht hin dng phun hay tm nhanh tri cy sau thu hoch l chtcarbendazim. Ht ny c tc dng tr nm, c xp vo loi ha cht gy ri lon ni tit t

Khi th trn chut th thy carbendazim c kh nng tch ly dn trong c th, ti lc s gyt bin, kch thch t bo khi u pht trin, nh hng n bo thai, gy d dng cho th h sau.

carbendazim

Mt nghin cu mi y ca Anh cho thy, mt s phm mu v cht bo qun thc phmlm tr emtrowr nn hung hng v li suy ngh hn. Nhng cht ny c tc ng t t nn rtkh xc nh mc gy hi ca chng.Trong 2 tun, cc nh nghin cu cho gn 300 chu b3 tui ung nc p tri cy c pha 20 mg mu thc phm v 45 mg cht bo qun E211(Benzoat Natri). Hu qu l cc chu kh tp trung ngh hn, d ni cu v rt kh ng. Khikhng dng cc cht trn na, nhng biu hin tiu cc tr gim hn, ch cn khong 1/3 sovi trc .

Natri benzoat l mt cht bo qun thc phm. N l cht km hm s pht trin ca vi khun

v nm trong mi trng axit. N c dng thnh hnh nht trong cc thc phm c tnh axitnh rau trn du gim, ung c ga (axit cacbonic), mt v nc tri cy (axit xitric), dachua (gim n) v cc gia v. N cn c tm thy trong nc sc ming cha cn v xi trngbc. N cn c th c trong xir tr ho nh Robitussin. Cht ny c cng b trn nhn hng l'natri benzoat' hay E211.

Th nghim trn ch, khi s dng cht Natri benzoat di 1gkg th khng nh hng, nhngkhi cho ch dung qu liu ny, n bt u c biu hin co git, mt vi trng hp c th chtTh nghim trn chut cng cho kt qu tng t. Nhiu trng hp chut cn b ri lon tnghp protein. Cn i vi ngi, nu s dng cht Natri benzoat nhiu s nh hng n thn

kinh, tr em khi gp phi d dng b ng c. Nu ngi tiu dung s dng lu di gy ra ccri lon tng hp protein, thiu cht thm trong mu, mt nguyn nhn c bn dn n bnhung th.

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http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%E1%BA%A3o_qu%E1%BA%A3nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rau_tr%E1%BB%99n_d%E1%BA%A7u_gi%E1%BA%A5m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axit_cacbonic&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axit_xitrichttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%E1%BA%A5m_%C4%83n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_v%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_s%C3%BAc_mi%E1%BB%87ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robitussin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbendazim.pnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%E1%BA%A3o_qu%E1%BA%A3nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rau_tr%E1%BB%99n_d%E1%BA%A7u_gi%E1%BA%A5m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axit_cacbonic&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axit_xitrichttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%E1%BA%A5m_%C4%83n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_v%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_s%C3%BAc_mi%E1%BB%87ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robitussin&action=edit&redlink=1


21/22

Natri benzoat

Khng ch c tri cy, ung, thc n c ch bin t trc,m kh cng l vn htsc nhc nhi. Cc loi thy sn trc khi ch bin u c x l bng ha cht. kh trngty trng ngi ta thng s dng clorin. c kh c lp da bn ngoi ti nh va mi thuxong, ngi ta phun ra bng sorbitol vi lng khong 3,5 g/kg c kh.

sorbitol

Sorbitol l mt cht thay th ng to ngt, bng cho thc phm. Nu n mt lng lnsorbitol c th dn n au bng kh, nng dn n tiu chy.

Clorin l mt cht oxy ha mnh m v c s dng trong ty trng, kh trng. Nhng n lic hi i vi h thng h hp, d gy chy i vi vt liu d chy.

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22/22

C. KT LUN V XUT

Rt nhiu cc hp cht ha hc c cu trc phc tp n cha bn trong cc thc phm c thgy nguy hi cho sc khe con ngi, bn cnh cc cht ph gia v bo qun cng l nhng

tc nhn mang nhiu nguy him. Hiu bit v cu trc cng nh tc hi ca nhng cht trn scho chng ta c c nhng bin php phng trnh v gii c c hiu. Thm vo c ththy vai tr ca cc bn: nh nc, nh sn xut v ngi tiu dng trong vn an ton thcphm. Ngi tiu dng cn thn trng khi la chn thc phm cho bn thn v gia nh mnhmun th mi ngi cn t bi dng nhng kin thc v ch tiu an ton ca thc phm. Bncnh , nh nc cn quy hoch li vic sn xut tp trung hn, a vo pdng cc phng php khoa hc hin i trong qun l gim st m bonghim ngt tiu chun an ton thc phm. chnh l vic kin ton cch m bo thc hin quyn con ngi ni chung v an ninh con ngi nring v s pht trin bn vng ca con ngi. Tuy nhin, iu ny khngth ch i hi mt chiu t Nh nc (mc d l khu n by quantrng nht) m cn i hi s t gic t pha cc nh sn xut chp hnhnghim nhng lut l v quy nh v tiu chun an ton thc phm. Mtiu cng v cng quan trng khng km, chnh l vn thc ca ttc cc cp, m trc ht l ngi sn xut, h cn nhn thc rng viphm an ton thc phm khng ch l vn vi phm lut m cn l s viphm o c con ngi, vi phm quyn con ngi, vi phm quyn c

sng trong an ninh lng thc thc phm v mi trng ca ngi tiudng trong c c bn thn h. iu ny cn c lut l, ch ti ng thicng cn n d lun x hi, s nht tr v quyt tm ca ton x hi chungtay ngn chn mt hin tng gy nh hng nghim trng n sc khoca ging ni v uy t, danh d cng nh sc mnh cnh tranh ca Vit Namtrn th trng th gii.

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