TSABAN 21ST PANGLONG ZUPHPAWNG - Hparat Panglai · Rev. Dr. Lahpai Zau Lat (Nahemia laika), Rev. Dr. Hkalam Samson (2016 Ning a K.B.C Gabaw rai nga ai SHAN-GLAWT AI HTE HKRISTU HTA

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Established 2015.Octorber, 2016 Volume II, No. V

TSABAN 21ST PANGLONG ZUPHPAWNG

1947 ning na zuphpawng ngut ai hpang, Gen. Aung San a asak hpe dawm kau ya wa masai.

Shingrai ya kalang mi tsaban 21st Panglong zuhpawng mung hpawng ngut sai. Masa amyu myu hta hkan nna matut byin pru wa na gaw, Suu Kyi a shawnglam na mungmasa asak hpe dawm kau ya na masa nga ai. Suu Kyi gaw Myenmung kaw ram htum ai shayisha hku mungkan kaw gumhkawng wa sai rai nna, shingdu kaw shachyai nga ai Than Shwe gaw dai ahkaw ahkang hpe lang nhtawm, Suu Kyi a laram ai hpe shi a mungmasa pinra kaw akyu jashawn wa sai .

JJ Lum Dau8 September 2016

Maliqzup Hkaq Madim (Myitsone Dam)(Lafa majaw Miwa ni, shakut galaw mayu aq ni?)

B.D. Maran

Nepyidaw mare dajuq e, "21st Century Panglong zuphpawng" (Aug. 31st - Sept. 3, 2016), req n galaw shi ai shaloi, 10 yaq jan sha, ra sai aten kawq, Aung San Suu Kyi gaw Miwa mare dajuq Beijing deq sa du nhtawm, Miwa ningbaw ninglar ni hteq, tauhkrau ladat jahkrup shiga jawq ai bawngban hpawng lachyum hpe galaw wa nuq ai. March 17, 2016 e, Beijing shiga sanglang hpawng htaq mung, Miwa uphkang magam ni gaw Maliqzup hkaq

madim (Hydro Power) hpe bai galaw mayu ai lam tsun shaga wa masai, re. Lachyum gaw, Myen hpyen uphkang magam ni gan jahkring tawn kau ai Maliqzup hkaq madim mungga makyit laika gaw asak nawq hkrung nga ai, rai saq. NLD mungdan uphkang magam ningnan lungwa ai hteq rau, Aung San Suu Kyi gaw Miwa hpe shawng, sa du chyai na gamung hkrawk-hkrek sawq shagah dat uq ai. Miwa maigan hkring-

mang salang Wong Yi wa Nepyidaw deq, sa du jahkrum sai. NLD mungdan uphkang magam ningnan lak-htak e, yawng aq shawng kawq, sa du ai maigan salang wa, raiwa sai. April 5, 2016 yaq shanih, Suu Kyi hteq Wong Yi yan shiga sanglang hpawng hpe chyawm galaw dan maq ai. Shaloi, Maliqzup hkaq mad-im gamung hpe dup shaga pruwa maq ai, re. Suu Kyi tsun ai gaw, "Ngai pyi, Maliqzup hkaq madim mungga makyit laika hpe n htih yu shi nga nngai. Sha-wa masha hpang deq shawq madun dan na gaw nawq yak na re", ngu nna bai tsun sanglang htingnut wa uq ai. Hpang shanih, (April 6, 2016) e, Wong Yi hteq Min Aung Hlaing yan mung, bai hkrum shaga hkat nga maq ai. Ndai shamu shamawt yawng nah pruwa ai ginjang ginchyum katset ladat gaw, Maliqzup hkaq madim mahtai kaja lu tam sawk sagawn lah lu na matu, "Maliqzup hkaq madim commission" hpung hpe bai hpawq shabawn wa maraq ai, rai. Ndai Commission ni aq report hpe 2016 November shata e, tangshawn ra manuq ai. Gamung satlawat gaw lawan ladan shamu shamawt kri nga manuq ai.

Laikaman (2) de

Laikaman (12) de

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Established 2015.Volume II, No. V October, 2016

Editorial Nsen AdviserWang Hkang Awng

Editor-in-ChiefB.D. Maran

Managing EditorKareng Tu Ja

Deputy EditorDumsa Lawt Awng

Contributing EditorPungga Ja Li

Computer SectionSumlut Roi SengSumlut Bawk Hkawn

Layout hte DesignGumring Zau Mai

Manager forFinance and DistributionHkangda Hkam Nyoi

ColumnistsAll staff members of HPLN

Contact InformationHparat Panglai Laika NauraLawk - V, Munglai Mazup,Laiza Mare, KachinlandEmail : [email protected] : www.h-panglai.com

Dainih gaw, Kachin amyusha ni aq matu, grai ahkyak kaba nga sai aten ninghtoi ni du nga sai. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi gaw "21st Century Panglong" zuphpawng hpe Nepyidaw e, 2016 Aug. 31 - Sept. 3 yaq woihpawng chyauhkawk dat nhtawm, mung-kan mungsang pinra ntsa deq, ndai gamung la-nya hpe tsun jahproi manawt hkawm dan matwa nuq ai. Ndai hteq rau sha, magah mi deq, ntah dinghku kata kawq, Bogyoke Min Aung Hlaing (Myen Tatmadaw) gaw kasat galar hpe jaji jarang rai nna Kachin bumgah ni deq, laknak hkumsumhpar ni hteq, htim kasat bangwa nga masai. Shanih shanaq shayan lungwa nna htim kasat kri nga maq ai. Lamu ntsa deq nna mung, hpyen nbungli ni pyen kasat lawm nga masai. Shanhte kasat ai gaw maigan mungdan hpyen kaba ni hpe htim kasat nga ai zawn sheq, lar malau rai nga sai. Dainih, Myen uphkang magam ni tsun ai hteq hkrang shawq galaw nga ai satlawat ni gaw lagaga zawn sheq, wabyin nga masai. Galoi e mung, tsun pruwa ai hteq galaw sa wa ai gaw lagaga hkrai, arai nga maluq ai. Kachin mungh shawa masha dawqwa dawqtsa ni, Myen Tatmad-aw hpyen ni ninggun laqba kaba hteq, majan htuh kasat nga ai hpe jahkring kau ya na matu, Myitkyina mare dajuq e, mungh shawa ninggun madun hpyih marawn jahtau hkawm shayan dan tim, gwi ana kawq tingse dum shangoi bang dan ai zawn sheq, arai nga ai. Dai shanih (6/10/2016) jang sha, Myen Tatmadaw nbungli hpyendap ni kahtap nna htim kasat nga maq ai. Hpar zawn n nawn nga maq ai. Ahkyak n tawn nga maq ai. Gumgai lahpyaw hpyaw sheq, arai nga sai. Grau grau wunawng wuwa sheq, htimlung kasat bangwa nga ai. Hpang shanaq, yuptung yuphkaq lai aten e mung, Laiza mare deq la knak kaba hpe hkrup maraq gap shapyen bang nga maq ai. Shanhte Myen hpyendap ni kam ai hku mi roishah, galaw mayu ai hku mi gap sat nat jawq ai zawn sheq, byin nga mat sai. Kachin myu tsawq, mungh tsawq share shagan ni yawng gaw, myo mare kahtawng nchyawng shara shagu deq nna kanu kawa ni aq kashu kasha saidaw saichy-en ni hkrai, arai nga gaq ai. Myen hpyen htuh kasat sit lungwa ai gaw, nawt nawt rai jat maduq matwa ai ninghkan, kasat galar majan mahpan pa hpe bumkrin bumgah deq nna myo mare palayang kata deq masing masa hpe htawt sit jahkrat bang ra sai aten mung, bai raiwa nga sai. Hkar!, bumgah jut nchyun shara deq hkrai hkrai, shanhte Myen Tatmadaw ni majan mahpang wa shabyin datdat hkrai, arai nga maq ai gaw! Kaning nan, lafa n chyengdi mat sai zawnzawn sheq, raiwa nga daw. Bai myit sawn sumru hpar gamung kaba mung, manpa e ang wa nga sagaq ai. Tinang mungh lamugah hpe tat sha-yawq kau nna, tinang htingbut htingra tat ayai agat shamat kau nhtawm, shanhte Myen ni hkrai hkrai ntah maduq zawnzawn, wa kasat zing maduq shah, chyaulau myaq shah ai satlawat, rai mat nga sai. Ndai ni gaw, Kachin amyusha ting aq tsindam tsin-yam kaba nan, rai nga taw sai.

B. D. Maran(Editor-in-Chief).

Suu Kyi gaw 2008 constitution hpe sha n gram kau dingsa hpyen uphkang magam hte kaning re ai bungli hta raitimung bawng jahkrup ai lam galaw na n re lam, atik anang tsun nga ninglen, zailadat hte shi hpe Parliament Amat byin shangun ai hte 2008 constitution a npu kaw dingyawm nga mat nu ai. Dai hte maren, “Tai wa hpe n dang dingsa gaw ngai langai sha ngam timung matut gasat na” nga nna grang wa ai KNU ningbaw Mutu wa hte, “Sam mungdan gawgap lu hkra gasat sa wa na” nga nna dagam wa ai Sam ningbaw Yawd Seik gaw tinang dagam tawn ai hpe nyet kau nhtawm, taihpyen wa a npu de shanhte a amyu ting woi shang wa lu na matu atsam htum shakut nga masai. Maga mi de UNFC hpungshang ni kaw na hpung 8 mung gap hkat jahkring myit hkrum ta-masat mahkret la nhtawm, ta-masat rai n mahket ai uhpung ni hpe gara hku hkalem la na matu mahkrun tam nga masai.

Ya gaw tsaban 21st Panglong zuphpawng mung hpawng ngut sai. UN ningbaw ni hpe ga saw la hkra galaw ai zuphpawng kaw gap hkat jahkring na matu, myit rai n hkrum lu ai hta n-ga, naw ngam nga ai rawtmalan hpung ni hpe mung nlu hkalem la ai majaw Than Shwe gaw matut nna ladat nnan hte rawtmalan hpung ni hpe shalen la

Laikaman (1) "Tsaban 21st Panglong Zuphpawng" matut

lu na matu aten langai bai jahtuk la na masa nga ai. Suu Kyi mung, zuphpawng ngut ai shani jang, rawtmalan hpung ni uphkang magam hte bai jahkrup na rai yang 2008 constitution a shangwang kata kaw bawngban ra na re lam tau nna sadi jaw magang sai. Min Aung Hlaing rai jang, simsa lam hkrum shaga ai hta hpyendap kaw na jahkrat

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CPB pawng nna Myenmung ting hpe zing la kau na ma ai nga nna mu wa masai. Shingrai, Myen gaw shi a kaba htum hpyen rai nga ai Miwa hpe lawan ladan sa hkrum bawng jahkrup nhtawm, lahkawng maga a akyu ara matu, Wa uhpung hpe jawm lang let aten kadun laman CPB hpe daru magam zing la kau lu hkra mahkrun jawm jahtuk ya wa masai.

Ndai zawn re ai masing kaba awngdang wa lu na matu tai wa gaw gumhpraw n-gun, laknak n-gun hte masha n-gun hpe pyi n lang ai sha, grup-yin kaw na mu chye la ai ladat dingsa ni hpe kayin gaye rai jahtuk lang dat ai marang e, aten gadun laman masing kaba hpe aloisha awngdang la lu masai. Ndai masing gaw aten galu hta Myen a matu akyu kaba lu ai npawt nhpang rai nna, Miwa a matu gaw mungmasa hkrang shachyaw ai kaw aten galu a matu lam

numshe de shang mat sai. Dai zawn re ai masa hta hkan nna mungmasa, hpyenmasa a hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, Myenmung na rawtmalan hpung ni a majan masing n lu awngdang ai gaw, ladat daw kaw ningra nga ai sha rai ma ai lam dinglik wa masai.

Ndai zawn rai shada a ningmu hpe garan kachyan galaw hkat ai marang e, tinang tsap nga ai jut kaw na mu lu ai ningmu a masat shangwang hpe grau damlada wa shangun ai majaw, shanglawm ai manaw manang ni yawng a matu, akyu rawng mai na re ngu hkam la let ka dat nngai rai.

(6) LANG NA K.B.C LA NINGBAW NINGLAR SHARIN HPAWNG (KATHA)

Bum Shingnoi

K.B.C La Magam Dap a (6) lang ngu na La

Ningbaw Ninglar Chyumlaika sharin hpawng hpe Katha mare kaw 12-16.9.2016 ya laman hta galaw la lu sai. 12.9.2016 ya shana manam zup nht-awm, 13-14.9.2016 ya laman hta K.B.C shingwang ting na Kawa La Ningbaw Ningla ni sa du shanglawm ai hte Karai Kasang a sunghtum ai Chyumlaika ni hpe sharin hkam la lu saga ai.

Rev. Dr. Lahpai Zau Lat (Nahemia laika), Rev. Dr. Hkalam Samson (2016 Ning a K.B.C Gabaw rai nga ai SHAN-GLAWT AI HTE HKRISTU HTA KABA RAWT WA GA), Rev. Masawn Hpung Sai (Ginru Gisa), Rev. Tubu Naw Ja (shana lakjet) ni sharin ya ai hpe awngdang ai hte, atsawm sha hkam la lu sai.

Sharin hpawng shanglawm nga ai K.B.C. Kawa La Ningbaw Ninglar ni hku nna, 15.9.2016 ya shani, Karai

Kasang a matsun maroi mungga rai nga ai Gashagawp Laika 22:28 hta “Moi, nji nwa ni jung da ai, Lamuga jarit shadaw hpe hkum sit kau et” nga ai mungga hte maren, 0ef;odkNrdKU ? erf;crf;NrdKU ? Aef;armfNrdKU ? xD;csdkKifh?

uom? ebm;? xif;umf; mare ni kaw “Lamu-

ga jarit Magri Lungpa” hpe wut shadaw jung da ai lam hpe awngdang ai hte galaw la lu nna, 16.9.2016 ya shani ngut bra lu sai.

tawn ai lam-yan (6) hte maren, nshut nshai hkan shadik shatup ra na lam 2008 constitution a hkang da ai tara hte maren, hkan sa ra na myit dai, nga ai. Dai rai yang, kadai wa tsun ai hpe mahtang myit hkrum ya mai na kun?

Nu Wa Hpu Nau ji nban yawng hte e, Myenmung nga nna gumhkawng wa ai mungdan a madu majing gaw kadai rai ta? Yehowa Karai Kasang gaw anhte a Jiwoi Jiwa Kachin, Sam, Kayin, Kayah, Mon, Yahkaing, Chin ni hpe mungdan madu majing hku jaw da ya sai re. Raitimung, shanhte hta ningra shajang ai rai nna, dai ginra ni hpe tai wa kashun zing la let Myenmung, ngu nna shatai kau wa masai.

Dai shiga hpe tai wa na dat ai hte numla she bra rai kajawng mat ma ai. Madung gaw Japan ni shang wa ai kaw nna ninghkap gasat wa ai Kachin hpyenhpung ni hpe Lido lam hku shang wa ai British hte American ni aten kadun laman hpyen hpaji sa sharin ya nhtawm, jak laknak loili shakap ya dat ai hte Japan ni yawng hpe atsai awai gawt shapraw kau lu ma ai lam myit dum dat ma ai. Lama aten loi mi hpanghkrat mat ai rai yang, KIA hte

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SAN-HTAIJJ Lum Dau14 September 2016

Bangkok Assumption University kaw sa lung nga ai jawngma ni hku nna mung-masa hte seng ai tinggyeng ningmu lam hkrum shaga mayu ga ai, nga nna shana wa ma ai. Daini na ramma ni gaw hpawtni na ningbaw ningla ni byin tai wa na ni re majaw ahkyak tawn nht-awm, 10 September 2016 shani Bang-kok na KIO rapdaw kaw 10 am – 4 pm laman hkrum shaga ga ai.

SAN:- Masha ni tsun yang, Gen. Aung San gaw Panglong myit hkrum lam ta-masat jawm mahkret ngut ai hpang shi a asak dawm kau hkrum na hpe tau chye nga ninglen, koiyen lam n galaw ai sha, shi dawdan tawn ai hte maren shadik shatup wa ai lam tsun ai hpe na wa yu saga ai. Nde a ningmu ntsa gara hku sanglang na kun?

HTAI:- Nde a ntsa na ningmu gaw tak maram ai SAN-HTAI lam sha rai na re majaw marai langai hte langai a ningmu gaw bung na n re. Madung gaw Aung San a hkam la ai hte mungdan a matu apnawng ai madang kaw lakap nna shen maram ai ladat hpe npawt nhpang tawn ra na re. Aung San gaw rawtmalan hpang ai shani kaw nna nsa hti ai shani du hkra shi a hkam la ai akyang hpe maram yu yang, shi gaw myutsaw myit ngangkang ai, Tinggyeng lu lawm lam a matu madung n tawn ai. Ntsa kaw na dawdan tawn ai matsun hpe n hprai ai sha, tawkhprut hkan shadik shatup sa wa ai ngu maram ai.

Myenmung a shingdu lam hpe hkaja yu yang, Anoratha, Bayinnong, Alongh-paya hkawhkam nga nna prat 1,2,3 hku masat la nhtawm, bumnga masha ni hpe Myen maga de shabyawng la lu na matu shakut wa masai lam Myen labau kaw mu wa saga ai. Shing-rai, Aung San gaw shanglawt lu jang bumnga masha ni hpe shabyawng ai prat 4 hku masat la let, ahkyak matut la na matu masing jahkrat ai rai na re, ngu maram mai nga ai. Aung San gaw Anoratha zawn ram ai rai nna, bumnga myusha ni hpe pyi shi a hkalem tsun ai hpe hpraw san ai myit masin hte tsun shaga nga ai maga de hkam la shajang hkra, aloi ali zinlum la lu ai atsam rawng ai hpe mung mu wa saga ai. Shing-re ai masa hta hkan nna, shi gaw lama Panglong zuphpawng ngut ai hpang asak dawm kau n hkrum ai rai yang, Aung San gaw bumnga masha yawng hpe aten kadun laman shab-yawng kau lu na sai.

GEN. KHIN NYUNT gaw Myen ning-baw ni hta na ram htum ai ningbaw langai hku dandawng pru wa sai. Rawt-malan hpung ni yawng hpe shabyawng kau lu na mahka, Than Shwe gaw shi hpe aten dep htawng sharawng kau ai marang e, bumnga masha ni gaw shab-yawng kau katut mahka kaw na lawt wa lu saga ai. Raitimung, anhte bumnga myusha ni gaw chyahkyawn a n-gup kaw na lawt wa lu sai ngu yang, sharaw a n-gup de lup, dai hpang sharaw a n-gup kaw na lawt lu sai ngu yang,

hkanghkyi a n-gup de lup, rai wa saga ai. Ya gaw kade a n-gup de matut shang ra na kun, ngu ai gaw, anhte bumnga masha ni a atsam hta hkan wa na re.

DIRECTOR:- Sumla hkrung langai kayat na matu director, actor, actress lawm ra ai. Daini na Myenmung a mungmasa pinra kaw na sumla hkrung kayat ai director gaw Than Shwe, actor gaw Min Aung Hlaing, actress gaw Su Kyi rai nna, dai actress gaw Myenmung kaw ram htum ai ningbaw langai hku jawm masat nga ma ai. Shing-rai di-rector gaw actress a laram ai atsam hpe lang nna director ra sharawng awng ai mungmasa hkrang de pru wa na matu bumnga masha ni hpe shabyawng kau hkyen nga ai. Dai hta n-ga, shi a mung-masa myakle poi hpe hkawnhkrang ai hte ginchyum dat la lu na matu simpraw sinna de na super mungdan ningbaw ningla ni hpe shamyawk, shapawt, sha-nyam ai lai ni lang let atsam htum hte shakut wa nga ma ai. Ndai masing jin ai hte actress a bungli ngut na sai rai nna, shi hpe alum ala nja nhpra shakram dat ai aten du wa na re.

GINCHYUM:- Yehowa Karai Kasang gaw shi hpan shalat dat ai shinggyim masha ni yawng a ntsa maren madang shaman chyeju jaw ya nga ai rai nna, hkum shagu gaw gat hkai ai hte maren shu la lu ai shaman chyeju mung jin jin lajang da ya nga ai. Myen hkawh-kam hkawseng hpyen jaubu ningbaw ningla ni gaw bumnga myusha ni hpe shabyawng kau lu na matu nhkring nsa shakut wa ai hkrunlam hta, shanhte sha-da sat hkat, nat hkat, htawng sharawng hkat wa masai. Kaning rai nme law, sa-tan ni chyawm gaw gung nli ni hpe gat hkai ma ai rai nna, gung nsi naisi ni hpe shu la lu na manu ai. Shing-rai, Bumnga masha ni jawm marawn jahtau ai kyu hpyi nsen hpe sumsing lamu mungdan kaw na ahkyak la ya nga sai rai nna, matut shakut sa wa nga ga.

Tsawra kamhpa ai Nu Wa Hpu Nau ni e, anhte a prat tup hta jahkrit shama roirip ai hpe hkrum hkra hkam sha wa saga ai. Madung gaw Yehowa jaw da ya ai machye machyang nyan hpaji hte n-gun atsam ni hpe htaphtuk ai mahkrun hku akyu rai n jashawn ai majaw rai na sai. Ya kaw nna Karai Kasang hpan da ya ai mungdan hpe tsaw htum ai manu shadan nhtawm, prat tup jawlup madu sa wa lu u ga matu, pawnghpawm ai atsam htum hte jawm makawp maga sa wa ga, ngu ai manggara kyu hpyi ga hte ginchyum dat nngai law.

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NAD JAWQHTUNG HTE

HKRISTANM A K A MMASHAM

Pungga Ja Li

Masha amyu langai mi a lam hpe myit yu ai shaloi (snr) dai amyu a gam maka hpe e sharawt mayu yang, hpun lan-gai mi hpe atsawm sha yu yu mai ai. Hpun gaw naq naq tu mayu jang (snr) galu kaba ai hku tu mayu jang, hpunru dagang ngu ai lawm ai. Dagang ngu ai gaw, hpun aru rai nna, ga a ningtsa hpun kaw tsaw hkra madi da ai ru kaba hpe tsun ai. Shi gaw hpun ngang nga na matu jawm madi da ai wa re ai. Hpun dai laru e kanawng nna, sinna maga de dawq wa na tai jang, sinprawq maga de na dagang e jum da nga ai. Sinpraw de dawq wa na tai jang, sinna dagang e gang da nga ai. Dingdung dingda mung dai hte maren re ai. Dai hpun ni dagang kaw na hpunru ni law law bai bra nga ai. Dai hpunru kaji ni gaw hpun a matu ga namhpun chyup ya ai ni lawm ai zawn, ga kata de shang ai ru madung gaw, hkaq nga ai kaw du hkra yu wa nna hkaq hpe shalun ya nga ai. Dai hpun hpe krandawq dat ai shaloi, hpun ndung du ai shara kaw shi a hpunru mung du taw nga sai. Hpun langai mi hta daw lah-kawng nga ai, ntsa daw hte kata daw, kata daw ngu ai gaw, gah kata de hkram ai hpe tsun ai. Hpun a malawng maga gaw gah kata de rai nga ma ai. Aru gadun ai mam, hkainu, chyinghkrang zawn re ni gaw, ru gadun ai rai nna, shanhte a asak mung shata hku sha rai nga ai. Kaba nna naq naq tu mayu yang hpunru law nna, galu ra ai.

Bai nna, grai tsaw ai de lakang htan mayu yang, lakang pawt hpe shangang ra ai. Lakang pawt hpe n shangang ai lakang hpe shatsaw dat yang, lakang tsaw magang lakang gaw dawq mat wa na re ai. Bai nna, hkarawq hpe jing-hkap tawn da ai hpe mahkrai nga ma ai. Mahkrai hkrai mayu yang, mahkrai pawt ngang ra ai. Mahkrai pawt n ngang jang, mahkrai ka-ang de kade ngang ai hpri tawng hpunpyen pa ni hpe hkrai da ai raitim dawq mat na re ai. Ndai lam hte seng nna, Wunpawng sha ni a galu kaba lam hpe shara kaba Hanson ajaq awaq htet da nga ai. Shi a numhtet ga hpe anhte atsawm n chye na, n myit hkawn ai lam nga ai. Dai gaw, “Nanhte Jinghpaw ni nad jaw nawku htung hpe kauda ai shaloi, nanhte a htunghking ningli jasat jasa ni laikyang ni hpe hkum kau shalawm” ngu ai ga rai lu ai. Dai majaw nanhte gaw nat kau tim, nad jaw lai masa gaw n mai kau ai lachyum hpe tsun mayu nga ai. Shing-rai Jingh-paw teng yang nad jaw re ai. Nad jaw

teng yang, Jinghpaw re ai. Nad jaw hte Jinghpaw hpe garan n lu ai. Nlung hte krawk la nna, nawku ai amyu mung n re ai. Lapu, dumsu, sumla ni hpe nawku ai lam n nga ai. Nawku ai ngu ai hpe anhte n chye na ai. Nad jaw ai Nad nawng ai, wan nat hkungga jaw ai lam sha anhte chye na ai. Nad nawng ai ngu ai gaw, tinang a matu akyu rawng ai hpe kaga wa hpe jaw kau ai, asum hkam kau ai hpe tsun mayu ai.

Dai hku rai jang, nad jaw ai ngu ai ga hpe anhte shawng chyena ra ga ai. Chyumlaika hta wan nat hkungga ngu ai. Anhte mung, dai hpe hkan galaw wa ai amyu re. Anhte amyu dai hpe galaw nga ai ten hta Abraham, Isak, Yaku ni mung galaw nga sai.

Hkungga nad nawng ai ngu ai gaw, tinang lu ai u, waq kasha, gwi, bainam zawn re asak rawng ai hkrung kanu hpe sat nna, wanmang ntsa kaw maraq nna, ju kau ai. Dai hku ju ai shaloi, dai hkungga a shan, sai, nra, lasa, bawnuq, pu, sin, kan hkru mat ai sangau nhkut, nsaq hpe tinang jawjau mayu ai wa hkap marawp la na re ngu kam ai ma-jaw, galaw ai lam re ai. Hpang na daw hta, waq kaba, dumsu, wuloi zawn re ni nad jaw ra wa ai shaloi, Dai hkungga hpe hkap marawp hkra wan nat na matu yak wa nga ai. Shing-rai hkum ting nad nawng na malai hkungga hkum adaw ashan ni rai nga ai shinglet, ninggai shan, bawnuq, yuhkraw, kanshan,

pusang, pushi, punu, sin, sintin, sinpai, hkyun, dinghkung, marung, shingnip shan, danghkawp, lahkruq lanaq shan ni hpe jinghkum nna, nad shan di kaw shadu jahkut da ai. Sai hpe gaw n-gu shadung hte manat gumchyak nna, kawa pung kaw kapung la ai. Hkungga a shan hte hpyi hpe gaw shingkrau ngu ai hpuntawng kaba lahkawng htan nna, dai kaw shan hpe maraq nhtawm kata de wan hte wawn ju la nna, shawng de tsun, lai wa sai pu, sin ni hte sai rau bang gayau nhtawm nad hpe jawjau ai

lam rai nga ai.

Dai ju, Nad jaw ai gaw, kadai hpe jaw ai rai ta? ngu ai gasan bai pru wa na re ai. Dai hkung-ga hpe hkapla ai wa a amying gaw Nat ngu ai re. Nad ngu ai gaw, Paliq ga rai nna, shi a lachyum gaw, “Nga gaw nga nna, n mu lu ai wa” ngu ai re. Ndai ga hpe Buddha makam masham hta grai damlada ai hku lang da ai hpe mu lu na re. Gashadawn tsun ga nga yang, asak lawm ai hkrung langai mi gaw shawng e magwi tai ai. Magwi tai ai prat hta magwi

hku sha mai nga ai. Wanglu wanglang n mai nga ai, asak hkrung ai hta e dutdang ai lam nawq nga ai. Magwi si mat nna, anum bai tai ai. Anum tai yang mung, num hku sha mai nga ai. Num si nna la bai tai ai, raitimung la hku sha mai nga ai. Dai hpang hpunggyi ai. Tara hkan lu ai rai yang, Nikban du ai ngu na tsun ai. Ndai Nik ngu ai hpe Jinghpaw hku Nad ngu nna tsun ai. Ndai Nikban ngu ai ga hpe Jinghpaw ga hta mung grai lang ai. Gashadaw: laban ban ai ngu ai gaw, hkringsa mat ai, simsa mat ai hpe tsun ai. Jan rungban, Sumsing Lamu kaw htani htana nga mat ai hpe tsun ai. Dai n mu lu ai sha nga mat wa ai gaw hpa mung mai byin ai, shi hta dutdang ai n nga ai, shi n galaw lu ai mung, hpa n nga ai. Shi n chye ai mung hpa n nga ai, hpa mung chye shabyin ai wa re. Dai wa gaw, tengman ai hpe ra ai (snr) shin-ggyim masha ni (snr) nga yawng nga pra hkrung kanu ni lapu, sharaw ni kaw na hkawt tara tawtlai jang, yubak ari lu wa chye ai. Dai yubak ari hpe, Jingh-paw hku “Ngarai” ngu nna tsun ai. Ten na wa ai shaloi, yubak a mying gaw, yubak jaw ai wa a mying tai wa sai. Dai hpe “Ngarawng, Ngarai” ngu nna tsun ai. Ndai mying hpe Hanson Chyumlaika gale ai shaloi, yubak jaw ai wa a mying hpe gaw “K” kaba hte ka nna yubak a mying hpe gaw, “Ng” hte ka ai. Dai majaw Karai Kasang nga jang, Yubak jaw ai wa a mying re. Ngarai nga jang,

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important form of heritage and cul-ture. In this photograph a young girl is weaving. The Kachins grow cotton and make clothes, turbans, blankets, and shoulder bags for themselves. Normally, it is Kachin women who weave. Even though it may appear to be a normal household chore, it produces beautiful and unique Kachin textile patterns. Today, amongst other cultural prod-ucts in Burma, Kachin textiles can be regarded as one of the most distinctive and popular. While Kachin clothing was only worn by Kachin people in the early 1900s, nowadays some Kachin textile designs are produced and worn by dif-ferent ethnic people. For contemporary Kachin people these textiles remain a visible symbol of their cultural identity.

Also, the James Henry Green collection includes several photographs showing Kachin traditional houses in the early 20th century. Looking at these photo-graphs one can imagine how the process of house-building was culturally and socially meaningful. Ola Hanson, au-thor of Kachin Customs and Traditions (1913), noted that house-building was seen as a ‘communal affair’.

He reported that when a person want-ed to build a house he would first get the timber from the forest. When all the materials were ready he would call his neighbours and fellow villagers to help him by using drums, gongs and cymbals. The neighbours and villag-ers would then come and help to build the house. When it was finished, a celebration would be held. Nowadays, this process is gradually vanishing and many Kachins (especially members of the younger generation) are not aware of this tradition. Moreover, when mod-ernised houses appear as popular and ideal houses, the traditional houses fall out of favour.

Yubak a mying re ai. Jinghpaw ni gaw ndai wa hpe jawjau ai ni re ai. Shawng e tsun lai wa sai hte maren, jawjau ai ngu ai gaw tinang lu ai hpe shamaq kau ai, jahten shamat kau gwi ai hpe tsun ai. Dai majaw, tinang lu ai Nga, Dumsu, Waq, U ni hpe n lahpawt ai jawjau lu yang, shinggyim masha tai ai, Shin-ggyim masha jet ai ngu nna, myit mu, myit dik nga chye ai amyu re. Jahten shamat kau ai hpe n lahpawt dum ai, dai hpe “tsali litjaw shawa wang, tsagun litya marai jinghkam shang,” ngu nna, tsun ai. Raitim ndai ladat gaw tinang a hkumshan asak hkrunglam nawng jau ai n nga shi ai prat re ai. Arai hpe sha jaw-jau chye ai prat nawq rai nga ai. Jawjau ai shani raitimung, hkungga madu wa hte Nad gaw, n seng hkat ai. Nad a man e arawn alai gram mung n ra, myit ma-sin gram mung n ra jawjau jang, rai sai. Ndai gaw Yuda ni a gashaka ningsa hte bung ai. Yuda ni a gashakaq ningsa prat mung, myit arawn alai hte nau n seng ai. Galaw na, hkansa sha madung re ai. Yuda htung hte Hkristan ni a lapran e mala hka ai lam kaba nga ai. Dai lam gaw gashakaq ningsa hkan ai Yuda ni Hkristan makam masham n hkap la ai rai nna, Hkristan makam masham gaw Yuda htung gashakaq ningsa hpe hkap la ai lam rai nga ai.

Raitimung ru hkridun gaw, Yuda htung kaw na la ai Hkristan makam masham rai nga ai. Shing-rai Jinghpaw ni mung Nad jaw htung kaw na Hkristan asak hkrunglam de tsang mi shalun la ra ai lam nga ai. Hkristan Makam masham

Jinghpaw ni gaw Hkristan tai wa ai shaloi, moi na shi a htung hte maren Karai Kasang hpe nawku ai ni n re ai. Karai Kasang hpe Nad jaw ai ni, Karai Kasang hpe jawjau ai ni she rai ra ai. Dai rai yang, Karai Kasang hpe hpa baw jawjau na ang a ta? Karai Kasang shi tsun ai, “Myit masin n-gun lagaw ma hkra shi hpe jaw na matu tsun ai,” myit masin ma, hkumhkrang ma lahkawng yan shi hpe Nat nawng na matu tsun nga ai. Nat nawng ai jahten kau ra ai shamat kau ra ai (snr) tinang ngu ai hkumshan

myit tinggyeng myit jahten kau lu ra ai. Dai shaloi anhte gaw Karai Kasang hpang de myit masin n-gun lagaw ma hkra la sa sai. Dai shaloi Karai Kasang bai tsun ai gaw, dai la sa ai hkungga gaw Karai Kasang hpa n di ai. Shi gaw hkumtsup nga chyalu rai sai. Jahkum shatsup n ra sai, jaw jat mung n ra sai.

Dai re ai majaw, dai hkungga hpe gara de bai matsun a ta nga yang, “Nan-hte hta na kaji htum rai nga ai matsan mayan masha, kawsi hpang garaq ai masha machyi makaw hkrum ai masha, garum la ra ai masha hpe garum la ai gaw hkungga rai sai nga nna, tsun ai. Shing-rai anhte gaw nawku na matu n re sha Nat nawng jawjau na matu rai nga ai. Dai gaw moi chyaloi nhkoi kaw nna, anhte a makam masham mahkrun nan re. Anhte nawku jawng sa ai gaw, sa nawku nna myit pyaw nga na matu n rai, Karai Kasang a mungga hpe chyena na matu sha n rai, kamsham na matu sha mung n re, galaw na matu she madung re. Dai majaw Karai Kasang a mungga hpe madat mara shajat la na matu n-gun ban la na matu nawku jawng sa ai she re. Nawku jawng kaw bungli shangut ai hku n rai, bungli sa hpang la ai hku she re. Karai Kasang a mungga hta, “Na a htingbu wa hpe na a hkum hte maren tsawra u,” nga nna tsun ai. Shing-rai htingbu wa hte hkuhkau lu na matu nawku jawng de sa kahkyin ai lam she re.

Karai Kasang nan kanawn mazum shada tsawra hkat na hpe raq sharawng nga ai. Nad nawng dawjau ai hta mung tinang hkrai tara shadik ai hku n rai, manang wa hte hkuhkau tsawra hkat let, nad nawng dawjau ai bungli hpe htingbu wa hte rau galaw na matu Karai Kasang raq sharawng nga ai. Ndai lam gaw Nad jaw htung hpe Hkristan makam masham hku tsang mi shatsaw la ai lam rai nga ai. Mungkan masha ni yawng tinang a ningpawt ninghpang nawku htung hte Hkristan makam masham hpe matut la ai majaw, Hkristan makam masham law wa ai lam rai nga ai. Gashadawn: Roma hku lung wa jang, Cathtawlik tai wa ai. English hku lung wa jang Engalican tai wa ai. Garmeni, American hku lung wa jang, protestence gumlang hpung tai wa ai. Ningpawt ninghpang hpa n lu ai ni gaw, Hkristan chyu sha rai nga ai. Kabu gara shiga hpe Korea makam mash-am hte shachyaw dat ai shaloi, kaga Hkristan mungkan de Korea Hkristan sasana ra mat ai. Anhte Wunpawng sha ni a htung hta shachyaw la ai Hkristan makam masham hpe mung mungkan de gabaw nnan hku jashawn sa wa ga.

Hkahku girl weaving. Photograph by James Henry Green, 1926.Courtesy Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove.

Laikaman (24) matut

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It is also fascinating to note that amongst Green’s photographs are some that show Kachin soldiers who served under the Indian Army under British co-lonial administration. Green described them as being amongst the ‘toughest and most disciplined’ of British military recruits [Green 1934].

In the current civil war, Kachin soldiers are playing an important role. Many of them joined the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) to protect their land and cultural identity. For them fighting for future generations of Kachin people is more important than their own life. Their first intention was not to become a soldier. They joined the army in the hope of resisting the brutal attacks waged against the Kachin people by the Tatmadaw (Burmese Army) and of preventing the inhuman acts of Burmese soldiers.

Nung houses at Nhkum ga, and girls pounding rice in the porches.Photograph by James Henry Green, 1926.Courtesy Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove.

Wall and steps outside Matang chiefs house.Photograph by James Henry Green, 1922.Courtesy of Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brigh-to & Hove.

Kachin Soldier with bag and sword. Photo-graph by James Henry Green, 1920s.Courtesy of Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brigh-ton & Hove.

A Mahtang village scene in 2014. © Photograph by Gumring Hkangda.

of Burma that, ‘Matang is a charm-ing Gauri village of about 60 houses, situated amidst wooded hills at a height of over 4000 feet. The old 'palace' of the Lahpai Duwa [the Lahpai chief] stands on a hill, and commands a fine view of the surrounding country. This house is built of timber, and stands in the middle of a stone enclosure, or fort. The stout walls and gates are evidently Chinese workmanship. The former splendour of the Lahpai Duwa was indicated by the great length of their house.’ (Enriquez 1920, p. 45)

Besides the issue of land, for Kachin people the issue of maintaining culture is becoming more important today in terms of maintaining identity. For exam-ple, the maintaining of the Jinghpaw language is becoming an especially im-portant issue amongst Kachin communi-ties. Older generations worry that mem-bers of the younger generation prefer to speak Burmese or English rather than Jinghpaw, one of the Kachin languag-

es. They worry because they think that the processes of Burmanisation might cause their language to disappear; it being a crucial part of their identity. An example of these processes is that after national independence in 1948, Bur-ma was divided into 14 administrative divisions based on a 1947 constitution: seven minority ethnic states and seven majority Burman divisions. Since then concepts of minority and majority have been applied not only to populations but also to political power. The country has used its military forces to demonstrate the power of the government through government policy. One of the govern-ment’s most significant acts is the 1962 prohibition on the teaching of minority languages in Burma (this policy remains in place today).

I would like to say that museums are extremely important for a particular social group who are struggling in their search for “history, identity, value, and place and to claim recognition” (ibid). More than half a century of civil war has been a huge obstacle to the preser-vation of the cultural heritage of the eth-nic peoples of Burma. Violent conflict, war and other kinds of structural vio-lence are directly or indirectly causing the cultural heritage of ethnic minority populations to disappear. And no one can tell when the ongoing civil war will cease. For the minority ethnic people of Burma (Kachin in this case) the role of the museum is not only important in terms of their role in the preservation of cultural artefacts but also crucial to call attention to human rights abuses and to press for social justice. By focusing on minority or marginalised social groups (sometimes invisible within policy contexts), museum practices such as research, interpretation, documentation and preservation can reflect the poten-tial role of the museum as an institution which is for all, not just for the majority or mainstream (that sometimes domi-nate) community.

References

Enriquez, C. M: Races of Burma. Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1920 Green, James Henry: The tribes of upper Burma North of 24’ Latitude and their classification. Cambridge: Unpub-lished dissertation, 1934 Hanson, Ola: The Kachins: their cus-toms and traditions. American Baptist Mission Press, 1913 Karp, Ivan and Kratz, Corinne A.: Mu-seum Frictions: Public Cultures/ Global Tansformations. London: Duke Univer-sity Press, 2006

It is true to say that land is an issue that exacerbates the current conflict in Burma. During my trip I also had the chance to visit Mahtang village. Major C. M. Enriquez wrote in his book Races

Historically Mahtang was well-known as an important place for trade. Kachins believe that this is ancestral land and they intend to remain on it for the rest of their lives. Due to the current conflict, which was prompted by a Tatmadaw attack, this village is now a battlefield with regular instances of gun fighting and bomb shelling. For the Kachins there are no options but to defend themselves. Local people say “we are not the ones going to the lower Burma and fighting the local people - the Burmese soldiers are the ones who came to our land and try to terminate all of us.” (personal interview, 2014).

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MIWA MUNG A AMYU SHAYI MUNGKANGauri Zau Seng1979, April 6 ya

Anhte Wunpawng myusha ni a nga ginra hte moi chyaloi nhkoi kaw nna, jarit galu galang matut let, rau gayep nga nhtawm, anhte a amyu masha ni nan mung jarit shingkra nna ram ram wa nga shanu nga ai. Miwa Gumsan Mung-dan ngu ai a kata de tsun n ram ai shara kachyi kapu hkan e, 1967 ning kaw nna du hkawm hpang nngai. Shawng nnan lang sa du yu ai hte rau, anhte Wunpawng wuhpawng kaw na arawn alai hte loimi shai ai lam langai hpe sa maram mu lu nngai. Dai gaw, numsha, lasha yawng kaning re ai bungli lam hta raitim ndut ndang nden rawng ai lam, numsha bungli, lasha bungli ngu ginhka lam n nga ai sha num, la maren ndut ndang jawm galaw ai lam ni re. Num mung “num myit” kaga n rawng, la mung “la myit” kaga n rawng ai zawn, rai nga ma ai. Shanhte a myit kraw kata, shanhte a machye machyang hta hkum-hkrang n bung hkat ai “la” hte “num” ngu ai machye machyang nan nan n nga ai, maren “shinggyim masha” ngu ai hku nna sha chyena, mu mada, myit sawn la hkat ai ni zawn rai nga ma ai. Dai majaw, la mung kaning re ai num hpawng kaw rai rai, ndut ndang nden rawng let, “num hpawng rai nga ai,” ngu myit n nga ai zawn bungli galaw ai, num mung kaning re ai la hpawng kaw rai rai, “la hpawng rai nga ai,” ngu ai myit n nga ai zawn ndut ndang nden rawng let bungli galaw nga ma ai. Nnan e nye a myit hta, masha law masha htat ai wuhpawng kaw nga pra shangai shaprat kaba wa ai ni re majaw, nden ja ai rai sam ma ai ngu ahpa atang sha sawn la nngai.

Raitimung, dai ni loimi grau dinghtan law wa ai hte loimi grau hkaja mu mada wa ai hte maren nga yang masha law masha htat ai wuhpawng kaw nga pra shangai shaprat nga kaba wa ai a ma-jaw, shi a shi nden ja wa ai lam hkrai sha mung n rai, ahkyak madung langai mi hku myit maju jung let, mungdan a ningbaw ningla ni amyu masha ting a

npawt nhpang myit jasat kaw nan woi rawt malan gram galai kau ya ai hte woi awn sa wa ai a npu e shanhte amyu shayi ni nan gram galai shakut shaja sa wa ai a majaw lu la ai apu asi akyu ara mahtai rai nga a hka! ngu mu chye wa lu nngai.

Tingnyang Up Maw Tsitung gaw, “lamu ka-ang hkup hpe madu ai ni rai ma ai” ngu nhtawm, dai zawn law htam nga ai num ni hpe kaja wa nan manu dan akyu rawng hkra, shanhte a atsam hpe woi shapraw wa ai. Miwa mung grai n shanglawt ai ten e mung, Tingnyang Up Maw Tsitung gaw, “Mungdan ting na amyu shayi ni rawt shamu shamawt ai shani gaw, Miwa mung a rawtmalan awngdang ai nhtoi rai na ra ai” ngu woi awn shatsam mat wa wu ai. Shing-rai amyu shayi num ni shanhte nan myit rawt katu tsam dat sa wa ma ai hte mar-en, Miwa mungdan kata e daini na aten hta amyu shayi num ni a bungli atsam hpe ram ram wa kaba damlada ai hku nna lu la nga masai.

Ga shadawn hku nna grau danleng ai sakse nkau mi hpe yu yu ga. Ya yang Miwa mung kaw, hpungtang hpaji ninghkring hte jak hpaji ninghkring (scientists and engineers) yawng hpawn 4,000,000 (wan mali) daram nga ai kaw sumpum 3 na sumpum 1 (1/3) gaw num ni rai nga ma ai hpe chye lu ai. Miwa mung e jak magam bungli hte seng nhtawm, kasi shatai mying kaba gumhkawng nga ai Daqing (Taching) ngu ai nhprang wansau jak bungli ginra (Daqing oil field) hta tam sawk ding-lik hpaji ninghkrin (research workers) sumpum 3 hta na sumpum 1 (1/3) mung num ni rai nga ai hpe chye lu ai. He-bei (Hopei) mungdaw kata na nhprang wansau jak bungli ginra nnan naw rai nga ai Renqiu nhprang wansau jak ginra (Renqiu oil field) kaw mung, hpaji nin-hkrin num 6, 7 engineer jak hpaji ning-hkrin num 34, hte jak hpaji ningbaw (chief engineer) num 2 lawm nga ma ai

hpe chye lu ai. The Computer Technol-ogy Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ngu ai Computer hpungtang jak hpaji jawng hta sara sumpum 4 na sumpum 1 (1/4) gaw, num sara ni rai nga ma ai hpe chye lu ai.

Bai nna, mungmasa bungli hte mung-dan uphkang magam dap bungli ni hta yu dat ga nga yang mung, Amyusha Mungshawa Kongres a Dinggrin Komiti (the Standing Committee of the Nation-al Peoples’ Congress) a tingnyang up malai ni hta mung, num 3 lawm nga ai. (1) Soong Ching Ling, n nga mat sai moi na Miwa rawtmalan ningbaw Dr. Sun Yat-sin jan, (2) Cai Chang (Tsai Chang), (3) Deng Yingchao, n nga mat sai Miwa Mung Hkringmang Daju Zhon Enlai jan ni 3 re.

Ningtau Hkringmang Daju (vice-pre-mier) hta num 1, Hkringmang ni hta num 2, Ningtau Hkringmang ni hta num 10 lawm nga ma ai. Ningtau Hkring-mang Daju langai rai nga ai Chen Muhwa ngu ai num gaw, Maigan Hpaga Makyit Mahkai Hkringmang Dap (Ministry of Economic Relations with Foreign Countries) a hkringmang mung rai nhtawm, Ginjaw Komiti mungmasa Ningshawng Hpung (Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee) hta shin-gnan salang langai mung rai nga ai. Qian Zhengying ngu ai num gaw Hka Mahkawng Hpajang hte nhprang wan Hkringmang Dap (Ministry of Water Conservacy and Power) a hkringmang mung rai nhtawm, hka mahkawng hpa-jang hpaji ninghkrin (expert on water conservation) langai mung rai nga ai.

Miwa mungdan a mare daju kaba rai nga ai, Beijing (Peking) mare kaba hte seng ai Pati, uphkang magam, magam dap magup hta mung ningbaw hpu-awn (keda) kaba daw num 500 daram lawm nga ma ai hpe chye lu ai.

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Ndai zawn, yisun hkauna bungli, u, wa, dumsu yamnga dusat rem bungli kaw nna hkawt, lam galaw, wut wanghpang nta gawshachyaw bungli, jak bungli amyu magup, wanleng mawdaw, nbun-gli gawt bungli, tsi bungli, hpyendap magam bungli, nlung tawk nlung hpai n-gun dat ra ai bungli, ndung ntsa hkan noi goiwat galaw hkawm ra ai bungli zawn re ai, ga ntsa hte lamu ganghkau hpatwat hkan na bungli hkumsumhpa kaw, num ni law law galaw gunhpai lawm lu nga ma ai. Moi shawng de la kaja ni chyu sha galaw lu ai bung-li zawn shadu nga ai, sinmang la nna magwi hta grau ai nga kaba dusat matse hkum sumhpa law la ai hte, mare kaht-awng shinggyim masha nga ai shara n re ai, namukdara panglai htumpa kata de shang galaw hkawm ra ai bungli ni hta Miwa amyu shayi num ni law law wa galaw lawm nga masai re hpe chye lu ai.

Ndai daram madang rai wa nga sai rai-tim daini shanhte Miwa amyu shayi ni tsun nga ai gaw, “la ni a madang hte wa ningdaw yang, anhte galaw lu ai gaw tsun grai n ram ai, grai naw grit yawm nga ga ai. Rawtmalan lam hte sushelit gawgap lam hta la ni a atsam hte maren, akyu jaw lu na matu grai naw shakut ra ga ai” nga ma ai. “La ni hte maren mara shingjawng lu saga ai, dep saga ai” nga ai rai dum myit n nga ai. Dai gaw, shingjawng dingyang, rai nna rawjat dingyang rai na myit jasat kaja langai rai nga malu ai.

Kaja wa nga yang, Miwa mung na amyu shayi ni rawtjat wa ai mung aten shaning kade wa na ai garai n rai nga ai. Moi shawng de Miwa amyu ni hta mung num ngu ai hpe ram ram madang shagrit shanem tawn lai wa ai. Miwa mung e damlada ai hku nna amyu shayi ni hpung hpaw nhtawm, shamu shamawt sa wa ai mung kade wa n na ai aten shaning kaw nna sha rai nga ai hpe mu lu ai.

Miwa Mung “Miwa Amyu Shayi Hpung” (Chinese Women’s Federation) kongres zuphpawng kaba hpe mungdan ting garai n shalawt lu ai lapran, Bei-jing mare hpe sharawt ngut ai hte rau, 1949, March shata na num datkasa 200 jan du lawm ai hte shawng nnan lang amyu shayi zuphpawng kaba rai nga sai. Dai zuphpawng hta Cai Chang, Zhou Enlai jan Dang Yingchao, Marshal zhu De (Chu Teh) jan Kang Keqing (Kang Ke-ching), General Fang Yuxiang jan Li Dequan (Li Teh-chuan), Shi Liang, laika ka sara kaba Lu Xun (Lu Hsun) jan Xu Guangping ni woi awn ma ai. Shanhte gaw kadai mung kadai tinang nga ai shara hkan dephkap ai made amyu shayi ni hpe woi ningbaw nga ai ni re. Dai zuphpawng hta Kang Keqing Tingnyang Up galaw ai.

No. 2 lang na Amyu Shayi Hpung, kon-gres zuphpawng hpe, 1953 ning April shata hta Beijing mare kaw bai galaw ai mungdan kata na amyu shayi datkasa 1,135 du lawm nhtawm, dai hta amyu kaji 26 kaw na amyushayi datkasa ni mung lawm ai.

No.3 lang na Amyu Shayi Hpung kongres zuphpawng hpe 4 ning na ai hpang bai lu galaw ai hte datkasa 1,263 du lawm ai. Amyu kaji 42 kaw na amyu shayi datkasa ni lawm ai.

No.4 lang ngu na Amyu Shayi Hpung kongres zuphpawng hpe maning 1978, Sept. shata hta sha lu galaw ma ai. Mungdan ting na amyu shayi datkasa 1,997 du lawm ai. No. 3 lang na zuph-pawng a hpang 21 ning tup na yang she, bai lu galaw ma ai. Jahten sharun ai marai 4 hpung a majaw, dai zawn zuphpawng n lu galaw ai ten shaning grai galu mat ai rai nna, shanhte amyu shayi ni a rawtjat lam hta grai ahtu hkra machyi mat ai nga tsun ma ai.

Moi nnan e shanhte a amyu shayi hpung hpe Chinese Women’s Federation ngu shamying ma ai. Dai hpang national Demoeratic Women’s Federation ngu shamying nhtawm, daini ndai ten hta gaw, National Women’s Federation ngu

shamying tawn nga ma ai, hte daini du hkra mung Kang Keqing hpe Tingnyang Up naw dangsan tawn nga ma ai.

Dai hta e Miwa mung a shawng de na rawt malan ningbaw langai rai nga ai Dr. Sun Yat-sin a madu jan Soong Ching Ling mung, Miwa Amyu Shayi Hpung hta nnan shaloi kaw nna tut-nawng htep lahti jinghku tai let, daini du hkra woi awn shakut dingyang rai nga wu ai. Dai zawn amyu shayi ni nan tinang a gam maka hpe woi awn jum hpajang shakut sa wa ma ai re majaw, daini shanhte dai daram lawan ladan hte kungzet manu dan wa lu ai lam rai nga ma ai.

Arab ga malai- “la langai hpe hpaji sharin shakung ai gaw, shi hkum langai a matu sha rai nhtawm, num langai hpe hpaji sharin shakung ai gaw, nta dingh-ku ting a matu rai nga ai” nga ai. Ndai gaw grai teng ai re hpe anhte myichyaw adan aleng law law mu lu nga ga ai. Hpaji chye kunghpan ai nta madu jan a dinghku hta, kashu kasha mung grau kungzet, grau tsawmhtap nna, prat dep ngasat ngasa lailen hte nga sha ai hpe mu lu nga ai. Nta dinghku langai hte bung ai mungdan langai a matu mung ndai zawn sha rai nga ai.

Anhte Wunpawng amyu masha ni hta gaw, Arab ga malai a nhtang hku mahtang rai nga ga ai. “uyi goi yang nhtoi nhtoi ai, ula goi nna she nhtoi jahtoi ai” –da! “Num zet yang gamung shalaw ai, gwi zet yang la-ya katut naw ai” – da!

Num e mi hpa bungli mi n shabyin, n shatai, n shangut ai ngu ai lachyum rai nga ai. Num zet yang salang ni dung dara nna shangut ra ai ruhka gamung shalaw ai lam mi she nga nna, yisa yiwa lam e rai yang gwi ni shawng de hpang de gat lai zet ginhkrang nna abai ai majaw sumdoi la-ya hta gayet ahpat katut ai, num ni dada ai da nhpang hkan rai yang, gwi zet ginsup nna dunglet mam chyahtai u gawn ai la-ya hte gayat ahpat katut ai nga ai lachyum rai nga ai. Num ngu ai ni dawdap de la ni hpawng shaga chyai ai shara kaw wa dung lawm wa jahta lawm, wa madat lawm ahkang n nga ai, salang ga salang gamung madat lawm ahkang n nga ai. De a majaw, myidi nahpang majing rai nga ma ai. Naw kaji yang jawng lung laika hpaji sharin na ahkang mung n lu ma ai re majaw, shanhte a prat hpe chye myit dum, chye mu mada wa na ngu ai mung myit mada shara n nga ai zawn byin lai wa ai. Shanhte gaw, npan dap e shangai, npan dap e kaba wa, npan dap e htawt nga hkawm nna npan dap e

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(57) LANG NA KIO MASAT NINGHTOIG A S H A G A W P

Jidwi Maru DinglaJe Yang IDP Camp

Wunpawng sha ni shagrau sha-a,KIO masat nhtoi kaba.Hpa hte mung shadawn n mai, Annau ni a matu hpu ging la ai. Htani htana pratdingsa,Jan shingkang zawn htoi kabrim nga na. Tat sum kau sai ahkaw ahkang,Rawtmalan matwa ai npawt nhpang.English kuluni kaw na shanglawt,Myen hte rau pawng la kau ai ningpawt.Awng San a masu ga kam kau majaw,Lu tawn ai Shanglawt tat sum kau sai law. Rapra ai Munghpawm n byin sai, Dip up ai lailen hkrai hkrai. Amyu kaba lailen hte ka-up,Rudi masha yawng hpe sai chyup.Panglung gasadi run kabai,Munghpawm dawnghkawn abrut jahkrat ai.Laknak hpe kam nna dip apyet,Rudi masha ni yawng dumhprang let. Wunpawng sha ni mung hpanghkrat n mai,Diprip n kam hkam majaw rawt malan hpang sai. Dai ten na, Ji wa ni marai sanit,Rawtmalan ngu ai Dawnu hta ahpum chyit. Hpyen wa n chye kau hkra naw ginhtim,Jawngma shawa yawng masing grim. Wunpawng sai jet ni dumhprang shajang,1960 ning KIO ngu ai hpaw hpang. Lashu mare kaw, KIO jahtawng htu sai.Yehowa a mying gang kyuhpyi majai. Hpaji chye ai ramma ni mungmasa atsin,Kachin myutsaw ni kahkyin gumdin. Dipda roi sha n kam hkam ai,Wunpawng ni dumhprang ten du sai. Moi gaw, Myen ni jum n shalai jaw na hkrit ai nga,Htawmhpang na galu galang pyi n chye myit ai wa. Daini na lang, moi na hpan n rai sai,Rawtmalan ra ai lam dumhprang ai hkrai. Daini Rawtmalan ai magam bungli,Htawm pratdingsa na, sinli wunli. Kachin ni hpe Karai jaw ai labau lit,Tinang tinggyeng akyu n myit. Nye a du daw sai hkaw hkungga,Mungdan shanglawt na myit mada.

nrut nra tsam ra ai hpan zawn rai mat nga masai. Shing-rai, amyu a kanu rai nga ai num hpe n shakung n shazet, shinggyim masha madang pyi n tawn ai daram, ayuk ahtuk matsat shabat hku nna shalai lai wa ai ni rai nga ga ai hte maren, dai zawn re ai kanu ni kaw nna shangai shaprat sawa mung anhte Wunpawng sha n lang wa mung anhte a kanu ni zawn, myidi nah-pang hta naw hpanghkrat nan nga ai hku, ang nga ga ai re.

Kaning ndi, byin lai wa ai daw gaw byin law mat wa sai. Hpanghkrat ai made mung hpanghkrat taw nga saga ai. Dai hpe myit malai, sara shatai, gram sharai nna shawnglam de myit makun dating na lam sha nga ai.

Kaja wa nga yang mung, anhte Wun-pawng sha ni hta chyu sha num ngu ai hpe shagrit shanem lai wa ai mung gaw n rai nga ai. Nam dusat zawn n-gun hte sha asak hkrung nga sha mai ai moi prat machye machyang kaw nna shawng myih-paw chyechyang wa ai hte gram sharai la wa ai ni hkrai re ngu mai nga ai. Dai ma-jaw, sinna masha shanhpraw ni hta mung, “num ngu ai gaw garai n galaw ngut ai la re” ngu myit sawn shapraw lai wa ma nhtawm, num ngu ai gaw garai n galaw ngut ai ni re majaw, gara hku nna mung la a madang gaw n dep lu ai, kaning re lam hta mung la hte gaw atsam n mai bung ai ngu ai myit jasat ni nga lai wa ma ai.

Raitimung, dingsa ni hten runnna, nnan nnan ni galai nga ai, mungkan hkrang hpan tara hte maren, daizawn re ai myit jasat dingsa ni a hkang hta amyu a kanu rai nga ai, amyu shayi ni madung kung zet manu dan ra ai ngu ai tengsha byin nga ai hkrang hpan myit jasat nnan ni galai mat wa nga ai. Ndai lam hpe grau chye na ra ai hte tatut hkrang shapraw gran galaw sa mat wa na gaw, gam maka madu amyu shayi ni hta sha madung lit kaba rai nga ai.

Miwa mung na amyu shayi num ni gaw “PRAT DEP LAM A MATU SHAYI NUM NI RA AHKYAK MADUNG RAI NGA AI HTE MAREN, SHAYI NUM NI A MATU PRAT DEP LAM MUNG RA AHKYAK MADUNG RAI NGA AI” ngu ai ga hte shanhte shayi num ni nan mung prat dep hkra atsam shapraw shakut shaja nna, shanhte shayi num ni a matu rawtjat sa wa na mahkrun nga hkra mung, pratdep ahkaw ahkang lam ni hpe tam la nga ma ai.

Daini anhte a Wunpawng amyu shayi ni mung, anhte hte ni kahtep dik nga ai, Miwa Mung a Amyu Shayi Mungkan hpe hkaja yu nna htaphtuk ai made hpe kasi hta la mai nga ga ai law.

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Jiwa ni aten dep rawtmalan bungli hpang,Ruyak jamjau hkrum na hpa n tsang. 1961 ning KIA hpyendap bai hpaw hpang,Tai hpyen wa n hkring n sa shachyut nang. KIO. KIA a majaw sat nat ai gaw n dang tsun sai,Jaw lamun hka mara alun n ma na tai. Daini mung chyurum hpunau n kau,Pyitutsit tsit nna hkan shalau. Myit malai yawng hpanghkrat na law,Htingbut hting-ra pyi tam shamat na yaw. Daini KIO gaw Kachin ni a kanu kawa tai,Yawng hpe lata dingsi shaga nga ai. Kadai wa hpe lachyen lahka n nga,Kachin ni jawn ai sanghpawli kaba hkang ya. Mungkan na ni yawng mu chye masai,Shawng e shut ai ni yawng hpe mara mung raw ya ai. Wunpawng hta lawm ai ni myithkrum ten du sai.Mungdan gasat daidaw la ai kaw kadai n mai hprai.Moi gaw hpyen wa shagri brep kau ya nna hkrit, Ya gaw hpyen wa hpe shagri brep ya na, annau ni a lit. Ya gaw majan gasat hkrit ai wa mayam tai,Shanglawt gaw, majan pa e she dawdan na sai. Ya hkyak hkyak Nhkram, Gyidawn majan pa,Myutsaw mungtsaw ni sakse madun ai shara. KIA myutsaw brang, hpang de htingnut na n rai,Shanglawt marit ai myutsaw ni lusha sa jaw n hprai. Mungdan shara shagu na, gasat poi yawng,Padang dip ai shiga chyu mawng. Karai jaw ai Wunpawng ni a yi-ngam gaw tsang tsang,Mungkan ting Kachin ni a lam gumhkawng. Mungdan a matu asak apnawng ai ni nga yang,Asak wenyi gaw, Wa Karai kaw tengsha hkrang. Wunpawng labau hta tsaw htum ai hkungga,Mungkan nhtum dingsa grin nga na. Hpyen yen mungshawa gaw, daini na mungmasa dawnu,Hkamdahka lam n nga yang, nta hkum wa mayu. Ya gaw htawt shut na tsang ra dik sai.Myit malai yang hpanghkrat na rai. N-gu sharam jaw sana nga ai sha gaw hpa n rai,Tai hpyen mahkam singgau du dagraw la na hkrit hpa. Tai hpyen, shalawa n-gup mahka tawn ai,Dai kaw yanbang matwa yang n mai. Moi na, Awng San wa a n-gup ga hta rudi masha ni rut,Daini kasha Ma Kaw a n-gup ga hta kalang bai tut. Lata maga mi, jum hpai nna latawn jaw,Lata maga mi sumri hpai nna du kaw dagraw. Ndai lang gaw hpang jahtum na hkinjang,Masu ga naw kam yang htum sana ang. Chyurum sha ni dumhprang let ya jang,KIO woi awn ai masing masa hta hkan nang. Laknak n jahkrat ai lam hku chyusha,Mungshawa yawng dakring dalang hkan sa. Israela ni a mabyin masa Chyumlaika,Hpyen wa hpe hkrit ai myit yawng kau da. Anumyo pala gap bun yang hpa hkrit na,Rawtmalan lagaw htawt shut na she hkrit hpa. Mungshawa anum ala laknak hta hpai ra ra,Kabu gara, majan poi de rawt sa. Yehowa nan, majan jaubu tai ya,Hkrat sum na shara hpa n nga. Karai e san da ya ai, KIO. KIA chyu sha,Shanglawt lu hkra lam woi na. Wa Karai kaw shani shana akyu jawm hpyi ga,Karai wa anhte hte rau nga. Padang majan hkrunlam ting hta,Put ngun n nga ai sha rau rawt sa wa ga ngu, N-gun jaw ga mi tsun let masat nhtoi gashagawp hpungdim dat,Manga yunglat hte, shakram masat nngai.

AWNGDANG LAM A NINGPAWT

Wunpawng Salum.

Mungkan ntsa hta shanu nga sai shingyim masha ni yawng hkra gaw, awngdang lam hpe madu mayu ai hkrai rai nga ai. Dai hta n ga ramma ni mung tinang aq prat hpe awngdang lam hpe lu lah hkra gara hku galaw na? gara hku ladat shaw na? masing (Plan) gara hku jahkrat na? ngu ai hpe chyu sha myit sawn nga na re. Tinang ta-tut galaw gunhpai taw nga ai bungli aq masa lam ni hpe galaw gunhpai taw nga ai raitim pyi dai hta grau na awngdang mayu ai tinang aq prat hpe grau na madang tsaw wa hkra bungli ni hpe shakut ai.

Hpaji masa ningmu nga ai ni gaw, hpaji lam hpe madung dat shakut ma ai. Tinang hpe madi shadaw ya lu ai laili laikabuk kaja ni hpe tam ahkrawk hti rai ma ai. Nkau mi gaw chyahkring mi na lapran hta sha, "Chyahkyi sau sau" ai hku na sha myit rawt nna, hpang e kade n naq yang myit yup mat ai lam ni bai byin chye nga ai. Awngdang ai lam hpe tam sawk la lu na matu gaw, nnan kaw na ningpawt (Foundation) ngang ra nga ai. Daini na Wunpawng ramma nkau mi ningpawt ru hpe shawng n tam ai sha, hpun ndung de shawng mada yu rau nga ma ai. Madu hkum hpe madu dumhprang ra nga ga ai. Makau grup-yin ni tinang hpe gara hku myit taw nga ai kun? Ngu ai hpe mung dum chye ra ai.

Tinang a ngasat ngasa kyang lailen ni hpe madu hkum madu shagrau shatsaw la taw tim, masha ni tinang hpe yu kaji shagrit shanem chye nga ai. Ti-nang hpe dai hku shagrit shanem ai ngu manang wa hpe sinpawt lahtet hkum rai, gaja wa nan tinang aq atsam marai hpe masha wa n mu mada ai majaw rai nga ai. Dai majaw, tinang aq myit kata, dum nta kata hta chyu sha ip rawng ningtawn nga ai lam n mai galaw ai. Shinggan de makau grup-yin ni tinang hpe mu mada wa lu hkra atsam chye shaw shapraw ra ai. Madu aq myit masin hkumhkrang hpe madu nan kamhpah ai myit masin rawng ra ai. Madu hkum madu kamhpah ai myit jasat chye rawng ai wa gaw, lamshagu hta awngdang lam hpe madu lu na rai nga ai. Tinang aq prat hta awngdang lam hpe madu mayu yang, laika law law hti hkaja ra ai. Rawtjat galu kaba nga sai mungdan ni gaw, laika hta ma ai. Laika hti ai amyu mungdan ni gaw, lamshagu hta suhprang nna awngdang lam hpe lu la ma ai.

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Kaji daw hta, anhte ni tsang (I) kaw, "Rau ai aten shagu, Kaman hkum nga gangu, lagawn ai wa hpaji byeng-ya kata, hpaji kata ai wa sutgan kanang na lu na?" nga na ga shagawp hpe grai hti shakarai lai wa saga ai re. Ya daini, ramma nkau mi ndai lam hpe malap kau ma sai kun? Bai nhtang shalum la ga. Ahkying aten hpe manu shadan nna, sakhkrung chye ai wa gaw manu dan ai masha byin tai na re. Aten aq lam tsun ai shaloi, Dr.S. Parkes Cadman aq shakut shaja manu shadan ai lam hpe laika hti shawa masha ni hpe garan kachyan ya mayu nngai. Dr.S.Parkes Cadman gaw, asak (11) ning kaw na nhprang wan numga ju ai bungli dabang shara kaw, lani mi hkying hkum (8) tup bungli hpe n sim n saq shakut shajaq lai wa sai. Shi gaw, hkringsaq shagu kaman majoi n nga kau ai. Bungli sa ai ten hta, shi aq htawngpa kaw galoi shagu laika hpe bang gun nna, hkringsaq ten shagu laika hpe shaw hti ai. Hkringsaq ai ten mung law law n re, kalang mi hkring yang, ( 1 minute hte 2 minute) sha hkringsaq la ai. Dai hkringsaq ai aten hpe manu dan hkra akyu jashawn jai lang ai. Dr.S.Parkes Cadman aq asak (20) ning ram du ai ten hta, laika buk hkying jan hpe atsawm sha chyena hkawnhkrang hkra rai na lu hti hkaja la nuq ai. Dakkasu lung na matu garum madi shadaw kumhpa shagrau ai lam hpe mung hkamla lu sai. Hpang jahtum gaw, American mungdan kaw, grai my-ing kaba gumhkawng ai tara hkaw sara kaba byin tai wa nuq ai. Dai gaw, shakut shajaq ai majaw lu la ai mau hpa atsam akyu kumhpaq rai nga ai. Masha gaw kade wa mi matsan jamjau tim, lagawn lamawn myit n rawng ai wa gaw, wuh-pung wuhpawng e ra sharawng madi shadawh wa nna, prat aq ninggam hta awngdang lam hpe madu lu na re. " Lagawn ai myit gaw, yuppyaw shangun nna, Amu makan n tsang ai wa gaw,

kawsi hpanggara hkrum na ra ai. Ga shagawp:- 19:15"

Daini anhte Wunpawng amyu sha ni mung myit mada ai pandung hpe madu lu na matu gaw, lagawn ai myit hpe sha-yawm kau nna, shawnglam de gwi gwi rip rip hte kaja ai lam hta shang tsap sa wa lu ai rai yang, mungkan hta gumh-kawng ai myu bawsang ni tai wa lu na re. Gwih ai myit atsam marai rawng ra ai. American mungdan aq hpaji masa lam hpe shangang lu na matu hte jawng-ma ni yawng myit marai rawng wa lu na matu, sharin sara ni hpe numhtet matsun ai hta, jawngma ni yawng tinang hkum hpe tinang makam ngang ngang hte kamhpa ai myit atsam rawng na matu sharin ya na lam hpe matsun tawn nga ma ai. Lai wa sai (10) jan ning hta sawk sagawn dinglik tawn dah ai lam rai nga ai.

American, French zawn re sinna mung-dan masha ni hte Japan, Dingdung Ko-rea, Sinpraw mungdan kata na mungdan (14) kaw na jawngma ni aq myit sawn n-gun atsam marai hpe chyam dinglik yu ma ai. Dai hta, Sawnhpan hte seng ai gasan san ai shaloi, Korea jawngma wa gaw, No.(1) shara hta rai nna, American mungdan na jawngma wa gaw, hpang jahtum shara kaw rai nga ai. Hpang jahtum gasan bai san kahtap ai shaloi, American jawngma wa hpe, nang gaw sawnhpan hpaji hta kungkyang ai kun? ngu san ai shaloi, kungkyang ai nga na htai pru wa ai. American mungdan na jawngma ni gaw madu hkum madu

kamhpa ai lam hta grai ngangkang ma ai. Ndai lam hpe yu ai shaloi, anhte Asia mungdan na jawngma ni gaw myit ma-rai n nga, gwih ai atsam n nga ai hpe mu mada lu nga ai. Tinang chye tawn tim, masha wuhpung wuhpawng hta n shang lawm gwi ai, hkrit kayaq ai myit hkrai rawng nga ai majaw, sakhkrung nga ai ten hta hpa lam kaw tim akyu n jashawn lu nga ai.

Asia mungdan ngu ai hta, anhte Myen mungdan gaw grau madang nem taw nga ai. Myen amyu sha ni hta grau sawng ai gaw, anhte Wunpawng amy-usha ni nan rai nga ga ai. Myen amyu ni pyi daini na ten hta, ma kaji ni hte ramma ni hpe kaji ai kaw na ningpawt ninghpang hpe ngang hkra gaw sharawt shalat shapan nna, wuhpung wuhpawng hta mangan ngaq shang tsap lu hkra n-gun dating shakut wa nga sai. Anhte Wunpawng amyu ni mung myit masa suhprang let lam shagu hta, lagawn lamawn re ai myit ni hpe kabai kau nna, shawnglam de lahkam htawt sa wa ra sai. Ningpawt hkridun nlung (Foun-dation) n ngang yang hpa lam hta tim, ngangkang ai lam n nga ai.

Lam shagu hta shagrit shanem chye ai myit hte hpaji lam, sutmasa lam, myu-sha magam bungli lam hta myit atsam ngang ngang hte galaw gunhpai sa wa lu ai rai yang, lam shagu hta awngdang wa lu na re. Myit hkrum lam hte shakut shaja ai lam gaw, myu sha ni aq awng-dang lam aq ningpawt ninghpang re ngu ai hpe anhte yawng myit masin hta bang tawn da ga. Ndai lam ni byin wa lu na matu gaw, wunpawng ramma n nga, kaji kaba yawng myit mang langai hte bungba batba shanglawm shakut sa wa gaq ngu ga saw lajin dat nngai law...

Ref:Hpe Myint ( Tsa hpat tamah iq mat-suq myah).

Myen hpyen uphkang magam ni hteq, jahkrup myit hkrum ngut ai hpang, Miwa gaw Maliqzup hkaq madim hpe ninggun arang kaba shawq nna galaw wa masai. Miwa bungli galaw masha marai 10,000 jan, jakrung jakrai, hpa-ji hparat, jagumhpraw kaba ni hteq, bungli shang manuq ai. Miwa gaw, Myen mungh lamugah hpe shiq aq Miwa masing masa kaba bungli hku nna hkrang shawq nga nuq ai. Raitim, Maliqzup hkaq madim hpe gaw Thein Sein uphkang magam lak-htak aten e, mungh shawa masha ni ninghkap pruwa ai ninghkan, gan jahkring tawn ra nga maluq ai. Maliqzup sha n-gah, Maliq hteq Nmai hkaq mayan shara ni hkan

mung, Miwa hydroelectric project mas-ing ni nga nga maluq ai zawn, Saph-kung hkaq (Salween hkaqnu) mayan ni kawq mung, Myen hpyen uphkang mag-am ni hteq, jahkrup myit hkrum tawn hkat ai hydroelectric project bungli ni, nga nga maq ai. Maliqzup hkaq madim gaw, grau nna shara shagu garu kachyi raiwa nga ai. Yaq gaw, Thein Sein hpyen uphkang magam aten ah-kying htum nna Aung San Suu Kyi aq NLD uphkang magam aten ningnan bai du nga ai pyi, laning mi ram, raiwa nga sai. Mungkan satlawat hteq ASEAN hpa-

ga yamga masing bungli ahkying aten ni gaw nhkring nsaq shamu shamawt krichyai nga ai zawn, Miwa gaw hkring nga taw ai Maliqzup hkaq madim bun-gli ni hpe alar jin nga nuq ai, re. Myit ndawt mung, rai nga manuq ai.

Laikaman (1) "Maliqzup Hkaq Madim" matut

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Maliqzup hkaq madim gaw shaning shagu wan ninggun "3.6 million KW - 6 million KW" shaprawq na hpe yawsha-da tawn ai re majaw, madim aq dampa hteq tsaw (high) ni gaw kaba galu nga sai, re. Madim galu feet (pe) 500' rai nhtawm, tsaw (high) mung, 500' (ft) du nga maluq ai. Hkaq hpe dim mahkawng tawn dat jang, hkaq e shara lah kau na lamugah area ni gaw "295.8" sq.miles dampa, rai nga ai. Ndai daram dampa lamugah shara ni hpe sawn jahproi dat jang, kahtawng kaji kaba yawng "47" hpe shara htawt sit kau ra na satlawat pru nga manuq ai. Kahtawng kaji kaba 47 ting nah masha jahpan hpe sawn maram dat yang mung, Kachin 20,000 jan, rai nga ai hpe bai tawt shaprawq tawn nga maq ai. Kachin masha marai 20,000 jan ngu ai gaw, Maliqzup hkaq madim bungli sa galaw ai Miwa bungli galaw masha 10,000 jan hteq, shingdaw yu dat yang, nlawq nlaq (kaji kajaw) sha gaw, rai nga sai. Raitim, Kachin ni aq matu gaw, lawq dik nga sai masha jahpan rai nga manuq ai sha n-gah, Kachin ginru ginsa dailup daihpang shara ni yawng mung, hkaq madim kata deq, lupshang matwa na, rai nga ai. Tsun gaq nga yang, Kachin dumsa, jai-wa ni tsun hkrat wa ai htunghking ginru ginsa gamung nah Lunghkrung Mahtan, Ninggawn Naura Pa (Nranhkang Gah), Hkindu Yang, Tingmai Tai Luplar, Hpatawng Hkyet, Madai nga dunshalai hkratwa ai nlung chyinghka, Ninggawn Dailun Hpun, Ninggawn Magam Nlung Mahkrai Hkraidaw, Miwarap shara, tsit lali tsawmhtap ai lamugah shara ni, ... gaw hkaq madim kata deq, lup mat maq wa na, rai nga ai. 1948 ning e, Jinghpaw mungh ting nah yuptung masha jahpan gaw 638,747 hpe tsun tawn nga maq ai.

2006 ning, May shata e, marang lajaq lana htuq ai majaw, Myitkyina lahtaq deq deng 10 daram tsan ai shara nah Chyinghkrang hkaq madim dawqhten matwa nna Chyinghkrang kahtawng ting, hkaq galup matwa yu gar sai. Ma-sha marai 5 mung, asak si sum mat yu sai. Deq aq shawng e mung, Washawng hkaq madim lamu marang kaba htuq ai ninghkan, dawqhten matwa yu sai, re. Jinghpaw mungh gaw, hkaq kaba wa rai nna Myitkyina mare kaba hpe du hkra, hkaq galup laiwa masai. Ndai hkaqtung kaba mabyin ni hpe 1950, 1960, 1979, 1980, 1997, 2004 ning ni hkan, mulu nga ai.

"Madim" (dam) ngu ai hpan ni gaw, lamu marang lajaq lana htuq shayan hkrat nna mung htenrun lu ai zawn, nnangnawn aq majaw mung dawqht-en gaq matwa lu nga ai. Madim hpe

gawgap ai arung arai atsam marai gawngkya ai ninghkan mung htenrun lu nga ai. Maliqzup hkaq madim shara gaw Sagaing division nah nnangnawn dawq lamugah lasah ni hteq mung grai kahtep nga ai ninghkan, nnangnawn kaba nawn ashun kahtap pruwa jang, hkrit hpar shara wabyin nga ai. Bai, US Society for Environmental Journalism nah Melody Kemp wa mung, "La-ma-wa, lamugah shamu shamawt nna Maliqzup hkaq madim dawq agrawp wa jang, masha 150,000+ nga shanu taw ai lawuq shara nah Myitkyina mare dajuq mung, second 20 lapran, lup maq mat-wa na re" (If the earth moves and the dam collapses, the downstream capital of Kachin State, a city of over 150,000, would disappear in 20 seconds), ngu nna tsun tawn nga ai. Akyu ara jawq ai (snr) n jawq ai ngu ai htaq grau nna shimlam n nga matwa na hkyak hkyak hkrit kajawng hpar satlawat ni mung, rai nga ai. Miwa mungh e mung, 1975 August shata e, Shimantan hteq Ban-qiao madim kaba dawqhten gaq wa nna dum ntah "wan" (million) 6 jan htenrun mat nhtawm, masha marai wan 11 jan dum ntah ginlut kau maq ai. Ndai hkaq madim dawqhten manghkang e, Miwa masha marai 240,000+ asak si sum wa masai, rai nga ai.

Miwa gaw 2010 ning ningpawt hpawa e, "hkaqsau hteq nsaq salu" (oil and gas) ni hpe ginlen shalai lah na matu, pipe-line kaba ni hpe gawshakap jahkrat ai bungli ni mung, Myen mungh e galaw wa masai. Ndai pipeline ni hpe Miwa sinnaq-dingdaq lamugah deq nna Myen mungh hpe laidiq nhtawm, "Bengal panglai hpunggawq" (the Bay of Ben-gal) deq du hkra, matut ai rai nga maluq ai. Tsun gaq nga yang, Rakhine deq nna Myen mungh lapran hku laidiq nhtawm, Ruili mare deq matut nga ai. Dai kawq nna gaw Yunnan, Guangxi Autonomous Region, hpang jahtum gaw mare kaba Chongqing hteq matut tawn ai, rai nga ai. Ndai masing masa ni yawng hpe Miwa gaw "the Western Development Strategy" ngu tawn ai, rai maluq ai. Ndai Miwa "Western Development Strategy" masing hpe 1999 ning kawq nna tarah shang hkrang shawq galaw hpangwa nga manuq ai, re. Ndai masing masa kaba ni htaq, Maliqzup hkaq mad-im project kaba mung, lawm nga sai. "West Development Strategy" masing gaw Miwa sinnaq-dingdaq lamugah hku nna Myen mungh hpe mahkrai shatai laidiq nhtawm, India panglai hteq, ma-tut ginlen matwa lu na matu, yawshada ai masing rai nga maluq ai. Miwa proj-ect bungli kaba ni yawng mung, langai

hteq langai strategy hkriqdun matut hkat nga maluq ai, re.

Miwa gaw petro hkaqsau hpe maigan mungdan ni htaq, shingbyi ra nga uq ai. Hkaqsau petro 80% hpe Malacca hkaqgyip panglai lam hku nna htaw shalai lah wa masai. Ndai hkrunlam hpe Miwa gaw shiq aq shimlam matu, myit yak, myit ung-ang laiwa masai. 2003 ning e, Miwa gumsan magam wa Hu Jintao mung, ndai hpe myit shawshishap shangun ai Malacca hkaqgyip hkrunlam (Malacca Dilemma) ngu nna myit sawn shaprawq lah nga uq ai. Deng-ninghkan, laga hkrunlam ni hpe bai sawk tam wa maq ai, re. Ndai kawq, Myen mungh lamugah gaw ahkyak shara langai raiwa sai. Miwa hpaji ninghkring ni gaw, nammukdara lahkawng masing hpe lataq langwa sai. Dai yan gaw, Pacific hteq Indian ocean ni, rai nga ai. Ndai masing masa hkriqdun e, Myen mungh hpe gaw, Bengal panglai deq laishang na matu, lamugah mahkrai hku nna Miwa ni sawn tawn ai, rai nga masai.

Moi 19th, 20th tsaban prat hkan nah mungh maden hkrang lailen hteq dainih nah mungh maden dagup lah ladat lailen ni gaw, shai hkat nga masai. Ndai htaq, jagumhpraw hpaga yamga strategy hteq, ka-up maduq maden matwa ai gaw grau nna aden aleng, rai nga ai. Myen mungh e, sa bang ai arang ni kawq, Miwa arang jagumhpraw ni gaw lawq dik rai nga maluq ai. British colony mungh maden prat e, Kachin ni chyambrah nga ai lamugah ni hpe India, Burma, China mungdan masum kawq, dawq garan bang kau nga maq ai. Miwa uphkang magam ni mung, Myen hteq Miwa lapran nah lamugah jarit gamung gin-jang hpe magraq manat lu na matu, Brit-ish kawq nna Myen mungh shanglawt lu matwa na aten hpe chyu alar nga uq ai zawn, byin laiwa masai. Lachyum gaw, British colony uphkang magam ni galaw kau tawn ai lamugah jarit masat ni hpe Miwa uphkang magam ni, myit n hkrum lawm ya mayu nga maq ai. Ndai mabyin hteq seng nna "lahkawng mungkan majan" (IIWW) ngut matwa ai hpang, 1946 February shata e, Miwa hpyenhpung ni gaw, Myitkyina gaiwang nkau achyen ni hpe shangzing ka-up tawn wa ai. Miwa hpyenhpung ni hpe htingnut ya na matu, British ni hpyih shadut tim, Miwa ni n madat ya nga maq ai. Ndai aten e, Myen mungh gaw British colony npuq kawq rai taw nga ai hteq maren, British ni gaw, Singapore e tawn dah nga ai British bawm jahkrat hpyenhpung (bombers) ni hpe shagah shinggyin dat nhtawm, Miwa hpe kasat nut jawq hkyen wa yang sheq, Miwa

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hpyenhpung ni htingnut pru matwa ai, rai saq. Myen mungh shanglawt lu wa na shawng shanih ninghtoi (January 3, 1948) e mung, Miwa mungh dinghku hkringmang (the Chinese Ministry of the Interior) kawq nna dampa square miles 77,000 nga ai Myitkyina lahtaq magah ni hteq Hugawng gah ni du hkra, lawm ai lamugah shara ni gaw "Miwa mungdan kawq lawm ai, Miwa hteq seng ai, Miwa maduq ai" ngu nna tsun ndau pruwa maq ai, re.

January 2, 1942 yaq e shaprawq ai "North China Daily shiga laika htaq mung, "maga langai mi deq nna sha galaw ai, tsun shaga shaprawq tawn ai lawnglam ni gaw, laga ngam ai magah deq myit hkrum lawm masai, ngu nna n mai sawn nga ai" ngu tsun tawn nga ai. Miwa uphkang magam, dinghku hkringmang dap nah lamugah salang (territorial commissioner of the min-istry of interior) Dr. Fu Chio-chin wa mung, "China-Burma-India" mungh masum hkrum matut nga ai jut lamugah, manghkang byin ginra shara (disput-ed tri-junction) "Talu Hkyet - Dihpu Hkyet" ni lawm ai lamugah gaw Miwa hkawhkam ni hpe T'ang hkawseng prat (T'ang dynasty, 7th century AD) kawq nna akawk hkanse ni htaq jawq ai ti-nang mungdaw langai (a tributary state) re, ngu nna madiq madun shaga wa maq ai, re. Ndai gamung chyinghkraw gaw galu nga ai. India Gala mungh hpe mung, Himalaya shagawng hkyen bum kaba ni hpe galaq laidiq nhtawm, Miwa e htim kasat hkrat ai hpe katut shah lai-wa masai. Jawaharlah Nehru prat (1962 October 20 - November 21 yaq du hkra) e, India North-East nah Arunachal Pradesh deq Miwa People's Liberation Army (PLA) hpyenhpung ni, ninggun munlam kaba hku shanghtim kasat shang masai, rai nga ai. Gala ni gayaq gahpaq katut shah laiwa masai. Miwa gaw, India Northeast deq nah Arunachal Pradesh hpe Miwa aq dingdaq lamugah nkau achyen "South Tibet" lamugah, ngu nna tsun nga ai, rai luq ai. Tsun gaq nga yang, deng 1200 Himalaya bum marawn jarit lamugah ni hpe yaq du hkra, zupzi n masat lah hkat shi nga maq ai. Dai htaq nah, British ni galaw kau tawn matwa ai Mac Mahon Line la-mugah jarit hpe mung, Miwa gaw "grai hkrak sai", n ngu ya maq ai, re.

Miwa gaw lamugah hteq seng wa shagu, lar-malau rai chye wa sai. Mongol Tar-tar Wong hpyen ni, Pagan hkawhkam mungh hpe sa htim kasat ngut ai hpang, Myen mungh hpe Miwa hkawhkam mungdaw langai hku nna "Cheng-mien" ngu masat bang lah wa masai. Dai

hpang daw deq mung, Miwa Manchu Wong hpyenhpung ni kahtap kahtap rai nna htim kasat hkrat wa masai. Miwa kasat shangwa ai mabyin gamung shingnip shingnar ni hpe dainih du hkra, Mandalay makau nah "Tawngpyung" shara e nawq mulu nga ai. Tawngpyung poi htaq, Miwa mungh deq Nad ni hpe "Wudi" (Wudifa) hkawhkam hpang deq majan sa kasat na matu, "majan sharawt jawqjau poi" hteq Nad ni Miwa mungh e majan kasat ngut nna bai ninghtang du wa ai "majan kasat ninghtang wa jawqjau poi" ngu nna shaning shagu dai Nad poi lamang yan hpe mung, wuwu didi galaw nga maq ai. Tawngpyung Nad poi galaw ai htaq, tsun kajai nga ai Miwa hkawhkam "Wudi" gaw BC 140 - BC 87 lapran nah hkawseng emperor wa, rai nga ai. Shiq mying madung gaw "Liu Che" ngu nhtawm, "Han Dynasty" (BC 206 - 220 AD) htaq "Wudi" ngu, amying pruwa nna gumhkawng matwa ai hkawhkam wa, rai nga ai. Wudi gaw Miwa lamugah hpe Miwa sinnaq magah maden jatbang ai wa mung, rai nga ai. Dai prat kawq nna sheq, Miwa "Qin" masha (Qin dynasty, Shihuangdi empire masha) ni gaw, "Han" (Hansu) ngu tsun shamying hpangwa ai, rai nga maq ai. "Qin dynasty" (BC 221 - BC 206) ngut ai hteq, "Han dynasty" (BC 206 - 220 AD : Western Han and Eastern Han) bai nga pruwa ai, rai nga sai. Miwa e snr ginru ginsa hkrunlam e, Emperor "Qin Shihuangdi" hteq "Han Wudi" yan aq prat ni htaq, "Tibeto-burma aga tsun shaga ai amyu bawsang ni" (Tibeto-bur-ma speaking tribes) ni ka-tut hkat laiwa sai hpyen majan mahpang hpungtang ngoi kashaw nsen hkriqdun ni mung, Mandalay-Tawngpyung Nad poi ni hkan du hkra, labau mabyin shingnip shingnar ni hku nna nawq mulu nga ai. Moi prat nah kasat galar ni gaw, Nad ni hpe du hkra kasat shangun ai zawn, Jinghpaw ni mung shanhte aq gumgun gumhpai Nad ni hpe kasat shangun maq ai. IWW mungkan majan aten e, Meso-potamia majan deq mung, majan awng-dang lah na matu, Jinghpaw ni gumgun gumhpai Nad hpe shagreng jawqjau dat nna kasat shangun laiwa masai, re.

U Nu prat e mung, Miwa gaw kasat shangwa masai. Saphkung hkaq (Sal-ween River) sinprawq hkran nah Myen mungh lamugah gaw, Miwa ni Myen mungh hpe tekjum ra wa ai shaloi, joishen shading ginsup ai shara hku, ladat shawq langwa maq ai. "Hpimaw, Gawlan, Kangfang" lamugah mangh-kang wabyin ai shaloi (Miwa ni dai la-mugah ni hpe hpyih ai aten), Miwa gaw Saphkung hkaq sinprawq hkran deq, masum lang htimshang kasat rawng

wa masai. Jahtum daw deq, Miwa PLA hpyenlar 15,000 grupyin hpe sharut datbang nhtawm, Miwa hpyendap jung tawn hkra, galaw nna kasat laiwa masai. Miwa gaw Saphkung hkaqnu sinprawq hkran lamugah ni hpe joishen ginsup hku nna mung, jailang laiwa sai hpe "Hpimaw, Gawlan, Kangfang" lamugah manghkang byin nga ai shaloi e mung, mulu nga ai. Ndai shaloi gaw grau nna adan aleng galaw nga maluq ai. British colony prat 1897 ning e, Burma-China Boundary Demarcation Joint Commis-sion gaw Myen-Miwa lamugah jarit hpe gangdun gangjen galaw wa masai. 1954 ning e, kalang mi bai Miwa-My-en lamugah hpe bawngban hpawng galaw manuq ai. Ndai Hpimaw, Gaw-lan, Kangfang gamung hpe sha, 1956 November shata 1 yaq e, U Nu hteq Chou En-lai yan mung, matut bawng-ban hkat nga maq ai. Ndai hpe sha, November 3 yaq shanih e mung, matut bawngban hkat nga maq ai. Ndai sha-loi, Chou En-lai gaw, U Nu hpe tsun shaga ai kawq, "Wa (Waq) ningbaw ni Miwa mungh deq gumhpawn shakap lawm mayu ai nga nna Beijing kawq du nga maq ai. Dai gamung gaw, shan-hte ni hteq bawngban ngut jang sheq, dawqdan yang mai na re", ngu nna "Hpimaw, Gawlan, Kangfang" gamung dup hpawng e, tsun shalawm ginsup nga ai hpe mulu ai. Myen mung, Hpimaw, Gawlan, Kangfang lamugah ni hpe Miwa lataq deq 1960 ning, January shata e, shalai apjawq kau ra ai du hkra, byin wa manuq ai, re. Myen Communist prat (CPB) hkan e mung, CPB ni aq "North East Command" shara hpe Sa-phkung hkaq sinprawq hkran e, dabang dajuq shara jahkrat tawn nhtawm, lamugah hpe jailang laiwa masai.

Mungh maden kaba lah ai hkrang ni gaw, moi prat hteq dainih nah prat ni shai hkat nga sai. Dainih gaw, moi prat "IWW & IIWW" hkan nah zawn, kasat galar ladat hteq, hkan majen je maden jat galaw nga yang gaw, mungkan ting, htenrun si maq wa sana, rai nga ai. Mungh maden jat lah ai hkrang ninggun ni gaw hpan hkumsumhpar nga pruwa raq ai. IIWW mungkan majan ngut mat-wa ai hpang deq, mungh maden lailen ladat satlawat ni gaw "Katsi Majan" (Cold War) hkrang hteq, jailang kasat nga maq ai. Ndai gaw, ti-nang seng-ang hkat ai mungdan kaba ni shadaq-daq kasat hkat ai hkrang n re sha, laga alak mungdan kata deq kasat galar hkat shangun pruwa ai maden masa ni, rai nga ai. Miwa mungh e, Myen CPB ni hpe Myen mungh kata deq kasat galar madiq shadaw, shachyai htuh bang dat ya ai mung, ndai maden satlawat masa

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kata nah yiq-ngam bungli ni, rai nga ai. Ndai maden masa satlawat hteq, dainih bungli n byin nga manuq ai, re. Mungh maden ladat hpe jashai langwa maraq ai, re. Sut masa jagumhpraw hpaga yamga mung, ndai masing e hkan nna maden shingwang kaba ka-up maduq lah hkrang hpe shawq galaw wa ai, rai nga ai. Maliqzup hkaq madim, Rakhine pipeline, nhprang sutrai htu shawq bungli, lam kaba, mahkrai kaba, ... ni mung, mungh maden satlawat e, hkriqdun lawm nga maq ai, re. BCP ni gaq garan maq ai hpang kawq nna gaw Miwa ni jarit hpaga yamga hkrun-lam hpe bai hpawq galaw wa masai. Dai hpang, 1990-2000 AD ning lapran e, Myen mungh kata deq, yanbang ai Miwa amyu masha jahpan gaw, wan lahkawng (2 million) du matwa nga ai. Miwa sut masa gaw mungkan hpaga yamga hpe hkrang shawq ya lu ai snr jashai dat kau lu ai satlawat deq, lahkam hkawm nga uq ai. Mi-moi nah "Lairi Lam" (Silk Road) hpaga yamga hpe asak bai jahkrung nna Africa - Europe deq, bai maden jat lah nga masai. South East Asia mungdan 10 aq masha jah-pan gaw "wan" (million) 600 du nga ai. Ndai mungdan ni yawng kawq, Miwa sut masa hpaga yamga e galup tawn nga ai hpe mulu ai. Ndai htaq, Myen mungh mung, lawm nga ai. Miwa galaw arung arai n lang ai masha langai mi pyi, n nga hkra, rai nga luq ai, re. 2010 ning e, Miwa hpaga yamga sut masa gaw Japan hpe laidiq kau dah nna mungkan htaq US ngut jang, Miwa hpaga yamga sut masa gaw kaba dik shara, du matwa nga ai.

Yunnan mungdaw GDP shang gum-hpraw gaw US$ 3400, rai nga maluq ai. Ndai madang gaw Miwa e, nem-dik htum shara kawq nna lahtaq deq sawn lungwa yang, No.3 e, ang nga ai. Yunnan aq lawuq htumpa nah gaw "Guizhou" rai nga ai. Hongkong GDP shang gumhpraw gaw $44,000 rai nga maluq ai. Ndai gaw US zawn re mung-dan ni hteq, maren mara shadang rai nga masai. Beijing, Shanghai GDP shang gumhpraw ni gaw Hongkong aq daw mi madang, rai nga maluq ai. Ndai madang gaw GDP nawq kaba nga ai, ngu nna mai tsun nga ai. Poland, Hungary mung-dan ni hteq, GDP maren mara shadang, du nga maq ai., re. Beijing aq Myen mungh ntsa tawn ai policy masa htaq, Yunnan hte Miwa Southwest area sut masa hpaga yamga hpe sharawt na mah-kau mung, lawm nga ai. Myen mungh lamugah ni hpe taq-tut hkrang masa ndum nmu ai maden satlawat shin-gwang ka-up lah na hpe mung galaw ai, rai nga masai. Lahtaq e tsun laiwa sai

hteq maren, 1999 ning kawq nna Miwa sinnaq hkran rawt galu kaba masing (Western Development Strategy) hpe galaw hpangwa sai, rai nga ai. Ndai kawq, Silk Road masing masa ni mung, Miwa amyusha masing yiq-ngam e, grai ahkyak nga maluq ai. Jagumhpraw ni hpe manuq manaq jailang abram tawn nga maq ai. Shi hpe hkan shingjawng lu ai sut masa ni, yawm htaq yawm raiwa nga ai, re.

Miwa hpaji muqnu ni gaw, ndai lusuh matsan ninggam shai hkat nga ai Miwa shara ni hpe shading sharai malan dat ya na gaw shanhte aq ningshawng jawq masing mung, rai nga ai. Miwa mungh e, maigan deq nna shangwa ai hpaga yamga jagumhpraw (investment) 90% gaw mungdan panglai hkinggau mare kaba shara ni hkan, grau lawq nga ai, re. Miwa sinnaq-dingdaq lamugah shara ni gaw hkaq panglai daru ni hteq, tsan-gang hkat ai sha n-gah, mungsang hpaga yamga hkrunlam ntsa deq mung, n angbang nga ai majaw, matsan mayan grau lawq nga ai hpe mulu ai, re. Ndai shara ni gaw GDP shang gumhpraw shadang mung, yawm hkrat nga maluq ai. Miwa gaw ndai satlawat htaq, ASE-AN masing masa hku nna hkrang shawq ginrawn pruwa ai jagumhpraw hpaga yamga hkrunlam masing masa kaba ntsa e, Miwa gaw grai ahkyak kaba tawn nga uq ai. Dai masing masa e hkrupchyaq hkawnhkraq rai hkra, shawnbang lu na matu lajang shakut ai mung, lawm nga maluq ai. Ndai masing masa ni hpe hkan shadik shatup lu na matu, Miwa gaw lamlamaw kaba ni, hkaq madim masing kaba ni, hkrang satlawat masa (infrastructure), ... ni hpe nbyin nmai shakut shatup galaw bang lah nga ai, re. Miwa gaw bungli bungsi ni shabyin na matu, grau nna "energy power" (gsd. jaksau, gas, hydro power) gaw, nga nan nga ra ai bawq (lu nan lu ra ai bawq) htaq, lawm nga maluq ai, re. Ahkyak dik nga maluq ai.

Miwa gumsan magam wa Hu Jintao gaw, Miwa galaw sa wa ai hkrang masa maden ni hpe "simsaq ai hteq, rawt galu kaba masa" (peaceful rise) ngu nna ladat hkrang hpe woishawq wa ai. Ndai lawn-glam masing (policy) kata e, mi-moi (I & II WW) hkan nah zawn re kasat galar hpe ningshawng jawq ai satlawat ni hku, n rai nga sai. Raitim, Miwa gaw hpyen ninggun hpe kaba hkra, galaw tawn nga ai. Tsun gaq ngu yang, Miwa hpyenlar ninggun marai sen 20 (two millions) hpe grak rai hkra, madang lu shatsaw tawn nga sai, re. Bai nna nu-clear arsenal laknak dum ni hpe mung, galaw maduq tawn nga ai. Jailang nga

taw sai sanat laknak ni hpe mung, prat masa galai shai wa ai htaq hkan nna dingyang madang sharawt lang nga maq ai. Madang hpanghkrat nga sai sanat laknak, hpyenjak arung arai ni hpe kaja nga tim, n lang nga maluq ai. Ndai sanat laknak ni mahtang, laknak hpaga yamga gatlawk deq du mat nga ai, re. Grau nna gaw rawtmalan ginra deq chyambrah nna jailang nga ai hpe mulu ai. Miwa hpyendap ni aq shaning shagu jailang nga ai gumhpraw gaw US$ 69.5 billion kawq nna 150 billion lapran, rai nga maluq ai. US hpyendap gaw 2009 ning e, makawp maga ginlam hteq mungh kata shimlam ni kawq, US$ 738 billion jailang nga maluq ai.

Nammukdara hkaq panglai ni hpe maduq ka-up tawn lu ai wa gaw, mung-kan hpe tekjum tawn lu nga ai zawn, raiwa nga maq ai. Lachyum gaw, hpyen masa hku mi rairai, sut masa hku mi rairai nammukdara hkaq panglai ni gaw ahkyak dik ai shara satlawat e, lawm nga maq ai. Super Power mungdan byin nga ai ni gaw hkaq panglai ni hpe ka-up maduq maden tawn ai ni hkrai, rai nga ai. Tsun gaq nga yang, 1497-9 e, Vas-co da Gama gaw "Good Hope Panglai Nchyun" (the Cape of Good Hope) deq, lu shadu bang matwa ai gaw sinnaq mungdan ni Asia hkaq panglai ni hpe shaning 500 ning daram, maduq dagup tawn matwa ai ningpawt ninghpang, raiwa nga maluq ai. Yawng aq shawng e, Portuguese ni shawng galup hproi matwa nga ai. Dai hpang gaw Dutch, French, British ni raiwa nga maq ai. Jahtum e gaw, American US ni galup dagup tawn nga sai. Grau nna gaw mungkan katsi majan aten ngut matwa ai hpang, American hkaq hpyendap (US Naval Forces) ni gaw Japan hkaq panglai ni kawq nna Persian panglai hpunggawq (Gulf of Persian) du hkra, tekjum manat tawn matwa nga ai. Miwa gaw, 21st century e, mungkan panglai ni hpe bai galup tekjum lu wa na matu, yawshada daqting shakut galaw nga ai. Bai nna 2050 AD ning du jang, Miwa hkaq hpyendap rai nga ai "People's Lib-eration Army Navy" (PLAN) gaw, hkaq panglai ni hpe tekjum ka-up lu na matu, mungkan ningshawng tsap hkaq hpy-endap madang "World Class Blue Water Navy Status" byin hkra, yawshada let hkrang shawq shakut galaw nga nuq ai. Ndai masing masa ni yawng htaq, Myen mungh e galaw taw nga sai bungli bungsi yawng ni gaw hkriqdun shajang ai masing hkrai, rai nga maq ai.

Miwa mungh ka-ni majan aten (1840) e, Qing dynasty hkaq hpyendap hpe Brit-ish hkaq dap senghpaw ni kasat shamyit

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dang kau maq ai. Dai hpang, Hongkong hpe mung, sinnaq hpaga yamga ni aq matu, gatlawk hpawq jawq kau ra nga ai. Yaq gaw panglai hpe galup tekjum tawn lu nna hpaga yamga hpe ginlen tawn nhtawm, jagumhpraw sut hpaga masa hku nna maden shachyawq tawn na super power mungh shabyin masing kaba, rai nga ai.

masai. Miwa amyusha masing masa hku nna gaw, galaw nan galaw ra nga taw sai yiq-ngam bungli rai nga ai. Myen mungh gaw, Miwa shingwang shin-gnip kata nna tsepkawp gumhtawn pru matwa na satlawat, req n mai byin shi nga maluq ai. Miwa mung myit n yak, tinang hpang deq mung malar laq sha n ngoi garu wa ai bawq hku, "Commis-sion Report" hteq maren, hparan sa wa na uq ai. Miwa gaw shiq aq sut hpaga masa maden urawkaq e, Myen mungh lamugah hpe lu jaibang lang na gaw ahkyak dik nga ai, re. Ndai ni yawng gaw dainih nah mungkan colony maden lailen laisa hkrang ningnan ni, rai nga masai. Maliqzup hkaq madim hpe hkrang shawq galaw dat jang, Kachin rawtmalan shamu shamawt lamugah ginra ni mung, gyip htaq gyip jat mat-wa na hpe Myen hpyendap ni gaw raq nga maq ai. Kachin amyusha sha-ngang shakang gawgap shamu shamawt bungli bungsi hteq pratlep rawtmalan shakut

shajaq yiq-ngam ni hpe nam shalawng bumkrin bumgah deq nna myo mare palayang shara magah htawt sit jahkrat lah ra nga sai. Aten nan mung, du nga sai. Shingduq deq, bai kahtap nawt sit na shara mung, n nga mat sai. Kachin amyusha ni htaq sha pyi, Myen mungh e laknak lang rawtmalan hpung lawq laq nga ai zawn, Kachin laknak hpai wuhpung wuhpawng ni mung 5,6, n yawm nga sagaq ai, re. Kachin mungh masa wuhpung wuhpawng hku nna bai sawn dat yang mung, Kachin political parties 10 hkawt daram, rai nga sagaq ai. Lawq dik nga sagaq ai, re. Kachin rawtmalan shamu shamawt ni yawng mung, "Mungkan mungsang satlawat, ASEAN sut hpaga yamga hkriqdun masa, Miwa maden masing yiq-ngam, Myen mawlanyet, UNFC woiawn ka-nawng masa, ... ni aq manawt dingsawt shamu shamawt shingwang npuq e, shakut shakat hkawm taw nga ai, rai nga sai.

Maliqzup hkaq madim hteq seng nna Myen uphkang magam ni gaw, lama mi hpe dawqdan jahkaw jawq ra mat

SUMRU + DAWDAN + AHKYAK LAJJ Lum Dau

Myenmung a shingdu lam hte seng nna myit sumru

ai hta, British uphkang ai lai kaw na hpang ai gaw grau damlada ai hku mu mai na re. British gaw mungkan kaw jan n shang ai empire hpe uphkang wa yu sai raitim, masa amyu myu hta hkan nna dai mung-dan ni hpe shanglawt jaw na matu dawdan wa sai. Dai lam Gen. Awng San na chye ya nna, shi hpyi ai majaw shan-glawt lu wa ai maga de gale la wa sai. Dai majaw Myenmung a shanglawt kawa Awng San re, nga nna kajai wa masai.

LAKSAN MUNGDAN MASAT YA NA:- Shing re ai ningmu hta hkan nna Brit-ish gaw anhte a mungdan hpe laksan shanglawt lu ai mungdan hku masat ya na matu mungdan sumla hte hpawn ap ya hkyen ai hpe anhte mahtang myit n hkrum ya ga ai. Dai lam gaw lai mat sai bungli re majaw myusha ni myit hprang lu na matu matsing sumhting tawn ai sha rai u ga. Shada mara shagun hkat ai gaw shawng de lahkam sa wa na lam hpe tinang nan pat shingdang la ai lachyum sha rai wa mai ai. Tai wa gaw ndai lam atsawm hkaja chyoichye tawn ai rai nna, myusha bawsang shagu shi a masing hpe shi nan pat shingdang la na

matu shada mara shagun hkat, dang-rang hkat na mahkrun lajang ya ai hte tai wa yawshada ai de du wa lu ma ai. Raitimung daini ten hta bumnga myu-sha ni mung, manya masu nna nga kaba kapung sha chye ai ni nga wa magang sai. Shing rai tinang yawshada tawn ai pandung de du wa lu na matu aten ni wa nga sai, ngu nna maram la mai nga ai.

MATUT SUMRU MARAM YU:- My-enmung hpe uphkang wa ai U Nu a prat kaw nna daini du hkra shanhte jaw ai gasadi hpe shadik shatup ai rai n nga yu ma ai majaw shanhte a sai kaw nan nt-

sen hpa lawm nga ma ai kun! Aung San gaw myit hpraw san ai hta n-ga laram rawng ai ningbaw ningla hku hkam la wa saga ai. Raitimung shi tsun wa ai gaw sumru su ai madang sha naw rai nna, daw-dan ai hpe tatut rai n lu galaw dan yang, nsa hti mat sai. Dai majaw shi gara hku sumru nna, gara tsang kaw du jang gara hku matut galaw hkyen ai hpe dawdan mat sana kun! Thein Sein gaw myit hpraw san ai ningbaw ningla re, ngu hkam la nhtawm, shi jaw ai gasadi ni hpe jawm kam wa saga ai. Dai lam gaw dawdan nna sadi jaw ai madang sha naw re. Tatut galaw shapraw dat ai mahtai gaw Sinpraw hte

Sinna shai ai zawn shai mat sai. Shing-rai galai n lu ai akyang hta hkan nna mungkan majan lahkawng a hpang Asia a sinpraw dingda mayan na mungdan ni simsa wa sai raitimung Myenmung langai sha daini du hkra majan pa naw byin nga ai.

MYIT KAM AI LAM:- Masha wun-awng uwa kam wa ai gaw lai wa sai ralata poi kaw NLD Party dang wa na re. Dai shaloi 2008 constitution hpe gara hku gram la nna mungdan hpe gara hku uphkang na lam rai nna, maga mi

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de hpyendap gaw masa amyu myu hta hkan nna ralata poi kaw ga lahtum n shut shanhte dang na re, nga nna kam wa masai. Hpyen uphkang magam ni hkrit tsang ai gaw, ralata poi kaw sum jang shanhte shuthpyit wa ai mara a ma-jaw shanhte hpe mungkan tara rapdaw kaw na prat htawng bang kau chyalu rai na lam tau chye nga ma ai. Rai yang, ralata poi a mahtai gaw NLD dang wa sai. Raitimung hpyen ningbaw ningla ni gaw gara hku raitimung prat htaw-ng kaw shang hkam na n re. Shanhte uphkang wa ai prat hta tara n lang yu ma ai majaw tara hte maren jeyang na hpe tsetkawp hkap la na re. Dai majaw NLD uphkang magam byin wa ai sha-loi, shanhte galaw shut wa ai mara hpe ahkyak n la ya na matu hpyen ningbaw ningla ni gaw Suu Kyi hpe akroi anoi hpyi shawn nga masai.

Lama Suu Kyi myit n hkrum ya ai rai yang, NlD gaw uphkang magam gaw-gap na ahkaw ahkang lu wa na n rai. Myit hkrum ya ai rai yang, shingdu na NLD hpungshang ni, mungmasha ni hte manghkang byin wa mai ai. Ya pyi gaw Suu Kyi hpe gyam kau na lam jahkrit magang sai. Mungmasa lam hta NLD hte hpyendap myit hkrum hkat jang UNFC gaw gaw lapran kaw shang jahtuk lawm wa na masa nga ai. Hpy-endap gaw gap hkat jahkring lam bawng ai kaw lapu zawn zai rawng ai hte woi bawng let tatut kaw gaw UNFC hpung hpe gawdin team ni zawn hpung shalaw

ya nna shada gasat hkat hkra mahkrun tam ya nga ai majaw hpyenman grau kaba wa shangun ai. Mahtai gaw mung-dan rai n simsa ai majaw mungdan hpe hpyendap kaw na naw makawp maga ra ai, nga tsun wa na masa nga ai.

Mungdan kaba ni mung Myenmunng hpe shanhte ra sharawng ai hkrang byin pru wa na matu dollar wan mun sen lam arang bang magang sai majaw shanhte yawshada tawn ai hku n byin wa jang, hpyendap a matu tsang ai lam nga wa na re. Kaja sha nga yang, hpyendap gaw super power lu ai mungdan ni hpe shalen chyai wa ai aten ni gaw grai na wa sai. Lang wa yu sai ladat dingsa ni hpe loili gram sharai la ai ladat hte naw jailang lu nga ma ai ngu ma ai. Grau nna hpyendap gaw mungdan kata kaw asan sha gru hku hkalem sha nga ai hpe n kam ya timung dangrang n manu ai majaw asum jaw nga ai zawn, maigan masha ni mung shanhte lu mayu ai lam lu wa na matu myit galu ya nga ma ai ngu maram ai. Dai hpe hpyendap gaw shanhte grai ram ai hku hkam la nga ma ai.

HPYENDAP, NLD, UNFC A LAPRAN DAWDAN LAM:- Kaja sha nga yang NLD a mungmasa awng-dang wa lu na matu hpyendap gaw grai ahkyak ai zawn, hpyendap a matu mung NLD gaw grai ahkyak nga malu ai. Dai yan pawnghpawm na matu marai langai ngai shayawm ya ra na re. Raitimung

shayawm ya na wuhpung tam n mu na ma ai majaw dai ningmu gaw masan sa na lam n nga ai. UNFC gaw laknak hpai ai rawtmalan hpung ni gumhpawn tawn ai uhpung kaba re. NLD gaw uphkang magam gawgap na matu hpyendap rai nga ai. Suu Kyi tsun ai hta, bumga na masha ni hte pawnghpawm lu ai shani mungdan ngwipyaw simsa na re, nga ai. Shing-rai lahkawng maga na matu ahk-yak ai gatlawk langai hte jahtuk dat lu ai rai yang, mungdan ting a matu hkam-dahka nga ai bungli kaba awngdang wa mai na re.

AHKYAK LA:- Mungdan ngwipyaw simsa wa lu na matu maikaja htum ai gaw anhte yawng jawm mu wa saga ai hte maren, maigan mungdan hkan shada majan gasat hkat ai hpang, bawng jahkrup hkat ai ladat hte sanglang la lu ma ai. Myenmung kaw dai ladat lang nna aten galu hta shakut wa masai, raiti-mung awngdang lam n lu wa yu ma ai.

Anhte a mungdan gaw simsa ra sai. Teng sha awngdang wa na matu mah-krun langai ngai gaw nga na re. Awng-dang wa na mahkrun mu ai hpunau kadai raitimung, tatut ahkyak la nga ai myutsaw rawtmalan hpung ni hpe tang madun nna, tinang nan shanglawm apnawng na matu manu ai hpunau ni a matu gaw tinang nan aten dep apnawng shanglawm ga, ngu nna kamhpa ai sha-wang myit hte lajin dat nngai law.

NUMWAWN NUMLAHPAGA HPYI HKAT WA AI

M A U M W IJidwi Maru Brang Kum

Je Yang IDP Camp

Jinghpaw Wunpawng, Kachin amy-usha ni dinghku de ya ai, num jaw,

num la ai shaloi, hpuja hpaga, amyu myu hpyi hkat, jaw ya hkat ai, npawt nhpang Jinghpaw maumwi hpe, ya prat sak naw kaji ai ni gaw, n na yu ai she law na sai. Ya prat sak naw kaji ai ma ni chyena sharai la nna, grau htaphtuk manu kaja ai, htunghking hta galu kaba sa wa mu ga ngu nna, rai n na yu ai ni a matu kalang bai shakut nna, hkai dan na nngai. Jinghpaw maumwi hkai ai shaloi, laika hta ka da ai n re majaw, kaji kawa langai hte langai hkai ai loili shai hkat

wa na re ngu ai hpe gaw myit dum shara nga ai. Raiyang, ndai ngai hkai ai hku sha na ga ai wa a matu gaw, ngai hkai ai zawn matut hkai hkrat wa na sha rai nga ai.

Moi moi, Majoi sha-u ing ai hpang, Sanghpawli (snr) Majoi Chyingtawt kaw na pru wa ai sha-loi gaw, kanu kawa langai kaw na, bai pra wa ai re majaw, mayu dama ngu nna mi n masat ai, kahpu kana dinghku de nna law htam wa ai rai na, rai nga ai. Dai hpang, nachying

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lawhtam gumja gumhpra wa ai shaloi gaw, kahpu kanau, mayu dama ngu nna Wunpawng Kachin ni hta pawpru wa sai. Mayu dama, ngu masat hkrat wa ai hte num jaw num ya ai shaloi, hpuja hpaga hpyi hkat wa ai mabyin maumwi npawt gaw, ndai hku byin wa sai da. Kadai gaw mayu re, kadai gaw dama ngu na atsawm rai n chye masat hkat yang, num jaw ai nta na la wa hte num la ai nta na la wa, shan lahkawng sumtsan hpaga nawt hkawm wa masai. Aten ladaw ram ram na wa ai shaloi, jagumhpraw lu tam la ai hte mung, nta de bai nhtang wa masai da. Hkashi lwi ai shara langai kaw du ai shaloi, shani shat wa sha ma ai da. Shat sha ngut ai hpang, mayu ngu na la wa gaw, dai hka kaw taw ai nlung hta shi a nhtu shaw garang u ai da. Shaloi, dama ngu na wa gaw nhtu dai jang shi hpe sat na maw ai shadu nna, shi hpe shawng gahtam sat kau dat sai da. Dai shaloi si wa ai mayu wa ngu na wa gaw, “Hkau e... daini ndai hpunggaw hta ngai sum sai, hpunggaw mi hta bai hkrum ga yaw...” nga nna si mat wa sai. Dama ngu na la wa mung gumhpraw yawng shawgun nna wa mat sai. Nta e du wa yang, “ya na a manang wa gaw?” ngu hkap san yang, “jagum-hpraw tam ai shara kaw lam garan mat ga ai. Shi hpe tam yu yang, n mu mat nna, masha ni a n hkru n kaja ai ni a lata katsing hta mi lawm mat sai kun! ngu nna, ngai hkrai wa mat ai” ngu masu tsun sai.

(Ndai maumwi a majaw, moi na ni a makam hta, “hkrunlam rau nam hkawm yang, nam hkan, nhtu majoi n shaw garang hpa” nga ma ai.)Kade n na yang, nta de gaw, jahpawt jau jau, Uhka sa ak ak rai nga ai. Hkan, U hpe sa htim shaja rai nga ai. Yi sa yang, shani shat makai hta, byet chyah-krung rawng nga ai. Yupmang mung, n kaja nga sai. Dai majaw, ningwawt dumsa shaga nna, jaba wawt yu yang, masha ni a lata katsing hta lasa si sai lam jaba pru nga sai. Shi gade masu tsun timung, shi du wa ai hpang e she ndai lam byin wa ai re majaw, tsa hta shadang 95% gaw shi hpe n tsen na lam pru mat sai. Lata gara re n mu ai majaw, hkrap let wapu shup nga ai baw hku, hkam sharang nga ai. Aten mali na wa ai ten langai hta gaw, dai shut kau ai nta de shayi tsawm mu nna, num sa hpyi, num la ra ai ten du wa sai, (ya lang, hpunggaw mi kaw bai hkrum sai ga, rai nga ai.)

Mayu ngu na ni gaw, grau tsaw ai shara hta nga, dama ngu na num ra ai ni gaw, lagaw nhpang de grau nem ai de nga

ra mat sai. Du n raitim mayu du ngu ra mat sai. Moi anhte a Kaji Kawa wa hpe nanhte nan sat kau ya ai re ngu yang, hkam la ra mat sai. Dai majaw shan-hte a Kaji Kawa wa a sak hpu bunglat hka wa yang she, num jaw na ngu sai. Dai sak hpu bunglat hka gaw, shanhte a kahpu kawa kaji kawa wa a, hkumh-krang baw lagaw mi na pu sin jit hkyi mahkra hte hpun palawng nba mahkra a matu daw wa shangun ai. Gsd. nkau mi baw a malai di, lagaw a malai hkra, lata a malai sinat, sai a malai chyaru, awa a malai magwi kawng, apu a malai hk-achyi, galaw jaw na n-gun a malai uloi ula, nhkakyin-ya a malai nhkakyin-ya, nba malai nba yan bujung, panep malai sagu panep, shi shaga ai n-gup nsen malai bau ngu nna, hkumhkrang ting na gawng malai daw wa shangun ai. Shawa la mayu ai bunglat hka tsepkawp shawa la ngut jang she num jaw ya ai. Hpung-gaw mi kaw hkrum sai rai nga ai. Mayu lu tai ai wa gaw, Gumchying Gumsa-du Magam shingkang shap la nna she num jaw sai. Ndai bunglat hka wa nna, numla ai lailen gaw, angwi hte angwi sha htunghking tai mat wa sai. Mayu tai ai, dama tai ai madang n bung hkat mat sai. Langai wa tsaw, langai wa nem ai hku nga ra mat sai. Mayu tai nna, dikhkra sharu shayak sha ai htung lailen tai wa sai. Lawu lahta kahpu kanau tai ai ni, katsa kaji tai ai ni yawng gum-hpraw amyat tam sha ai hku nna, aja gumhpaw dawn sha ai ni mung grup di tawn ai rapdaw salang, janghtung kasa tai ai ni mung aga tum ai made hkatum gumhpraw hpyi ai, num sa sa sha ai ni kaw du hkra numnawn la-naw, nam-pan gat ai, mawnsumli ya ai ni yawng, hkatum gumhpraw hpyi ai, myit n pyaw let bunglat hka dawwa ya ai shara re nga yang, dama tai ai ni hpe atsai awai

matsan hkra, yawng jawm shawa sha ai shara rai nga ai. Hkyamsa n jaw ai matai dawk ai shara re.

Ja, lungseng, gumhpraw hta grau manu dan ai htum n chye ai galu kaba la ai, “tsawra myit” hpe dawm kau, pat jahkyet kau ai htunghking tai mat sai. Galu kaba wa n lu hkra, gyit sharen da ai htunghking tai sai. Maigan amyu ni a numwawn numla htunghking gaw, loi ai tsang ai dinghku de la loi ai hta n-ga shada she garum la hkat ai. Hkung-ran poi ngut ai hte hpaga ga arang lu mat sai. Kachin ni gaw hkung-ran poi ngut ai hpang, hka tsip tai mat sai. Masha amyu yawng hta na yak dik htum ai htunghking tai taw nga ai. Kachin ni a htunghking yawng n kaja ai n re, yawng kaja nga ai. Ndai num jaw num la hpu hpyi htunghking gaw masha a jahpan lau n law shangun ai hta n-ga, maigan jan tai, maigan num la mat nna, amyu htum shangun ai npawt mung rai nga ai. Maigan jan tai magan num la nna, maigan amyu hta lup mat ai gaw n dang tsun sai. Mungdan shanglawt lu hkra shakut ai gaw nga, ndai zawn rai yak la ai, chyum la ai num jaw num ya hpu hpyi hkat ai ningsin htawng kaw na sha pyi lawt hkra n galaw yu ai amyu naw rai nga ga ai. “Tsawra myit” hpe madung tawn nna sa wa ai rai yang gaw, gumhpraw sen langai lahkawng lu ai wa mung dinghku lu de la ai. Sen latsa lahkawng tsa lu ai wa mung mai de ai. Tsawra myit hpe madung dat ai re majaw, matsan lusu lata ginhka ai lam n nga sai. Yawng ndut ndang aten dep dep dinghku de galu kaba mai sai n rai i?Nanhte ngaishu ngaisha ni ndai lam grai myit yu nga ai hta, ngai asak kaba sai dingla wa tengman maumwi hkai nna, shadum jat dat nngai.

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SUTJANG NBU BA hte NDING HTOIJEP LAGRA

Wang Hkang Awng

1540 ning daram hta, Lai Sai Gumhkawng hte La-

jawn Nawng Hpung gaw, Hugawng pa hpe zing madu la lu jang, hkan yu wa ai tinang Jinghpaw hpan hpe raitim, shan yan a mayam shatai na ngu nna, Daru bum kaw nat jaw nhtawm, rit hpun lan-gai kaw ningwa gyit shakap nna dagam da mu ai.

Dai hpang, Lai Sai a mayu Ntawng Ure Tsalung Nawng a Lahpai la ni mung shang lawm let, Nkrung Tu kaw hkap shingla nga ai Hkaman ni hpe htim gasat mu ai. Hkaman ni hpyen n-gun grau law ai rai nna n dang mu ai. Kade shakut yu tim, Hkaman ni a hkap hkam rit n lu baw ai majaw, htingnut nna bai bawngban ma ai.

Shan yan a n-gun hte sha n mai dang ai hpe hkam la, yin la manu ai. Hpyen garum saw ra wa ai hku rai malu ai. Raitim, Lajawn Nawng Hpung mung, shanhte Chyasen kata kaw gumlau majan byin nga ai majaw, hpyen garum n-gun n lu mai ai. Ure Tsalung Nawng mung, Mali Nmai walawng de she Lah-pai amyu law ai re majaw, hkyak hkyak hpyen garum n-gun n lu mai nga ai. Ni nawn ai hkan nga ai ni gaw, Lai Sai Gumhkawng a sai daw sai chyen Marip baw pa ni hkrai rai nga ai.

Raitim, kadai Marip la wa mung hpyen garum na n du, n pru wa ai. Dai gaw, Lai Sai Gumhkawng hte Lajawn Nawng

Hpung a shada mayam yam na dagam dala ga hpe na chye ai majaw rai nga ai. Dai majaw Lai Sai Gumhkawng gaw, Hput Daw kaw nga ai Marip Naw Bum Bawng Tawng Nawng kaw sa wu ai. Naw Bum Bawng Tawng Nawng tsun

ai gaw, “hpu yan a dagam dala ningwa bai raw kau mu,

shaloi anhte garum na ga ai” ngu wu ai.

Naw Bum Bawng Tawng a ga hpe myit hkrum sai rai nna, Daru bum na dagam ningwa hpe, nat jaw nna bai raw kau masai. Bawng Tawng

Nawng kaw Sutjang Nbu Ba hte Nding Wa (Nding, Pyen Tingsa) ngu ai share lahkawng lawm nga ai. Sutjang Nbu Ba

gaw, Nga Htang, Sut Jang ngu ai Lahpai baw pa rai nna, Bawng Tawng Nawng a mayu kahkau majing rai nga ai. Bawng Tawng Nawng a kawoi gaw Sutjang Roi Grawng rai nga ai.

Daru bum kaw nat bai jaw la nna hka-man gasat na rawt wa masai. Hkaman ni mung Nkrung Tu kaw hkap nga tik tik re. Ndai lang gaw hpyen garum hpung kaw na share Sutjang Nbu Ba hte Nding wa woi awn ningshawng htim gasat na rai nga malu ai. Sutjang Nbu Ba gaw npu de nga ai Hkaman ni a sat lawat hpe grau tsaw ai bum ntsa na masem maram taw nga ai.

Tsawmra mi tsaw ai nhkap ntsa na, lapai ta hte hpun lakung langai mi kaw noi, lahkra ta hte ntawng nhtu lang rai masem bu nga ai. Nding share wa gaw makau kaw chyahtai shaje langai nep dung, ninggang hpe gaw lapai maga tawn rai, maja taw nga ai. Sutjang Nbu Ba gaw, hpyen sha maja ai rai nna, hpun lakung hpe atsawm n yu hkrup ai majaw, hpun lakung chyahkaw hpe noi hkrup nga wu ai.

Aten loi na wa jang, hpun lakung chyahkraw gaw, Sutjang Nbu Ba a hkum namnak hpe n dang hkam ai rai nna, ye daw mat ai majaw Sutjang Nbu Ba mung, krung de nhtang chyung hkrat bang mat nu ai. Shaloi makau kaw maja dung nga ai share Nding wa mung, manang wa htim bang mat wa sai ngu sawn la nna, shi a ninggang masawp hta let hkan gumhtawn nang mat wa sai. Shi masawp adup hkrup ai gaw, shi a ning-gang n re sha, shi dung nga ai chyahtai shaje matu ang mat ai.

Hpun ndung de hpre she, hpra she nga ngoi wa ai majaw, Hkaman luksuk ni jawm mada mu yang, lamu ntsa na shinggyim lahkawng pyen hkrat wa ai majaw, yawng mau kajawng mat manu ai. Nding wa mung hkrat tsawm nna ga ntsa du ai hte mau nga ai Hkaman ni hpe azat bang wa wu ai. Lai Sai a hpyen hpung law mi law mung, lam tung tung kagat hkrat wa yang, lamu na pyen hkrat wa ai yan hpe sha ajawm nga ai majaw, aloi sha lu lai bang nna shang azat tik tik rai wa masai.

Sutjang Nbu Ba mung htan bran ai hte hkan azat bang mat wa wu ai. Hkaman ni mung kajawng tsawm mat nna yawng htaw mat sai. Shaloi she Sutjang Nbu Ba gaw, shi hpun lakung daw nna di hkrat ai she lam tsun ai. Nding wa mung shi a ninggang gaw bum ntsa ngam mat nna, shi lang lagra hkawm ai gaw, chyahtai shaje re lam tsun ai. Dai shani kaw nna Nding Htoijep Lagra ngu ai mying lu wa ai rai.

20


Hkaman ni a hkap hkam shara hpe hpya malawng kau ngut ai hte, Supsa hka nam maga hpung mi, Nsau hka maga hpung mi, Kaba zup Singgai maga de bum marawn hkan let hpung mi rai nna, Hkaman ni hpe matut manga bang wa masai. Hkaman ni mung Hkamau hku hku nna Tabyi hku, Tabyi hku kaw nna Tawng hku, Tawng hku kaw nna Tayun hku du hkra hprawng mat masai rai. Daini na ten hta Dayun hte Talau hka lapran Mishami ginra hta nga pra nga ma ai rai.

Hugawng Pa hpe gasat zing madu la ai hpang, Lai Sai Gumhkawng mung Nding Htoijep Lagra hpe Singgai jum maw ap nna shagrau shaa wu ai. Laika ka ai wa hku nna, Nding Htoijep Lagra a matu mara, shu mashi shu masha hpe mu dep chye kau dat ai gaw, Salang Kaba Nding Seng Hkam re. Laika ka ai wa asak naw kaji ai re majaw, Salang kaba a aya hpe gaw atsawm n matsing ai rai tim, Ninghtawn Uphkang Du rai na re ngu sawn lu ai.

1968 ning nlum ta na nga lun madim ladaw hta, Danai hka hku de na nga lun madim wa kaw, gan hkring sa nga ai ten, tai hpyen hpung akjawng du pru wa ai. Madim sara wa hku nna “zim sha myi man n hten dung nga u, anhte ladat shaw tsun shaga shalai kau na” ngu yang, Salang kaba gaw mazaw n zim nna gumhtawn pru mat wa ai hpe tai ni hkan shachyut gap nna si sum mat wa sai.

DANDAWNG WA SAI KIODashi Hkawn Tsin

Tsang IX (Laiza Lahta Tsang Jawng.)

Karai a lata maka rai nga ai tsawm htap mungkan hta mungdan law law, amyu law law nga nga ai. Dai ni yawng gaw langai hte langai tinang a mung-dan gawde sa wa ai hta n bung hkat ai mayak mahkak lam law law nga nga ai. Karai hpantawn da ai anhte Wunpawng ni mung, Myen mungdan a mungdaw langai mi ngu nna, shanu nga ga ai. Mungdaw dai hpe Jinghpaw mungdaw ngu 1948 ning January shata (10) ya kaw nna, masat da lu saga ai.

Daini na ten hta Jinghpaw mungdaw kaw nga ai Wunpawng ni gaw, Myen wa a mawlanyet ai kata kaw nga ra mat ai shaning 60 ning jan nga sai. Myen wa a diplu dipsha hkrum ai kaw na lawt wa lu hkra 1960 ning October (25) ya

kaw, Wunpawng mung-dan shanglawt hpung hpe hpaw hpang dat sai. Dai hpung hpe Kachin In-dependent Organization (KIO) ngu shamying dat sai. KIO gaw Mungsha-wa a gawng malai tai ai “Pati” hpung langai mi rai nga ai. Mungkan na mungdan ni mung, tinang mungdan ngwipyaw sim-sa ai hte ngang grin nga lu na matu Mungmasa Pati hpung hpe shagreng shagrak shajang nga ai. Mungkan mungdan ni hta ngang kang grin nga lu ai mungmasa hpung “Pati” hte n grin mat ai mung-masa “Pati” hpung ngu nna hpan lahkaw nga nga ai. Dai “Pati” hpung a lam ni hpe sawk sagawn yu ai shaloi, ngang kang grin nga lu ai mungmasa

“Pati” hpung ni law law nga ai kaw na anhte a htingbu mung dan ni hpe maram lu ai. Miwa Gumsan Mungdan hta China Communist Party (CCP) “Pati” langai, masa langai lang ai CCP hpe 1921 ning hta hpaw hpang dat nna daini du hkra grin nga sai. Singapo mungdan hta People’s Action Party (PAP) hpe 1954 ning, November hta hpaw dat nna 1965 ning, August (9) hta Shanglawt mungdan gaw sharawt grin nga ai Pati re. UK, USA hte India Mungdan kaba ni hta “Pati” hkum De-mocracy lailen hku nna dandawng nga ma ai.

N grin mat ai mungmasa hpung “Pati” nkau mi hpe maram lu ai. Nazi Pati gaw 1930-1945 ning, (15) ning sha

grin nga lu ai. Munghpawm Myen mungdan hta HP.S.P.L (zqyv) hpe (1945) ning, March (27) ya hta hpaw hpang dat ai. Mungmasa hpung “Pati” gaw lahkawng brang rai mat sai. wnfNrJ

zqyv hte oefY&Sif;zwyv ngu nga wa ai. Dai hpung Pati gaw 1962 ning March (2) hta dawm mat sai, (17) ning sha grin nga lu ai.

MSL Pati hpe 1974 ning hta shagrin dat ai, (14) ning sha grin lu ai Pati re. Jinghpaw Mungdaw hta (1) KNC hpung (2) PawngYawng Kunghpan Hpung (3) Pawmg Yawng Ram Rawt Hpung ni mung nga lai wa sai. 1962, ninghta dawm mat hkrum sai, (14) ning sha grin nga lu ai.

Raitim Karai a chyeju a majaw anhte Wunpawng mungdan shanglawt hpung (KIO) ngu ai kamhpa shara hpe Karai Kasang kaw kyuhpyi majai nna, hpaw da lu sai. KIO hpe hpaw hpang dat ai 56 ning hpring nna, 57 ning shang sai. KIO grin nga lu ai gaw Ja Jubali galaw ram nga sai. Ndai 56 ning laman hta, Wunpawng Mungdan Shanglawt hpung (KIO) hpung “Pati” a rawtjat awng-dang galu kaba wa ai lam ni law law nga wa sai kaw na, nkau mi hpe tsun matwa na nngai.

1. Myit hkrum gahkin gumdin lam n-gun kaba wa ai.

2. Amyusha, Mungshawa a madi shad-aw lam grau lu wa ai.

3. Mungkan Mungdan law law grau grau chye wa ai hte madi shadaw lam ni lu la wa sai re.

4. Mungmasa, Hpajimasa, sutmasa ni hta grau grau chye chyang kungk-yang wa sai.

21


Ntsa lam yu yang pu tsawm nampan,Tsaw hkrup ai ni yawng nan len.Daidaw shara madung n nga,Shingteng amying gaw Labu Ah-pan nga. Chyurum Wunpawng myu yawng hkra, Labu Ah-pan hpe sadi maja koiyen ga. Ahpa atang hkum shadu, Labu Ah-pan hpe hkum shatu.Labu Ah-pan a balen pala,Nsin kata na hpyen kaba.Katsi katsang du shang wa,Dinghku kata na manut maza. Labu Ah-pan a hkringsa shara, Tsaw hkrup ai ni a sai shan kata. Shi hpe tsawra ai mahtai, Hkamla lu ai gaw tsin-yam hkrai...Tsawmhtap la ai hkumhkrang wa,Tinang nang hkrai shaza la.Karai jaw tawn ai Wenyi shara htaLabu Ah-pan hpe she shara jaw da. N kaja ai re chye nga tim, Labu-pan “ngarai” de she htim. Htoi hkyeng tsawm ai nten pyi she mang, Sin, salum, sinwawp mung hkraw chyang...Sak prat hkying ten lahpawt lama,Labu Ah-pan hpe tsaw ai masha.Hkrung nga ninglen si ai hpa,Masha tai ai kaman lila akyu kata. Amyu mungdan a matu gaw hkum tsun sa, Tinang dinghku hta pyi hpa lam n la. Labu-pan e shayak shatsang jang, Shinggyim myit hte grau tsan gang.Labu Ah-pan e dun achya hkawm,Gwi mana zawn lahkyum nang lawm.Amyi tu tu, n-gup gaw ju ju,Hpyi kyip kyip, kara gaw ship ship. Ana zinli law la ai, Buri jagang garawt hpai. Maza sumpum hkan alai, Ka-ni yahkyi ni nan rai.Tsun ai ga ni gaw hpuntawng hpunla,Lamu shagrim htim wa tim n hkrit ai da.Kaja nga yang tatut bungli hpa n nga,Mai kaja ai lam hta, wa di pyi nan n-ga... Na chye ai hte sadi maja, Myit malai hpang n hkrat u ga. Kasat shamyit kau ra ai hpyen kaba, Myusha yawng a lit nan rai nga...

LABU-PAN “NGARAI”Naw Naw Lat12.8.2016.

5. Mungmasa, Hpajimasa lam ni hta chye chyang kungkyang ai Ramma, Ningbaw Ninglar ni grai law wa sai.

Grau grau greng grak ai Mungmasa Hpung “Pati” byin tai wa lu na matu gaw;

(1) KIO Hpung Pati grau greng grak wa hkra Pati shang Salang mungshawa byin tai wa hkra matut n di shakut dating sa ra ai.

(2) Masha shagu gaw, mungdan gawgap ai hta “Mungmasa Hpung” gaw grai a hkyak ai bungli rai nna, n nga n mai, n galaw yang n mai ai bungli kaba mung rai nga ai.

(3) N nga n mai, n galaw n mai ai bun-gli a hkyak raitim, myi hte mu lu ai hkrang a tawng apa, nsam mung n rai nga ai.

(4) Ahkyak la ai bungli “Mangmasa” hpe shinggyim masha kraw lawang kaw ru jung jahpring da ai myit masa bungli kaba rai nga ai.

Dai majaw mungshawa yawng a myit kraw kata ru jung mahkri shawn nna, lit la tatut hkrang shapraw sa wa na ra nga ga ai. Dai zawn byin lu na matu ningmu jahpaw woi awn zinlum ai lam matut n di rai nga ra ai. Awngpadang Yehowa Karai Kasang woi awn ai KIO rai nga lu hkra Karai Kasang kaw tut akyuhpyi nga ra ga ai. Wunpawng amyusha ni yawng a myit mada shara Wunpawng Hkan de woi sa wa nga ai, KIO Mawshe kamhpa manoi, madat mara hkan nang hkan sa ra nga ga ai. Dai majaw anhte a kamhpa shara rai nga ai KIO hpe grau grau ngang grin dandawng wa lu na magam hta, ngai nan mung Pati shang masha tai nna, jut shara mi hta sha pyi “zaibru hkyep mi, wut tawng mi” tai lu hkra magam gun na nngai.

Ya ten hta hkyak hkyak byin nga masa hpe yu ai shaloi Gyidawn hpyendap mung Nawnghkyeng byin tai wa lu ai masa ni rai nga ga ai. Karai Kasang a mauhpa chyeju hte sha ninghtoi 50 ya jan gasat ninghkap nga lu saga ai. Wunpawng ramma ni yawng mung tinang a lusut lusu nga mu nga mai lam ni hte rau tinang a myit masin hkum-hkrang n-gun lagaw yawng hpe arang shatai let, Wunpawng Hkanan de du hkra, kasi la ging ai, arawng la ging ai, dandawng wa nga sai KIO hpe grau na dandawng ngang grin ai Mungdan tai wa hkra Hpanwa Ningsang Yehowa Karai Kasang hte rau jawm shakut sa wa ga ngu yawng hpe ga saw lajin dat nngai law.

22


VERNACULAR BOTANICAL NAME (Kachin)Bum Shanghkawng

Shawngdaw na matut

Masat yan Kachin Names Ref Botanical Names And

English Names Myen

386. Shingteng 123 Wendlandia paniculalaWendlandia tinctoria

opfjyL^ysdK

387. Shiyam 37 Averhoa bilimbi w½kwfaZmif;,m;

388. Shayam/Namanai 37 Averhoa Carambola linn aZmif;,m;

389. Shiyu (Shayu) 230 Baccaurea sapida uepdk

390. Shing ru – manam(Sing-ru Manam)(Sumru manam)Wa hpyet ru

168 Myriopteron extensum a*G;awmufodrf

0ufacs;EG,f

aumuf ½dk;EG,f

391. Sinleng ru (Hkruju ru) 101 Combretum acuminatum eAsL;EG,f? MuufwufEG,f

392. Sinleng Chyamut 101 Combretum sp MuufwufEG,fjym

393. Sinwa jawn, (Kinsa/Shalong kinsa)

247 Querus lanceaacefolia opft,f^{

puwf

394. Sumbawng 28 Hibiscus sabdariffa csOfaygifeD

395. Sumbrung ju 16 Flacourtia cataphractaFlacourtia mollis(Thornless Malayan tree)

ea½T;? Muuf½dk;ql;

396. Sumhkrum ju (Sumkrung ju) 101 Combretum sp MuufwufEG,f? ewfql;EG,f

397. SumhtungSumtung hkyeng

189188

Mayodendron igneumMulling tonia hortensis

{u&pf? {u&pfeD

398. Sumlang 160 Styax serrulatum o&uforkef

399. Sumru manam, Wa hpyet ru 168 Myrioteron extensum a*Gawmufwdrf

400. Sum gawn ru, Sumu 87/81 Acacia concina, Caesalpinia puleherrima uif;rGef;csOf? aZmfuav;

pdefyef;yk

401. Ta-makai hpun 89 Albizzia Lebbek ukwúdK? opfrusnf;

402. Timling, Chyingling, Chyinglwi 218 Litsaea lancifolia evif;ausmf? tHk'Hk? oul;odrf

403. Tingchyat (Ma chyangai hkyi) 31 Helicteresisora oli,facs;

404. Ting roi 228 Fluggea verosa csif;,m;

405. Ting si 6970

Desmodium cephalotesDesmodium Latifolium

avmufrif

usLyef;yif

406. Tsa hkai 247 Quercus fernertrata opfMum;?puwf

407. Tsa hkri 131 Ixora undulata a'gmuf&yfzl;? ysOf;ryif

408. Tsa nem 137 Blumea balsamifera zHkrodrf;? ig;uefazgh

409. Tsingdaw (Tsingdawng) 140 Senecio scandens yef;aZmufxdk;

410. Uga – kawa (Wahpaw/peng)U – hpaw

322 Dendrocalamus hamilitonii awm0g;? 0g;Al;EG,f

0g;Al;rsufqHusJ

411. U - gat 323 Dendrocalamus membranaceus 0g;ysdK? rSif0g;? 0g;rdk;

412. Uhpaw/ Wahpaw 322 Dendrocalalmus hamiltonii 0g;Al;EG,f? 0g;Al;rsufqHusJ

413. Ulai/Laisi (Lai hkru) 287 Cartota sp rif;abm? ausmufrif;abm

414. Walang ang, Jahkraw hpun 219 Lindera caudate wul;acsm

415. Uloi ju (Numri Pan) 94 Rosa indica ESif;qDeD? awmESif;qD

416. U ma-bai (Hpun sha) 101 Anogeissus acuminate ,Gef;? acgmufMurf;

23


KANU NUM NI DORKA CHYUMLAIKA KAMUNG NAURA GALAW

(SHWE GU)Bum Shingnoi

Manmaw Sasana Ginwang kata, Ginwang Kanu num ni woi awn ai hte Shwe Gu mare kaw galoi mung ahkrung nga ai Karai Kasang a Chyumlaika sharin hpawng hpe 4-5.9.2016 ya laman zup nna, galaw la lu sai.

Buga hpung (9) na Kanu num (200) jan sadu sharin la masai. 5.9.2016 ya shana Buga hpung (9) tup shanglawm ai hte Chyumlaika kaw na Dorka a maumwi hpe gamung naura shingjawng ai lamang galaw la lu sai. Gamung naura shin-gjawng ai hta Chyawng Htawk Buga Hpung ni Ningja Hpring Kumhpa, Mungding Pa Buga Hpung ni Marai Rawng Kum-hpa, Shwe Gu Buga Hpung ni Lachyum Shaleng Ningtawn Kumhpa hpe hkam la lu ai. Manmaw Buga Hpung ni Kasi Ning Tawn Kumhpa, Awng Tha Buga Hpung ni Madat Mara Kumhpa, Htoi San Buga Hpung ni Dorka Atsam Kumhpa, Myale Buga Hpung ni Myithkrum Kumhpa, Manje Buga Hpung ni Gyinshalat Kumhpa, Ebyu Buga Hpung ni Laklai

Kumhpa hpe hkam la lu shajang ma ai. Yawng gaw grai grai shakut shaja nhtawm, Ningtawn Kumhpa hpe gu gu ra ra lu la shajang ma ai. Shwe Gu Buga Ramma ni yungwi pinra lamang hte shangwi shapyaw la lu ai hte Chyumlaika sharin hpawng hpe mung, kabu gara awngdang ai hte galaw la lu masai.

Shwe Gu Buga Hpung Kanu num ni mung, alu tam ai hku nna, muk, hpalap seng, hkausin hkausoi, hpunpalawng, hpunru tsi mawan, muk chyaw ni grai hkum hkra dut ma ai.

417. Umawng hpun 232 Crofon oblongifolius opf&ifhBuD;? avEdkifaq;yif

418. Umung/Lamung(Shagyaw) 60 Mangifera indica, Mangifera longipes o&uf? o&ufjym

419. Unhtung 135 Vernonia volkamerifolia aq;BuD;? aq;"armuf

420. Uhku ju ruUhkru ju ru

123 Uncaria pilosaUncaria sessilibructus (Quinine)

MuufwufEG,f

Muuftwuf

421. Upin lang (Ubin lang) (Bumawng ru)

213 Piper nigrum (Black pepper) ydwfcsif;^*sif;

jiKyfaumif;

422. Ura 322323321

Dendrocalamus calostachyusDendrocalamus LatiflorusThyrsostachys oliveri

0g;BuD;

0g;Al;êDâoewf0g;

423. Ure 321 Gigantochloa macrostachya ubm;0g;? 0g;ysdK^BuD;? 0g;ajymuf

424. U – Sangau/ La 226 Sauropus albicans a,mu®uif;ndK

425. Uswi (Kung swi) 324 Dinochloa compactiflora 0g;EG,f? 0g;EG,faumuf

426. Use tsi (Jitna Lata) 2 Naravelia zeylanica qyfcsdK&pf? cGgndK

427. U shan hpun 62 Moringa oleifera, (Drumstick/Horse radish)

'efY'vGefyif?

Muufom;[if;yif

428. Wa chyang (Wa gang – ga) 107 Melastoma malabathricum MuufvnfqH? vif;'yg;ysOf;

429. Wa du dang (Nai htingkyu) Htingkyu nai

280 Dioscarea burmanica awmarsmufO

0ufumO

430. Wa gat/ U gat 323 Dendrocalamus mumbranaccus rSif0g;? 0g;jAL;? rSif0g;BuD;

431. Wa hku (Wa hkung jang nai) 88 Calliandra umbrosa MuHhpm? MumBuD;? xaemif;ql;jzL

432. Wa hpaw (U hpaw/ peng) 322 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii 0g;Al;EG,f? 0g;Al;rsufqHusJL

433. Wak/ Wakbau (mai bau) 25 Pentacme siamensis tifusif;^tif

434. Wa mayan (U mayan) 57 Litehi chinensis Muufarmuf? w½kwfZD;

435. Wa myi 248 Quercus spicata a&zufMurf;â&zuf½dkif;

puwfajymif

436. Wa na/Shaman, Kahtan 323 Pseudostachyum polymorphum ayguf0g;

437. Wa pa sang (Wa pu sang) 105 Syzygium cumini oajyAsdK

24


The Museum and Ethnic Struggles1 Gumring Hkangda

(Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove)When I saw the call for papers for the ASEASUK 2014 conference panel, ‘Framing Southeast Asia: the role of the museum’, I was in a jungle in northern Burma (Myanmar) in the middle of a trip researching Kachin cultural heri-tage. Specifically, I was investigating historic Kachin graves, Lup. Lup are scattered all over the jungle, not always near villages.

While old Lup are very difficult to see, nowadays they can be identified by their Lup Hka - a deep ditch which is dug around the grave signifying that the interred person now belongs to the other side and must not pass over the ditch. Many of Lup Hka I saw were more than a century old. It is also worth mention-ing that, tragically, many Lup Hka have suffered damage or erosion through environmental effects.

Although I was personally interested in looking at historical sites in the Kachin area, the main part of my trip was to vis-it IDPs (Internally Displaced Peoples) and refugee camps on behalf of The Kachin Relief Fund, a registered charity established by UK Kachin community members.

The conflict that resumed on 9th June 2011 between Burma’s ‘new govern-ment’ and the Kachin Independence Or-ganisation (KIO) has already produced more than 100,000 Kachin refugees. Local community organisations have documented numerous killings as well as cases of torture, rape and abuse. In this kind of extreme political situation, for a Kachin person like me working within a museum the question of the role of the museum becomes of crucial importance.

1A paper presented at the ASEASUK 2014 Conference, University of Brighton, 12-14 September 2014.

In this paper I take the position that museums are institutions which need to pay closer attention to the culture and socio-politics of those people regarded as members of minorities or of mar-ginalised social groups. Ivan Karp and Corinne Kratz note that the museums have become “essential forms through which to make statements about history, identity, value, and place and to claim recognition” (Karp and Kratz 2006, p. 4).

For Karp and Kratz history, identity, value, and recognition are important concepts for the museum. In Burma there are more than a hundred indig-enous ethnic groups. The Kachin are one specific ethnic group living in the northern part of Burma, sandwiched between China and India. The estimated population of Kachin people is about 1.2 million. Nowadays Kachin people also live around the world. It is very important for Kachins today to maintain and develop their cultural heritage given the turbulent political and social situa-tion within Burma.

Since Burma secured independence from the British government in 1948 there have been several prolonged and complicated political contests between minority ethnic groups and the Bur-mese government. The Kachins, along with other ethnic groups and repre-sentatives of the ethnic majority, the Burmans, formed an agreement called the Panglong Agreement in 1947 which promised to establish a federal govern-ment system. However, the Panglong Agreement was never realised and the Kachins have continued to demand that the Burmese government implement the Panglong promise. In return the Bur-mese government has sought to repress Kachin resistance through the strategic and militarily targeting of the Kachin people.

During my trip to Burma, I spoke with an elderly Kachin lady who had expe-rienced civil war her whole life. She said, ‘[W]e were hiding in the jungle for more than fifty years. We were unable to keep our belongings that we inherited from our ancestors as we had to run away from one place to another all the time. Sometimes we dug in a jungle and hid our belongings. And we could not

remember the places when we wanted to find them out again. I think it is very important for us to keep and conserve what we have now. How can we con-serve the vanishing cultural objects es-pecially when we are living in this kind of political chaos?’ (personal interview, 2014)

What she said caused me to think about the role of museums in the context of displacement. Museums can be gener-ally defined as institutions which hold responsibility for the preservation and conservation of cultural heritage. As museum workers we care for cultural objects. It is our job to maintain these through the associated activities of research, interpretation, and documen-tation. Museums worldwide share the concern of preserving the world cultural heritage. But how can we preserve the cultural heritage of a particular social group experiencing civil war for more than half a century? I would argue that taking account of social and political circumstances is important in reflecting on the role of a museum.

The World Art collection at Brighton Museum & Art Gallery holds historical photographs, textiles and documenta-tion related to Burma. Within the James Henry Green collection, there are more than 1600 photographs and 300 objects from the early 20th century taken in Burma. Many of these are associated with the ethnic Kachin. I would like to emphasise here that this collection of photographic images and objects - taken by a British colonial officer and ama-teur anthropologist, James Henry Green in the 1920s - are important materials for building a historical understanding of the role of culture and of changing socio-political conditions and their legacy in terms of the current conflict between the Kachins and the Burmese government. As a community struggling under great political instability and uncertainty, culture offers a constructive tool for building Kachin identity. In the following I would like to present some photographic interpretations which re-flect different aspects of Kachin cultural identities.

Looking at Green’s photographs even such a regular routine as weaving textiles at home can be considered an

A Kachin grave. Photograph taken by James Henry Green in 1926.

Courtesy of Rpyal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove.Laikaman (6) de

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TSABAN 21ST PANGLONG ZUPHPAWNG - Hparat Panglai · Rev. Dr. Lahpai Zau Lat (Nahemia laika), Rev. Dr. Hkalam Samson (2016 Ning a K.B.C Gabaw rai nga ai SHAN-GLAWT AI HTE HKRISTU HTA