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Tanaman Institut Riset Internasional untuk Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) adalah organisasi non-politik non-profit, yang melakukan penelitian pertanian untuk pengembangan di lahan kering Asia dan sub-Sahara Afrika. Meliputi 6,5 juta kilometer persegi tanah di 55 negara, daerah tropis semi-kering atau lahan kering memiliki lebih dari 2 miliar orang, dan 644 juta ini adalah termiskin dari yang miskin.
ICRISAT dan mitranya membantu memberdayakan orang-orang miskin untuk mengatasi kemiskinan, kelaparan dan lingkungan yang terdegradasi melalui pertanian yang lebih baik. ICRISAT berkantor pusat di Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, di India, dengan dua hub daerah (Nairobi, Kenya dan Bamako, Mali) dan kantor negara di Niger, Zimbabwe, Malawi, dan Mozambik.
ICRISAT melakukan penelitian pada lima toleran kekeringan tanaman bergizi tinggi: buncis, gude, millet mutiara, sorgum dan kacang tanah.
Visi, misi dan pendekatan
ICRISAT membayangkan makmur, tropis makanan yang aman dan lahan kering tangguh. Untuk mencapai hal ini, misinya adalah untuk mengurangi kemiskinan, kelaparan, kekurangan gizi, dan degradasi lingkungan di daerah tropis kering. Ini pendekatan ini melalui penelitian pertanian internasional berbasis kemitraan untuk pembangunan yang mewujudkan Ilmu dengan Wajah Manusia.
Pembangunan yang berorientasi pasar inklusif
Untuk waktu yang lama, keluarga petani lahan kering telah terpinggirkan dari loop pembangunan. Strategi inklusif akan memungkinkan kaum miskin, terutama perempuan dan pemuda / anak-anak, untuk berpartisipasi, daripada harus absen, dalam proses pembangunan.
ICRISAT riset-untuk-pembangunan agenda dicapai melalui Program Penelitian CGIAR di Lahan Kering Sistem, Program Penelitian CGIAR pada Kebijakan, Lembaga dan Pasar, Program Penelitian CGIAR di Grain Kacang-Kacangan dan Program Penelitian CGIAR di Lahan Kering Sereal. Ini diimplementasikan dengan cara yang menguntungkan petani kecil, memungkinkan mereka dan keluarga mereka untuk melampaui pertanian subsisten untuk menghasilkan surplus yang dapat disimpan dan dijual ke pasar, membuka jalan bagi kemakmuran di lahan kering. Menghasilkan surplus, yang disimpan sebagai makanan, berfungsi sebagai penyangga pada saat kelaparan. Pendapatan dari produk yang dipasarkan memungkinkan keluarga petani untuk membeli lebih banyak makanan bila diperlukan, termasuk input seperti bibit, pupuk, tenaga kerja, peralatan, ternak, asuransi dan pendidikan. Ini akan lebih meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian, menendang serangkaian investasi yang membawa pertumbuhan ekonomi. Karena ini ditopang, itu menciptakan jalur memperkuat diri menuju kemakmuran. Hal tersebut di atas menjelaskan proses sosial-ekonomi yang disebut pembangunan yang berorientasi pasar inklusif (IMOD) yang strategi ICRISAT yang berlabuh.
ICRISAT telah ditetapkan enam hasil perkembangan yang diyakini akan membantu orang
miskin untuk bergerak sepanjang jalan IMOD: kecukupan pangan, intensifikasi, diversifikasi, ketahanan dan kesehatan & gizi, dan pemberdayaan perempuan. Menekan angka kemiskinan dan peningkatan ketahanan pangan di daerah tropis kering yang dimungkinkan melalui jalur ini.
ICRISAT percaya ini adalah cara untuk memenuhi target yang aspiratif ngkat kemiskinan di keluarga petani rakyat, mengurangi separuh kejadian kelaparan, mengurangi separuh kekurangan gizi anak dan secara signifikan meningkatkan ketahanan pertanian petani lahan kering tropis.
ContactsInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Patancheru 502 324Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTel: +91 40 30713071Fax: +91 40 30713074E-mail: ICRISAT AT CGIAR.ORGAddresses of hubs and country offices
General contact informationDavid BergvinsonDirector Generald.bergvinson(at)cgiar.org
Media inquiry contactJoanna Kane-PotakaDirector of Strategic Marketing & CommunicationJ.Kane-Potaka AT cgiar.org
The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a non-profit, non-political organization that conducts agricultural research for development in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with a wide array of partners throughout the world. Covering 6.5 million square kilometers of land in 55 countries, the semi-arid or dryland tropics has over 2 billion people, and 644 million of these are the poorest of the poor. ICRISAT and its partners help empower these poor people to overcome poverty, hunger and a degraded environment through better agriculture.
ICRISAT is headquartered in Hyderabad, Telangana, India, with two regional hubs and six country offices in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a member of the CGIAR Consortium. CGIAR is a global agriculture research partnership for a food secure future. Its science is carried out by the 15 research centers who are members of the CGIAR Consortium in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations. www.cgiar.org
ICRISAT conducts research protecting the environment.Dryland agriculture has long been viewed with pessimism and hopelessness. Tropical dryland areas are usually seen as resource-poor and perennially beset by shocks such as drought, trapping dryland communities in poverty and hunger and dependent on external aid.
ICRISAT challenges this pessimistic view. Working with diverse partners in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa for almost four decades, ICRISAT has found that dryland farmers are ingenious and resourceful. By applying scientific innovations backed up with adequate policy, marketing and other support services, they are able to increase their crop productivity and incomes by several-fold, while improving the resilience of their lands and livelihoods. Hence, prosperity can be brought about in the tropical drylands.
Vision, mission and approach
ICRISAT envisions a prosperous, food-secure and resilient dryland tropics. To achieve this, our mission is to reduce poverty, hunger, malnutrition and environmental degradation in the dryland tropics. Our approach is through partnership-based international agricultural research-for-development that embodies Science with a Human Face.
Inclusive market-oriented development
For a long time, dryland farm families have been marginalized out of the development loop. An inclusive (broad-based) strategy puts them into the mainstream to participate and reap the benefits of development. Moreover, an inclusive strategy will enable the poor, particularly women and the youth/children, to participate, rather than be sidelined, in the development process.
Moreover, ICRISAT implements research programs in ways that benefit smallholder farmers enabling them and their families to go beyond subsistence farming to produce surpluses that can be stored and sold to markets, paving the way for prosperity in the drylands. Surplus produce, which is stored as food, serves as a buffer in times of hunger. Income from marketed produce enable farm families to purchase more food when needed, including inputs such as seeds, fertilizer, labor, tools, livestock, insurance and education. These will further raise farm productivity, kicking off a series of investments that bring about economic growth. As this is sustained, it creates a self-reinforcing pathway to prosperity. The foregoing describes a socio-economic process called inclusive market-oriented development (IMOD) on which ICRISAT’s strategy is anchored.
Holistic Approach
Research Programs
1. Resilient Dryland Systems – Reducing vulnerability to drought and climate change while increasing crop diversity and value.
2. Markets, Institutions and Policies – Harnessing development pathways for inclusive prosperity.
3. Grain Legumes – Raising and securing legume productivity for health, income and sustainability.
4. Dryland Cereals – Increasing dryland cereal crop productivity to help end hunger.
Our research facilities
Aspirational targets and development outcomes
ICRISAT has set four bold targets in the next ten years that will enormously benefit the well-being of the dryland’s poorest people:
Help halve rural poverty by increasing farm incomes through more productive, stable,
diverse and profitable crops and crop products, Help halve hunger by contributing innovations that increase yields by 30% on a wide
scale and through policy advice that stabilizes food prices and availability,
Help halve childhood malnutrition by enhancing the nutrient content of staple food crops and helping the poor diversify their crops, delivering more nutritious and safer food, and
Increase resilience of dryland farming through innovations that stabilize, safeguard and enhance natural resource capital, biological and systems diversity, and land health.
Towards the foregoing, ICRISAT’s programs are focused on achieving six development outcomes namely: development Food sufficiency, intensification, diversification, resilience, health and nutrition and women empowerment.
Governance and Management
ICRISAT’s management is headed by a Director General and assisted by a Deputy Director General - Research and other members of the Management Group composed of the Directors of Finance, Human Resources and Operations, Resource Planning and Marketing, Communication and the African regional hubs (Nairobi, Kenya and Bamako, Mali). Apart from the regional hubs, ICRISAT has five country offices (Malawi, Ethiopia, Niger, Nigeria, Zimbabwe) in sub-Saharan Africa. These are headed by Country Representatives. Research Programs are headed by Program Directors.
Allied institutions
AIP (Agribusiness and Innovation Platform)
AVRDC (AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center)
IACD (ICRISAT Association for Community Development)
ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute)
ISH (International School of Hyderabad)
IWMI (International Water Management Institute )
PTTC (Platform for Translational Research on Transgenic Crops)
Donors
Some call them ‘donors', but we think of them as visionary investors -- far-sighted governments, development banks, foundations, charitable organizations and even private sector companies, who recognize that the elimination of poverty is the key to a peaceful world with food security and prosperity for all. To learn more, visit the web sites of our development investors.
Core Donors
Australia - Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) www.aciar.gov.au
Belgium - European Commission (EC) www.europa.eu/index_en.htm
Belgium - Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs, Development Cooperation www.dgos.be/en/index.html
Germany - Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ)
www.bmz.de/en/index.html
India - Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India www.agricoop.nic.in
Ireland - Development Cooperation Ireland, Department of Foreign Affairs www.dci.gov.ie
Japan - Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.mofa.go.jp
Philippines – Department of Agriculture www.da.gov.ph
Switzerland - Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home
Thailand - Department of Agriculture www.moac.go.th/eng
Turkey - Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs www.tarim.gov.tr
USA - United States Agency for International Development (USAID) www.usaid.gov
World Bank www.worldbank.org
Donors - Restricted Projects
Australia - Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)
www.aciar.gov.au
Australia - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) www.csiro.au
Australia - Crawford Fund www.crawfordfund.org
Australia - Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) gov.ua.nic.in
Austria - Austrian Development Agency (ADA) www.ada.at
Austria - OPEC Fund for International Development www.ofid.org
Belgium - European Commission europa.eu/index_en.htm
Botswana - Implementation & Coordination of Agricultural Research & Training (ICART), SADC
www.sadc.int
Canada - International Development Research Centre (IDRC) www.idrc.ca/index_en.html
CGIAR - CGIAR Centers www.cgiar.org
CGIAR - CP-Generation www.generationcp.org/index.php
CP – HarvestPlus www.harvestplus.org
CP - Water and Food www.waterandfood.org
CGIAR - CP-Sub-Saharan Africa www.fara-africa.org/
China - Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) www.caas.net.cn
Denmark – Challenge Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
www.ccafs.cgiar.org
Denmark - Copenhagen University www.ku.dk
Ethiopia – System-wide Genetic Resources Programme (SGRP) www.sgrp.cgiar.org
France - Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomiquie pour le Development (CIRAD)
www.cirad.fr/en
Germany - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH www.giz.de
Germany – University of Hohenheim www.uni-hohenheim.de/startseite.html?&L=1
Ghana – Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) www.csir.org.gh
Ghana – USAID – West Africa www.usaid.gov/westafrica/
India – Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) www.crida.ernet.in/
India - Department of Agriculture & Cooperation (DoAC) agricoop.nic.in
India - Department of Agricultural Research & Education (DARE) dare.nic.in
India - Department of Biotechnology (DBT) www.dbtindia.nic.in
India - Department of Land Resources (DoLR) dolr.nic.in
India - Department of Science & Technology (DST) www.dst.gov.in
India - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR)
www.dsir.gov.in
India – Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) www.ficci.com
India - Government of Andhra Pradesh www.aponline.gov.in
India - Government of Karnataka www.karnataka.gov.in
India - Government of Uttar Pradesh www.upgov.nic.in
India – Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI) www.upgov.nic.in
India – Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) www.icar.org.in
India – Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) www.mnre.gov.in
India – Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) msme.gov.in
India – Ministry of Water Resources wrmin.nic.in
India - National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM) www.nbaim.org.in
India - National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) www.naip.icar.org.in
India - National Food Security Mission (NFSM) nfsm.gov.in
India - National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB) www.nrcpb.org/
India - Private Sector Companies
India – SAB Miller India www.sabmiller.in
India - Sir Dorabji Tata Trust
www.dorabjitatatrust.org
India - Sir Ratan Tata Trust www.srtt.org
India - SM Sehgal Foundation www.smsfoundation.org
India - TVS Agri Science Research Institute
Ireland - Irish Aid www.dci.gov.ie
Italy - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) www.fao.org
Italy - Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR) www.egfar.org
Italy - Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT) www.croptrust.org
Italy - International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) www.ifad.org
Japan - Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) www.jircas.affrc.go.jp
Japan - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) www.maff.go.jp/e/index.html
Kenya - African Seed Trade Association (AFSTA) www.afsta.org
Kenya - Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International (AHBFI) www.africaharvest.org
Kenya - Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) www.agra-alliance.org
Kenya - BioSciences Eastern and Central Africa (BECA) www.africabiosciences.org
Kenya - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) www.unep.org
Malawi - CARE International www.caremalawi.org
Malawi – Irish Aid www.irishaid.gov.ie/Malawi.asp
Malawi - Plan International plan-international.org
Malawi - National Smallholder Farmers Association of Malawi (NASFAM) www.nasfam.org
Mozambique - Government of Mozambique www.mozambique.mz
Netherlands - Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) www.common-fund.org
Netherlands - Wageningen University www.wur.nl
Niger - Bereau de l’Ambassade du Canada
Niger - The Community Action Plan (CAP)
Norway - Molde University College www.himolde.no
Norway – Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud.html
Norway - The Development Fund www.utviklingsfondet.no
Philippines - Asian Development Bank (ADB) www.adb.org
Philippines - Department of Agriculture www.bar.gov.ph
Philippines - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD)
www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph
Senegal - Conseil Ouest et Centre Africain pour la Recherche et le Developpement Agricole (CORAF)
www.coraf.org/English/English.html
Switzerland - Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) www.akdn.org
Switzerland - Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation www.sdc.admin.ch
Switzerland - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich www.ethz.ch/index_EN
Switzerland - Indo-Swiss Collaboration in Biotechnology (ISCB) iscb.epfl.ch
Switzerland - Syngenta Foundation www.syngentafoundation.org
Taiwan - Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) www.avrdc.org
Tanzania - Ministry of Agriculture & Food Security (MoAFS) www.agriculture.go.tz
Tanzania - Sokoine University of Agriculture www.suanet.ac.tz
Uganda - Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA)
www.asareca.org
UK - Aberystwyth University www.aber.ac.uk
UK – UNEP – WCMC www.unep-wcmc.org
UK - University of Sheffield www.sheffield.ac.uk
UK - Warwick University www2.warwick.ac.uk
USA - Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation International Inc., www.africa-harvest.org
USA - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation www.gatesfoundation.org
USA – CERES Inc www.ceres.net/
USA – Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University www.igd.cornell.edu/
USA – Cornell University www.cornell.edu
USA – Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis plantpathology.ucdavis.edu
USA – Director of Sponsored Programs, University of California-Davis www.research.ucdavis.edu/SponPrograms
USA – Dow AgroSciences LLC www.dowagro.com
USA - Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training (START) www.start.org
USA - Iowa State University www.iastate.edu
USA - New Mexico State University www.nmsu.edu
USA - McKnight Foundation www.mcknight.org
USA – S M Sehgal Foundation www.smsfoundation.org
USA - Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) www.self.org
USA – The International Foundation intlfoundation.org
USA - United States Agency for International Development (USAID) www.usaid.gov
USA – United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) www.usda.gov
USA - University of Georgia-Griffin www.uga.edu
USA - Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia-Griffin www.plantgenome.uga.edu
USA - University of Wisconsin www.geography.wisc.edu
USA - World Bank www.worldbank.org
Venezuela – SEFLOARCA, C.A., www.sefloarca.com/servicios2.com
Zimbabwe – Action Contre la Faim www.actioncontrelafaim.org/english/
Zimbabwe - GRM International www.grm.co.zw
Zimbabwe - Midlands State University (MSU) www.msu.ac.zw
Zimbabwe - Organisation of Rural Associations for Progress (ORAP) http://orapzenzele.org
Zimbabwe – World Vision www.worldvision.org
Grant income-2004
ICRISAT, on behalf of the poor across the dry tropics, is enormously grateful to the following development investors for their foresight and generosity in helping the dryland poor escape hunger, poverty and environmental degradation:
Grant Income from Donors for 2004
Grant income-2013
ICRISAT, on behalf of the poor across the dry tropics, is enormously grateful to the following development investors for their foresight and generosity in helping the dryland poor escape hunger, poverty and environmental degradation:
Grant income from Donors for 2013
Donor US$ ' 000
CGIAR Consortium 38,069 CGIAR Consortium Research Centers 11,955 India 6,734 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 6,256 United States of America (USA) 6,020 CGIAR Challenge Programme 1,929 Ireland 1,255 Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT) 848 Germany 666 Seed Companies 637European Commission (EU) 531 McKnight Foundation 427 Japan 382 Global Crop Diversity Trust 402 FARA 377 Seed Companies 367 Japan 382 Association for Strengthening of Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) 368
Netherlands 336 Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) 314 Other Donors 292 Philippines 287 Care Inc., 274 International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 244 Sir Ratan Tata Trust (SRTT) 235 Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) 219 Austria 215 Office Cherifien des Phosphates Foundation (OCPF) 177Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust (NRTT) 164 Canada 158 Australia 144 Sir Dorabji Tata Trust (SDTT) 117 China 100 United Kingdom (UK) 97 Institute National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN) 86 Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) 85 Food and Agrilculture Organisation (FAO) 72 Institute d' economie Rural (IER) 68 World Bank 67 Coca Cola India Foundation 61 Denmark 34 France 29 Thailand 20 Turkey 10
Action Contre la Faim (ACF) 10 Catholic Releif Services (CRS) 07 Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) 05 Grand Total 80,004
Partners
NARES (National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems)
Abellon Clean Energy Ltd., Ahmedabad, India www.abelloncleanenergy.com
Action Contre la Faim (ACF), Niger www.actioncontrelafaim.ca
Africa Harvest Biotechnology Foundation International (AHBFI), Kenya & South Africa africaharvest.org
Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Soil Climate and Water, South Africa www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=498
Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Tanzania www.sari-shp.org
Agricultural Research Services, Malawi
Agricultural Research Station, AICRP Pulses, Gulbarga, India
Agricultural Research Station, Durgapur, India
Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Tandur
Agricultural Seed Agency (ASA), Tanzania www.asa.or.tz
Agricultural Technical and Extension Services (AGRITEX), Zimbabwe
All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project (AICPMIP), Mandor, Rajasthan, India
www.aicpmip.res.in/aboutus.html
Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI), Ethiopia www.arari.gov.et
ARI Hombolo
ARI Naliendele
ASEDES, Mali
Association d’Eveil au Developpement Durable (AMEDD), Mali www.ameddmali.org/spip.php?rubrique56
Association des Organizations des Paysans Professionels (AOPP), Mali www.aopp-mali.org
Association pour le Developpement Economique Social et Culturel de Kalalé (ADESCA), Benin
Association Minim Song Panga, Burkina Faso
Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG)
www.acpfg.com.au
AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan www.avrdc.org
BAIF Development Research Foundation, India www.baif.org.in
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Bangladesh www.bari.gov.bd
BASIX www.basixindia.com
BenchBio Private Limited, India www.benchbio.com
BGI-Shenzhen, China en.genomics.cn
Bioenergy Development Co Ltd, China
Bioseed Genetics International, Inc. Thailand
BYPASS
Center for Agricultural Research and Development (CARD), Bunda College of Agriculture, Malawi
www.bunda.unima.mw
Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad www.cess.ac.in
Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD), Bangladesh www.cpd.org.bd/index.asp
Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur, India www.cazri.res.in
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), India www.crida.in
Centre National de Recherche Appliqué au Développement Rural (FOFIFA), Madagascar www.fofifa.mg
CERES Inc., USA www.ceres.net
Cleanergy Seeds Limited, Israel
Compatible Technology International, Malawi compatibletechnology.org/index.html
Danish Management, Denmark www.danishmanagement.com/.../denmark-headquarters-mainmenu-20
DEEP Development Research Foundation Institute
Departement de Technology Alimentaire, Centre National de la RechercheScientifiqueetTechnologque (DTA), Burkina Faso
Department of Agriculture, Myanmar
www.moai.gov.mm
Department of Agricultural Research, Myanmar dar.moai.gov.mm/index.php/en
Department of Agriculture, Government of Andhra Pradesh, India agri.ap.nic.in
Department of Horticulture, GoK, Bengaluru
www.karnataka.gov.in/horticulture/Pages/home.aspx
Department of Research and Development, Tanzania
Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Malawi
Department of Research and Training (DRT) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Tanzania
Department of Watershed Development, GoK, Bengaluru
www.karnataka.gov.in/watershed/Pages/home.aspx
Directorate of Agriculture and Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Orissa
www.agriorissa.org
Directorate of Sorghum Research, Hyderabad, India www.sorghum.res.in
Eastern Africa Grain Council (EAGC), Kenya www.eagc.org
Energy Seed International www.euroseed.in
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Ethiopia www.eiar.gov.et
EUCORD, MALI eucord.org/where-we-work/mali
Euro India Research Centre (EIRC) euroindiaresearch.org
FASO KABA seed enterprise, Mali
Federation des Paysans Semenciers du Burkina Faso (FePaB), Burkina Faso
Field Crops Research Centre (FCRI), Dept of Agriculture, Thailand
Forest and Landscape Denmark (FLD), Denmark sl.life.ku.dk/English.aspx
Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA)
www.fara-africa.org
Foundation for Ecological Security (FES), India fes.org.in
Fuma Gaskiya (Federation of Farmes), Niger
GenXPro GmbH, Germany www.genxpro.info/about_us
Government of Karnataka, India www.karunadu.gov.in/Pages/Default.aspx
Government of Madhya Pradesh, India www.mp.gov.in
Government of Rajasthan, India rajasthan.gov.in
Gramin Vikas Trust, India www.gvtindia.org
Green Technologies
Gwanda South Rural District Council, Zimbabwe
Helen Keller International, Mali www.hki.org/working-worldwide/africa/mali
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Bangalore www.hindustanpetroleum.com
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi www.iari.res.in
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India www.iictindia.org
Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Calcutta www.iimcal.ac.in
Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur www.iipr.res.in
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai
www.iitm.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi www.iitd.ac.in
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur www.iitk.ac.in
Industrial Technology Institute, Sri Lanka iti.lk
Institut d’Economie Rurale (IER), Mali www.ier.gouv.ml
Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Burkina Faso www.inera.bf
INRA, France www.infra.fr/en
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Researchers (IRD), France en.ird.fr
Institut de recherché de developpement (IRD), Montpell Institut d'economie rurale, Mali www.mali.ird.fr
Institut national de recherches agronomiques du Niger (INRAN), Niger www.inra.org.ma
Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Sénégal www.isra.sn
Institut Technologie Alimentaire (ITA) Dakar, Senegal www.ita.sn
Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Nigeria
Jain Irrigation Systems Limited (JISL), Jalgaon www.jains.com
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) www.jircas.affrc.go.jp
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur, India www.jnkvv.nic.in
Jharkhand Tribal Development Society (JTDS), Ranchi, Jharkhand, India jtds.org.in
Jigawa State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (JARDA), Nigeria
Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi
Kano State Agricultural & Rural Development Authority (KNARDA), Nigeria www.knarda.kano.gov.ng
Katsina State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (KTARDA), Nigeria www.katsinastate-lgac.com
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Kenya www.kari.org
Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Kenya www.meteo.go.ke
Kenya Seed Company, Kenya www.kenyaseed.com
Krishidhan Seeds Ltd., India www.krishidhanseeds.com
Lake Chad Research Institute, Nigeria
Limpopo Department of Agriculture, Zimbabawe www.lda.gov.za/index.php?option=com_contact&view=category&catid=83&Itemid=225
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London www.lshtm.ac.uk
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidya Peeth (MPKV), Rahuri, India mpkv.mah.nic.in
Mali Biocarburant S.A. (MBSA), Mali www.malibiocarburant.com
Mali Folk Centre (MFC), Mali www.malifolkecenter.org
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Biogene Agritech
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CERES Inc., USA
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DevGen Seeds and Crop Tech Pvt. Ltd. www.devgen.com/seed_crop_commercial.php
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SEFLOARCA, C.A., Venezuela
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Rudraram Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Robert G. Edwards, who opened a new era in medicine when he joined a colleague in developing in vitro fertilization, enabling millions of infertile couples to bring children into the world and women to have babies even in menopause, died on Wednesday at his home near Cambridge, England. Dr. Edwards, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for his breakthrough, was 87.
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Keystone/Hulton Archive, via Getty Images
Dr. Edwards holding Louise in 1978.
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Central Press/Hulton Archive, via Getty Images
Dr. Edwards, center, with his team in Cambridge in 1969, when he began his IVF research in earnest
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Central Press/Hulton Archive, via Getty Images
Dr. Edwards, right, with Dr. Patrick Steptoe, his colleague in the effort.
The University of Cambridge, where he worked for many years, announced his death. Dr. Edwards was known to have dementia and was said to have been unable to appreciate the tribute when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2010.
Working with Dr. Patrick Steptoe, Dr. Edwards essentially changed the rules for how people can come into the world. Conception was now possible outside the body — in a petri dish.
The technique has resulted in the births of five million babies, many in multiple births, according to the International Committee Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies, an independent nonprofit group.
Yet, like so many pioneers of science, Dr. Edwards and Dr. Steptoe achieved what they did in the face of a skeptical establishment and choruses of critics, some of whom found the idea of a “test tube baby” morally repugnant. Denied government support, the two men resorted to private financing. And they did their work in virtual seclusion, in a tiny, windowless laboratory at a small, out-of-the-way English hospital outside Manchester.
It was there, after outwitting a crowd of reporters, that they delivered their — and the world’s — first IVF baby, Louise Brown, on July 25, 1978. Her parents, John and Lesley Brown, had tried for nine years to have a child — a period that virtually coincided with Dr. Edwards’s research.
Dr. Edwards first had the idea for in vitro fertilization in the 1950s, and after beginning his research in earnest in the late 1960s, he stayed with it for nine years, through trial and error, disappointment and triumph.
He was a colorful physiologist who courted the press and vigorously debated his critics, and he was unflagging. Several times a week he drove three to four hours from his academic office in Cambridge to pursue the work at Oldham General Hospital (now the Royal Oldham Hospital). It was there that he and Dr. Steptoe finally succeeded in fertilizing an egg, growing it briefly in a petri dish and transferring it to a woman’s uterus to produce a baby.
Dr. Steptoe, who died in 1988, did not receive a share of the Nobel because the prizes are not awarded posthumously.
Dr. Edwards’s motivation — his passion, in fact — was not fame or fortune but rather helping infertile women, said Barry Bavister, a retired reproductive biologist who worked with him. “He believed with all his heart that it was the right thing to do,” Dr. Bavister said.
During the frustrating years before that first IVF birth, Dr. Edwards was undaunted by critics who said he might be creating babies with birth defects — undaunted even by the qualms of some of his own graduate students. One, Martin Johnson, wrote that he and a fellow graduate student, Richard Gardner, “were very unsure about whether what Bob was doing was appropriate, and we didn’t want to get too involved in it.”
Dr. Johnson added that when he saw “bigwigs of the subject” who were “lambasting into Bob” and telling him not to continue, “you had to say: ‘Well, what’s going on here? Can one man be right against this weight of authoritative opinion?’ ”
In 1971, Dr. Edwards’s application for research support from the British government was turned down, in part because a committee reviewing his application thought it would be more prudent to perfect the method in primates before jumping to humans.
Then there was Dr. Edwards’s personality. Committee members wrote that they were uncomfortable with his “tendency to seek publicity in the press, television and so on.”
Finally, the committee thought that the hospital where Dr. Edwards and Dr. Steptoe worked was insufficiently equipped.
The two men obtained private funds and continued their work.
In a paper published a decade ago in Nature Medicine, Dr. Edwards explained that he first got the idea for human IVF when he was a Ph.D. student at Edinburgh University. He was working with mouse embryos and testing hormone preparations that induced female mice to ovulate. Years later, he asked gynecologists if they would give him ovarian tissue that they had removed from patients for other reasons. Dr. Edwards sought to induce the eggs in the tissue to mature. Then he would fertilize them and transfer them to infertile women to produce pregnancies.
“Some gynecologists approached about this project candidly responded that they thought the idea preposterous,” Dr. Edwards wrote. But one, Dr. Molly Rose, who had delivered two of Dr. Edwards’s five daughters, said she would do it.
The immature eggs, though, would not mature. Dr. Edwards had assumed it took 12 hours for the process; that was what another research group had said. He finally succeeded, he wrote in 1972, when, after “after two disappointing years,” he let the eggs grow for as long as 25 hours. Then, he wrote, “a joy unbounding,” the eggs matured.
What followed, however, was failure after failure to achieve the steps needed for an actual pregnancy.
The first hurdle was trying to get a human egg to be fertilized by human sperm in the lab. Dr. Edwards tried repeatedly for several years, to no avail. Meanwhile, Dr. Bavister, working next door to Dr. Edwards’s lab, had developed a solution to nourish hamster sperm while he fertilized hamster eggs.
“One day,” Dr. Bavister recalled, “Bob said, ‘Barry, why don’t we try your hamster medium with human eggs?’ ” It worked. Dr. Bavister said he could still recall his first glimpse of that fertilized human egg in the microscope. “It was unbelievable, like ‘Eureka!’ ” he said.
The problem, it turned out, was that the solutions Dr. Edwards had been trying were too acidic. The hamster egg solution was slightly less acidic, which allowed sperm to burrow into the egg.
The next step was to get the embryos to start to grow and divide in a petri dish so that they could be transferred to a woman’s uterus.
Many did not develop, and those that did did not survive long. Even after Dr. Edwards and Dr. Steptoe managed to get the eggs to grow to the point where they could be transferred, no pregnancies resulted. They made over 100 attempts, but no woman got pregnant, except one, who had an ectopic pregnancy, with the embryo in her fallopian tube instead of her uterus.
“Most sensible scientists would have given up,” Dr. Bavister said. “But they plugged on and plugged on.”
Dr. Joseph D. Schulman, an American physician who later founded the Genetics and IVF Institute in Fairfax, Va., worked with Dr. Edwards and Dr. Steptoe in 1973 and 1974 and wrote of those frustrating times:
“Although we tried week after week though most of the winter and spring, with one, two or three infertile patients a week, no pregnancy resulted. We extensively debated the causes of failure, of which the informed scientific imagination would provide many.”
Dr. Edwards, “never the most patient of men, was becoming increasingly irritable,” Dr. Schulman wrote.
It is still not clear why it took so long to achieve success, Dr. Schulman said. Dr. Edwards decided that it was a hormone he was giving women to induce ovulation that was making the uterus inhospitable. He elected to do without the drug and rely instead on the one egg that a woman naturally produced each month.
There were only three remaining patients. Dr. Steptoe could not retrieve any eggs from the first two. One woman did not get pregnant. Another had a tubal pregnancy that could not be carried to term. Then he tried his method with Mrs. Brown.
The night Mrs. Brown was to give birth to the world’s first IVF baby, the press descended on the Oldham hospital. Dr. Edwards left the hospital that afternoon and told reporters that nothing was happening yet and that they could go home. He and Dr. Steptoe sneaked in the back entrance that night, and Dr. Steptoe delivered the baby by Caesarean.
It was Dr. Steptoe’s decision to do a Caesarean, Dr. Bavister said, adding, “If the baby was abnormal, they sure did not want the press in the delivery room.” In fact, he said, if the baby had been abnormal, that would have spelled the end of IVF. The method had succeeded only with rabbits at that point, so it was a huge leap of faith for Dr. Edwards and Dr. Steptoe to try it with humans.
But after the birth of Louise Brown, Dr. Edwards was triumphant. He and Dr. Steptoe founded an IVF center, Bourn Hall Clinic, in Cambridge.
The Roman Catholic Church denounced the Nobel committee for awarding Dr. Edwards his prize, arguing that human life should begin only through intercourse and not artificially. The Vatican said Dr. Edwards “bore a moral responsibility for all subsequent developments in assisted reproduction technology and for all abuses made possible by IVF.”
In 2011, Dr. Edwards was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II “for services to human reproductive biology.”
Robert Geoffrey Edwards was born into a working-class family in Batley, Yorkshire, on Sept. 27, 1925. He joined the British military during World War II, then studied biology at the University of Wales in Bangor. He received a Ph.D. in physiology in 1955 from Edinburgh University in Scotland.
He is survived by his wife, Ruth Edwards, along with their 5 daughters and 12 grandchildren, Cambridge said.
Dr. Bavister said the most moving tribute to Dr. Edwards was in a message posted on the Nobel Web site after Dr. Edwards had received the prize. It was from a man who had been born through IVF. “Dr. Edwards, thank you for my life,” it said.
Pemuliaan Kacang Tanah di ICRISAT, India
Tanggal 19-23 Maret 2012 saya mendapat tugas mengunjungi International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arids Tropics (ICRISAT) yaitu organisasi non-profit dan non-politik yang bergerak di bidang penelitian pertanian untuk pengembangan Asia dan sub-Sahara Afrika. Lembaga tersebut berlokasi di Patancheru, Hyderabad, India, dan dalam melaksanakan kegiatannya ICRISAT bekerjasama dengan banyak mitra, baik sesama lembaga non-profit maupun negara donor, dari seluruh dunia. Komoditas mandat ICRISAT adalah chickpea, kacang tunggak, pearl millet, sorgum dan kacang tanah. Kacang tanah adalah juga salah satu komoditas mandat Balitkabi, sehingga pada saat kunjungan penelitian kacang tanah yang menjadi fokus studi dan diskusi.
Tahun ini adalah tahun ke 40 berdirinya ICRISAT, dan sampai saat ini lebih dari 140 varietas unggul kacang tanah telah dilepas, baik oleh ICRISAT maupun hasil kerjasama dengan negara-negara mitra. Tujuan utama pemuliaan kacang tanah di ICRISAT adalah mengembangkan varietas kacang tanah tahan kekeringan, aflatoksin, penyakit karat/bercak daun, dan virus dengan latar belakang karakter umur genjah (75-90 hari) hinga sedang (>90-120 hari) dan kualitas lemak/minyak tinggi. Pada saat kunjungan penelitian untuk umur genjah sedang dipanen (umur 90 hari) (Gambar 1a). Percobaan ditanam pada musim kering
dengan suhu di siang hari mencapai 42 oC, pertumbuhan tanaman kurang optimal, namun jumlah polong per tanaman cukup tinggi (Gambar 1b).
Gambar 1. Panen percobaan umur genjah umur 90 hari (a), keragaan tanaman dan polong salah satu galur (b)
ICGV 91114 adalah salah satu varietas unggul terbaru ICRISAT yang berumur genjah, toleran kekeringan, dan berdaya hasil tinggi (Gambar 2). Varietas ini telah membuat revolusi dan mengubah wajah Anantapur, salah satu distrik di Andhra Pradesh di India. Dari 800.000-1.000.000 ha lahan pertanian, yang semula 80% ditanami tanaman sereal dan 20% kacang tanah, saat ini komposisi tersebut terbalik, 80% kacang tanah dan 20% tanaman lain.
Gambar 2. ICGV 91114, varietas unggul umur genjah, toleran kekeringan, dan berdaya hasil tinggi.
Program pemuliaan di ICRISAT dilaksanakan secara multidisiplin. Dukungan dari peneliti kelompok ilmu hama/penyakit, fisiologi/agronomi, dan genomik adalah dengan mengembangkan metode pengujian dan melaksanakan pengujian
ketahanan terhadap kekeringan, penyakit daun, aflatoksin, dan metode seleksi dengan memanfaatkan marka molekuler. Kombinasi pemuliaan konvensional dan molekuler untuk kacang tanah toleran kekeringan dan karat telah menghasilkan populasi BC3F3 and BC2F4 yang diperoleh hanya dalam waktu enam musim tanam. Sehingga pemanfaatan marka molekuler dalam kegiatan pemuliaan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas seleksi.
Plasma nutfah kacang tanah
Plasma nutfah adalah bank gen yang sangat diperlukan dalam menciptakan keragaman dalam perakitan varietas. ICRISAT saat ini mempunyai koleksi plasma nutfah kacang tanah berjumlah 15.419 aksesi. Koleksi tersebut terdiri dari 14.968 kultivar dan 477 spesies liar (Gambar 3) yang dikoleksi dari 92 negara. Koleksi tersebut mempunyai keragaman karakter polong dan biji yang cukup luas (Gambar 4). Koleksi tersebut secara rutin dievaluasi dan diskrining oleh tim multidisiplin untuk mengetahui potensi pemanfaatannya dalam pogram pemuliaan, dan direjuvenasi untuk memperbarui dan untuk memenuhi permintaan benih.
Gambar 3. Konservasi ex-situ, fasilitas penananam spesies liar, dan kegiatan rejuvenasi koleksi plasma nutfah di ICRISAT.
Gambar 4. Keragaman karakter polong dan biji pada kacang tanah koleksi plasma nutfah ICRISAT.
Koleksi plasma nutfah d ICRISAT disimpan dalam tiga kelompok yang dibedakan berdasarkan lama penyimpanan yaitu (1) Base collections (penyimpanan jangka panjang, 50-100 tahun), (2) Active collections (penyimpanan jangka menengah 10-20 tahun), dan (3) Working collections (penyimpanan jangka pendek, 3-5 tahun).
Meskipun jumlah aksesi koleksi plasma nutfah kacang tanah cukup banyak, namun dasar genetik kultivar kacang tanah terbatas. Peneliti di ICRISAT telah
berhasil membuat kacang tanah tetraploid. Genotipe baru tersebut bermanfaat untuk memperluas keragaman genetik yang kemungkinan juga mengandung karakter bermanfaat. Selama ini karakter ketahanan terdapat pada spesies liar yang tidak kompatibel untuk disilangkan karena perbedaan ploidi. Kacang tanah tetraploid buatan terebut saat ini sedang dievaluasi potensinya sebagai sumber perbaikan karakter pada kacang tanah.
Transformasi genetik
Gedung baru lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk penelitian tanaman transgenik telah dibangun di kampus ICRISAT sumbangan dari pemerintah India dan diberi nama gedung Platfom for Translational research on Transgenic Crops (PTTC) (Gambar 6). Penelitian transformasi genetik pada kacang tanah yang sedang dilakukan adalah peningkatan ketahanan terhadap kekeringan, induksi ketahanan terhadap virus, dan peningkatan kandungan betakarotin pada biji kacang tanah. Kacang tanah kaya betakarotin β-carotene? Dengan kemajuan ilmu biologi molekuler, bukan tidak mungkin kacang tanah kaya β-carotene suatu saat akan menjadi camilan sehat teman minum teh kita di sore hari. Perintisnya adalah ilmuwan ICRISAT, India.
Gambar 5. Gedung Platform for Translational research on Transgenic Crops (PTTC) di ICRISAT (kiri) dan poster yang menunjukkan kemajuan penelitian transformasi genetik (kanan).
Ditulis oleh Novita/Win Jumat, 30 Maret 2012 11:39. Cortesy of Balitkabi