Tugas Qualitative Andri Wibowo

8/20/2019 Tugas Qualitative Andri Wibowo

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Name : Andri Wibowo

Class : 5K

NPM : 12188203289

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Explain briefly about those two kinds of data collection method :documentation, triangulation.

2. There are two kinds of data validity, internal and external validity.Explain them

!. "hat is meant by reliability of data#$. %ata fidings can be called as valid when....&. "hat is meant by sub'ectivity and ob'ectivity of the data#(. There are four kinds of checking data validity : )redibility,

transferability, dependability, and conformability. Explain how toapply them in a research *. Explain briefly the procedure of how to analyse data before in the

field and on the field +. "hat is are the different of data analysis process according to

-iles and uberman and also /pradley #0. ow is are the reuirement of a good ualitative research #

Answer !

1. Documentation is one of the ualitative data collection methods with a viewor analye documents prepared by the sub'ect himself or by others on thesub'ect. 3 large number of facts and data is stored in the form of documentation material.-ost of the available data is in the form of letters, diaries, souvenirs, reports,artifacts, photographs, and so on. The main properties of this data is infinite inspace and time so as to give an opportunity for researchers to know the thingsthat have happened in the last time. 4n detail, the documentary material isdivided into several types, namely autobiography, personal letters, books or diaries, memorial, clipping, public or private documents, the data on the server

and the flash, the data stored on the website, and others.

Triangulationin credibility test is interpreted as checking data from varioussources in various ways. 3nd so there is a triangulation waktudengan varioussources, trangulasi data collection techniues, and time.

2. Internal validity with regard to the degree of accuracy of the study designwith the results achieved. 4f the design of the study was designed to examine thework ethic of educational personnel, the data obtained should be accurate dataabout work ethic education personnel. 5esearch becomes invalid, if that wasfound was the motivation of teachers.



External validity with regard to the degree of accuracy whether the resultscan be generalied or applied to a population in which the sample was drawn."hen the sample is representative, valid and reliable research instrument, howto collect and analye the data correctly, the research will have a high externalvalidity.

3. Reliability means that data are reasonably complete and accurate, meet theintended purposes, and are not sub'ect to inappropriate alteration.Completeness refers to the extent that relevant records are present and thefields in each record are populated appropriately. Accuracy refers to the extent that recorded data reflect the actual underlyinginformation.Consistency, a subcategory of accuracy, refers to the need to obtain and usedata that are clear and well defined enough to yield similar results in similar analysis. 6or example, if data are entered at multiple sites, inconsistentinterpretation of data entry rules can lead to data that, taken as a whole, are

unreliable. Assessing data reliability can entail reviewing existing information about thedata, including conducting interviews with officials from the organiation beingaudited7 performing tests on the data, including advanced electronic analysis7tracing to and from source documents7 and reviewing selected system controls.

4. %ata fidings can be called as valid when thus the valid data is data "not unlike" between the data reported by researchers with data that actuallyhappened to the ob'ect of research. 4f the research ob'ects are red, theresearchers will report the red color. "hen researchers make statements thatare inconsistent with what is happening on the ob'ect, then the data can bedeclared invalid.

5. Subjectie": relating to or determined by the mind as the sub'ect of experience7characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independentof mind7 phenomenal7 arising out of or identified by means of one8sawareness./ub'ectivity guides everything from the choice of topic that onestudies, to formulating hypotheses, to selecting methodologies, and interpretingdata.

#bjectie": existing independent of mind7 belonging to the sensible world and

being observable or verifiable especially by scientific methods7 expressing or involving the use of facts7 derived from sense perception.9b'ectivism integratessub'ectivity and ob'ectivity because it argues that ob'ective knowledge reuiresactive, sophisticated sub'ective processes such as perception, analyticalreasoning, synthetic reasoning, logical deduction, and the distinction of essencesfrom appearances

$. Credibility ;arious ways of testing the credibility of the data shown in thepicture <y the looks of the image that test the credibility of the data or confidencein the results of ualitative research among other observations made byextension, increased diligence in research, discussions with friends se'awab,

among other negative cases.



Transferability is external validity in ualitative research. External validityindicates the degree of accuracy or applicability of the results to the populationwhere the sample was obtained. The transfer value with respect to the uestionthe extent to which the results can be used in other situations. 6or researchersnaturalistic, the value of the transfer depends on the user.

Transferabiliti criterion refers to the ability level of ualitative research results canbe generalied or transferred. =ualitative research can improve thetransferability to do a 'ob describing the research context and assumptions whichare central to the study. /o that others can understand the results of a ualitativestudy so it is possible to apply the results of these studies, researchers in makingthe report should provide detailed descriptions, clear, systematic, andtrustworthy. Thus, the reader becomes clear in understanding the results of these studies so that he can decide whether or not to apply the results of thesestudies elsewhere.

Dependability criteria together with reliability in uantitative research.

Traditional uantitative outlook on reliability is based on the assumptionreplicability >replikability? or repeatability >repeatability? .4n essential that relate towhether we would get the same results if we indent the same observation for thesecond time. To establish the reliability of uantitative researchers typically builda variety of mind hypothesis >ie theory correct score? to resolve this matter. @$A 4nualitative research, test dependabilityditempuh by conducting an audit of theentire research process. 3udit performed by an independent auditor or supervisor.

Conformability, t esting conformability in ualitative research is also calledob'ectivity of research. The study said if the research ob'ective has been agreed

upon by many people. )onformability test means testing the results of the study,was associated with the process. "hen the results of the research is a functionof the research conducted, it can be said that the research meets the standardsand conformability. 4n the process of research should not be there, but theresults are there. )onfirmability >Bonfirmability? =ualitative research tends toassume that every researcher brings a uniue perspective into the study.

%. The analysis of ualitative research involves aiming to uncover and or

understand the big picture by using the data to describe the phenomenon and

what this means. <oth ualitative and uantitative analysis involves labelling and

coding all of the data in order that similarities and differences can be recognised.5esponses from even an unstructured ualitative interview can be entered into a

computer in order for it to be coded, counted and analysed. The ualitative

researcher, however, has no system for precoding, therefore a method of

identifying and labelling or coding data needs to be developed that is bespoke

for each research. which is called content analysis.

)ontent analysis can be used when ualitative data has been collected through.

- 4nterviews

-6ocus groups

- 9bservation



- %ocumentary analysis- )ontent analysis is C...a procedure for the categorisation of verbal or

behavioural data, for purposes of classification, summarisation and

tabulation.C

The content can be analysed on two levels:

<asic level or the manifest level: a descriptive account of the data i.e. this is what

was said, but no comments or theories as to why or how

igher level or latent level of analysis: a more interpretive analysis that is

concerned with the response as well as what may have been inferred or implied

)ontent analysis involves coding and classifying data, also referred to as

categorising and indexing and the aim of context analysis is to make sense of the

data collected and to highlight the important messages, features or findings

&. %ata analysis process according to Miles and Huberman.'ies (n) Huber*(n +1,,4- suggest that ualitative data analysis consists of three procedures:1. Data reduction. This refers to the process whereby the mass of ualitative

data you may obtain D interview transcripts, field notes, observations etc. D isreduced and organised, for example coding, writing summaries, discardingirrelevant data and so on. 3t this stage, try and discard all irrelevantinformation, but do ensure that you have access to it later if reuired, asunexpected findings may need you to reexamine some data previously

considered unnecessary.2. Data display . To draw conclusions from the mass of data, -iles anduberman suggest that a good display of data, in the form of tables, charts,networks and other graphical formats is essential. This is a continual process,rather than 'ust one to be carried out at the end of the data collection.

!. Conclusion drawing/verification. our analysis should allow you to begin todevelop conclusions regarding your study. These initial conclusions can thenbe verified, that is their validity examined through reference to your existingfield notes or further data collection

Sr()" +1,%,? research seuence is often used for data analysis in an

etnographic study. is method is based on the premise that language is theprimary means that relates cultural meaning in a culture. The task of

etnographers is to describe cultural symbols and to identify their coding rules.

is seuence of 12 steps, which includes both data collection and data analysis

is as follows:

1. Focating an informations2. 4nterviewing an informations!. -aking an ethnographic record$. 3sking descriptive uestion

&. 3nalysing ethnographic interview(. -aking a domain analysis



*. 3sking /tructural uestions+. -aking a taxonomic analysis0. 3sking contras uestions1G.-aking a componential analysis11. %iscovering cultural themes

12."riting the ethnography

9. =ualitative research has an enormous amount to contribute to the fields of

health, medicine and public health but readers and reviewers from these fields

have little understanding of how to 'udge its uality. "ork to date accurately

reflects the complexity of the theoretical debate reuired but may not meet the

needs of practitioners attempting to apply ualitative work in reviews ofevidence.

This article describes a simple, practitionerfocused framework for assessing

therigour of ualitative research that attempts to be inclusive of a range of

epistemological and ontological standpoints. 3n extensive review of the

literature, contributions from expert groups and practitioners themselves lead to

the generation of two core principles of uality: transparency and systematicity,

elaborated to summarie the range of techniues commonly used, mirroring the

flow of the research process. The complexities discovered are only summaried

here. 6inally, outstanding issues such as Hhow much transparency is enough#8,

are flagged up. 4n a study of data collection reuires an instrument. These

instruments are needed for data collection for research both ualitative and

uantitative research studies. The research instrument was a tool or facility used

by researchers to collect data in order to work more easily and the results are

better in the sense that a more accurate, complete, and systematic so that moreeasily processed.

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Tugas Qualitative Andri Wibowo