Twilight Over Burma မႈံရီဆိုင္း တိုင္းျမန္မာ

8/21/2019 Twilight Over Burma

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jyifopfwkd YBuD;pd k;aomvmtk dESif hNAdwdoQwkd YtkyfcsKyfaomjrefrmjynfwk dYtMum;wGiftxl;Murf;wrf;aom &Srf;jynfe,fawmifwef;awmifpG ,frsm;&S daecJ hNyD; apmfbG m;ydkife,f ajraygif;ajrmufrsm;pG mwGif apmfbGm;rsm;ESifha'ocHtBuD;tuJrsm;u tuG JuG Jtjym;jym;tkyfcsKyfvsuf &S dMuonf/ 1887 ckESpfrS 1890 ckESpftxd jrefrmjynfqk dif&m NAdwdoQaumfr&SifemcsKyftjzpf trIxrf;cJ haom qmcsm;vfca&mhpf0dwfu &Srf;jynfe,ftajctaeud katmufygtwk dif; azmfjya&;om;cJhonf/ oHvGifESif hrJacgifjrpftMum;&S d a'oud k Munf hjcif;tm;jzif h jrefrmjynfrS raMurcsrf;jzpfaeolrsm;ESif hOya'udk qef Yusifvk dolrsm;\ckdatmif;&mtwGuf taumif;qk H;jzpf aeaMumif;ud k awG Y&ygawmhonf/ uREk fyfwkd Ytay: opöm&SdNyD; rdwfaqGaumif;yDoaomtkyf csKyfolrsm; jzpf&k Homru tiftm;awmif hwif;NyD; xda&mufrI&Sdaom apmfbGm;rsm;&Sdaeí

om awmfawmhonf/ od k Yr[kwfvQif þae&m þa'oü olykefoluef awmykef;"m;jywkd Ytajcpkdufaexkdif&m? aemufvk dufaemufygwk d YESif htMuHtzefrsm; pDrHEkdifMurnfjzpfNyD; jrefrmjynf Nidrf;csrf;om,ma&;twGuf wm0ef&S dolrsm; pdwfrat;bG ,f tvm;tvmrsm;omjzpfayrnf/ tiftm;BuD;uk dvk deDEk difiH ESpfEk difiHtMum; txdef;todrf; cufcJaomMum;cHe,f ajr jzpfraeap&ef NAdwdoQwkd Yu jrefrmjynfud k odrf;yd kuf&mü &Srf;jynfe,fud kyg xnf hoGif;

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jrefrmjynfta&S Uajrmufbuf&Sd ukef;jyifjrih frS &Srf;apmfbG m;e,f okH;q,fausmfwk dY ud k jrefrmjynfykHrSeftkyfcsKyfa&;rS oD;jcm;cG Jxkwfvsuf NAdwdoQudkvk deDtkyfcsKyfa&;\wk duf &k dufpDrHrIatmufwGif xm;&S dcJ honf/ &Srf;apmfbG m;rsm;onf e,fajrumuG,folrsm;jzpfMuum olwkd Y\MoZmtmPmudk NAdwdoQrsm;u todtrSwfjyKay;NyD; tdEd́ ,rSapmfbG m;rsm;uJ h od k Yaomtqif hESifhtcGifhta&;rsm;ud k cHpm;Mu&onf/ apmfbG m;wk dif;ü ud k,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'vk dufem&ef xdef;odrf;uGyfn§yfa&;twGuf wm0ef&S dMuNyD; ud k ,fyd kif&JwyfzGJ Y trIxrf;t&mxrf;rsm; w&m;olBuD;pojzifh cefYtyfyd kifcGif h &Muonf/ 1922 ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQwk d Yu &Srf;jynfe,frsm;ud k pkaygif;í &Srf;jynfe,fpkpepf ud k wDxGifvk dufum &Srf;apmfbG m;jynfe,ftm;vk H;\A[k dtpk d;&ud k zG J Ypnf;ay;Ek difcJ honf/

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trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&S m;rIrsm;onf &Srf;jynfe,frsm;odk Y oufa&mufxdawG YrI r&S dcJ hacs/ xkdtcsdefu 'dk YArmtpnf;t&k H;ESif htjcm;Ek difiHa&;tzG J Ytpnf;rsm;onf jrefrmjynftv,fyd kif;uk d xda&mufpG m pnf;&k H;vIyf&S m;aecsdefrsm; jzpfonf/ uk dvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ &m;uvnf; &Srf;jynfe,fwGif wif;MuyfrIr&S dcJ h/ tkyfcsKyf a&;A[k dXmejzpfaom awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif NAdwdoQaumfr&SifemcsKyf &k H;xk difNyD; ta&;BuD;aomapmfbGm;e,ftcsKd UwGifom Ek difiHa&;t&m&Sdrsm; xm;&S donf/ wzufüvnf; a'o

qk dif&m o,HZmwESifhywfoufí tenf;i,fom &S mazGazmfxkwfNyD; pD;yGm;a&;udk jr§if hwif ay;cJ honf/ NAdwdoQwk d Y BudKwif&nf&G ,fowfrSwfxm;&S dcsufrS m jrefrmjynftv,fyd kif;rSpyg;pd kufysKd;a&;a'orsm;ud k wGifus,fatmif aqmif&GufNyD; tdEd́ ,jynfod k Y pyg;rsm; xdxd a&mufa&muf wifyd kYa&mif;csum tjrwfxkwf&ef jzpfcJ honf/ &Srf;jynfe,fwGifrl Nidrfouf at;csrf;aevQif awmfavmufNyD[k ,lqxm;onf/ od k Yaomf xk dtcsdefwGif Ek difiHa&;a&m pD;yG m;a&;yg &yfwef YoGm;csdefvnf;jzpfcJhonf/w&kwfjynfESif hukefoG,fa&;yif aemufyd kif;ü ysufjym;cJ h&onf/ tb,faMumif hqk daomf ,l eefjynfe,ftwGif; 1930 ckESpfaemufyd kif;wk dYü ppfbk&ifrsm;tcsif;csif; tmPme,f ajrvk ,uf&if;? tusKd;tjrwf BuD;rm;aom bdef;aps;uGufvkyf&if;? wk dufckdufMuum rif;rJ ht


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ajctaersm;jzpfay:vmaomaMumif h jzpfonf/ 'kwd ,urÇ mppfrjzpfrDu urÇ mhbdef;xkwf vkyfrIta&;BuD;a'oonf jrefrmjynf r[kwfcJ hacs/ ,leefjynfe,fom jzpfcJ honf/ xk dif;rI dif;NiD;aiG YbG ,faumif;aomNAdwdoQwk d Y\&Srf;jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfrIonf 1942ckESpf *syefwk d Y ta&S Uawmiftm&Sa'orsm;ud k wkdufcd kufodrf;,lvmrIrsm;ESifhtwl NyD;qk H;oG m;onf/ &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;ay:wGif *syefbk&if hwyfrawmfrsm;ESif hNAdwdoQwk d Yu zdwfac:cJhNyD; csefau&S dwfu ydk YvTwfvkdufaom,Gefeefppfbk&ifrsm;\ulrifwefw&kwfppfwyf rsm; tBuD;tus,f&ifqkdifwk dufcd kufcJ hMuonf/ r[mrdwfrsm;ua&m *syefrsm;uyg &Srf;jynfe,fNrdKUjyaus;vufwk dYud k AkH;usJwk dufck dufcJ hMu&m awmifwef;a'otrsm;tjym; pkwf jywfysufpD;í usef&pfcJ honf/ 1943 ck? pufwifbmv 25 &ufaeYü *syefu BudKwifjyifqifxm;onf hjrefrmh

vGwfvyfa&;ud k ay;vkdufNyD; &Srf;jynfe,ftm;vk H;ud k jynfe,fESpfckrSty jrefrmjynf\vufatmufcHjyKvk dufonf/ usKdif;wk HESif hrkdif;(rdef;)yefe,fwk d Yud k ol\&kyfao;xkdif;tpd k;&tm; vT Jajymif;ay;vkdufonf/ 1944 ckESpfü ta&SUawmiftm&S vli,ftzG JYcG Jrsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,frsm;twGif; xlaxmifzGJ Ypnf;onf/ jynfArmjynfESif he,fjcm;a'o qufqHa&;\tajccHtajymif;tvJ aMumif h Ek difiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;vnf; jzpfay:cJhonf/ xk dtcsdef xk dumvrSpí &Srf;

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Ek difiH\yxrzG J Ypnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'ü xnf hoGif;a&;qG JcJhonf/ pm&Gufay:ü 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv av;&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef aMujimcsufudk jyifqifcJ hMuonf/ xk dpOfrS myif tvGefaMuuG JbG,f&maumif;aom jzpf&yfqkd;wpfckESifhMuHKMu&onf/ 1947 ckESpf Zlvk difv 19 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH; BuD;pG mwkefvIyfajcmufcsm;rIjzpfMu&aom owif;wpf&yf xGufay:vmonf/ Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; vkyfMuHowfjzwfjcif;cHvkdufMu&aom owif;yifjzpfonf/ olESifht

wl tjcm;Ek difiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;vnf; vkyfMuHjcif; cHMu&NyD; rk dif;yGefapmfbG m;p0fpH xGef;wk d Yvnf; tygt0if jzpfayonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&&S daom 1948 ckESpfrSm jrefrmjynf\tajctaeonf tqk d;&G m;qk H;jzpfcJ honf/ 'kwd ,urÇmppftwGif;u AkH;BuJcH&rIudk wpfjynfvkH; jyif;xefpG m cHpm;cJhMu&onf/aus;vufawm&G mwkd YrS m pkwfjywfaeNyD; Ek difiHa&;tajctaersm;rS mvnf; ysufpD;,k d ,Gif;

vsuf &Sdonf/ jrefrmjynf\t&nftaoG;jynf h0aom twGif;pnf; Ek difiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsKd Uonfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;r&rDrS myif vkyfMuHcHvkdufMu&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\yxrqk H;0efBuD;csKyfjzpfol Ek difiHa&;acgif;aqmifopf OD;Ekonf yg&rD&S daom ynmwwfEkdifiHa&;orm;wpf a,mufjzpfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&p ,ckvkdcufcJonf hc&D;Murf;rsm;ud k jzwfoef;Mu&rnf htcsdef? MuH hckdifjywfom;aomacgif;aqmifrsKd;vk dtyfaecsdefwGif aysmhnH hvGef;onf[k jyif;xefpG m a0zefjcif;cHae&onf/ A[k dtpkd;&ud k aysmhnHhonf[kjrifvmMuNyD; wyfrawmf rStcsKdUtpdwftyk dif;ud k ykefuefjcm;em;ukefMuonf/ u&if? u&ifeDESif hrGefwk dYuvnf; vuf eufud kif ykefuefMuonf/ tiftm; BuD;rm;aom Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; ajr


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atmufodk Y 0ifa&mufawmckdoG m;um aysmufMum;wyfrsm; pwifpnf;&k H;onf/ trsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;ud k xdef;odrf;Ek dif&ef yxrqk H; jrefrmEk difiH\*kPfxl;aqmif or®wae&mwGif &Srf;jynfe,facgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol apmfbG m;BuD;p0fa&Tod kuftm; wif ajr§ mufcJhMuonf/ twk duftcH vkyfolrsm;ud k BudK;pm;azsmif;zsae&csdefwGif &Srf;jynfe,f&S dw&kwfe,fpyfa'owavQmufü jzpf&yftcsKd U ay:aygufvmonfhtwGuf OD;aES mufajcmufp&mrsm; yd krkdrsm;jym;vmonf/ 1949 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif awmifydkif;,leefjynfe,frSulrifwefwyfrsm;onf qufwk dufatmifyG JcHaeonf huGefjrLepfwyfrsm;\vkdufvHwk dufck k dufrIrsm;udk rckcHEkdifawmhí EkdifiHwume,fpyfa'oud k ausmfjzwfum &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;odk Y 0ifa&mufcJ hMuonf/ ppfBuD;twGif;u ol&Jaumif;wOD;jzpfcJ haom AkdvfcsKyfBuD;vDrDacgif;aqmifí ul

rifwefwyfrsm;u usKdif;wk He,fxJodk Y usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmMuum &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;ü ck datmif;aeMuonf/ autifrfwDppfom;rsm;tjyif olwk dYpkaqmif;odrf;oGif;aom ppfom;tiftm;onf 1950 ckapmapmyk dif;ü 1700 cefY&S dae&mrS 1951 ckESpf {NyDvü tiftm; 4000 xd BuD;xGm;vmonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fod k Y jrefrmppfwyfrsm;ud k yd kYvTwfNyD; rzdwfac:bJ 0ifa&mufvmonfhusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; ESifxkwfapaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhyg/ xk dYaMumif h OD;Eku

ukvor*¾od kY þjyóemudk wifjycJ honf/ 1953 ck? {NyDv 22 &ufaeYü usif;yaomukvor*¾taxGaxGnDvmcHrS autifrfwDrsm;tm; vufeufrsm;udk pGefYypfNyD; wk dif;jynfrSxGuf cGmoG m;Mu&ef qk H;jzwfawmif;qkdvk dufonf/ odk Yaomf autifrfwDwkd Yu ukvor*¾qkH;jzwf csufud k vspfvsL&INyD; 1953 ckESpf? ESpfukefyk dif;ü autifrfwDtiftm; 12ç000 txd wk d;csJ UvmcJhonf/ &Srf;jynfe,frsm;ü jynfwGif;ppf awmufavmifaeawmhonf/ acwfopfjrefrmo

rkdif;ü xk duJ hod k Y tMuyftwnf; jzpfcsdef\ta&;tBuD;qk H; umvwGifrS tif*gESifholr\&Srf;trsKd;om;cifyGef;onfwk d Y jrefrmjynfod kYjyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJ hMujcif; jzpfonf/ oDayge,fonf autifrfwDusL;ausmfrI\qk d;usKd;ud k wkduf&k dufxdckdufcHpm;&aome,fajrr[kwfay/ odk Yaomf &Srf;jynfe,f\tjcm;tpdwftyk dif;wk d Yürl tajctaersm;rS m wif;rmvsuf&S d Muonf/ tpOftvmtm;jzif h at;at;csrf;csrf; aexkdifwwfMuaom &Srf;awmifMum;a'orsm;ESif ha0;vHaom,leefe,fpyfa'owavQmufrS rNidrfroufjzpfrIrsm;aMumif h tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfvmae&onf/

autifrfwDwk dYonf &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;ay:wGif ajcukyf ,lxm;MuNyD; tMurf;zuf&ufpufrIrsm;ESif htkyfcsKyfvIyf&S m;vsuf &S dMuonf/ wzufrS mvnf; 1955 ckESpftxd


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&Srf;jynfe,fodk Y rzdwfbJ a&muf&S dvmMuaom usL;ausmfolrsm;tm; wGef;vSefESifxkwf&ef jrefrmppfwyftajrmuftrsm;u &Srf;jynfe,fod kY tvk H;t&if;ESif h0ifa&mufvmMuonf/1952 ckESpfwGif autifrfwDwk d Y\vIyf&S m;rIrsm;ud k xdef;csKyfEk dif&ef awmifykdif;&Srf;jynfud kppfwyftkyfcsKyfrIatmufod kY xnf hoGif;cJ honf/ od k Yaomf &Srf;rsm;url olwk dY\ud k,fydkiftkyf csKyfa&;udk ao;odrfaponf[kcHpm;Mu&onf/ &Srf;awmifolv,form;tajrmuftrsm;tzk dY orkdif;wavQmufü yxrqk H;tBudrf Armrsm;ESif hawG Yqk HMuHBudKufMu&jcif; jzpfonf/ olwk d YtawG YtMuHKtm;jzif h jrefrmppf wyfonf aMumufp&maumif;NyD; &Hzef&Hcg touftEÅ&m,frsm;yif &Sdvmwwfonf/ autifrfwDusL;ausmfrIrsm;udk tpd k;&wyfrsm;uvnf; xdxda&mufa&mufwGef;vSefESifxkwfrI rjyKEkdifMuonf htwGuf &Srf;jynfolwkd YrS m tiftm;BuD;ESpfcktMum; n§yfydwf

jcif;om cHaeMu&onf/ ESpftkyfpkpvk H;rS mvnf; &Srf;rsm;twGuf olpdrf;rsm;csnf;om jzpfaeMuonf/ xd kY aMumif h jyif;xefaom&Srf;trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&S m;rIrsm;ay:aygufvmonf/ þod k Yjzpfay:vmrIaMumif h A[k dtpkd;&tzk d Y tvGefpdwfroufrom jzpf&onf/ tb,faMumif hqkdaomf zG JY pnf;tkyfcsKyfyk H tajccHOya'wGif 1958 ckESpfü jynfaxmifpkrScG JxGufEkdifonfqk daomtcsufyg0ifaeaomaMumif h jzpfonf/ tmPmyd kifrsm;u &Srf;trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk

ppfwyftiftm;rsm;ok H;í¤if;? ppfpk Hprf;axmufvSrf;a&;ud k ok H;í¤if;? zdES dyfNzdKzsufwm;qD;&ef BudK;pm;aomfvnf; tajctaeom yd kqk d;ukefonf/ ratmifjrifcJ hacs/ vli,ftkyfpkrsm; awmck dukefMuNyD; jcHKck dwk dufck duf&ef wyfpkrsm; pnf;&k H;avhusif hukefMuonf/ 1959 ckESpfavmufodk Y a&mufaomtcg &Srf;aysmufusm;rsm;u jrefrmppfwyfudk jcHKck dwkdufck dufjcif;? vlaea0;aom t&yfa'orS wyfpcef;rsm;ud k 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;ponfrsm;ud k jyKvkyfMuNyD; vufeuftiftm; jznf hwif;Muonf/ aysmufusm;rsm;u ppf

wyftajcpk dufNrdKUjzpfaom wef Y,ef;uk dyif wkdufck dufodrf;yd kufNyD; &uftenf;i,fcefY xdef;csKyfxm;cJ hMuonf/ þuJ hod kY a0;vHaome,fjcm;a'owk dYü tMurf;enf;rsm;jzif h vIyf&S m;aeMucsdef wGif &Srf;jynfe,faumifpDtzG J Y0ifrsm;u &efukefNrdKUü z,f'&,fvfrlud k yd krk dckdifrmpG m usif hok H;ud kifwG,faomjynfaxmifpktpd k;&jzpfvmap&ef wifjyaqG;aEG;zdtm;ay;BudK;yrf;vsuf&S d Muonf/ 1959 ckESpf? {NyDv 24 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;apmfbG m;ok H;q,f hav;a,mufpvk H;?olwk dY\tBuD;tuJapmfbG m;rsm;tjzpfrS pepfwus &kyfodrf;MuaMumif; awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif tcrf;tem;jzif h aMujimcJ hMuonf/ jynfe,fi,ftm;vk H; &Srf;jynfe,fBuD;wckwnf;tjzpf od k Y a&muf&SdoG m;NyD; jynfolu a&G;aumufwifajr§ mufaomtpk d;&tzGJ Yjzif h tkyfcsKyfMu&ef


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jzpfonf/ xd ktcsdefwGif &efukefNrdKUü ppfwyftdrfapmif htpk d;&u tkyfcsKyfvsuf&SdNyD; &Srf;apmfbG m;wk d Y\tmPmpGef YvTwfyG Jud k olwkd YtwGuf atmifyG Jwpf&yf[kjrifMuonf/ &Srf;apmf bG m;rsm;url olwk d Yud k ,fwk dif BudKwifjyifqifxm;Muaom qk H;jzwfcsufudk ykHrSefvkyfaqmif Mujcif;om jzpfNyD; olwk dYonf olwkd Y\tmPmudk &efukeftpk d;&xHod k Y tyfES HMujcif;r[kwfbJ jynfolu a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufonfh&Srf;jynfe,ftpk d;&tzG J Yodk Yom tyfES HMujcif;jzpfonf[k cH ,lMuonf/ yd kíacwfrDaom apmfbG m;rsm;(p0fMumqk diftygt0if )wkd Yonf Ek difiHa&;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifMuonf/ wkdif;&if;om;vTwfawmfwGif¤if;? txufvTwfawmfwGif¤if;?xk dpOfu vTwfawmfESpf&yfjzif h zG J Ypnf;xm;aom jrefrmygvDrefwGif qufvufwm0ef,lMuonf/ autifrfwD usL;ausmfrIonf¤if;? jrefrmtpk d;&ppfwyfrsm;tvkH;t&if;ESif h0if

a&muftajccsvmMuonfudk¤if;? wkdufyG Jrsm;onf¤if;? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;ü 'Drk dua&pD pepf wnfaqmufzGH YNzdK;vmEk difapa&;twGuf wkduf&k dufxdck dufwm;qD;vsuf &Sdonf/ &Srf;olykefrsm;onf tiftm;ao;i,fNyD; xda&mufrI r&S dao;aomfvnf; jyóemw&yftjzpf pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmonfrSmum; xif&Sm;vmonf/ vufatmufcH&Srf;jynfolwk d Yu &efukefA[k dtpd k;&tm; vufeufuk dif awmfvSefwk dufck dufrIrsm; jyKvmMuaomtcg &Srf;acgif;aqmiftajrmuftrsm;rS m pdwfESpfcG jzpfMu&NyD; tBuD;tus,f OD;aES mufajcmufMu&onf/

oDayge,frS &Srf;olykeftzG J Ytpnf;tqifhqifhod kY wk dufyGJ0ifEk difolrsm;ESif hpnf;&k H;a&;rSL;tajrmuftrsm; axmufyH hEk difcJ honf/ xkdolwk d Yteuf trsm;pkonf cG JxGufa&;orm;rsm;jzpf Muonf/ apmpD;pG m ykefuefcJ hol &Srf;acgif;aqmifaqxJefonf oDayge,f ZmwdyifjzpfNyD;1961 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUod k Y vQKdU0SufpG m 0ifa&mufvmcJ hNyD; p0fMumqk difESifhawGYqk HcJ honf[kajymMuonf/ NrdKUawmfü Mum;cHvltjzpf aqmif&Guf&ol &Srf;ausmif;om;u p0fMum

qk diftm; olykefrsm;\ukd ,fpm;vS,fESif hawG YvkdrI &S d r&S d ar;jref;cJhonf/ p0fMumqk difu zG JY pnf;tkyfcsKyfyk HtajccHOya'udk xkwfjyNyD; olonf wkdif;&if;om;rsm;vTwfawmftrwf wpfOD;jzpfonfESif htnD zG JYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ud k opö m&S dygrnf[k uwdopömusdefqkdxm;ygaMumif; ajymjyvk dufonf/ p0fa&Todkuf? p0fMumqkdifESif htjcm;&Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wjznf;jznf;us,f jyef Yvmaeaom &Srf;vufeufud kifykefuefrIrsm;udk Ek difiHa&;enf;jzif h ajz&Sif;&ef BudKwifnd§ EI dif;jyifqifrIrsm; pnf;&k H;jyifqifvsuf &S dcJ hMuonf/ olwkd Yu z,f'&,fvfpepfud k jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;tm;jzif h jynfaxmifpkBuD;qufvuf&SifoefapNyD; aomif;usef;ykefuefrIrsm;ud kvnf; oufomoG m;apEkdifonf[k qifjcifpOf;pm; ,k HMunfMuonf/


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1960 ckESpfwGif 'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JBuD; jyefvnfusif;yvsuf OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom tzGJ Yuyif ta&G;cs,fcH&um OD;Ekyif &efukefü tmPmjyefvnf&&SdcJ h jyefonf/ 0efBuD;csKyfonf p0fa&Tod kufESif hp0fMumqk difwkd Y\wifjycsufrsm;udk tm;ay;vk dol jzpfonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfajrmufyd kif;ü aemufxyfykefuefx


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odk YoG m;rnf hav,mOfuGif;od k Y qif;cJhonf/ odk Yaomf av,mOfuGif;&S d&m [J[k d;od kYtoG m;awmifBuD;*dwfrS myif ppfwyfu vrf;udkydwfNyD; p0fMumqk diftm; &yfwefYppfaq;onf/ ol Y tm; ppfwyfu zrf;qD;oG m;onf[k aemufqk H;awG Yjrifvk dufMu&onf/ tif*gonf oDaygü wpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfcJhNyD; &IyfaxG;vSaom jrefrmjynfEk dif

iHa&;tajctaersm;ESif h&ifqkdif&&Smonf/ olru p0fMumqk dif\uHMur® mud k od&S dEk dif&ef tjyif;txef BudK;pm;cJ honf/ odk Yaomf &efukefppftpkd;&ESif holwkd Y\awmifBuD;ud k,fpm;vS ,frsm;u &IyfaxG;NyD; a&SUaemufrnDaomtajzrsm;? w0ufwysufom rSefonf[kxif&aomvkH;0vdrfnmxm;aom tajztrsKd;rsKd;ukdom ay;cJhMuonf/ aemufqufwGJjzpf&yfrsm;aMumif h tif*gESif horD;ESpfa,mufjzpfMuaom rm,m&DESif hudEé&Dwk dYonf 1946 ckESpf? arvwGif rdcife,fajrud kpGefYí wk dif;jynfrS xGufcG moGm;Mu&&S monf/ olwk d Yonf MopBwD;,m;od k Y

jyefMu&onf/ AD,ifemNrdKUawmf&S d xk dif;oH&k H;wGif tvkyf&&S dEk dif&ef BudK;pm;í trIxrf;ae&if; cifyGef;onfjzpfol\owif;tptersm;ud k &&S dEk dif&ef tjyif;txef qufvufBudK;pm;cJ honf/

1966 ckESpf? ZGefv? &Savmhpfavmf'efwGif upfwDboef;ESifhacwåawG Yqk H&pOfuvnf; olr\cifyGef;onfud k &efukefNrdKUüyif xdef;odrf;xm;NyD; aumif;rGefpG m jyKpkxm;ygaMumif;avmufom od&onf/ od k Yaomf ,cif ppftmPmydkifrsm;ud k ,fwkdif p0fMumqk difud k

rnfonf htcgurS zrf;qD;jcif; r&SdcJ hygaMumif; ajymjycJ hMuonf/ tif*g &efukefNrdKUrSrxGuf cGmrD 1964 ckESpfuwnf;u xk dod kYa&SUaemuf rnDaomtajzrsm;ud k tBudrfBudrfod&NyD;jzpf onf/ Ak dvfpMumu ajymonfrS mrl p0fMumqkdiftm; ppfwyfu zrf;qD;cJ hNyD; rMumrDtwGif;rSmyif awmifBuD;NrdKU\ajrmufbufwGif&Sdaom Axl;ppfwyfNrdKUwGif owfypfvk dufMuonf[lí jzpfonf/ Ak dvfpMumonf &Jabmfok H;usdyf0if 0g&if hEk difiHa&;orm;BuD;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; tvGefckdifcefYaom tquftoG,faumif;rsm; &Sdoljzpf\/

1966 ckESpfwGif tif*g? rm,m&DESif hudEé&Dwkd Yonf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodk YxGuf cJ hMuNyD; omrefwk dif;&if;om;rsm;tjzpf cH ,lí aexkdifcJ hMuonf/ aMuuG JbG ,frdom;pkb0 Mur®mrsm;ESif hywfoufíppftmPm&Sif\vufatmufü &SdaeaomjrefrmjynfwGif tajrmuftrsm; jzpfysufcJhonf/ vGefcJ haomtESpf 30 twGif; vltajrmuftrsm;onf bmtaMumif;rSef;rodvkduf&bJ Muufaysmuf iSufaysmuf aysmufuG ,f aoqkH;oG m;Mu&onf/tif*gud k ,fwk dif pDumywfukH; a&;om;ajymjyaomoDaygapmfbGm;\uHMur®mtaMumif;rS mrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;jzif h ckdifcH hwdusaom orkdif;jzpf&yfrSefrsm;yif jzpfayawmhonf/ þpmpkonf vlom;wk d Y\&J&ifhwnfMunfrIESif hZG Jowåd? ZG JvkH Yvwk dYtaMumif; jzpfayonf/ xk d Yjyif &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom ppftmPm&Siftpdk;&wpfck taMumif;ud kvnf; ajym


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jyaeonf/ olwk d Ytm; qef YusifcJ hMuolrsm;tm; zdES dyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;? n§Of;yef;ES dyfpufjcif;?azsmufzsufowfjzwfjcif;wk d Yudk tajrmuftrsm; usL;vGefcJ hMuonf hwk dif xda&mufrIr&S daMumif;? vlxku qufvufrkef;wD;&GH&S mvsufyif&S daMumif; rodbJ jzpfaeMuaMumif;rsm;ud kazmfxkwfxm;onf/ ppftmPmodrf;rI jyKNyD;aemuf 1947 ckESpf? zG J Ypnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH Oya'udk zsufodrf;vk dufNyD; xk dOya'ygtcsuftvufrsm;rS m vk H;0t&mra&mufEk difawmh aMumif; aMujimcJ hMuonf/ trsm;u arQmfvifhxm;Muonf htwkdif; tajctaersm; yd kqk d;ukefonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fESif hucsifjynfe,fwk d Yü awmck dykefuefrIrsm; yd krkdrsm;jym;vmonf/ oDayge,fonfvnf;1962 ckESpf ppfwyftmPmodrf;onf htcsdefrSpNyD; &Srf;aomif;usef;vufeufud kifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf vli,fwk dufck dufa&; tiftm;opfrsm; ay;ydk YulnDvsuf&S donf/

tif*gonf ,ckxufwk dif cg;xd&Snfvsm;aom olr\qHyifrsm;ud k &Srf;&kd;&mxkH;pHtwkdif; xk H;zG J Yxdef;odrf;xm;qJjzpfvsuf ajrmufydkif;&Srf;jynfrS ajrMoZmaumif;rGefí om ,mvSyaom awmifMum;a'oü aexk difcJ h&onh fESpfumvrsm;udk owdw&&S daeqJjzpfayonf/ xk dumva'owkd Yud k orD;av;rsm;tm; ajymjy&if; ESpfaygif;rsm;pG mudk ukefvGefvmapvsuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkü orD;av;rsm; BuD;jyif;vlvm;ajrmufcJhMuonf/ ESpf pOfESpfwk dif; rm,m&DESif hudEé&Dwk dYu &efukefNrdKU&S d ppftmPmyd kifrsm;tm; wk duf&kdufpma&;NyD;

olwk d Yzcif\uHMur® mtaMumif;ud k trSeftwk dif; od&SdEk difMu&ef ar;jref;Mu&S monf/ rnf onfhtcgurS jyefMum;jcif; r&S dch Jyg/


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