Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
AjULuAj23\ U^IjU)
^l>Vl i**Lll
12011-a 1432
“ouvrage publie avec le concours du Ministere fran^ais
charge de la culture- Centre national du livre”
jdlj CjL-uI jjll ia^
113/6311 — Aj“l 4^1 £>L* — l^aaJI —
(01) 791124 ^Uls -(01)791123
www.editionmaid.com
ISBN 978-614-417-020-5
ok ^ A Oj •• ^ •* ♦♦ ^
A &Jilil\ UfttJ^t
uJ*\
u'jj-
; jj u-iimi \ iA
Les grandes philosophies
Par
Dominique Folscheid
© Presses Universitaires de France
J^Cjjulj£j jJ JJJjui ^^lc* l-g La^Lj Aijuilall JlIaJ ^jl LaKjuiJ V
11 l n>H l_u^M j-o L&jav^ ^^3 UjJuJ 13Joudnj U jlaul jJjj
L*~ '^yj LjAjAaull j! VJ t^uo^Loll Jjoaj ji a\\ jJajjijJI jjj j«o
■Wj5
LjjUIJJjuua fLo! Jl^oll !U LaajJsu )\ ^! jl
jjo CjLjjj^ jj^Lj j Ljjji I jli '. Lj&jc. ^lc. jj^juJ! a^. J* yjj
J£ ^jjajC ^3 jjJajui AjuJaJj iLlUUkua jj^j LlXa1 AuLuiiall C-JA!Aa]!
. 4j jiuui jLLo LijAxl L$a.lo> U j£ j Uaj! IaIj (^jkulo l_jAA«o
11 ^ jj^i!" AjLuilall c_ja1aa1I jja j*_j c,Lai£V! ^ jj^iSll jl j Lo£
AALSill ^gJl LgulUlj 'ojjjtuua" Lg-jtj (jjajjaj ^jll tillj j-o Juaiiullj
,uuil oLUuJa <-JJ«-j jl£ . LojJ3 jjjcyi JvLj j-a jj jJa jA lIluj£jjJ ('
J_5j .4—jlill 6jj jjA«u» jjjjj-u jl JjJU Jjla iti>rti jlal ju^iti ji
J J—flJ I 4 4jui SU u_ilj__aJI Alljlj Aulc JJajll
,^^xjj-ollj AuojJaII Aujlj jJI 3 j jJajuVI
)
5
jjjSJ! jjj jJJjoall j! JL^J!j . 4j\ a>si ^..H.*^. J^tlij V ja! 4 > ^>*^^<oll
^4Ql.'\q\I Jl -v j\ ^ <jualijj (d jUa<aj A jaC- JjoC jA j ^ JJ* 1 >^\l j
(jSLoJ - Lq C_lA.laJ I jl_L=J ^ji^J “ lis JjQJ \ I ^ ik jujj iS^
jl jfLaJ ^ 4 jlAj-a]l ILa ^9 j .LrLaiifi l^lklali-aj Lb^aj Lailj
jjc. jjSiiit (jlujl jA ^ic j tcdJj j)C. uLjaS ^JLiJJj La£ I jl -v -o jj^J
<5ji, jja IajLulLuiI jl JUcVl } JL^jl jJJ jLuLiVI <.oj£jjoil
'4_iLuaifiil ^iAllail •* •
^JulV I I jgJ I JjA^. \ jQm\q LjA Lq jl \ ‘ ^ jl£ I jl J i dil j £-Q J
l_JXjujJJj jjJaJJ ^J (^jujLuiVI J jA jaJl ^9 aJLLq fc^juj J£ Jj3 jA
<Ujq£U ^g-ic. j\L Ija^tiJI J-OJLJ £uO ^jjL^£ J^Q" jl £ J-N- ^
JLacVI AjAIaJ jl <_£ Jj£il ^JjujLujVI CjVLJ j-Q S Jjij^il
J£ JxaJ (^i^j Cj^jII ^iuikil jLjjcoil ILa jl . <9 ja-oJI jjc AjLuiiiil
J^.ljjaJI ^-L^jjjujIj .AijaJLuuo jilj^ilj CjLouLaJ! ^jjjjl AjLac
^-i^jII *o«ilc! jl jLnJI (jjjjJj t^uoi! jjo^l jA jiaJ! 3 jaLiuoi jj£JI
jj jjc jj£! ^gil jjuajj jtj jjolj I.’iSLa j .(_^j£ji\j c-lii^VI jl
AjLuiiii! JLacbll AjLuai! fj jjJ! JL^j jii! Ac jjjjoi! Jjjjti! o La ^j-uLiil
SJol-u jiiSV' IfriJtU J yja. IfcuaJj i4£jaSj
.jsi jjyi
4 jjXuQ aL j AiL£ J ^LJjLjj 0 jL Ja ja-Q ^jUJ! j! Ljjoic Lq I Alj
JLoj^! ^jq i CjI jLjiA! Lq ^JLj jLj JjjL^. <- m Jj^jjuijoJ! j>» jla
6
** • 4J Aa1xj llij .L . lii'j'iJl ^JJal! ^jJoxj <-** J jj
. oJA jl^flS/l 4uflljxA. Lg-fcuajii ^ull JjAaJl jc (jjajjxiil
«iljJjl £_-o l^jjjuaS 4 LgJ ^juiI V AjijuJa luAIJjO Auoj j£j Ijlj
Ajjvlic ^JlLo 4j£flj L_k3jjaj <JjlL» 6 jjL ^3 Ija-aJ jjill
a\ AiaJl ^a^all (Jj^uuU (JaJ jjaj .\jU£ j<o>ui ^VjAj (AjauJal ^j
AjA^J j^.1 l> ®CjLoj1*_a1I (__paxj *Uo&] J) AjOxAuo3 4C-
JJjjj j] Ll&] .^jjhiL Juill] A$_^. jja 1 Lo (JLj £*a juaLiuujS/l
. jl£flV! (JjuL^J cii]i Lnic. jiajflj jjx 4_ic ^giLuil
(Ji]l AjJI J\j JcLUI 1 *'L ^jjJajil jjfL jl LjIj Aai
Lg_i9 ^JuuaJ <1^Jjo u' vj , jjJajjo]I ^fl jjolSJl AiLtuil AjILjj
Ajli 4 Lg_ogfl j^l jo I A^_^. (■' <ILT> ALuiiiil dul£ LolJ . LLjL Jajjuuil
jjj jo 4<xiajjXjoll jl£flVI lUL J) jl ^jlfl C»3
£ c
c> Auicj 4£ jUJI jA LgJjljj jl Lgl^aj j£ju £-uia!j* U JU*J jl
. LgA-oaJj jl jjLw j L&jaJI Auuiiij jAau j! JjoV! 4jL$j
7
Jjty J^aJ'
U1 j JP c^v UJUJl
JLJiJl 5^j -1
<jl V) . c ^juj V (j-o -i jj ^ l-a^ 4 ^l j ^jj AijuJall ijj
(JJ jL->\1 1 ^ \ a**< V I ^ ‘< a Clfllljl Igil ^Q**« ' ^jJ) \l j \1 m \\ \ ^**<1 j j . C'
villj jjU V]j . \ g "nc. jj j£$A Ajj^La*]! AiLLoJI tiljjj ^jl JajJlj V] IL^.
jjjo jj j jB (j-a lg » l<a lj L& ^ -ft A fl>n\fl\l A ^A <... \l j dll jjjk-aull
LfijjlaII l.itw (JjjijJ 4 ■A jj\ >>iQU AjjjjjJall IfrfljUaj (j-axj JjljLo jaj ^^ic.
,(_J j^l dlljl&j
9
jj£l jaJ J 4-ajAill (jljjjll ^fl ji&aJ A3 JajjoJI IIa jl£ jjlj
j)J j^AaII jl *tf J V tillj (jal jlfLa L?l j* l-3jSJj U^jju*3j
IjJC- jJajuj jl i o ■ ^-»j ^ai . ^gj».<ftil Aijui^la jjjjUjjil ^Ia£aJIj
Lgjtjjjj ."JjS/l (jjlajll L_fljjoiLlil11 <jL (SJLJi Jjfl (jjjLuJI jjjiil) (jjJUa
JA\ AjoUiil ^jij^jj^JI <1UJI Luiajl £_jjj <jA Ajj jlj (Ja-J L_fll jjC-VI
.Ail^ jjjaV i Ja-s»i isCy*j 1*^° j)-* J« >“'
j^Ulu£U jlaj ^gfl jA j . c- Ul jA ((jjilLia jJaj ^fl (I AiUl I flA jl
jl V] .Jaail (jJjjC. Lui^ljl 6fl*j (jja. ^ t&AjAauall jjc. 4jL$jUI
tfllflC-VI Ajj-aj > (^flJflali ^LUI ^ULaJl jc. UlaJI JjuiaL (jjjjC-ljjfl
J^ (> Jxaj 4jl Jjfll tljJJ^ j jjAauoll <UaJ (_£AH ljjI^IjjA Jat aJ LaJJJ
cVj^-i jU Ifll j£lj . ^IjjJaS/l (jlajLtji jj*jj IjSj V (_pil A^Jjjil ifllifl
(jl^ M(jjjJal jiujfli1 __J UflLtluil jjJl c-LafLaJI jl »LaUI j
AjjjjjLj jUajjl ^gJLjjj <j|fl 4(jjfliLujall dliu^al 3jjj£ (JLal (JaljLuJ jjLLuj
.V JjLc "Ll" l^uuijl Aiuuiiiil AU (^l
Sjm^S c_±aLja jA (j5LlJI JJ 450-540) Parmenide
<jUj £-0j .^a£aJ/j JLjxS}! cjjV ^JajLaJ/ cl)UuaJ/ JLoj Jljj Y dju^-Jj
“ LJIS <jLat£ (Ln'lly'ia) LUlS 4-AJ jL j£ju <jV J^i-i (_/£ jtfl
.>»» J C/ J5(£// /j* fijJ
^JmJU .’<jaA I Jlj y eJA j£li/ j jijSJI <JjgJ ^jLuJI cjjLaJ/ j/
"lF jL ji ls iVjS Vj ijSs y jj^j j/ j^j yj jjaju» jmc.
. Jjajj juc. ,aJ*J/j Jjaj^ j>ii/ j/ .'^-1*J/ jj/ luJaj/ jA tjjSJI
10
c
fiLuijl ,Jj (^jj^.1 ju jA Ljiaih LaIo La <l*.Ijj V j^-j
( J jo jA La jj^ J& ^AjuJaII jjJajaJI jj jj£ ^ AaM ffl f) JlJI
jj£JI 4jjA ^jA dja..,lafl 4 a ia-v II j) La£ (Jj^.jaJI cJj9 ^jA 4 a..Jallj
jjajl*jj ^jJJ I 1 n*n^i lL-s.flj ksifl JjJj jA ^JjJaJl Jj-1Jl ^jl . JJULaJIj
.fJ*Jlj OjZJI
Jj oL.aJl J3 ^l j*2Ll4 JZJa ^JaJj jjLuuJI ^jl/l J*j
L fl. ^I»'i ^jjill <JC-jil .1*^1 £" IJjueall jja Vjjf . jJlSJI jj£ lJj^ 4JLL0 ^jJJ
4 ^
Lulc. ((LujHj jjjJj^afjua LjlS AjJjjJIj 4jjLoAIjjJI jl Jjjj jLjyL,
jALJaaj dfjzSaJI ojjjjj-^J) fJbt-i 4J <sDLc- ^l j 4AjA^JI jaj jj
.^JLa^JI jjj jluLj La (jA jLueaO^Lj e4 .^l-iflj ojoijLaJI jm^JI
CijJa^i -11
jLulLuloj JaljLui ll^Ijj ^j-Lul jia/j<« jA “ jDLiaI/ JLf 347 ~427
jau-ujaj c/jVl cIjm^/I
L' is.L^* jAj (jjj^LoJI (J£J lIuLIII j«aJf__j jLloL e_fljjuilii jfc jjJaJjl
. jaDLaJLuiyi ^^Jc 4 \.s+9 IIj L' )*>.;'? y ^jJll 4jj£&JI lIiIjjUI
^ikJjLill JaljiLuj ^jjj ^jjjajll l .“JaljLui ‘ 1
f>^)$Jal ^ill Jal^jLujj iJajiaiuo ©d^)j L (_£AH (399"469)
.AjljLal jljjl iS^" U^**^ U-0 u' ^ . vLal! ^gic» jjjJaDLs!
V <j! ^1xj 4 ‘<^\ Ijjjjj jaj y <jl 4 ..,g\ ^jc- Ja! jkjui (_Jjij
f f f f
ja£l LftjJ L_fl J3LJ AjI Lflua 4 c ^5-^3 ^l L_fl J3U
11
j5 ^ J* j5 i5 ^
1 Jj j! lillyjl Jal jLuj j£j ^] . ^ > jjV=^
"oUaJI L_LU^j" ^Jj Lix^j3 ojIjC' eAAjj "AjUaJjaJ!1 I Uj. jj dljjoj
jlj Jil .(jL-jVlj jjj -ku-jil jil£]l ,Jjj ^l^yij aJUJlj
Ij]j4 Ja^S jj£j j! j aAia^. (Jjliaj (^Lcjj jAj (Ja!jLuj
(jjJaflV! 4iilj A_a_Jia . IgjJjuii ^jJl <j^jVI AiiiaJ! ,^-flikJ ^jjjl (jjjjij]]
jl£ . (J2uJ ! jala l ixi (Jjc^j ^ jjiiuo11 _j Lj£Jj (Jj]l f 5
ajjj]! ojl&j j£uaj jl£ j] Lo£) L-Sj^l jjAU ! jaU. Lo]& ^_Loj V
i-j^LUVl ^cJju^j jl£j . (jjiajLs! (JjSJjui La£ C’UaC' jjJC- (^Jj
L_fl jcj j AjIJ ^Jj jjualj]! Ai»Jj t jj!_jj]! jgJaj (^jI! AjjiuuJ! A-laLuijJ
. Jjijl ^gjj Ujtfjj Auuij Jjlkj ^^£1 (!iiLuijj cJjuiaj
(^^Lij V j^a J'aj^! jL Ijjjjj Aa.1 V" j! JaljiLuj j£jj jj^j
J*i (^Ji! jl Cjuj j! Jjjj Jj AjjLJ! Lljil! ^jj <4aJI Ai! jkj
IJJ jj£jjuj J^aUll (Ja.j]l jl , jj£J! JxflJ jl cJlJ juft jjuJI
jl Au . JjiaJI jjiJI AjL ^1xJ Lo ! AuiLi C 0 jAi.il ^JJ (JjuOj (J J]1 cJ]J
1 -^>U A jl£ LaJj . jxfl]l ^gJc- IjaLui jl£ , ^j£^ juo jj£I jl£ Jal jfljui
. L_fljx]l (jiajflj jA ^l jl (jlj Afl3 tAfljflaJI jc. AJia_Jj ojAjaJ
^LLik) (^jj^a ja (Jj Jaj^j Ajli t(j^L^a JJC psi\ IU j!£ Jjj
(Jj* OiJy* ^ -1xj J'Laj <kl Jj JaaJj ji (g^^Lj
£jflj ji jLoj lu!jjaVl AlUuil ji ^iiJ Jc. jUjiilj .(luLkuUu,)
'jjjLui" aTj/I ajuL jAj tLjjflll diLliJ! Ljl Ac'JA3** ^gJI j aJI ' jjLWti ' *
. jc.Lo ja.VI i__iuuaj]lj (J jjuU AuOjuaa. c imi ,ja]I S^tyTC
12
^-flj-lajIU Jal jfijji ^gjl jilij ,<£I^jJI ^gJI c(_$jjIU (_£JjJ (jlj SLLtaall
Ajl^ill pjlau ^ Aj jaJ fALIU jij ^jJjJII ^LiiiVIj
A Cjaill 6j^ jj .4jC ^ikjJ jl g^ifij V ^l Ajj^JI OPljS
jaJJ ^^jJaj t^^JI jj (jusalijll DjJa.VI ^ijSjil (^jljj) ^jLiua
.<1 \_Loj AjU^. £3j jl j*j (JxalI jJ£jJ IjC-j t(JJaJ^ " jl j^jjuJI" ^jj
jl£ <LaJflU Auuojuljj fi J jJjjujI tjjjc. 3^1 oUuiUil oJA CjjA
^ ^SIjJI (Logos (j-jtjl) JjVl Ja*JI jiL*jl ^l ^^*^ t jjUjlii
£-1 jjl <J£ Ajjjk jiJI <ULJj jdiJIj Jja^JI jjjUs jlajlj A-ojl
tajIjaLJI <jjjj..ijll tajLjI^Ijj^JI Jj^j^JI) cjIjUuuJIj CjL^.jjUVl
^JajuiijuJlj ^_a jl .'\jqII j| I “n. j-n. i ^ jl£ jilj . ( 4jU jjSUjII Ajjj*JI
^*jjj3 t^jl£JU UaAvl^ jUcjiUjj Ua^jV t l_jj j j l_J£ (Jjj jLg-iLUjJ
.Vjl Ac-jLiJl jAUauJI jUujjujl £A tI jjJjujUj Ajklil
Ajj-ojll LJ^-ill Sjjjua - | ^ ^ jUulA 34fl**ilftl| -2
jjjLuUk^UI l_UuJ J (^ja. (^jUalll JjuaJI t4j JJ^uO^-ll) O JJ^Ukiw
t JjV I ALo ~ ^ A jjujj-uJU jjjjLoj t^jUlaJI ^3 jjSjLc. cLla-jud£
Lgj L_jc.^Ljj c-LjjjVI CjVLjL Lgjlj jaj jjli^£ jjjjjjj
^Lj jl£ U jl .OJJ^ jU *J^a ^ t^Ajj^-U cljj jjjj*LLa
jj Jjjlll jjajLiil jj i4jjig-^j I jjl£ jjll (J^AjII (jjjjl p^jA Ajja
. L_Uun*JJ Lgj Jfln*j ^jJI a jjujUaII jAliauall
^>UjV fUj Llijl£ (jjjiL tejUhaIU jl*lo (j\ tinitiatique jjUU» ( *
.AjjjuJI *-*‘Lt*ji AuOJjflll lIiULj jl jl juol (jia*J ^jc. JjJ^. jj-IaC.
13
J V Ajsj jjsLn-ll ASUaJI JJ J jjUi (jJa-J j)
• ^ J j oj£a JU. (j! ^ic. AjU lIlouIj cAjaiiij Ajuiij jjjkj
4 j^l j-aauui ^lc. IJ j 4 aja-%. I ja. j jfkj jjla 4Aj]La j* j3 jls
t> 6JU^J CJT^ J ‘^J^J ' jLudjO ^ . ^»1 (jl AJ ^JJjuJ
c c c
J! ^J^ u'j ^jM c^c. 0jf?u (jl ur^J ‘6jJ^
£
Ajic J^luU Ajjj jpij tJaJxjj ^JI A_aU*J C(U jli oj4*J lAj] .*' jjl'
(Jl j^V c-ljjll ^gil AjjjjUa ojia^J ^Ljallj c.L<ujVI AiLj j-o
,Aj£jOjQ ojLuiaII AjIaC. Jsiaj AjjLuJIj JjVI AiajJl oLa jl
(jjjc-lj Ljj^. ojjjsj (jja. ^jll (jjauuil !i$i :Ua jjaJ! t_jauj j£lj
> (JJ"J ^jjj^ Jfr^ ^ (JjUaJI l^=k (JSuU
Jc. e-fljju-adSI AalLa. jn Ijgij .AjIS V c-jUall oj^£ Aj_Lui
j]j Ls-Lo .lal jl! jLtuo] jjjj Laijaj U^Lujj Aix^ja 4£cjjJj11jj jjulju»
AiUk. ju» (jfljjjjui I J^A J . JjAAxj]l L ol L»a\I Ajl^j ^ J 4 JAflil ^J 4 J^>V I
Ijjj jj£VI AiU Jl Ajli ^ <^Ui jj^/!j Aj]J AjjuijlLj Ijjj j£V'
AjII AjjuuILj Ijjj JJ^V' ^gil Ijjalj 4Aj1! AjjuuILj Auoila jj^V'j Ajlj ^a
( c
JJC. JJJaI! VjI * jJ' (^ j! J2^ L5^ CT^ (>j
^^£i fljinjjftll j! Ajuijj^ II j ivti^ll ^k jlc. Jjjo) AjjljC.] ^jLj AucJaj!
. (d 536 Ajjj^uoaJl) Al£LJ\ j! Ajiaai! AjjLLo ^gic. Ijjla ^Ju-aJ
t 2 1
jaJ jjjj jJjuj Lgjl :lil IJla. L.J.U' AfltulflW jjiajlal c_fljjju j!
40 j^.1 j <”\t,>nl ^jjll (jjUajV' Aiaij jl« 4^jLuuo jjjia 4. nu*\j 4A\l
14
U^ UJV^ d • Jj^-aji! AajiaJl ^ jlllj
4J^I J^jujjJ . AjXJjoL<a jjU jA Jj tojVji! ALo ^uOc! jl LuO^JJja Ljjl^
AjiLl£ l ol . q*X1 j>o tJal jLal oJj&J <_£'jH JJXjua1I 11 jjjjjo" .jjC j£uOJ L QJ^
4 -fll^^s-l jjC. ^laL aS^ cilij ^'Uajjujl Lil ?Lq £Jja ^Jsi^j Aqc.1
Jfi u) -U ^ 0^-Lall Igjl U^Skj jill <U^I juajjLuaikJ ^jjjuojftll
4 aj'v 11 j<V>"j Jjxj jjlli ."<fljXjo 6 jlcj11 jjoVI AajAa. ^^3 ^^A AfijsLjo
L«ul j LiA o jj^.ja j AjJlo j jjc. Aij&aJl jSf (ojjguuill j^lll <UL^)
ojjJajuil Ajc- jjxj Lo IUj I (jUuU jA Ijl J^aJI j . UUhja Ijljj Vj
.Lo ^uuoik Jl Jja.jl joj cLethe (jLuiull j$j ^ ^jjl' j-ajc.
ui Ulji^4 jc. Jj-aajj V jLuilall gc^. iaII jl <_£jj I^Aj
jl jSuOJ V g Lftll jl . jjiiill oJUJl 4aja-N.ll AuljLa C-jAUa
^jl j-ajx-aikJ jl£ (jj^yjjj (jl jo.IVujjj Aj^jjl^jja Jcl j3 ^JI jjgfLtn
.AjjJIII J Ulc. V <J*JI J Ajjjj AUl (jl
^i^Jl ^aljll j|£ u - iu jiljJI (jfr djaJI -3
UjUaj AjIc. jA La ^Jc c^uuill j» ^j (_£.a1I j^_9 c jfeUall o.^uuil! jjC
tSjifl AjuajudJ jjJaijUI jUj .^!jI£JI ^ Aic. IUix-oj JixlLj
lj| JUaJI jl .(^jjlL) ^JaII (^LujS/I) JILUI Jj Lixakjj ojUc
^jlumll J LaS A_Ljbual ju j3 jl oljjal 4 j^3 ” Jj-a^JI o.^uudll JjuI
jl ijaull IIa ^^lcj .^LiAik o.L5-Ull Jxaj jjJI cilU Jj ^UaiA
j!iL JJ laallj 4uijc. jc. Jjc (f.j <j-w»UJ! jjill) ^Ljj 4jc.LL :<jjLmA
.<j*jla
(*)
15
LL^. «Ij^jJI ujIjolaII (ji !^ j AjjLulLa c-Llui! 4-aj j j£j
> £■: J*% *✓*>]! jA LL^. j]l ^ J'N krf*nli j lhO <\ jLuaaII jA
Lgjjj Cy*j 44ij*-Ulj ^V^ii ^Sij]! ^liLo jl£^V! axj i^Aj
.<**& VJ V Uli- UHc. p^i J^j
AjJ^*j J2^JJ ^ijJi JJ jLuiV! ‘SjSiJi JUaL
*■***• jl lgj£i 4AjJJjLj 6J^j LL^. djSJi Jju t^gj»-Ji ij^jj . jAUaJi
^i "fijja^" ^ <^j^^ Ji eUi^' u! Jj l5*4
.SjSiil 4> S-^U»
JJI (4PSM) aJ^i ^ sjSU JI cUCjVI Sjjj^ j!
C Ajjj^Ji) ."JJ*Jij jlj^JI" > jJ^^Ui i.^V1 >
^Jc. JjlSj L£ 4<a Jj^a Ujlljlc. ^Uajj c.lij£V! (j-a V aJ .(533
l^lij (jiiLiS j£ (JjjIjS ^iLjuS! ajI^JI Lil ^jjj tdiLijjalj j]|
jj J^'j tA_J.laJl 0Jjj jLj t JSx]l (jj . AjUa j3 J£i ^gjJajS^U!
(j^liajuaJj AjjjjUa djlSvlc. Lljvlac. jjiaJ (_^i t(_£j^l ^! SjSd
. ^Ljljj]! aIjj
V jfUj .duwJi ^ AsujiaSI 6jA Ija. jl^aJI tJjLLjj
yLj ^l J-a ^Lj^i ^J^J U^ ;bc.Jaj (j! ^jUJI AiUJ
jA ^AAtJI j!jaJI jli (217 C-d ^JajuojjuJi) aJj^-joi jjS! djljLaai!
^g-AjuiJ Lo IJA J ~ Ajudjj (USaJI jl V j!
16
lAA <JLAj_9X_x*aj Lcolc. jjJavLal j)l£ - AJI ftrtll LjLjJ)t i “4
^l «.LiJjVI-j <a!>Lc. ^Jc. jj£i (jl jllfcU j^tkj lJlaS ,l_iaaa1I
dj^ftll j£-oj l_sj£ (jx oAj?k.jji jjc. 1 g j^lj tl^j a3l)Lc. l$J
jjill liUaC.1 AfiJ ?l J2kjj jl jjA j-a cUjuIiVI AjAAaj (JliJ jl O-llTkjll
j-o c-LuiVI j-o UaIHo V Iaac. jjjj Ajl) A£jLulaJ1 U. jjajI Ijjc.
(*L5-^ jLUkj LP^J J 'jr^J j^ jj-j
jj£ jc. U-oU J^juli (JjuaiLaj UiaUlj lUjAa jj£ c- Udjl j l d jSaJI
jjJajLal ^uJa jj itdli J£ AatJ . jji.S/1 lAA (_£jA^. ^Lj jjlia tf.LijujS/1
lIajc. ajjUI jj^j AjlA ^i ajjui j-o jl Ajjui jAj^. jjo jjjj] Ajl Aal jkj
?tuJajj jl AuuaLa_J jLoJ L AjS j£ij . ^JaC. j ^ 1 jja Ajjuj jj« (Jj
j£uoj l j ?jl£baVl jjj diLa^Lc. ^uJaj jjj j-a aJILoII jualjc.
?6jiAll ^ ^ AJlijall JLljU ljl Aji_ilaju<ajo aJILo Aj^j
A-uJaill oAA jc. ^liUI Jc. I jf?uo lil Auuiij jjla^l Aa.j Aal
jla VJj iAjtiJajuaua aJLLo AijA^j AjjlS-al L*‘1JJ jl AjIc. jU iAfljLLall
j£ij .Alli-a]l jjAjj L_fijjuJj tllaiJlj ^LiauuaJI jjj (JjS A-oJ jj£j
V J jij V A x jla*^i^ll Al\lo]l jL jA jjj jl aJ ^jijjj l cdJi J^l j<®
(JLijjuj La (J£ jlj (Ujjuj Jjij VI V Jjij jl (_$l -
. LlaaJI «JJj j-ajJa j-aj (La_iauuca 1^*1 jjfljui Lfia.
^iJI AjjjjajU (J2lj "aJI jJI JjSi1 AuOJja. ujI£jjIj ^jJjuuJI ^^jtjjj
J\ Jj ‘C-^ V JLL V Ua^JI JIL jjaJ . jjL£ JJC ^Axll ji (jlc.1
*
V jA (jUI ^AaII j Aj^j-aJl jjLSJI jjj Ja. AfiJ . ^uuaJl jj*- c-^uui
17
u£SjAa]I Ajjaiil dilkJ Ij^Aj .j^VI jA Clillj £-jj $.^1
ji.1 j tAjaJI UjLivlaJI Aj*J ^9 jL^sV I (JL^jL ^u&juiJ Lojo cJa&IIj
oA-oLa. LIjjI I ^ 1« j-o V AJ (249 a ^Jajui&juJI j jjLil!
.Ajjjxjaj
VI 4^1} jl j£-*J V l£Laa3I (jl .J J^VI J^-a3 c*l]j ^joj
Jl^j ^JLlII jl JjUII CjLuj£1I ^lf- till^ ^gic. ^jjj (JjLojoll j^j
Demiurge c jjj-ojJ a» Jj 3jUll Ljj jj ^^Ic. V
^jJajVI LiaILc. jl , {^JJaII ( >Vl 4 (jjdiill j I . ‘'A S.ija.j-0 jl j-o jjo
AjL jjaljjjoll AjjjjI! oA^jS . 4j jLol ^g^jijJajVI jjA-aill j-o Ijl ^^jLau
I ajo AjjJsjs AjuUj diajll ^a l.\« jLudjo - jjjJI jjjudfij jjJaj-Lii JjU.
. ^AjjjLall jj^ L»\ I jal^. tJU jj^jjudjjjjj! ^jo jjudl! (jjLulu Jjsj
CJj3' jl L^j^.-ua jl£ lili ,CjjJI ojiLa jA A^uaJ! jl JUj
l_jj11]I jl£) L^iajiLu <-fljjk L^jlj ^ jLliV' ajjjS ^ ^!
‘ J^'j jl-*^ LAjjlj Ajjxj l$$ uj j^jjAjli ^l^jji!
^(J jLojuiII l_j£jjoII ^fcjijj jL£ Lojjj jjj-oS/l ^gjLc. ^ija. Lbjjflj jL£j
Ij^Jj . L^J Ljj^ ^^iio LaaLl^j jj^j jl ^i]j jc. La_u-3 JL V AiLi
^ji Cjjll ^jLi- (3-lc- Ajjjla^iaS/! 11 jjAljjI!" jj£j j! j^J V c-jjjuJ!
3 jjAj djJailLj ^LjjUI j (_£AjS/I LgJuUa ^gic. (Jjjuj j-oV' AjLgj
■ (uj4^) cUja]I j sLpJI
.jjljLai j]aj jj^i! jlLa. Demiurge
18
djLjLnll j j Jaloll LLo!>l£J j£<oJ c_fij£ 4<_fljjia]l oJa
jAl j^ ^A jl^sVI jl . (AjljLuJ! <lLujj]lj ? jlLjJI Lil ^uJajj jl
4£ jAjo Lg-Lt^Jj IAjJJJ (JaII c.jjJa]l <-** w jl ^A j 6 AjJaLua]l plaJjVI
O-ljjujVI J;iij 0-jjuia]l ^ljj Lo /«A jjjjOjul]! jl Lo£j . (JajlILj
jl I A_il jflXjoil j ^fll j]l djj jA AjSjjljOj £Sl j]I Jajjuj jlfl 6 Ajuj jjui^-oil
j£ ^ L-v \\ ^iJlj i j_il£j| jA jjn] j j]l c jJ^]| jA Ja jjuJI I^A
o jLlhjj .aJLLo p jjLajjO jjfLi jl ljl AjljuoJ V jJilj t^aj^fljo jAj^
^ ^A j (^Ubual] AaUsji j3L4 jj£j jl 4_fljuJfl]] jfLoj V 4 (J jk!
^^lc- j! . Ulin-a L^aJjj jl jl]l Aija^li LlA. J]sij jL L-Jc f j£sujo
. J4U]! jj :a]Ho]i ^ijj l ji A_ji£uo ji p\£ii
djlcljj-ail jjo jLunVI j^'j ji <_fljjui - ^jLuo^n Jj^ji! -5
| 4ih4|£]| Jijxj jLll jLuuoll j! i_ij jxaJI j-o . cilii ^JLuj jli!
jj^^jll Ajc. jiLjj Ajli o.l_iiujVl (jjLflaJ Aj^jilj ^Jjuijo jAj
o Axjjui j c-^gjuj jaJ ^gJc jjfljjuojui LsJ o Ja Jlloi! ^LauunVI ^j!
. Cj jjo]Lj A_Jc j La-C juo j Ljjja^o jjjLJI
I ^ j aJjLc AjjAkO Jl j2k. j jjaujjuojoi! j<o jA jA
u! ?<»u^V!
C—JJjuJ! I j^Jj . 4oKII jjjJai! ^JuljoIIj ^aA j <_£ jjuj ^juj] jSi's^l' £tJ jLjJI
(jjjljil l_jj! Jjo jl ciliJ t jjjJaail Laujjjoj! AjjJ^ 4\ II ^Jjj V
AfljuivLs i£jLJI jl£ jlj jL. JJjfliL aJjLa_joi! oJa Jjjo ^Jc
19
(JSjuU jijiuijVI j»Uso]l Utg < Jl5j . l£ jL 4ijui^lallj
ejjall j (aUsI jSjAullj 4r-l n .Ti\i ^Uai ^J! tdjjjjjufaJI )*>• >
Jl (AalaljSjAi^!) <pL?V' »'jU^'j (Aa^jUUjVl)
tUaUaaj! djlcjj]) ji£l Aa9 Jjjujj <jjjjUfLp
A_jjj jlS LU jl . I jl ^jSvL^! jA Ajjjg ijn\) ^gjauall jj
jUI jjfu^il ^JUilJ ^jjjuil jA jUl ja^fl ^JUJI jjj jjsa JjUj
j^*j (CjIc jillj " l. \XlW*J jaaUI 4-jIajj djj^.) AajLaijyi jjiiil! jA
jLuijVI (^gic S-^J^ (jii' <Ljalail Jjoajll ^ij-fti! 4 L>tU\l ^jjJail
. 4jU 1 $ gj Vi
dLpUI ^gil jjuajjj jl AjuaaJl ^gi Aijlc (jjaaj j^aj <_ k f\ j£]j
Jl 4%II jl JjcVI ^S'j ^gi -4 j-n*i\l iJaLuiji! jkjjj Ua ^4 jQjQ-v \l
jc 4» Uu\) tlgjli ^gi jjlaaJI jjj jj<i9 . 4jjljjjjuj! SjjAj ^jjjj
£-U^»Jj J&^ Ua ^ ^^iaUj j! 6Ajkj JUjJ! ^-ikLuiJ illUlc
(jjjjjj! a£j2lj JLaaJI jc diaj! j! .(250 b cjjjjjjAis) Lujj^-^
/*\
^Grands- Moyens jUj-® j!> J Penurie ^jji^ jj! tv Eros
JS jjj iLjj jL]l jA .4iVlj jLuuVI jJJ Jajjuij jA ^iil J
^(AijjuJI Jl jljaaJ! jSlSa j*) 4il£ CjU jjjuiuU! ^gic (I jauOi jA L»
Lo Jjjft^k Jjuia. J! jJ! Ucl jljU jli-ijftll ^gi! Uxaaj (_^J]I jAj
^JLft^J! ^jjjjaiil ^j jAj (4ijjft^J! jLu^Vl JS L_La_j I 'L •> jl
.^jaJI 4JI r)
20
AuojIjJI) Ajlj ^^3 (JLaaJI ^gJI ^LflJjVI aJjasJI dili jjL-sajil j
(j*jjjI ^ j$Laj I jjtla Alojj ljj*JI j . (204-211 Banquet
L_JaJI jl . 4 j«nj,lwJI <j dl Jju!l3 ^LJl A-I^Jl " L-J^JI <i (jAjuaJJjuJ ^jill
o jjl^j ^jtjjj (j^il c jbud^uiJI jjLoil j^a^juJI >• j. j jjlajLal ^j^-Loj
.La jjjj!j ajI J l)I *>il <■. (J^iii . ^lj-iil ^jlc-
^4 ^l Ajjjia^iVI UuJail Uuali ^Jb 4ij*u*Jl Sj^ jl
Jo 6IS Ijjj .Ajjiaj Aijauo «jj^ua jjjIj jua^L^. aJjjuijj l_jAAa
L_uija) Ajl jjil j*j ^jJ! aU\-<4 a\\ SlpJI ^uo >- aj^*j jl L-fljjuiJjaJI
«jJJij 4JaI ^uo JSLojII ^uoJau jl luJajl 4jl*a (jxjS/l l^jjAj^. (philebe
Ig aji-kj ^i jjdijJI (JJ*J ^^jJl (J jJjuoaJI AjVVua Jju<ali*il jjo Auuij JJj^JJ
U lilj . Ja, ^l <Ljj v jijjll jl Ua ^jj m .(Theetete, 176 b)
- cLijaJI jli t(Phedon) jjiavLal jlj^> JaljLuj aJILo ^JI lj*uojjuil
jjL>-.^ ^iil .laJI jA -1 fl ^i-LLa-j ^jJI aJja^JI o jJalauaJI o4A
_ J < Aj jjujjJI 1 jjJLLa
jkuJ -iii
w-J?) j>\ ytj Stagire ^ J- o-u j ji*-y J? "322-385
f ^jj^ >_.»/ -Loi* .Llul j j^jlIi yi ^J*^*j JjJ^yUl j~«Jjj |LJj-l£» jJLL»
jp u4u>jj Zij*ll J 4-pj( JjV1 j*LiIl j JUa- ij <jyii1 j JLiJl jjT
^jLf-j .aj-Ln.zlI Ljl*JJ jLmJI ,f. Ji;7ll j L*LJlj LLjjLzJl o^LL» jii?Ij . jL»-*JJ ajLt—J/
«J-l j^oLjJL 4-jS-L» -, ■ - - - / J U’Lju # ^ii 4JiLxj>r ^jjl iZjljLjiJl jy* jS-jJI
21
JZ*Jl (. Lj j ^ Ij 4_»J. 'S l| SjLall jjy» 4jt.„JzJl isjJL* J J>~ JjLs 4s»j£jL*J
Jl*Jl
Ail£ JLa.jll 4-1C. jj jl ^g^iJa j*V <jj" " 4ij*^l " 1
4 lijjjSIjjaII ^lc. Jaifi jLLaJ V ^auuiLaJI jJaljjfiVl i Ja jl jat-all ^3
oAA jc. ujauJI J£ .kJn jl <jLuo j-a JflC» pljj ^Jj jC- Ajj Jj
4£jJalL jLuiiVl jl .iSjJ 4<jj-oA1 ^gJl jJajlL 1 jAj .Aija-Jl
^3 Al^aLL <jC jj j AjjvLjlII <3jjla]1 jC- t.** j 4 6jAj^Jj
jl ! <^i Ajiia juiaj Ajcj .isu <jc jil dift jl jjj .juii]l
jAj t jliLL "g-^Jl" 4il ‘4j*j. ikJl 0 jL ^ljuj! j jLjujjI jLuil
^lo <jc.jj CjIj^j cLIjj^. <jj^ jc L_flSL jl jjj jx t^Ljj
4j*ii t"w..jl 4 JHLl (Jjjui ^^Jc- 4*Ljjj jl) LljJsI ji jjS^\ (J^l JjoII
. (jJjjjJI AiLoC.1 ^ JJJJ Laj4 cAjIaLj Jj (iaA3
i** jLk jjj ^Jj&Lall 4 A3 JXjo11 ^jA (Jj£uuQJ ^uOjuIJ £uJaj]l Ua jl
jjLuiVlj (J1 jxLlj L-jLjuiSfl jj® Lj3 Jal jl jj^l Lij£ <L^ijjo
jjui Axj (-Uiiill jl) jiil j£j jA jj^ ^J l^Aj .jja.j]l jjfaj
fkJI AaJ 4^LjVl jxi J-° 4(jiji]l JuLli 4 L_JJjulJ JjjjLd jJLa.
.^lau jl j£ajj ujLluiS/L ^^iauj Universel AolSll £jj jij
cLLVl (jjLLa. jl -AjjuJall f^uukll ^AjLa. Jja» 4JLLo]| -2
AJLLuoU IfcC-li jl jLu V 46 JJJA^ll JjL ^ ^ ^l 4<JXlJa]l
<$J*-* (^A ^l fLj^Al] lc> jjuia jjft (Jjaj ^^A (^]j ^AjfiljiJI jl Aj^LlII
22
t jSJCla j^JaA A ja-<o (jul Lo j! . A_uijUl>o j A-aJaLa j Aj jlaj
V a*j V Iaaj tSj^S <SU vJ Iaj^j* jl£ jiuj U jl jl
(J-oluiJ ,(J£juj SjLa (j-a l_i£j-o ^A AjjLjjjill ASjUJI jl ^S! jJli . c^^uu
V LgjjLo j£J i Jilljj-o jjcj (_£Aj! S g l£jl ; jjjjll Sj£ (JliU (^i
f * e
131 SaLoJU . (Aj£ jx SaLo jjjJI jl j j SAa. ^^lc c*JjAj jl jfLu
. c_l£ jaJI jA ■ W jj Lo jl . A_^aJUJI jl AjJa^l SjSj jjiIjjJVI IAia
dlLjJax^o I ^ltno j-o JJSJ jjJI jiJI jjiC. ^3 U_iJalj jAjj lAAj
JUojJa . Igul&U^j La AjISj Ijl ajIc. L-JL^jjj La tl^JjUoj AjuuJaJI
jl Uk. tudJj Ijjjl IJ t^Ujll) SaLoJI :^aj JJc. ^jj! jaajja
t(diUjJI) <Jc.UJI aI*JI ((aJI J£ju^ JS^JI t (Ai j^ua SaLo j*J ^UjJI
jijl jia ju L_£LUVI Ia£aj .(auAjJVI jl^l) ajUJI
. Ijjl A CjLijISJI oAA a£ ja. I Aaa Aj^ j j-o AuaJI (_liljjl£llj
^gic jj iaJLLo <jclj jj£j ^£1 ~ AjlUI JjAi AJLlaJI -3
ju jUaJI j J%^> J ‘ (J^ jl j J^ j-a jjL£ll lLsj jl Axlll
^uojuoJ (JaJI j I j; ja^LUVI ^l Jj ^al jl ^LiajLujjO UaaJlj £tJa-A-eall
jjl£ll (jjL-taSJ jJaiujjl jAjuuj ttillA ^Jc. c-ljj j , ; AjjujI jLu f. 1 jiJu
j aIjj» Ac-Lwaj lilljj (jUlaJI jo Jii£ ^jujB jjJjujIj j AjlUI jc
t<Jajl jJl t(Jc\ill) AJxaJI JaC (JjUuj jij-oll LliJl!lJl j jaaLi£>U!
. JV AjjujV! AcljS ^jjJajj Ijjik! J (^l) •VhoaII
23
( ^iUiill j \\ J ir- oIjS/I 4_LjU o jiiij ^jjjLjall J^-U I^SAj
.Aiillj ojLlc. AJaLai jj jjjjUc jjj £a^JLj 4qiq-v\I ^Jc j)AjJJ AjS/
^jLii ttdlj juo jjj£jl1I ^Jcj <-^ L>»,i iTii<* (^L-<\lj>\l) 4\\ w\l Lol
Ciil£ I JJ^.1 j .jlj^Jl (JLLk j-a cJjVl AjjUu (jjjla jc 4 ja
I JL^.1 j jxj (_£jJI ^uojjui^l jiJ j l^jjj 4_l^J! aSvL*JLj ^g_i*j 4_jUaa_ll
.AjVLtiil j AjIjAI
J£ ajjLjjjall c^uJJ! A *■ tjl - IajjjdLLuI! AJLula - 4
VI Luic fgULjjS JJC jA U ^Ujj j! jl«J fic J\ j£ij
ALoj j^V! £^!j . I jj*l*L-*\l 4jl ; J! jjuJl jc 4jI^V1 (jg^ jajtijuii
j! .c^^gjJJJj 4^\<\l jjj ^»v\l <jj* ui <uqj Ciil£ c<j!jjll
jXJ jUaj J* LS^ J
C1 jj jA Lo ^g_lc c Lia ^jmAsai] jA Lo ^Ac Luiajl j<Jj (c Lj jjiil
£jJaj L_ii jij jl£ Ai! l^ja. ^gii ja_ij .oiLUl jc jju<aaloj 4« >L»\I
jA ?UjIc. jjJajUl ojA ^A La jSij Ijajuj jj<V1 dllc jjJa j-oiii ^aic
VAJjaJJI J Ajj^b 4i_aj J
J JoVl fU jji ‘ Jj' > L. jj#3 J UjJ |jj
jll jJaJI Aa.lj jl J jA AjA jli jjS^I jJjJI jjJ ji .CjjAMII jA
^u ^l o»Slt u) JJ-VW ^ J»iJ 4il 4£Lu
4_iC jiil j 4 j<o<\! ^Uuoi jJC j^_3 t(_£ja.Vl UjUjI^I! jc
t(JlijAilj ojjjjj^I!j OJVjil <v_flj*j V Ajl ...^cil i jL£-ollj j-ojilj
24
4 AjC-j]l <JaLu) Jjj \ * K AjAj]l d]j2kj <ilj^4 Jjl 4^, JcJ Ljy.i ^jj jj
jl£ j^]j . (^il! C-^uuJL JalijjVI A Loui Jj-0
jSaJI AjIj diSjll jA (^^llj cIjL^, jlll jA ^Jc-VI Aj3^*uo (j£uaja]l
c_jIj£l1I tlajjjflLn^H) DjLftJI djL9 Ajj tAuuoij jSi.lj I jj jlll (jla t^glc-VI
Atj 14 jiaJI ^JcJ ^jJI Aijuoiall jJJu < flj^Jall oJa . (^jLuJI >
. Jjj A 4, l^£| J j| Aujc> 4 (jLuiJVI (Jp
Oj1ixj ^Vl <*]*]! ‘o^ Ijj cJjlicJL
IJA juua^ua Jaj Ja (jSJj . (jjlSS (jjlSJI ^lc- (_£ I (L^^J^JajjSf I
j\ Aj]j^\ ^^LiaJIj djLjjl£Jl ^Juta. AjjuU ^JJI (jjl^ll Jaj ^j-c ^JaJl
(jjJa^Lsl l_jAUo AuJaS^jj c jJajuj jl J ?A'.^u'l cliiVl (illsa.
t(_Lol£Jl ^ ojO"v 11 ^jc. LdJa Ajjtuailo 4 0.Lal^. ^jjLl^ (jLi^VL (j^l^JI
(jjl£]l J jA. AJliJ L^j-C- jljjj ^g_JI AiuJi]l A i j>c JJJtJ Lojji
jA (^iil (jjl^Jl (j^Jj ” jjl£JL Luiajl jA ^j&J (_£ J]l dj^A jLSI ^aJc j
i LuiLij VLLo o^jJI oLa jpa (J»^j (jl LaJc. , jl£uoL (jl . a^Ij (jjl£
. djLoJjuij]l 0 Ja £„.5 liilJ £uft jLjjju) jAj
V tjuol^ (jjl^ Ajj ?(jLuijVI jA Lo “(JuajtJI^ (jLy*iyi "5
ajLoc J£ ^jJaa JILj (jjasjj jJsun jj .emergence jLfjl iaUL
jAj AjV tjyjj (jLujU (jj11 i^jS/l JJ (^Jc-S/l L> JjJ^L
((jjij]lj i(lO 4VI tdlLljJaJI uiljJalJ (jjjj AjjJ (jV L£i (juij]
c ^ut^J! Jiui LgJ iJa jLuj aJU. ^Sj ^L-oiiua LL£ Llj ^J 4 aJ AjjuijiL
25
iJfiJ jflJ (jLuijVI Aic. (jjiiill j)J . Lojul^. ^sjuiaJI UJ^J ^ c>J
4 Jl*3 j (jllui ^auui £uo) Ajj£i]lj <_Lui^]lj Ajjj±i]l \_fijlL jil
• (^J ls^j (ij^°
AjSL^LakVI (JjIjuiaII AjAaJ (lj>jljjjjajVl) IaA <Jc ^JJJj
(JjuailaJI tAjlj jjiJI aJLui^ ^ jlaJ ^jlSI (jjlaLL! (JjILoS jj£]I
4AjSIit) AiA£ jja> (J£ jLt-u^l i__fl^*_j cA£IjAJ jAa*n ^aIIj LjAa.
LojS (_£jLujjj V dAA jjaJI UjVL^. (J£ jl Aij .(,..£&]] i Aj^.jj tAjj^uo
l^3^' JfcP^'j (c£j^ <^' J) J^?) ^xil J> ^jVU. Auua :4ln
(jjl .0j\xuJI ja jjLuijyi ^Jaj ^uojujVI j>iS jj .ajIaS jA ^aJ!
j' ^ ujj^ V J VJ "jp^" Jj uj*^j
lalL»^ )^jjuij jj£, (_^l jLijc.! J^uiil jjuj jjl I L» ^JL^o]!
AjLoj (_£A]I jJa]l ii]jLi <jl f jJ^il (Jjjiajj ^JJ (JjjjuJI La
Cjjl£l p I ^juj ( aLlUoaII jjJ .^jjlualij o^LLI jUu (jja. J tjteil
Ajjl Uijl£ Laij .(JiiJlj <ilflj]lj a«j;L»U jl^jjJ ^jjj iAj^l AjJjl
. "<jjL AajjLi11 jLuyi ^_iaj l$jli "djjaJI UjI aL*_]Im
Jjl jj Jjjujj "(jJJ (jjj" <JjUafl£ AjjjVI <Jjxuafl]l Uj3 jC- jlj
Uli . aJ.Vw a AjaJajuj (J! j^.V! (j-a (JIa. (^L 1*J ^ LS^ t<X-jLlo
(jjaJ] A^lj j)! ^^i (_^ AfcuaJJ (JILJ1 (Jjjuui (^Jc. (Ac-LauuJ! Ujjl£
g> <]jJafl]l jjJ . Ug jjj ^LuiaJ! ^^Jajuijil AaJ! UjulJ t jj$lJ!j
26
A^. j ^3 jj^jit ^iVLaVI ji jLuii j (JjbJaSVI lJJ.' ^ J j)<Q t u\l 4jo2
.<ii£ jjij ji
diUkL, c>l£ jaJ Jc ^ ^i^VI jljUl JS UJ
jAij /sj^oll ojia J*J .MjlLaIIj JK^ tAU‘i£ j^a ^UV! _jAjajl
^^jil Hedonisme AjjtUI jl <*1aII AjjJni Jj L*-a.j jl Ua ^jjjc
4 j'aja-v \l 4»j <U\I Ijj^ Liik. La Ijlj ccill j £uaj . (j£yL^VI j (jjajL*JJ
iiljjj \ a\\-\ AjI JjoVI ^SIj is^J . Lo^jjJ jjaaljj (jl JaJ jla tAjtLaii
AjjL^O oldlSuA (Jj t^l./ti'u aAaI^. jl l$jL AjIc. ^wJ AjllLail jl
LgJ j2jj ^Llt ^ivL^VI <Ja*JIj I^J;I’^ I jia t j~>Lall JLxii
(j\Ua\I r \ a ^yi ^_JaSJ jl jjaflLllA jaV AjI j . 4j£uOA 6.1c\ i.u<q U* jn^l
V 4-*Uli . I 1 I g^*;;U jajj UJj AaILJI ^Jc. AjtLoiL
<jUL JLojJI JLo" JxaiL ClljjjSl Lo IJI VI *Lo*j£ j^Jai jl jjjjjj
j!>L-aail tijJLojfLj ^ j^La.Vl) l_jLjuJI oja j jjJll *jiiijV
j^UI
t- # JL>"j jjUaLujj jjl£ jUVI j*j ~ A n j<a\l ^2 oL^i! ~6
j^ Aixij i^uuiL<uj jljJA 4jl .<jjX*II jAj VI LL I jLLal dJja.j
4 !%<a Jj^ua c“ ltojl 4 \Q jl jl .11 Aikcl jl l*il" jauJaJ ^jjjLa jjj *
^5 C(Ja*Jlj AjjaJI ^Lj j-o CjLuLkjo jaj LjJVn j >\L«““ ^g^-2 4 ^jt jja.
Ajjjujil SljLUI) o!jLUL jij ^! AJ! j&i! ^ic lgjl£jl ^jij jja.
c ^ f
jjjLLLVUI jjj jjU V! ^j^jjj jj^ 4 u*i.U$\! jl
27
j* Aji^. jLuJ J£1 ^Jaatj jja. AjjLui^l! SIjLolaII i JaaIIj jla^HjoiVI
AJIJaJI |jl . (^AaJlj ^ajljaJ! - q*aiua) <j! >Tuui <jl j)jj
^Vl JLJI Ciuul l*ji V) .>VL l«i&lc jaL 4±al£ ^LJafl
OlAi-a jjj j,* j Lftd MjjLC’ Aiiio l!*Jj . ^SIcAaaI! jA (JaI! j Ajj.Lftll •*
JJC- <lli*Jl CiajJal <il Aju«all Cj^Lui Lft Ijlj »1 joc.
. dAjI jj AjjjjjJa
JL=kjJ! *L* a jl ) Ljjuoajl ^ jii-j L/l ^ * '7-j - AajLaII djlsLuJ! ~7
jjjJal ja (J jjui I jaju-aj jij aJjujLIs 1 ja-UaJ j! ^Jc jjjjli jjc.
>- ^jII o jjxjua!I A-iiill ^Jc. ji^. Aijlil! o jljt-iuJI jl . jjaJLua
Joj ,(CjJ ^WIj JcSn *>S) *UU» <>
Auudij (j^! jd» JaLJj <jV JjVl C flln-><ftll ^3 ^jJajJ j! JaLuljl! IJa
jL ^JJJ Aj! .oiiLftl! T )1 lal dVill (Jj-ft tillJ > <£Lft (jil jjjjIj
JaLuuI! (jjj.mi.q ^Jc. La jjUu jSuftj V Ajlaaj AjjjLJ! aLL&I! SjIajuJ!
>3 ; aJa Lft AijlLft ^gJI LjjjSj IgifiS t AjalxLa A >jVJI o Ja jl . JjAjuII
jj£1 jAauj lAjjLauj oljj t IjL II AujIc. jLuuV! Au3 ^Jjj (jLI! di3jll
Aiil . AjgJ! Jj A-jjLuijl A*J ^J o> AjIc. jl j*S/! ^SI j > . Ja. j ja
jjIaIi (j! >aJj cs^! o^Lil! u^V' jl Lja^.
jl ?oVLxuftI! jLuuV! ojAd ^JjuaJ j^_3 .A-oftij jA ^Jbu3J Auutfij
jl L$j! Vj t jjlaLLa! ^ja! L*S t j^L-a&lft jL^ILc L^cjljjj V oLaJ!
. ^gJ^I - jl JJ jjl! IAA jjA j-o oLiaJI j j£j
28
-IV
<5J&j <LuiiftU _>// j <jy -<jjy(_u3 270 “205
al ^JjSyi <j£a*aJI <J^jjaIJl <JLa_f/ <1« ^JjtA. Ja. ^J/ i<j[iL)j
4_iC-/j 4Jj£ jjuiajisl jjUlL i ULjj^LLallj (j5L£JI fJc- (aJLHI dijAjUI
Jx£ LS ^IJJ JjVI <jl£J yiij <jo/ jMI J ,4l^J/ <J
< jjuiajisLi . <i*ul3 J*J ^ai L&J -J'N fj ^J/jjj La jjJj tcluu-ai/ ^aLo/ <JULaJI
■'yjki J -^V y (<jl^o
jl3 ifiLc-jl j£ jya Itf ^10*1 JjaJ (j/ j^-oJ ^JtUl (jL) LLaJjiii IjJ
-Enneades jLiij/ <JjLLa LgjjJ jjaL y {Jjiaio <Jj/j 4_Jiti/ *La£UuaJI
, ("<X.J.JJjJI 4__JJ£i/ L—tlc J'
ij^lUa iJSuLi i_ffJjy! /AtJ t, i^LuihJI eULjjyi <jL#j
t__fl3j_U ^jSLLLaJI j£Jj c^gjj ^Jc- ( flfl_j_U y ijjJl ifjUaja (jSjaJ jalSJIj *
JJC <jj ,‘jjlSJI (Jj3 jg3 (ijjIS Jja._j-a <_J£ jj)-o vj <jL£ LaJj . 4_Jc
UjIS <jj£j j/ JjJ (_>» Jj£j j/ <_>jL£ £-uu y j/j .jjL£
< l^_J/ ^^-aiiJ <_>Lf/ o Ja. ji/ aJA (_^jJ/ diji/ .. x-jia3
. IjJ -l^/ji/ jA /jj^j-o (JulJj jA J-*yJ ji/ ^juJaj&JI JJC- IjjJI jLs
j^l ja ^LakLsbj (juii <i£J . /Jjaj (_iia IjJ ja^fyl jjSJ jj JaJji/
m(JUJI (jjJU <<jj/il/j mjj^JLj ^j-Ujj Ij^ LjJJ jmj.I <jj . jjlSlLI <jJj
ajfl jA J^/ji/ . <jJjia^LflV/ aj£&JI (Jja LJLia Ujj-aij y[jo ^jjlJ 4-j/ La£
<j3 jJjuoj jjJI ja-if/ ^^Jc i’'t*tt't (jLSa <J£ ^3 jJaJJJ <Jj3j 1<JS ja
29
^ jjJIj c ISjJI J^/jll jyo ^ lu jJJI jA IjUI uJ . J3JA (JA SjljUI
. ^jjLoJI ^JLtJI Ijj^Ij
iJJHJI Ijja jis U jl y <\^JjJI jc JLL J jLu ljL
^Jllj jtf-9 iC L£jJI /j-Lo jL£ LaJj . IgjjlaJjm jc (_£ LoJj mJULoJI Jo JxjI jtf-9
. 4 Ag. «j J I jA ^jJoUj y (J jJI c L£jJI Jj9
L-il jJhJt JSja. JjLu3 . 4j3jaUI AjjaUI jjjJa )/J Lif ^jjj ^J
^jJJajj ^jJI JfJAjJI aSJ3l ^jLi (SjUI ^JJ JaI'jJI JaijjaJ Procession
jjj . Ajla Wi*i (jf (_J^I L> 1*1 jll J*J ‘CJU^ k^LLjjJ
If II Lft ljJ HjA Ua ^iC-j *■ V L < JJC’" jA La ^j-o ^ jjJI J^ja-JJ
. "LtfJJ" f^LUI ^jjl-oj s[jJjjJI <JL± j .^UaljJj)/l j-p- li-UI <cjjIj ^jII
ijjJajJ9l Ajudh jjJ . AjjLJI A-JjUI ^Jo-a Aj^.jjJI SLjUI <_JaJ Ij^A j
. AjLjJ <Jjjl <_> ^j^Jj H_lliJ 4 OAiih ^A
SL(jiS 4i*ttli!) - v
s?
Lo IjJ Iaijljujj ^jLuI jtaJ (_j.jj.xJI Uajl jLuVI ^jJaluU (Ja
JjCjj ^jjjLI AjjlajJI AjiuJill l_lA Ij-oJI Jj£A Jc Ja/j j
4_l£jLUI c IjJ UjU lillj <_£J*^1 U UJJ L> 4 j UlLljjJI
?(jjjj±A Jj^j AJaUa3 jl Cynisme aUSJIj Scepticisme
LoSj iAjJc- (jA L jJc jA JJ^*J/I (jh jaIuj Lo /j/ dlfj j-L»1wj <j/
. /Jjx_uj <I*_au l^jLu ^ .aC-v ^Lb cilfj £_« jSuUI jyo jlj iAJ jJjj
30
JS ‘Stoicisme AjHIjjJIj Epicurisme <jjjiuVl Ljjic. jjaj*j
L^J/ j±u£*JI jnU ^ Jj3 jHJ .^UZJIj jjjjjJI (I&jLjL o U#jm
- j^y~^JIj <3J*-*JJ jUt-uJJ J*J fj La$jl fjJC’ JjSllU "jjjLlII lZjLIi"
^JJj Jy^ u^JJ V L^jf y/ .isPjJI fUjl JS jjlUajkjaJ!
^JJ jLwjjj y/ jLo%J y U#jJ 'JlSjLjtyl jjjLLo jJoJI UjLlUI
. fJUJl (J j^oJ ^Ualll (JjjJa jC UtfBisaj JJJ*J
jjksa* ii jaj JjljujIj oj^uii <jsijjiij tjjjjuyi jjsjc j£i
*-*//■(<ilS JaLOjJI La^juiajLzj ^C jj i Lo^Jjj ^mlJI ^JI Aazj jlj . *LojjjJI
(<jukJj (jUajoJI jjj j^Ljlij 4ukj&j j^Jaj-aJ/ ^_Ic jUtUJ La^jV
jJukJIj ijMja.ll AsujJa jjmu <LmJ£II Jxj ^ Ltf *. ^j . JjmatuJIj ^ ^i\i zyjf
jmjJj joaJI LLoJaj JdJl jl" . A. Ljjuij J jjuj jJ L*1 // **‘ ‘1 J*J ^aij . SjLzjul)
e LLj ^JJj fJ jj t—ffjmmL&JI ^ys jA (jnc-llj (ILc£ "^jyLSJI
. AjjjsLiI <oS^. JjL US LgjJc j-<a ^ Jji/
270-341) jjJUI ^-iLjjjJI LjjkkiljH I4 juuJ -^ujjLuyi -/
LT* ff»- J 55-PPJ (jMJjSjJ Lf.J jLZIj ("l-JjiJl Ijjj' J*J ^jj/ J
^jljllL// ^aic l^J/ Ajjjdjjtyi jc Jjc jiiJ ,/)e Rerum Natura
oljiLM JjImj ^jJnTiikHj (j;jJl ^*_ui/J JSumj JajjSjAJJ Aj3 jJaU,j JLc- A3j)
^jlaul ^ic. ^gJ] AjjjSJjVI AjLuiI&II JLloj V
^l l^Jiilaj ^l (J£j AJjJa I^aIUu (jl duJiJI
31
j^Jlj Sjiil! jLuJjujLj <Loa.
dilaljiJ! (JS ju jLuajVI jjjaJ l ; <il£ 1 ^ \K^tA \ ljI j
I ^gHl! j ^LualiLol! <L&aJ! l^j!_j AjLuial! . lJ>jLkuJ! j
. 4~K i AjjLo 1$ n‘i! jSj
<j/J f^J*-// j/ fJaJI L> jJjU j/ j£*J y 0<H<Kf/ (j/ LaJ
•OjLo ic-j <jj/jj (_><» ^ jajj jj£y j/ j^AJ y j$4 < j/ J*1^L JJ*!
Luf (_JLiuiV/ JJJAJ J^-J/ -LJ-uj) ^/jflj ^AAuiilLf •<ljLa JJC-j <JJJX1 JJC
VV/j (^uui^J/ ^ Jjw tluiu/ ^jii/J ji)jiif/j ^Lii^V/ j/ .(l&±u
<i.1i^i/Lj j»^'i-v ^ (ijjljjj/ ja £_loL^u (7j^. <iLlfJ SjLc ja <fiJjoJ/j
.jskf jaJ ^Jc JfLil'ijj Jjjlj ji "ulij-oJ/” Jic- jl» ijjj
jj/ ji/ ju»Jf j/ " clinamen jj^Ll// cJ/jajy/ <—LJaj ^ I-Vj
<C-juiJj j/jlla jaj ^^ic j-a^-ij (jli/ clj/jjJ/ jji “ jJjuutJ/ -L^i/ -LuujJLj
/j/ jjjj c_fi/j^_>y/ /j^ j/ , /-»..■-». jSu^ jij ^fiiiL ji <jjLutio
j/ jt. -a ij ”<jjaJ/ jia*JJ gr.Akii} L<uj <<LujjJJ/ ajjjJalf Jjc ^ ^ LjJL^.
. (djLaJI dlLajLLa ylja ^Jc jjLs' < jI i«*T> II LaS jLujy/ jJL£
4—_iibjuf Lllo -L_uJc ^—A materialisme 4jjLJ/ a jA j/
jj ^jj yj jji£ ^jj y js jiJj ^ .'/7/7zilisme metaphysique
. jA LS Jjj.ja JJC jLujy/ j/ . ^,'ur.o ^aJCj ^uJajfj ^LlujLu/ SjLo
(*) ,^Jc Jaj Jj=wj
juo liuoai! jjjaj 4jjLLol Jaa9 ?I^A (J£ 4ij*uo jx ^Jji liLo
^jl^jl j^j ^ic. liuoail Ajwji ^^Jj . <c.iLiJI Llsl jujfljJlj uijl^kjftll
AjllaIL jj Lplill jl AIjAa jAj VI !a^.Ij e^^uJi lil
jjill aI^ >11 j ^jc^kll LIaI ;La JcLoujj mfSi\ (ja ljj^jj
jjjjjuuj ojLljuJI ^Jc. Iji^a^j ^£1 AjaIjII ^ L«v U1 \ ^loSll ^jfl^j Ajl
?^Ll)Jajo jjfL jl j^uoj AjLIaIIj jjjljuoII Ja ?^£JjujLlj ^^3
^SI jll ^^Aj 4^JutaJlj Lfla. jlaTi AjijaII jl . lJJJ£ jjjjI AjI
jjiJli .(" jkill Aaja jA t jji jl>j Iaja» jl") jja.jll gJajaaJI
jjJ j4 tlii&Ij .IjjVLajl jLJaiu jjjjal^ (Jjjui Luul "jJjr'j
qa 4 \ utij Laj tjAUoaII tli&j jjj^jj jjaj liLa tAuo&^II
iljjajjj jl j^-oJ (jjll "^fcbjll f-lj^II" u_ajjlj o.l^.j ^jiaJli mfi
^^fljflaJI ^il jll jl Lcu t <LgJV I jjo dLulij Lo Auoj jjjjI (1
I jjj^j jjjjI t Jlloll ^Jc. 41 oj.X\l) Luljjll A^j^ Vuol^ A_^jiaiJ
t jljui^U ^ i\q& Vj jb^SU olil£jfl Ajoj jj£j jl oLaJI j*jj . (L^.II
j jLouVI t^JII jA ~! jlaJI jA j - jlajcVI lj^-3
Kn« \ A
■ ^ V
O^i L^' jjil tti^VI ^jlL 4jj£ t^^uuj V jA "LujjoJ!” (2
cPL jja.j t(...) jj^j* JJC. LujaII t jjjjSkjo jau LaJUa" i^Lfl^II
jjo uijiJI .(Menecee ju>j\u> aJLuj) 'Lj>jII jc. c_i£j 4L1jjaII
33
ilJ 4_jV L_SjujIj V (Jilatlli .SJLjl^ajuoJ (Jj Jj ^ V lij <-1jjaSI
j)C i“ ^ <j jl (jjJ jc i4_LaLuU (_j£j c (jjjjaiJ 4jj . djj<ajiti Ajl 4^_a_J
.AIa l_jJ$J J jjj jA jfllj clIjjaSI
Ijj <J Jjjl t»^yi jc. L_a£j Uil Lftj t^aJVl (J-oaLj jl I (3
.LGlj^S jjUj La
^jaIL ^lij^VI ^gJj 1 n» iu L» 131 (Jl_Lo]l 4\g 111 o^IajuJI (4
Cjl-iLSI jc* ljx3jjj (l_jI jjJI *■ ~l»L\l) 4_ijjjjJallj AjajjlI&II
( 4.1*1 jjlSI djljLoll <0 jaiill 4uoxJaVl) 4j j j jjJall jJC.j 4jxjjJall
. (jLauoVI tejjjSl) 4jjjjijill JJC. j 4.jxj 1L1II jjC- ^loll jC- l*113^j
^jflj (jlj 4_uijj 4uuij ^^iSj jl jLuijyi ^^Sc. tLLc.
4l ^jjj 4jj 3j i JaLil (jLuj'V I AijjJaB Jau jA Jl JicL/ li . JjlilL
. ojLtuuJI Jju) ^jll J.J Ail^lll J £ jL
<_> i<jjj* ^Luj ^/ja. Stoicisme 4i/jji/ j^c jlJ .'AJiljjJ) -2
hjj* <(? 180-121) (j^jiLjjl ^jSjL ^J/ (f. J 262-332) j>yj
j*o oj>Li/ oJjjill I1'*< JLJ ^_Aj ijjSjjIj j (jjijjjLK J
j/ >c5_ajj-oj ^_i_jjj 4 ;.i^y/ s_iajj/ (LjjjI (jjijj ji) stoa LuLj_j/ *uJsji
jl t^Li/ j,Lujy/ £■• jji ojLla/ ^u\j j;/ jA lijjuiiifl £ ja// jj^j
j/ 'L^jJmjj aJojjja oLluJY/ jS ^jjuaj" (^Jailf/ oJA j-a p/jjj/j . 4_3j^j
^aJc LbjUL*aj (j>La.V/ L-JaLiJj (jJslL&JI L^jjjmS (__ifjj 4u-iaJJ jjLcJ AjLmMJI
. 4 * uiailI ♦• *
34
^SI jil AjLuJail (jl AjsIjjll AjjuUJ jll dj£a!I j-a^JjJ
aJUII ej* jl .l$j|i AJU» Jl jl JAJjujL f. ^gjui lS^ ^ ^jj l^I
Lol j . ^ 1^11 >■ aL\ *"\W \ A_Ljj jx ojj^Lc. (jLll ^ILlII dL^ ^A
(jli L L' jl jjJ (j-o I fl j; Lcu2 aJojI jLo jLiVI j ujLjojVI dul£
mjM jA <JU1I jjjli
tljjfj 4JLJI jA J£JI j\£ Iili <OjA3a J»'U* /ja 4»jtkH (Jc. jf
ji j-Lij y/ fjj j*::Ln jj* u£Ji JjLoj ^jvi Jj* <Jtui jU
^Jil/j n^jjijjj t_jLjjY/ u_ljJ Aj«J/jJ/ "(_jjJjjL±l£" cuVLjjLj jJaJ/
jA 'Lu l" jl %LS auuuaJi/ <_£jj£_J/ Ji^jlf/ (-_»j <j/ A_i3 LiJl JJL Lla. cliiL
j/ tSjjjJa oLjjcJ jli .ji/ fj^/ (juij jj^J/ j*Jil^ll .^jjy/ LLa.
^aIu J£ jLi * ^LJja-aJ/ L—LLuJlJ j/ ^ajJj£xmJI /jx«J jujcjJ
.Aj^J A-iLIcj jJfl tjjll i<4)btJI 4jujJaJl jjjfji ^ 1...^ !
^-4 i^jj^S/l CjLuISJI j/jc ^jLjJa jjl£ (jjxji jLuyi jjjjJ
C jj j>y < Jj^j// JsLlJI ^pjiiJl ^^-aJ/ jjL£f/ Aj/ jAj J^/j (jjli
jJl f4 ^ Jjjj ^jJ/ juifl/jjJ/ <Jx*taLaJ/ oJA ullftij J5j ,^J£JI JjYI (_J£*J/ j-a
. jjj£ ^LojaIj <sLmj^I jjjJa-oJ/ AiujliJ/ ,lj« Uu j jJ/ 4J5UJ)
!a£jLj jjjis aJ JJau JJiill Jill jLujyi ^uJaj jl
^ILlSI jul IC- j^. jl^ Lol J . IgJLuO jxlS ^UuuajL J 4jLj jgdl Ui J JjUJlII
jjll ^JLlII ^^Jc. julull A_Jc. jU ,(JjVI jS*-ll) jjjjC.jill A<a<\Jvjj
Lo ^gic. ^JLlII Jjjj IjLal . Ajuo jli <i ^lj jjuajiil Ajsj (jJ&ll Auo£^j
35
iJjaaIj £l\ Laij . ^^JJ AiV To jjjkj Jj-o V Aj 4 \\n jft
(jjj\ >n-\I^UI ^l |Ajlj AJUJI o La jl ^Jjkjil ^^Jc. jli
o^.j (jiaj <jV o^IsijuJI ^ i\>j 4juJail ^-a (Jjlijil (jl Lo£ . Apatheia
.AjujJaii A jud4‘> jA jal jjj (^lil JisUI o Jic-li diaU jLuJyi j oLiaJ!
,4jUjUl jluU^! JjoSj ^gisLjJI I^Jj
c_ai jjj V j^ail jl£ I Jli .. -Uj^a c" \ juiji Ajal jjll jli I jgJj
«iijj J U*VI Lii ^jjji .i(jiafljj jl jjflljj jjjJI jpJ Ijjli cLulc.
Lii jjjji j i c_Jjj<JI j ^uOjuU Lo IAA j “ I ^ jlj Jjxj jl j AjLui&il jjo
SjJaluV! <• a‘i. jx j| jln£j! (_jLo ( AlwJ! jjo jj£i jl ^3 jaV!
V jjji! j^o ii>s> U lj*l Li jSi 4jUjjj! jjjj^jL« (JLo
. <Ja j Jjulo jjC-j 4 o\L»j> Ajj^, ^c. Ajaljjil i^jj LiA j . Lu jjftJjLU
(JjJaal ^gJc. L^uoliiJliujl Jj 4£jji! ^cij ^^Jc. ojiail ciiLoj V lj£ jjj
j! Ljjj-o ^i Jj^fljil »- . I '^Aji A_jl vj u—j£I jaJ! jjjjujj ^i a^.j
jLii_j jl ja.jll Ac.UaJjujL jj .LjjLup.1 ^ 1.^»j ^ill (jAlpj c * c e e
Aulc. jj^. J^lpJl A_ujI j ^iuu jl j cojLjj j! jji j-o dijAi!
cji jij ujj^
^ ojS A-oj i**iUa)i il i^JjS/1 Ajjj.Jra.il j-o A-ojuja. jc. AuujIj
• ^ u^ u! JJ jlc.jVI ^lc. ojjpj ^JLJ!
jaUI ^ AjjUaflili .AijUiftU AuaLj ^ AjSI jjil jj
p jaJI jjSu j! ioJPklj AjjjJaB (JjluJa^i! (J£> Ja~vj Lo ILbj .bj£ LgiV
36
IU (Lw-ll q Llu tLollC’ tLu^uo (I t!>L.Aak clijljL-a tlaJL^a
ciiL^.jj <Lqj ^jinia itfla-ua aLjjII «Hijl£ Lalj t^j^LjlLj . ^lj
<J>^ 1 c-L< jjQ l j^ac. jjjlj jLuojVLs . f l L>-N.Lfi
. J*1 jA ojl jVI > <> i» >>» jl . jaull >
V ?-u£aJI (Jjk,jll UjkVn jl j£-aj Alujalll jjc olal£uQ AjI
. CjjaII -l*_l Ajjuo^jIi oLo^. V j t^icVI AjjJLa AuOJ jjojIs ,.
^Ac j*-a^ Ajj^l ^ jA j (AjuoL ^i^j jill jA II jLuuVI jj
jl jLojfl t AjLlII 1 j jjulaII IU I La I il j . (jjol^ll jli jll
jjjaL&l! jjtal! j«oj ^aj jSVI ^ic ^jisJ! jLuojV! j-o J* ^ <
dl&l^o ^jjj ^llt JjLu,jll ^gic jaul! !U ^^ic JuA^ja tU^Ij
.^Jl
37
••
A ,<v «' a ♦♦ ♦♦
iiuilill
l 1 ^ - J 4j2lXuiJU . ^JUU 'LojJM <jj jJl ^jJ^JjuloJI ^jJUaJl j \ * *j jA
. Itf ifljJ-»jj lg *UjjJajjaj dtmlall <JjiLliaJt» JjOJlJ <SjJJC- Lg >^I i^UuJs
lHjHjjJI Jsjuij £ iJnjajILj 4_l*_LulaJI *■ ~ SjjJ^. LjL&LP1
JojuijJI j^ ^lDbJlj ^j-jj-JI JajjjjJI lIiJJC- jj i Ig ‘iilui ^l
LffJ^-j ^j-5^ y i(j*iLjJI £j*yl IjjJLo ^ yjumll jiojyi jL£ jJ .^imhll
.^AjlSslj f+isljAj <jjau L' 1 * * *' 1II jJmJ^*'*L IjJJXJ jjjjl <iul^LiU
jjo jj j3 jl jla 4 Lulillj 4j‘\ Ln*a II jjj <&jkljaJI . i’Ld'i
'jlSjjjl <jjij j ijMjJI
39
l+jj£b u jl LfJ jjs jjj < LJIjj Lajjfl Loic. <iuJaJ/ jLuc.1 (1
. *U*jllL ^ Jija-o
i^JLH^Jl jjj,II t^Jc II LgJlj ^ ojo^- II jc- 1*1^fi <iuiJill (2
£-»/.jJI J**JI i-Luu^j ja*. g-i i<±L>UixJI <*_L jLojY/ jc jj*j L#j<J
. Jt* l> LkJ^*_i Sjfl J*ii/
j/jJ/ <J jfl> dlJ&yjl J*.jJ 4-4 j/i ^ Owifaf/ jJij
. ^ / *» -*j ^jJ/ 4-LSlLi_uJ/ J£j:y/J 4jjjj-alf/
JA j/ Jjj . J * I J- // LguLc. jjJaij-o ‘LuiUjjlaII ” d JjJjk LjlC J1^J4
Ig o<iN waij < jj^SjJIj JeLill JuJajC. I *LLluj ^c_iwaJx*i cl>Lc juJaj*oJI
. 'igjjL ^Jc LtfJjJjjj j Ltf-ljJjmjjjoi jjjJI ‘‘Liuj^iill
2 g
{JflCj ((_jJLLj ^ *^i*lj uJcU . Ji^jJ/ (jUadl jA all/ j/ < Vj/
i'JjfkJ/ c u*i*Ku*i /jQ>j .^jLLo jJfli/j .djJsJI ^jJ^J Aa^“\j {jJc-l L)J^J
4jLul fJl ^1 jjuj i<iuJdJI Sjjj£ <xoaI . ,^J/ oJjsljj «Ii/ ^Jfja.
.-Uii j/
/ja . lLuj^JI ^jLjjhlf ^ij^jlo jL» J,Lu» j^J ^Jc j
/ * # < LsLiLuj SJjajo SjLo ^j/ JjJ L>y l> eljJjl iJ£juU ^jII ^j^ Lall
S jJaJjuJIJ J *l )-L I. ■■/ j/ioiiN f J^jLuJJ . J*ljio j/ ^j^JI L. 1 '/ ^- L^/ ^-/
^_£j jjL£ AjuJaj jjJl f jfi<J/ /JA L)/ ‘JL/j ^J/ isLuau ,4jj2kJ 4jJc
• ZtfJ*J*^1 jL^y/ (j^AJJui jjjljiiJ £-*-fiai-l j/ (^jAJJJ Jslcj
2 * * t La.jj J*j j/ <JU«j Jil/ Sjj*-a ^^Jc (JL^ ^jJ/ JLuJY/ j/ */JU^>/ 2 2 2 ^
fjjLa / <_Jj iSt-LaJI jc IJJJ*J jl Jj/jjJI j* 4j3jo ja^o j/ i-iilo
Audj^JI j* /j^ £_L JA9 < -uLiil/ JjCjjJI JamaJI Lol . jJj3 j^uL^J /jjio
40
/jjo jfijAJij . (I jC ajjLueaJI djLojULaJI ^CjjJ 4£jJjulaII JLC
y ojSb ^lauiaJ/ ojjkj LiK <<xuij CjV/ jU)/ p Ljjl LiKj JUji/ ju gIjLulaJI
(jjl££ jJjjjl j*jJlj j* JJ^ Lf^ U^yi j^yj -JIJji
1+jUj < JA*J/ Jo» 4j>aJ/ jJijj •£*-*■* dj/j ^lUJ i^LijU
. P LjUaJI jl (j^yjLll
<^yjl <£uilill |al#Jj jJLuauo jjSkJjui (jjJI JjJjpJl £ UrajJI jA «JJj
. <XXXlu-J/ JXJ J?-/ O* LfJ£
^JxuiP j! (jaj.tftli - I
‘I^Vjil JL*J* oJJ (jdmeJ u*^l lU*I JJ " f 430-354
"jjjjA11 —I Uiuil jLL . jiiLa Sitf.AJ i jn^ jjjLc.J (<jUslL1I jLluil jAj ^ •• . .• ♦•..• * < * J o. .1 fa' II j^ojJ ^Jc ^ LsuV/ 4_La_LmLO Ajlib jjjLj ^_9 UujLuiI Ijj^ L. '* J
.-LuJaJ/
^jLuta JjJaxuC.jI ^jajVoll jSj ^ “ ^Llkl Jl ^jj ^lall -1
^ Ljlj Aja.jJ (jjjia £J^JJ djiij ^ diaj J£ j\£ .Cjljjkj
. latjujljj Ijjj klaj ^9^ UjJ lc. jj jJpj" djilial jalj .Ajjj^.j
djlc.1 jjuua JfL^J ^ijl !<-ljAijj UaC. <jjjt-all j^k j*_J jl£
jl ^^ic. ^^aJI JjJ-JI U1^ ^l-klj <*likjAia]l J£j i<il£ Aucjll
X l** n jl£ Lolj .IaA^j oljAJ (_^1 ^JI Jj-iaj V jkjVl
<fljjla ^3 L_flj*-J ^la (1 jjJtjui <S]jaj j^a (J« %j (_£ j]l jjpJI jc SjljA
Uj^j 4 'iC i** j jl£ j]l Lo . <jujLtj]l j Ljajll ^LC j j jj»j]l jjjui
41
M1 j g.La.t.tiV1 j 4£.jIaJI jAUauU! j_a ^£J1 IAA
dli£ Lo” !<Ujl JjS jj (jl Axj V] Ajl V] ?4jbl jjuj
."yH^J j tiil (JJj-J <J jl Lliauji
tAjli £-jUj 4Jil £jU ^5^ ‘Uj4£-a (jLuiiVl jjfL V LUUa
J^W^J ^ • j^ L lA ^J l^ ^Lj^ J^JMJ
(jl (j£-aj (jUl - J«v j\l (jj\£jl “ 4jjl L *a“**‘^J jlj t4uuiij JaL^jj t4jjl
tl^atJ jj^SM jSllli t4Jil (jl .AjjIc- ^Ajjj AjIj l oj -4_jaiiil 4_iC.jj
J-o j^ij .djl^Il 4_3jjtuo (^g_jxj 4jjl ^jjjuo (jl . Lu» Uj3 jj£V 1 Uj jA
tAjl^il (jLxLo jA jiU ! 4jj 1 jJC. jjjiU! L- ia_j L dll Ul aAjx-a J^.1
sj\x\ tiiiu u^Lj Vj -L-u ijj^ sjstin L_jjjuii! i^ij
jUaUil d j£1j Jj tdjUj^ji! (jJiiU JC\\ udii t^u^jljfLjuuil
jl£ ^ill jj^Ji li* j. jL J*j jil jSjj j! .?Ub <J*J
L_ijj*jj jUjVI aja^j Laj tSjSljll J j^Sj jUajjll j! jjj ."U-jjj'1
. jJJ ojjj-ta^ UjUilj 4jj! jA 4_i
Lo£ t j3 4 qjq-v jAx_tajQ (JjjAA_U1 CjlASil Axj - <jU#l jSi “ 2 u* u»
UJJ C> f**i (ji ^J^" ^uW^ lKj J Ji»il L^ J*1*^
(Jjjui ^cjjj V (_£^il o.^j^jil oljSj JiaJl lAA (jj*j (j*o j£ij ." jLojVl
JajUI j jLojV 1 jl VAj j*Qjj Lq Aijjua Uatu.Qj l fli^ l cUjSuAl j JUiail
L ^A*■ uad LL_Sn AukJi ls j^ij tjti Aic- j_Q LqAvI£ jUjU
42
. ^lac- Aju (JaatJI jj\i j jjLudjVI (jJJ ajo-olAll 4£L*il
. jjLojVI oAc.Luiaj AHajk^. ^JI ^^jujjj
j^3 jA (jj 44_»Ja-alc A-Luoij AcLjS jjjj! 4jl f jLcj^/l jA Lo
4_jj£ jAxj V j^-3 4 jjLjil ojL^uujj I jjjjua jL£ Loij , Lja jlL L.' j*^ x A
aJI j ^.9 jA j . Jaxll Jjc9j La£ Ijjju dujj V <jl . <Lol£ jjC AhjjLa
. uijaiuij Jjsj (jl Cjjil (jJAi ;ciijjo .Vuu tjj«»Vl
CU2U L£ . J^jJ ^ij jl Ja-l jc j£lJ jx jj jl e_LXJ 4 jL-alkLj
c ^ " c t c
jC Lll L 0< jl 1 g Jt *>'J V 4 o^h\q\I jl .La^ jjajj jl (j^.1 jjO ^jj jl
\ g j^\ tjdujJLal) UjUiil (Ja9j La£ 4 (J^i\ 'V* til Aj^Lj ^ .1*1 jil Jjjj Jjuj
j£ ^ ou£h\ ujiUii ojjjua -l^J jl \ ^ 4_j\i 4^iiu c_a jju uu
^iLtil (Ja^Jju)j Ljjjcl ^Lal <JJ JC 4 aja-v \\ ^c_U-saJ V jjjJC j . jl£ua
. Li jJk jj® I JUjO
^ uii jiii jLuyi ji -^iuii ^ jiMjyi aj*j -3
AjIUc ^JJ -L jjA 4j^_jjj jl jLjjjl j (JLuijl Jx3 jjj*j Axj ^i ^Ajjjju^
4-jAjjc t> ojj^l 4jL^ jl .4ijLL* JJC oALo Jl £*JJ ^ *
Jjxj (jjj . Jujtill (>j]l J Jjjj Jj>j Jjj (^A ^jjjSll SjjJI
(jjiit) 4jjjujLo ojjjjJa 4_ujjj jl (4jjjUllj 4_Luj oAjAaj ji*Jj jjjjll
4jj jliuO jjc- aIj-c 4_jjjuj ^jijkjl j-taiji Aj V ^jiil 4_auJjoil jl
.^Jjkk^jl 4(jjk^il)
43
Ajjja. £<Jaj jLujYI Qa9j Igjj ?4jjJaiJI Lc
aL! (jl^ liLaJ .A-JajiLui ^Jj (__£.}! Lau iAjjla j* jj^J 4j| A_Lo 1.^1 o*ic.l
(jjjj^all t- VAjjuoLlj c-JJjj ^A AjjaJ! dijl£ 1 jj Ija. (jLujyi
I jJjuolj ^jflJ AjLj ^C- jj j)l j j j j-o j 4 3 J^! I jA (jc
P(JJJ ja-j Q° ^LjftLui^JI J j iil %\l (jLouVI (jL tlj‘l\g ‘i
■ c> J*^ J^J ^"JjK1
(jl Lfjic- U_1J JJ Qj]l Aj\.^>VI ^nUll oQ (Ja)1\ Ajlgj ^j
.felix culpa "ojjauuj ViJg^11 ^Lui aII ^ jjuoJ (Jj-0 (j^Uuo ^Jc* juua^j
jLij (j-a3UJI j (jl jaiil J AjjJaaJI 3 jijj ^^Jc. jall I jA jj
. <U3UI jcjjLUI £i\l* jA (jUI jjjUil UjjfcV A_nj
AuOjlj 4^J3IuO (_\j (<jLo j JJC. 3 jjj (j-°j (ULtll £tJj\j jxj ^aJ
J *j \ aII j (CjILII jlaUl Jijk ^j 4jil A_l^o AjjJuj AjjLojuJI AjjAaII L&
(jjjjjAAil jjjlA jj . (jlll jliiUl j^. ^gJj Cjljll A-iiu AjjAa) AjjJajVI
La^jj ! jjJaUJI j jjSJjuull jl i\jjj]l j jlSfiVI P'Laui <J!Lo jLjajLuj V
(_gjj A-Lo jVl Ajl^j J&xu jaj (_gJc* jLa. jULui j vLual j\jjj^j-o
(jujl jLuj^U ^^gic-Vl jLLail jj - ' jC" \ L < JjjI ^jiL jl
■ c> U^J ^ C> L>^ 4-^ajLi.j tljjjtn
^xLi ^uJajf (1109-1034) cf jjJjHLZ QA fJLujuf (jujAiff
JajlS A-UuoJ Lo^J ^j^jJjlaj^ll JjJjJI <cLuuaj «jl/jj jLaJV/ j^fl jx*tr»jA
.(jUaaII jc jia-jj ^UI j£aU ^ujLu/VI jUlcVI j*j ^UI (Kant
44
jjajaI!) ^JaaV/ “Proslogion" <jLS ^h*.*ul jjujOJI jujJ f
/diJtjj <!^Jj£ jJ*j y <JLa. ^-Aj . 4i/ Jakjy V ."dj^ ij-3 (JL* tS-iM (xiv
. <uXac. <]Lula < jLtjVLj a£]mU l!iljLtyi jc
jj ^“' J)Saj y jJ/ jfJlSJI jLS IjI Lop <LLujj ^IluJ/ Luu jif
Jaflfl J>JJ /Jlfl . Ux./ £jljj/ j/ < JkJ/ iaii /J<14 ^/
^-fl J^/j j/ ^-3 jj^u*> <iV (^eJad Luuuj jj-i-tajj j;/ j^AJ <Jli <^Jft*J/ ^^-3
Sjjj+alL 6jj*aul jl t-iau ^Ja^V/ f^^/ /JA <jJ </j/ .JljJIj Ji«J/
.£iljJI cr*J J2*J/
L&4 "^JaC-l" jA Lc jjjuOlU jl Lul£cL jl J^JJjjj^I /JA ^i*Jj
J<*\\ JjLoaJIj uSJjJj-^I Jja.ji/ ^J/ jSiJI jly y LcJUa jjjuolU
jj& jjj jS\SIL <La<]jjZj] JSLUI jU y/j i(JicV/ jiLOi ^iui^i/
•L*V
4l/ jL> -^ti/ J^ii/ cs^ J:LL:' -'<^4 JJ^J
jA jl . (lLJLlII Jjuasjy) JJAJ-O JJC- O JJJuajj <3/ JJ3kJ.0 JLlC-
. [iL. (jj^fl L) /j/ djjuL CjLcj y <j/j Jj^ j-o juc. ali/ j/ Jjii/ jLajaJI
j£LJ jLII j£&JIj Jj^j-oJ/ jjL£JI jaj JutasJI ^3 <JLLyI eJA jj
j±£ll ^jijLjV/ jLJLy/ jijL>y/ JLhJI" jjt Jxj?u (jjjuoIj jl) f
Cogito jXL?kj£i/ Llu ^ffJ^J ‘ Lihjf jjLui La£) jSsJJ
^LJj ^jJ! J^ii/ <Liii/ ^ ^licV/ jj£J/ ^j£ j/ . (^jlLJI
(ejLJIj e j£sJJ ^JcV/ JLloJIj (Jj^ji/j jA jjJ/j (Jj&iuq]I JJC j Jji* «a II
<j(^J ^fl t -1 ■ .m f <iuiiil/ j;/ ^LaulA (jfjSLLuJ L—LLuJI Ijtfjj . j&sJIj jjlSJIJ
. JaISJL) £juijjc jJjJajl JJj (J ju) jjiV/
45
J ( jaLo jA Lo jjJL LuC jj -LumcjI jjujslJI j£a Jxjj
>■ m iw.-v i (aLdhui jjII 43j3uaJI Sj^,j Ialc (1274 -1217) jjHjiLjjj jmjZ]I
(cJyjA ijihjl ilIiijISjjJ oJc *u£uda L-jAlj* (<cjiLo i"tlhjJ^*\A
oJ^j ^jjJajoJ 4uiuiI&JI JJ&J ^JSjudiUI jLaC*)/! ja JJJ^ jjLjjjuij .(..£cJJ
jjj'l lIiL*.jjJaY jj^Jjuij .oJj^jaJI (Jj/jJ/ ojjjuij AuuijLajoJ! j j£&JI
oJj& Ajj^JI iJjj\j (Jjs jSJ (joLiJI JZjJI Jj3l (l308 -1274) <-lij$uui
(ju£ juj£j (MJ ji*. (V jl *ju <Jj3j ja3jJI j! <aaljJI LgJc’ Aujj^.
j£ Ljaj/ ^£jjj jl Lhlc' j . JLzJI ^JIjJ Ltf-Loe. y^oj L^jjIhJ j£j j
JSj^JIj 0jm£JI ^Jj-ii/ cX^y/ aSj*J j±Ja*uicjl AjtiJa L
. LzjJaljj jZVI Jansenisme 4mmi> II
L»jj - II ••
jjjl) JM^JI lUjoJ/ -Itaijj (^jISjIlojJ lmaIj jA ~ 1274 ~ 1225
JM^ a'i-ffl i^jA j«a ^ i-v/. ^-»j t( j£&]l jJajuijl u-lA j*4 jhal
(A^jjuia3 JjoJI j^Ll ^j-3 jJJJjuij . jjJajuiC-jl jjljJHJI L—IAJjoJ jmSLlo J^l
jjo Amjj J&l jJajuijl jl£ jj JJaJjuiJ j£j fj ttftf ylj ji]l L-jbu^JIJ
*LiuijLa ji3 jA ojISbI c"ta>JJj L-ljiJl ^jJI j£j AjI jc. cJjAL) (jjIaJJjl
iLr>J*^l U* CJj 4^ Ufl U^) U^ UWJC’
J£ ^3 jJajJI 0jlc.J ^jZyi LjJ jMjjJl ^Jc L-MLjJ IjfJj .(Ljj$J
Ajjla.jjJa!j A yg i ^juiI J3j .oAjJaJI AuaMuuoJ) UjLJajuoJI $ jjJa ^Jc aJLcI *
^JjJI A-ijlII AJug-j ( LLl^.1 tg j (LAJjJau SjLcJj L^-omoju (J j*. ^jJI
4 tC i. .iN Kll 4 o. 11 fa tl l ** ri 1 iI ' »• »• •
46
^ij.till ^Lij jl ^5 ciLuj V ~ d «SJjuu J AJLuiIaII -1
L^jfl jJjj <Luali]l Jl JJ V >i]l AjJjfc^U! 4 \4*\ 1| jA (_£j£a]1
lA^V' jaij jS»I j* jL»jVI a£jsuj j£a a_*a^ ^
j^uftJ <udl j £uft J . ( Jua^L^JI J ^JjuJuftl! jp- JjalJ £uft ^^gjjjl 6 (J^yL^.S/1J
. cJjVI t’>| l|'s- <__ijjuiljail jA Lajj j j. VqI1 jl Jj^l'
.vLjft.ll jjL-nri j! jjjjJlill j£a i J^-nj l jjkja]! ^JUJI jl
jjjll I * j - >»j >111 >1111 Jjualuai ^ ^ jft> j> i A_ij jJajLaVLj
<jJaLi jl ju^uuaLuft JUuft I j^ j Jl^JjudJ L_J±wil! I ijj . Ij^ jll ^-^jy I
aJjlftl L»q-«>.j ^jil! Lftjj jjjjiill VL^_ua Auaj jl ijj fc^fljoJall Jfl&ll
.A_3LJjlallj (JjVl Jii*Jl) jJjC'jii! 6jS Jj^. jJajuijl
C f % c
jjLojV^ (J^J ^JLoC-l ^iaSljJJ V
>J J L$jl i ^ AjajliJl ^Jl >ajll ^ JM n Ajl JUJ . Jflxll aJI Auuaflj
^LaLc. Aili. l^! ^AiliLftj Ajjjju^ ^^lc. jluojVI J»! >1-^. ial . L^jjDLfljjujl
AjjjjjJa jjj! j3 1 g j AjluL -aJ ASl44 AjLuUl AaAjj I j^-j
L^Bjaj jl A_uual_L. jjjl j3j >jla-ft A_jL^j jjlll ^^jtJjJbll (Jflatll j£uftJ
(Jju£li j! j5Loj j LjLual^. VLa»jO lil Afljuolflll jl . jlA jJlj AjjaulL %
JJJ jIj (^»vl£jl ^alc.) AjjUljjjft djljft ^JLilL ^JauOJj t jLftj’VI £ jU.
Ajj^flll SLpJ! (>C. jjAC. j j3 jjjIj l^J jl£j t jllfljll dlLft jA*J j
lcrLujijl! jjjill Jljia iL_JJ*_l! ^
47
^j! ^SIjll Jj*> - jfcjaJlj jjlSJ! -2
j^-aj j AjShj-o c- ^juj (_)£ Ajj ? jjKll l .AA jA Lft . Aja>jaII jjLLl! J J2^
f C f f
jA U J£ (jl Ajj . Jjaa^ft j£-*-ft jl gjjU J^ (J ^ (J
itiilA £uaj .lc-jj (J-ui (Jjliil (jl !<Miij e^^uull JJ JJ V jj^-JA
(jjjla jc. 1 J.' Aitrkuft dlljjl£ <fljx-ftj ^3 jl£-aV J jAjljjuj
fLuiSJI Jk. jjSj Lft U ^lc) uASUll jjj JjUS Jjaij 44JiLUI
j-ft jLuftjVI Jac. jj£j I ■*!*■* (L_j1S)I ^JLJjJa j-ft 4 Jllftil Jjjjuj ^gic.
.^jjil AjtajJa j-ft jJll Jac.j jLuuVI Ajt-uia
jAj^l UJ^J u' UJ^ U^J
jj .^Ufl Jj t^Jc.1 IjAjjl jl 4jj£1 IjAj=l (j-ji jj^jil u) -I^J^J^
4uftj (jjul 4 c_JJjudll I A^Jj . jiuJ IjQjQ^ jjl£JI |J« ^j La jA A ja. jll (Jx9
Uj AAauj jja.jl! J*3 jj" !jAjaJ! £jU. Ajjlj fg-fciJa jja.j
<il£ UjIViKII jj£i 4jL-oUljJ . jA jaJI (jl 411 A_jJl jiiaJ jl Auuaijj
. lAjAjSk. A-JU jA (JaI! (j-aUJ! l^JU ^SIj jx
(jlLaJI 4Jil jl 4ftjl*N.II ljAAu JajjjA IAA Aj^jll c_iAUft j!
l-jjjuJ! Ia^Jj . ojU j! Iaj-a j! o j&£ (jjulj 4 jclawui ^Aj^ja jjl£ jA
Uiul Iaaj 4jiL jl j£*j Aj^.j-ftll 4jj! Iaa jl .jtlSluij jl j^-ftj V
^Jc. j jj jUa j^J ^Jc. j o jjujLlo Ig juiAj jJa jii A^ja^ ^LAIAj (JU
.(^Uc. jlA jj g- jUajift 4jj! Aj> j jj5L ji ^jAJU !J1 . JSc. j£
48
_j ^&l Jj^j diLijl Lojj IjjIc. ^jj^j
. (J jx-iajj (J^Llaj! L»1 a‘i jiuj^ £uo dll jLudjo Ajuia^. j^I c jJa <jjia^.
. jj£ll ^Uaj tJj2k.jSI C1j\a.jJ cdjjlaJl tUclall L_Ujudll tA^jaJl
I g l-j jC. ^aJ tl^J^. AJiLo AjJoXjO ^ lc- jlsil C_ajXJJ 46JJ J£
Ajjj ^Jjjj Ujl I^La jjlj £-Jaj Jl Ijkja-» J^ij ^
jSu ^ai jl i^LUI Aj|*Ll aJLujo C** Uujl Igjl . AJjujLoiS/1 A jLiw aII
V-^lj Ajlaj >■ . ilL»*j <j| V) tUikc Iajj ^Jj JjVI Alo Ijj^ja ^JUll
.^aljUI ^ U*i
(jill cjLuuVI Ajcula JaJ j_«a “ JJ^JuA Jj&£ jLuUV! -3
^jjll Jj^. jkiujjl Aiuila La jj jjjjkll ^^jJjujI 4 jjjftji» jjl AA jA
(jLi vL ojLa Jjj ^JJ jjJ jjft AuOJ JjJj] . ^aJuUkU j£*uu&
jLuuVI jl t> I^Aj .AjU^j f-iaJI ^ajkjj Aj^aulL ^ £ jjllj
t_^jLall J1 j m La^jo Uajjq a! jlj <JU_1I Ljjc-
jl <__fij£ .l-iIij» j>»« y Ajjkjll o k <--|g jl j klj
‘J4*ji' l^jLk (Jl*ill JiiaJl) jjiUI £jjll j-lj jj^J
Jj2kj jjal jjal ^^Jcj tAjjlj Ag_a. jjj Ykia lUli,j ^gULuaim jjfr <jl
jil .^LuuVI jAj^-ll o^.j jlg-jj ^-i_}*■*& i^ja J£i Aju^U. £JJ
iji Lua jjaljiuo I jjl£ jjill o jLueaj! o AaJ jxj) LojJ jjjkll JjU.
49
Individuation 4 jTill jl duii J (uW^'
j£all jl dujj jl D^C.lx*J libJ (SjLaIIj jjj£jil JJjla jc. LjUJ
aIaC. JaLajl "IL.**' ^Sj , AjjKj jLuVLij (Jj tlAA^j Cjj11j ji*JJ V
C1 jiiujl J *w luLujjSV (jLuu'yi (jjjjujc ^i jjjjii) o-jU»
. Ig-U ^jaLLcJI
(4^1 ^ jLouVl 4jIc.j .AjjIc (JJAsj J) jjJj jjl£ l£ jl
Ijjjjak jl . IajI AjjJajp V aAj! jll CjIjjjJI j c 5 JLluaII J jjiJl dlLa
jUajj C*IjlujI LLlSI LjjjIc j .(Jjl jllj 4jil jJJ jjlill l^A ^^i Cj^jj
jl . ^A LiiajLuuj jl Jjj .LjjJC J 4_a. jjj 1 V'l jj^J LgjV jLi
4 JajLujjll j LLtil Ajliil jjj Lajlj 4\<^\1 <La^^Lo ^Lil jj£j JjuoII
iJ£jujj ^l AjjjLill Ujljjjil C-ftija^jj <jLxil dLA jjj (jJajAiil (^ij
4jl |4jli jjk ^ ^il j£ lil j ja. j» jjc. jjujil jl . UjLUJI l> 'j*£
^aj (^j]l (jLJyU j*j •'j> Js'j ‘jJJi
. ('j^LaJI A ■ '~>vj ^ (j& V c V. , j-fc il' I _ lr. 4jJj
50
Jkil
-1
<1J ^ <j.if/ jJL» jjfcj jf -i*j -1650 -1569
jjuuiI jC 4-f <■ (jjJ/j il619 fl*JI j* ^lif/ jjjJij j* j<ic ^jLaJ/
fjjiJI jjhbV jJ J«^y 4-l«ja> -IuiL' Ju)jlu, . "i-jhkcpu JLLU ^Jc
j/j .J.fcMj t*i-yiff <jLa "jjuiij jJ jmjJja' i"j-o/ lIiaj JjLuJI JajLjaJIj
~~i$J ji/ <SjJ^J/ jc- liaj (IjIJjAJ <j]aljJI jXJI fLLJI <J jilu/l
JjJlI l-Lmj£IJ Lhbjju^jJI flcj ^LiIilaaJ/ *Lu/JjtfJl jjvuiIJ (JjLuJaLjjJLj
51
^JjJjjj (jjljJI £ Ua^tl i gL*.jll ^Ja&J <]i ^’JJ^.IJ 4jtx2VI jLuSjl
(j'iyiAj jJjmJJ* cJLLalJ jJjSiall iJjJai) £-a (JjLsDlC’ JSCj oJllLjljaaJ/
. JJIS L^yLyJl cJ&lJI jjujaojjjuJ jJjJalJ jjll 14 II £uJajj
jSJ>J.I jj» Jj*- jj br'la- yLuzi jSJiJl ^ Lp J uZujISjJ aJ‘j Ji&J
.o, lCj Jjtj L*j jS L» j-L*~jj* j£~ JljJl>*Si
Jj^aj jlS jjjl j±SJI ^aJ*J! J-mJI jLaJ/ jA j^AJj jl jAj
i jnJaJl ^jLauV/ ^JaJJ <jjl£IjJIj A 'SaaJI JajjJUI £*Saj Ajl V/ iAjJJ
AjaJjlJI 4jOLs*JI LlojXJ j_jjJI jjjjuaJjuoJI (JLyjJI j^-j Ljjjjj < u\aj
jc* J^Lul <JjjSj2 jjjuLo j! ~l*j Li£ - d 4J&Usj! -1
^l£^,yij L_ij*_ilj jJjaJL tii£Jjjil jl ?ciLuj j;\ j£Jj .(jLuill ^JJ jia
^Jl l^J J^J ^9 jjoSj dj jl^J J ^JLudl (jl VI . 1 jj1 Juol (JJji AijjuJuoil
. AuA c-ujV (jiii jjsyi cityusy ^4^
La jl ji Lo£ (Jaaj jl 4^jj ivj ! aJoJjulj I jaw A» jtoll jl
"jiaJL ^jLtil" ^LLil 1 La jl .Ub (ili^ jl£ UUJ Aja 4j£Lu> ja
*j “ Lo (_J£j .Aijj^uoil (jusjVI ^uuiLluo JiUj tJaljiL Ludjj (jLilj
^iil 0 jiuLuail (J£jLjjuJJ (L_JJjDL 1 ^ jj£jjuJ jU^yi ILa ^Lo!
. j ^ ^ jxua CLiLujLuj! 1 jL- ^jSlImj
52
(^Hi jli j^a jjjj! t j^l^iiiuj l j^ '^' iL& ^glcj
jLlii <] jila 4_IL^. j*a ^C-i (_j£jalJ j jj t4- .o^ \’i ju<aC. &C-ijJ <Al^>
^Jc- l-jjjJj ,jlj (AAi^jHj Vi lilll ^ju J gjo^ \i jjjUj Jj .^jLujyi
4 ttiin 4jolij j^b J wJ'N.jm Lftji t4 uj\j 4ji (JiaJ!
Jaj <cJjj!£jJ 4a*J3J (jii/ g&±JI V^J^j
JLLiV/ ^ «JjV/ vX,V/ iCjL.L^yI :<hj jj^j^jj oJLmJI
^pjJI ^jjJaLjJI £■ jlJl j* (JjjlHzJl aJA jL-su^Ljj <£•/jjy/ (^y^ll (AJjajoJI
<xjj/ jj £Jj^ tlluUI jLa-a j£j fJI . jjl££ -1>jJ j/ Lfi jl£ Lc
UL (jjlhJI aJA jL Lif lIluj (J'ii/ Laj ?5=3+2 jl j! f^JhJal
t&JJ J j* jjjZLut jpj J* jaJ (jJl JaaJ jp JJ*JJ V ^J/j
11jli£ UjJLC' j! jl fLnJj (JjLLj V (JLLmIj jjjuflu / ^ai SjJiJI ^J£
fjOtJI MuDLflCj ijuiLaJI <juiLj i^JuSLaJI J ^ 4-aJ <Ja fLlLtluiJj Lc-Jhj
iii ^i iii i^liJi AiLji j>j iLUi J vj
ji LfL^Jj tAj3 jSfii iHi (JS jii £(a£JJ (J£ jl£ iii tlcj^iua
ul iii tj^i bi" "^Laii (J U121 J£&) Aj jA (JJ jjSi
ji ji 4djj£sj jli Lag_A 4 j£^li ^3 ciUJi ^JaJjuii V Iji . ("jjp.j-a
jAftili ^Jc- l_u jL jSLaJi A» njuii ^^£3J .cilli l iiliTi ciLuJi 4_ujjLo-a
C 'C ' c . Jj^jaj jjlS Li 4 j£ai La jjhj . Ljaji
(jjuj dbuiJ (cogito) j£Ai Ui ^JjLa jj -jiLUi Jc-lili -2
53
(j%, V Jll SJja.jll Ai^ll jA jSill) ijSi» iicli <51 j <> (bi)
1J»» (jjli Ajjaj > ^jjajll ojfc jl .(2 Jjbll :>£
c c
A_i3 viLoi V Laaj . IJj-a (JJ^} (j) 4 jlc* £ jaS)
US Ijj^jj jj£i ^ i_il£ ^Uj ji Jjj .VJ o4 J& (JJ1
-(lfjjj^ jf- ^ £j*^j* Jji ^ ls^' ^j)
i> j^ j* U j£ jc u Iaaj - jSai jSfli! cfl&j
<Ajuj\Sju)!\ ojj-a (j£fll Lil L$0 "cogito" -J (jji “ (JjoSjuj ; 5
.ljIaI! c^J jAj clia. Uc-j j^Lall Jc-Ull (jj£j 1a£aj ,reflexivite
jid . L^J A_LujLujV! AflJflaJl aJLula ^1-^ j w uJljJ A_^jiijj
c a c , c. e
(jc (jUajj aq\U^ aa!aj£ jjU j)l i(j£al Lilj cogito 11 j$Jal
jj£V 1 e j^flll j£joi d±au AajQ*vt\ (joflJl ^jjLLj (Afll£ uJj^juJI
l^jjj JalaJ! j£uaJ V J=^j ^^Jc.) *!>U.j ((jAJll ^ S jjJalaJl) La.jjJaj
•(l5J^1 U£J
'jl^jj*» ^i CjjI£jJ AjAa.1 (jJll jjuiaflil (jUa jAfli jl LiA 1
^JLtil <J J2kJ t>‘‘ UjjJ.1 JjVI AuOjujLaJl jLuuVl Aj JJkJ jl | jS^aJl
. A_uiflj j^flll jj (jj^flijLJ AujjjajJl jLuajl jU LoS) (jjijjui^all
<Jju)Lu)V1 AJtillj jlajjLl Ljaul A_a.LxJ Jju t Ai jxUl c-Lijj
. Afljuilflll ^Ic jjl 1aia£ tAj^.jil (j£al Ijl) IaiaI jj AjOjC.juail
54
^jill jll 4aja-vW £jjaj jjjj jl! ciLill jaj ^Lolj I^Aj
. 6 jjaaI! j 4 «v ^>»1 j\l ©jSall Aa! Aj ^3 j^Jaj
(J^aJjj ^jjil o j\jJL<J! 4 jOlh\q\! 4_uj jLaaI! jc. ^gJ^jj jjj
i 4^ojli 4^j^. ^^Jl dJjslIIj Cjj! jLoj! J 4 \\m A ^jlljjj ^3 ^Ij^jVLj
£^>Jj U JS j& Lai^a ^jlliJ! jSiJI ^JjiJa
.oAj^jI! 4Von. jflj UJjuaia t4_j!Ail! AJo
.^i*JI (JjoJjujIj Ljjix CjjI£jJ c. \ L.-uJ - JL.*1 ‘v't a\1 (J AaI! “3
I 4j jflnr \l A^. ^! 1 (4_jfljuid jJaj 4g > j j-o t^JLujuo]! jl£
6 jJoIaI! djLflllj 41a> jlxjj tLic. j j! LLc-li j! I jLb j^jj! Lo <J£a
.4loLij 4-kuuj jjj! j5 4j»uJaj 1 $ ^jJ! (res extensa)
jj^uuuojj jjjll *Loi*]l | jjAjil 4 w >> jq \1 & Cjj&j! ^ilj
VI j4jj V jll! ^jlkiuJ! jljJ! i'jtJ'j "JjLJaH'j 'W-J </•
jgJaJ £uOjuo]I ju 4» La I wi Lo I j! j ^ j . 4_uu jjud^uoll jALLlaIIj
olb jli t4ajUJ A> jjISj£ 4jJl^j (jil! djjjuoallj LglUjl j ?, Lgjji
£ j*Jaja o a^j jjSj j! jLfljj LLili Jlaj jaI! j! . jj*jj CjUju^]!
4 j\<q& l- ilkijj 4_u*ijjudJSuAll 4jj>-i\,1 ^uJaiuj V j^]l J JLaI! jA ^JC-
juo LjLo jj£uO j^-3 tUuljjjl AiS jA ^jaI! c^g-Ldl! jfL Lo^uoj . 4jj£^
. 4_utiflj (jujUloll (j juol!
55
j^3 (^lC' jjJaj-o ^ jl j£joJ V j£ai! j! ^uJalji! (j-aj
4_iV t—ifijjal! Alui Ajj (1^1« jA (jjjji) 4_ix_LilaJ I^ JaaS jjlSj
( Ajj3 JJjulji! (JaxJI jl l-AJj . (Jl^JUdS/l &A\»jjft jA\ lA-a\l ^jA-o jjJJ
juJajjo jjfUjui ( Aj j3 ^jAjoII jl LaJj . \Ajj3 ~\* \l jjfUjud3
. djjAaJl ^UujVI ^i*Jl £-jUa jA (AIIa . Ljaj! ! Aj j3 ^lc. (J£alu ^i*il
La jfU Aj^jJoTiNj Jj ^jAaI! (Jjj-aaJ! j£-oJ V a!j
jSljll J£ ^ Jj^J! fi*i! .jL-wu, v ^UaS 4^J!JA^U t
dllc-l jal J UjAaj IaA^jO VI-* U j! iAUa (£- jjJajjo£ jjJajjol!
(-Jjjill (^uiaJ! jjfUui a! .SjJJ^ 0jljj AjjJaji]! dAgl j!
. <Jjo1xJ! <3 jx_a11 (Jjo1£ j (lijj^a ^Ajo (j£ai! jc. LjjAj^.
-aS\ j! Jjajl j! j (jljJA ^uuiaJI J 4^-uiaJlj (jlxjj dUaJ! jl ^ixj ijj
.SUaJ! jP JuaiU Ia! j£al! jli -^LJ! Jlo Ul
^JaLujjj C’UuiS/l jJJ jjill AijXuo J! Ia! Jj Un\l c. flj^ jilj
JjaU-o \g<o^%j ^l (37j 36 jlJjaall (^jaUaII) c.L-laall <Sja.
? J*iil Ajj Jxil! JjUajj AuOjijjuiUI a£jjJIj 2JUa*il
jjSj jjjv Ajjiajil dAA CliUjxu_<a L0L0J ^jlj di jI£jA jl£ Afll
jxj .("jlAalo Ajuoaj £jj") i<? J*Ui!! jjlSll oAaj jlgUal Aju^iU!
56
Cijl£jj ^i tDualisme de principe IjfU! ajjjj ^jau^aj Jjkl
jjlaLill J j^. UlljiC. jj]l Ajjaoll ^ij ljJjaj jl j-o (JjJadl aJjjuij
djjjoJjui! LaJUa) ojjuulUI ojLollj SjSLLU! 6jLU! jjj Ijjjjll
jjL. ^^ic jlau o j^4a1I ojLaJ! c—fll *uj^l jj jj t(jSVI ^^^ic tSLtaJI
^j icSj^Vl ^Jc. ojU JS jpj] iAjjjji^l Sjiil ALLu.jja .(^jjll
J$i o^j i,J*a J t^jui^J! JC' o jii! AJaLuijj £" jj]l JJjJ jj^.
. (diVLUjVI (Jj^ aJLLJ!) (Jlxaj! t^jjll ^^ic
Ijj ?dj£j ^glc LiJJk. Lo <j£ jUuJa ^Jj Jj utill L "Aii! "4
^ \» ^ILi !iLel jjoj! j^i tA^juJall AjI^j liL ja (jifl! Ul) u*
jl ^jcLLjjuilj -AjuUa juul Aj£] t^gjlj^ t- . dL>“ij ^j£a jl .C-fljju^]!
^jXa]l djjlaj]! !U jj .SjjjjJailj jja.JjO JJC *-1,0*' jjju<aul
JsujJalLs Ajj^il 0 AA jj^j cs jJI 05l£ll Jl Uta-jj iiiUI (JU1.V
j]) j^ail jjl^]! (j uuj V Ajaa t UL&j ^jui^c jA aJ) I j! . I . & jA ja.
tAi! jiaj CIjjUjJ i °J1 L£ tdUuajaJj c4jj! ^''^l cilii jl£
(I jflA j . (.. jn^i AjIc Ljl La-o (JjJafi! j=*j ^^ic (jU ^ic
Ajj£ jL^.jil! j«^*j V 4 jfiall j jjl^il jfj I -^A (j^Llai]! AjjlL (Jj-^ajj
Aajjiai! eLu (J=k! jjo Ajjlj jjjaII nj jV'j . ^J)! jc. ljSjx vLijJ
.liia.
?jJjI t_iLu'a£l ^jJJ JUuJI c-flA
57
Jchsi) JLSJIj jc l+j'jSI JJ! SjSil o* J^y' y"<-v
/j* Jaf (ojlc' iljlj . Luuj t ilkjj ok j li j Sj& J£ U .(3
Lfjl riiJi^JI SjZijcljL. j£/j .<^jLJI « Luiy/ J j/ ^j/j J w^uJ
t^jti IjJj ,<lclS jlC-j -Lj*Llw JlJI ^Jilj ^ l£ "-" Jaj j/ y
ijtc /4/ iii^jyu/ sjSs (j/. j/ j/ ;j«tSj ,tiuy y ^ jj lujj
js}Cj oUk jjL£S> I jL ^ ^Aj .Hiili J^JLlJI
.JoL£
Auj£& <ka£j (jlkaJI Mil JLaS j«« ^jllajl jjl ^ 1 'Saj Lo£
jpISJI jjjJLJ (jU (JdlI Jj>j LhJaSj ijj .(4 JckJi ^jijLjfyi cjjjyi)
(jAja-f/ (jc. Jj>jJI Ji-aaL y (4jj) ^3 .AjjS3 4_iiIaJJ (_fj]l LO^. ^JalSJI
lLlLLoJI L/jj fjjAiyA uj^! LaHloj (Jj>II jjc. jL/jj]I J.^ii y LJio
JajljjJI jjl jl .'(Jlilio j/ <Jj>, Jj>j 'tic. ^Llij y /jA j/ Jjj /5
^^Jc Lujtwd Jj>j]f Lgj3 jjjSj ^l y/ aJLzJI jA Ajjf j)J .JjLlo dJ^j
t_fj]I jjLAjjJf IjA Jjj3 LxJa3 I i‘'LL ^ LiJjflj y c_UuJ/ IjgJjJ j^lll IjA s>
. (Ij* J*
4A>) j}* (j^SV' J^k^ll j jAjaJl AjjA jl
Jj^jIIj jAj>Jl i** wn\ blfl . ^aJLtil ^UaJ bjsl J^pk jll (J^aaII
j£j fl \ j\j - Ljajl AjJjVI (jjliaJI (jlUu Ijl j^fl jA (Jj L«AJjjujj
(jl ^jjll 4jil C. 1$ jutflj (jiaj£j t fl jjujfl (LAjjx£ djlfl jiiuo jjLa^JI
2 (* <a> AjLoC ^fl ctill jj 4_>_jjj 4 j Lt-vl jl Ulfl .o jJall jj£j
58
j^3 . L_ula AJj) jV 4^Jl*_il (jjjjll L** L»*wnl jjlj 4 3
.cillj Ajjj V Ai£l (UaaJl <^-«5.JJ cjl ^jhu^j
4 L^iOW Aj^ j]| j-o A-laaJ J£ UJj 4J13 ^gJI AiljJaVU
<-_Lau (jJ*-a diSj ^ A^jJ Lo (jl V ‘il]3 (jU tAjllJ]l AJaaJll (jC-
Jj 4^^-jJabJl Jj J^jJ V (jlaJl (j) .AalUll aJmJII ^ Aa.jj J
j]l . ja1ula]| Jlaj l iAAaj ^g-AjuaJ Lo IJAj jA_]aaJ (J£ ^
ojIj-oJjujIj Ajj3 ^Jc (_JjJajj I'i\\.>»j j| AjlLoj ^jII jII AjjJa
131 Lo jaJ ^Jc (- aJu^Jjuj uj£]I jjjlji 4_fljxj (j3]l ^JLJli . Ljajl
ajjjl jl 31) jSI j]l Ua^i Lo I3li .1*j &\ Aik ^l CjIjLuuJI
jj£j ^alaJI (jla (aj3j*uo AjS jjLaJj (^311 AaJI ^JI Ajtuuilj (jLujVI
4L0 aJI Aj^j (** < jj V I L j^]j . (jjjlflllj jiVI ^Jc Lj-ojJa-o
. ( dl jl£jJ JjSlj LS a£I ^Jc aJ (jjjj] AauLoll j) I A^ jo jjfL ^juj
(jaLaJI djjl^j^ jLtuui JLoj - ^jjI£jA]| ^Jj*uia]| ~5
Jj5S Lo£ L^L&i (jjjjlj) UjjAa. lajjjaLjjuoll J£jjj o jauuj Aixuii]L
. LgjLuacl (j^La.VI ^Jcj L_Ja]lj UjjUjaIIj l^C. ja c-Ljjillj | Aj]1 ^l'
. JL^_la]| AuoJajj (j3]l Ji*JI ^Lj AJLuilfiil oAA jl
eJJI -"Ijj* JjJI Jc, SjJsJI" J -"fjLJl jLlJI" j IS LJ
LkJ/j Jl ~ !• II jjj cjVuaY/ jla (jmLJI jjj ^JjJasfyl lJjUjJI
<aIjJI £jjLlo jj . Ij 'iuUi SjIjVI jCJ izjjjl (Jj/jiaJ/ jc f-»> i.uu
.lJLJu&I jk JZJZ AjljjV/ J*l£]l cL-aaV/j jjJ/j JikU/j
59
juu jpa^jJIj ^jJIj ^jJJ i&mjoJI Jjj ^"\) JjtljjJI <jJJ jLil^VLi
JUc.J {jj^ j*J jjjunJjg-JI AJUjJa ^jJc (<3Jj <Jjyy.l*U»y/ JualuUj ^uAL&JI
(...'l+K <J^JIj IL^uJI ^Lujy/ <LjkJ/ JJLJ" Ja) <ik ^/
^Jl jJl p Lij , u*)j jJ A_a.jJ fJ&JLj Jjtf-zJI ^Jl ^jkJl jA JJJaliuj £ £
. < Sjj^alll J^l ja ^JLJbj 4u3jx-a J^l j*
^lcj . aAac. Lojjj Ajjkj Cjjoal finalite AjA*-aS jl
lil j*a jj jlj 'oIjaII SJjLo" AjJL® CjIjjjj LjuC jl t--<lVq*\\Ij ^J*JI
jl ^gjj c-Lc- jjJ j-a (j^ajS/l jLeoj ^LojII Lil ^LJJJj oJj^JI J-v
.(VI JaJ\U\) "l^Uj AjluLII jLlujI" Ljl£j LLuh
(j^L^yL c-lij^y I (AijxuLI (Juu^j y LJLL «. jj^LIL jjj
^jjj J^LLI j^ljil Ja*J1 ^Jjl^jII <J^I Sjj^jj "aJjjo^11
(AjIjLc-j jJjll CjLujjUaj JjflolL CjjLSjJ ^juojj^ A A<-%.tl
iA ‘uj^' ^ *j^' ^W^j j^j
^jlc. j . (oJJ^a A^_^j jlik.1 Jjfr j A-al j^all
AJjAl ^^lc. SjIluLI ^aJj ji IjJAJ g-Ui^l Ajjj ^jil ^jjJI
AJjjJaS ^Jfc 3 & d ^ jjuoll cilliA A-aflil jL Jjc-j .Aijxxil
(Jju-ajjj joa. Auudiil ^jfkJI AuSj (jjil jJjiiil \*J j5 4 jLn-oL AjjjISjJ
Ajjliil J^jyJI jLuyi jJ L^. j lj£jfcj .4^)1 JL j^JI II Ajjj^o ^Jj
60
tj)jja.yi £-0 AjISvLc- (JjJaflJ 41 jja.1 Al ^jjj L_ia. <Lfrlijjl <JaLujjj
.4^1 AjjjuJa C’Liujl
^ljVI ^LJl jUaa A<uJi Jc. CjjI£jJ AJJJ ^llal Jal
Ajjj jl Jjj .Aua^uall t>JA L_njo: cUlU j-alij jl jjj j-o imecaniste
f\mJu jU^VI j-» JJ^ ^ tAjAi-k
„ La jLjjujj j ij jAuaaJI CjljjJa jill jjaaj
<ijiij cjL ^ti JSJSj Jlc (1715-1638) uX\jJLa
<JLj (4Ju£^JI Jaifl jj y (jLSbVI £_iii ju3k. .AjJjVI jjjliaJ/ jia <Jja
jjtia j£J ^jJHoJ/ Jj-oil/ ^jJI ( jlSsfyl ijS <J3 jl jj ("Jll (Jjj"j
Mll (Jx£ ^jJ - >■« / <!• JaLudl ja*J/ ^J/ LJjaJ j/ . <iSaaJI jj^y/
^jJJ ^JjLuajjj jlj . ^■‘LtfLtia HJj*_uia b7J-ua dLuJy/ J*j u-LUjJI IjgJj) jAiJ!
,(J f/ ^i/i I f/ <uJjjj 4 JjjJI
.JUfy/ Jlx§i (JJJUJ i'uujf 4j*_LLLJ/ "c-jLtuuV/" j/ i jjJicj
JL "Liuu" c-u^if <<JjSl SjSj "jJjLJj" 5^jiiA-aj jjaJ
j/ j/ i^au-oaJ/ JJJJ £■ j^jJ/ jL j£l*J juaj .Jaiifl L#j£j*J <*0J§
jA Mil jiJJ (4jLaJJ AjJajolc.j <j^Jj ^sLjAlio dJA jJ ^ j^>f/ ^^Jc. jfjj f/
jA dJaj 4il/ j/ , ^auuiaJ/ SjISjaj £jjJI lmIjmj ZmmLLaj jjJu jif/
jjj/jdJI aJsLuijj fJLJb jif/ j^fl (jj£lf jifjjJ/ ^JiuaJlj Lia c_LLuJ/
5JjiLaJI 'CajLij jJiJ j/ j>£cJ ^^J^ cJb^S AJl) AJaLmJ jjSfylj 4jqLxJI
“Jaifl juu/jfl <_Jj LiLumI c_*j*j y ^ f* II jj jAl j^lj (j-3j . (IjS Lijiaj
61
jC~ t *I-V if/ £_o ^ ^LuUJ ** tl yjuulll jJJ iM)l .L—iL&LC'
. V U£ Jjlj Mll L_LaJ j/ I La£ . jjUI
JllwL -n
/<il 1X1 <i,v..ii / ii^ i j|/ JLSuojLj c> tJjJaal £.dau) jpa -J662 “1623
* /* ' jaJ jlj ^aJjtl! (JJ±2j JuXfl«i/ / JISjuiLj jL£ flnjLLfJl" jC-
L—l/ j ^juJahjII ^LHLjVIj ji >*->// ^Ji^jjLf/ JjiaJ/ <i <ju.la jA
^ >>ij <j/ y/ (<±uJiII l <<« ' Jfljj/ Jflj .(<luj?SII ebjjiJlj JjyLali^y/
>aJLjy/ jja,ji/ ^J/ jjlh La c_jjfl/ <iuJdJI JjLo^c-
jjl j a^ojuiL^ jjjo JLluL (jLLJ - jjL«tuuVI -1
^jjt^ j^jia yi i jv^r- j^j y sLujLo ^gjLuuVi jj^jii
j£jj ^jll <flj ja]I r<UII oJA (jc. Jajnlj 4£cjj1Lj ^jIiaII jl£aVI
(j>0 <UAjJ 4 Ojo "V Jj£l C^-ud V jj iLiC JJ (j>0 £jjgj djj<o]!
jj£I LLo^j Lo Ljlii-ojj (j-avLiil ^ jiuo J£ j ■• j djjjolli .CLijaII
J ^?") (j-j^si ji sju^ii ^i 4 ji.1 ^l (>
A-uiLuA jsyi j^yi j 4 jjjjjui jjj sUaJi (jjuj j^jj y pLojuJi
,(2) (B-213 iK-32) ''jJM! J
jiLll jljj i(Hachette) "jUal" jilj CjjI&I jiil Brunschvieg jJLll jIj (2)
.(1982 uijj-i) Kaplan
62
UjjaII IjiA jUy*J jUkjll JjJaflJ 4 ajo-v \\ jc. CliaJI j^c V^J
Loj jjAljjj ^i! j! . 4iAtjlt 4 \\1 SjIajuj I jAjujjj] ^aj^. jA ill
J UJ-^J^ ^ J^ ^ ^J^J C> UJC-^J
jj£j J JixU jjloj Ja <t5ijj L uj^dj ^->j*^ ^ VqJ
UjIjIjjiJI (J£ ejjxj ij j^j !&jjj-ua (JLoj o4a aJLsJIj Aj! ?! j^ic.
. 4kj&a> 11 4ij*u<J ^gJdAll Aijjlal! ^gJ! (JuuajL u" jjLJI <J£ cIujjj
jli (^LuoljjjJ! !Ja jja^J Lq ^Jc. 4r-l L-uJ i jl Lmajjs! Lo U! j£Jj
jjfLj *(i**Jj>^*»ljjll ^^3 Lo£j 4x-jlij 4jKlm JJaj 3Jjjjjall aJA
UjLii monolithique 4u^a!jla 4ij*_aj ji^Jl ^jlSjjt ^UjVI
Jkll j£-aj ^ljjjall ^3 .lil (JjjLa JJC- Jjiaill 4_LaLujjj 3i^tj 4jl3J
jl V) c'^jaJlj J^l" C^j J£ j! "UajJL11 Jj* J
jjj jx AjlslJujajjll Lgjjjl ji J£ ^LilLuilj M4J^I Jj^jujj" (jLa^JaJl j-a
Ujjl^jj J*_a. (_£jlt L-Ujudll jA I jA j .4_j jaall UjLilaxx ^JI c ja_ll!
"^ualiir oJLA Jlo Jx^j (B78 JK124) V? J4&J ^ J4c"
. ctiaJl j ^_aJ! j>o <c.Lud (JjLudli V (4jLjJal! 4ijxJ 4 L,11 j^)
JJC. 4ji jL* cAuudiu 4uoij V Jixll jl <JjiJ 6jLwjj
(jil! (jjjjaJl) "c-iiill" jc. ^uaJj ^jl! 4uualaJI 4jjLja 4x.\_Uua ^^Jc. jjlfi
lil Ja*J! jl .(B276 ‘K84) "Ji*J! LgJg.-^j jjll 4uual-Lll 4_jLjuii" 4J
4i£l t4uuij jjajxj 4jl" iojjJ jl Vj 4j*_juoj V 4uuiiil ISjjLj Vjj*-o jL£
63
jj ja «Jjj V jSlj .(K 86) "CjUUJVI J£ <> ^gjmj ^Ja
lilj .(K 102) "-Ua J5*II Jjij t J5»ll ^L-aS : jOj4^ u)" ^
^iij ^l AjUVI jxu <^jll - g* jjaaJl <>£j ^ljJl jli
J5xll jlj t_fllj4C.VI Ja*1 4_j| . j^.1 J^j ^l^jVI J5*ll
J ^aiJjj 'ojji.S/1 4jjki. J>" : jUJ ,_ji »Ja.j
j" .(B267 tK98) “ojjUaj UkUlo'i cUUI UU jL Jjic.Vl"
,(B4 tK.1291) "L.ia.i 3i...M ^ 4i..,U, U>uJI
jjfi j' .jj-Vi U_a /juS iU) / Jj <jLuL4
j/ jLjy/ jjy y c>u.j jSJ . jcl </i jllj y jjc iuMij/ tf ? / , f. #
^j/ ^Jc i^Luffrj ^ / J^jlj 4 \x yj
J fJUJI Jj£j j/ <^-jj X jj& j/ j/ £* £jjll jj^»
5jj_^.j-4 jj_^j V j/ £jij^j-o ^ i f, ^yi j n jj^j j/ .. jj__^j V
V jrniKJ Jj^jJ L-aj/ u_fljj*j j/ Ja*J/ jf -Lu .(i 2J0.‘ A^79j
^ZAa^J i JxSj! /j^J j-oi 4-LullILj . V ^a/ / Jj^j_4 4i)/ jj^J j/ ." JUC
Sf 3:
jJ/ jc l>^/j^y/ j/ j/ <L>j/j/ j*J CjLa jl/ /jaj . LiU j jL±iJ/ +> fi
JUIJ .(B 233 fK 115 %j£>. jio Jc. U) - Jaj/ jJ Lai/
"ijALilo Slua. ^^Jc LiA/j Lo /j/ <j/ jJLaJSkY/ /■_j|.j.iia, jjjis jc cluli Lljl
£-4j <d jul^J La <XJ jj_J <jli < Itf auj jJaj ^uaLlLo Y S_Li*j-u dLia, jjLiu
jCJj ji«J/ jl£ /j/ <j/ f joV/ IjA lIllu IjLa .iil/j <_g-jfjj JJjli LliU ijUj
.jiJi J Jijj?L jJmjj y LLb. Jj.i'/ jii jUyi j/
64
jc. Jj <Jjlc. Jc. IjJ ^Lu V jLuyi c 6jjHJI fJC. jl
Jjl&ll <jr^" Jj "<&I ->j*j> U^ljJI ^Lj cr^ Li)j4+ fJ^ ^ ls*-W
jja LjjJC- J3 jj£J jl J^J SJjjljuij ^JjJaU SLx*. \ i..Xi Ij£aj J'LjjIjAl j*
4 ilo» II •* *ur^l £*ljj
LJ 4 o.K,.., Lc jA
W.‘ • W; W •• ^ ~
"<4xJl iJaLj' jj .<jxllI ^ jil LhJj jl C Jjj
^ ajJaJLa aJjLoII aJA jj - aJtC» J jLuU^! j^C ~2
. 1 .>>*! jgJaJ jl! ^JLui^l 1 tWulJ
^'ljall aJIa jl J&j LlujIj I jaklc. 4. tnft*i jLujjVI L Owi^l
aJc.jL Jad . jjjjauo jLajj u^-® cs^ oJj>j L. Vtul > f ^LnL^!
asjLvJI b jjjuAj t(nlJJ Ji jij i-iaLJi v1 JL^) ^ il^>aIi (Ujiii
<1 l^Jjjjua ^Jl! ojL-juJ! Lal iSjJJ^ Ljjl£JI ^J^LaIIj il^ aS tJj£ju!ua
i(JfLi Ijjoi! ^^Jc. <1x3 jj IUj .(k 232) AJLaJLaua 4jLc.j
J J^ La£ i^ill (Jl C_iljju^aj^L Muu&J ^jCj Jj£illl jC- ^?^i
jjjj ^! CjILUuII d3a J£ (j! iAJbLuil j l_jj^J!j j jLail!
^L" j$Jl! j j^ <^3 il^rtuai A_L_>j j! j<uu i"<£jaJlj L-Ja^ual!" * t
.<1 Iauc- <Lau! (Jx >jj ^jlaJ! j^j j£.l jl£u» jA
^JaJjuj! j£alL .. 4 a3i« 11 jc. (Jju^ajj V j>»H 1 Ja jl Au
B *K302) "<Laj JL# g-»JLjj ^ill j-ljall" ^j ^llji
65
£uO l Vj <JO)jJj ijLoij,yi L_ijxj cj^al! .(348
djLljjaJI Aic- 'L«j<U\\n ^jLouV! " j^«ll" (JjLL 4^SIjll 4**'*j.'L
jl aajuj Ajc- diVLi^ o jac. ‘•LjVL^. jjkuajjj (B398 ^K307)
<*\i± J^j .^jjl' dj£a j'jljj ^ji^ ^IL»
. <GxJ_Ja jajuj Auo^Lc ^A A .ftL»» II jC- CIjisJI ^.9 (jua^JjJ
"a^ ,j£uaj V Lkjuuo" jLuuVI j-o J* >j u^ll j^l Iaa I3Lo1
^j! j?JI j . <iU3 jc AjUVI jc S>lc Aijuilall jl ?(B420 iK350)
.A_ajjaJI 1 J^L» Jl*j jj! AjL-aVI AjjJaaJI ^^9 V) ojL^j! j^>aj V
jjo AjuLo (Ja.1 jj« ! Jfl*JI "JVil" ^i n j I3U1 jVI I.}£Aj
(J*ul (jLuL^JI jl ,ljjj9J Ajjl^uO j^l j-0 V 4 C-^uu) ^Jc V f
AfljujLflll aJI jA (JjuI LloLojaI jjjj (j31l 4))!j .Ajjjjuj jjo LLui
L-J jflXJj (jL^JUll J ^JAI Jjl AJI jA jj ” dl^J (^JjulJ jjJJtuO ~ c- LoIjlII J
11 l ilflll i l£jUo" jjsu aJVI IJa j cA^tljjjuil jA*jj aJI jA jJll
• U^l uW1 ci-^aj
A tl^. Aluafljjo oJUcjjoll Afljfl^Jl <-Jj| JjO dijl£ 131 j£]j
^LuUhVI j;U ajaLiLo!jUI AiLuuoll jl") SjjjucJLi <ill3 ^o jjtAn
JjiiaJ! jjj 0L1L0V jjkJ ^Jc ajaLlLo'vU! AiLuuJ! jg lVi (Jjiixl!j
ajLU! jl U3I .(B793 iK1293 <i> L_«i! 31 t jLu^Vlj
^_g_9 ((" jLuuV I I dbo^fl" ^fll) Ji*l! ^jo jia jLljj V A_UkJjuijol!
66
SjIajuJIj Ujajj tdjL^aljj ^ja l$ua Lo J£j Uj*j.*U J1xj ^lJI Ia j^j
. c_J jll ju jUUI <JfijiaJl
JilyJ -III
^UjaYIj J£ JmJ Ij+a JHjJ jL fJ -1716 -1646
JjLmaJI a!jaj-o l"iM i5*jKl JiL aJ .JL^a J£ Jj£LIIj (jaI JSLj
<jl £■ jja/j JjjjJI ojii/ ^j^.flua jLucV/ jLc./j jjLl-a// 4_ul^_0Lf/
^jLlu V/ i l>j <djlij <5jsUxJI AjjyjixJI AjUa jl Jjj . .^tJ/ <c_»LulaII
j£/ JLj J^Uii ((jJLaJi JLzJI jA LS) ^jljJJ t_iLt*-b/ ^/ ^Jc
Lif*/jj/ j/jj/ (LuflJ*-« (Jjj/jj/ LKl (L*Uj jA (jjjfvr.ll (jJC' J& JmS/I
aJajJI jA LgSjJj ^ai (^jjl J£JI oJaJ LiiLj <£_fl/jJ/ 4jJJxjJj jjjjiU
,dj/jj Ja/j ^aliail/ £■ Lul (jA jjjjjJ <jL£ -ii/ jV/
Ujia> jjjjj] (jjajIaJJ - (LogOS) AuftiSS - 1
(jjliaJI (jLLj <_£j]l 46jji]l Uljl^jJ ^JI jl ,C!jjI£jJ
i5 ^jLujj V 3+2 jl ^ LLullj (JjSaaII ^jlnUijjj tAjJj^l
^JI t(_^ jl JjlLujI Aj£.Uaj t^fijaiAJ 4JI jA *4 wnl 11 A 4uJajljtuaj
UJ^ J ^J$WI J* .“UU JnW^U ‘U^^4
jl tljjl jHLj J Ija. jjlj ^ 4ii ^auj Jaj ?SjI J X?
i<_£j^l Jjld^. j (j^l LaUaj jluau jl AjC.Ua!Lujlj jl£ Jjjl jU J^jj
67
jL£ I jj JUJlj . Ijjjuj Jxflj jl 4JI£^o\j jl£ <jlj j-ojJaj Ujli
XJJ jkl IjJjuj JjLflJ jl AjLjlUJj jfLl (AjLlUl ^^JJAJj ^Lol£
J^lj iilliLo J^ij jl jx <1 :u v jis li) g?l) J^vi jliiil
- ( j* ^ k -^yi (JjLudLlA l jIIlo <-** ILa jj^jjuofl
jl^j 4jj) jl !c.^juj J^ t_iikjl t eJA jA li^Uajlj
V ajjl jl . ^lgj^l J (J^jVI Ailjj) JLoj JjLlaII I La jl jj i Jjfl*-JI
^3 jJoj La3 .AaU-iaII 4-gA£JIj Auuiflj jjjlfljl 4jj t jjjlflll
SjLjajj . jA jsJI ^ilc- jjjUj (JaflS J j^ jll CjVL^ Ja> a jA ^JIaII
j* JJ^J ji j^»Jj ‘Vji jA jA U J^ jj <_£ ji*i \
. ^ijii jflxii ^jj j* ji^ ^ji jU^yi Jjs j* (j°j 4^i ci^
'LC'Lll-3 ajic-J jluji/ Jjxji/j jAjaJ/ juj <iDL*J/ dJA lLix2j/ Jfli jr
LaJj . / i£.-«jt£ /j/ <SjjjiJaiLj Jjxja Ai)/ j/ jijia-iV/ jlA jji/
V £-« ^uajLLu j/ <Uj/ £-uijj jAifa <01/ <iL£ <j£aa// Lj/j/jii// tlulS
Mtl j&J^tiu L« (IjJ . 4j/j g?jL*. j! 4jIj ^/
. Lolx JcU// jija ji/
L. \*rt.Tk j ^UJI jLL ^kgii ^gJLfU “ 4 l^AAill ^lljjdl JJadl - 2
Cum Deus calculate, ) ^^*Lj ^^11 <jaiij jjuoLll
. (fit mundus
68
. LjJjJaS! Aul jliU.1 ^4 '>^J1 ^JIjjlII jx oLHaV JJC- (j4J (j-o
LS*-^ ^ ^4* ‘L*Uuudlj J&Vl f^' ^ UJ^ C5^J
4 ‘X/>i>ll diVLaJ! jj£j jjl (Jj i^g-ic. Jj£l jAj^JI (j-o ^ljjl ^j^j
I Jji4 LoUuUljl J ^ V I I Adk ^uOjUlJ J . 4 i>N i n A Lg-uj Uja J^jj ^l
<J£ ^j!Vn 4_ilc. l-Jjjjj (_£j]l c-LiJI JjjjLi (jc. <jl Jl Lftlui
axj ^iil jJUJI J* VUS jiSVI (JUJI o! .*Jdl £*'j CjLjU-
">'jliil j J&lj CjU-jjsll J ^Lluu JiSVl" <-lLj
4jj ^uOjuU grifl ^JUJI illj j t(7j 6iUjj4UiJI J <JUJI)
.-lajLuijll (jjo jja (JaL (JL^VI (j-0 ^guu-aal ^lc (JjjuaaJLj
QA Ijaj£ ljJ3 'JUJI Ija J*LL# j/ Jx, Lw_Uj y /iA j/ y/
J^ljU y Ajl 4 II j . J*mJI A J*atij i La (jl (JaJajJjJIj jjJjJjJlj ^ ijijdJI
,'^_jjk_Ldj aJjLlaj A \lc. ^Jjj jl I «y jaUsJI lJU II jj ^uJajjJl jja jj
juc ^i/jJJ ZuLuVI Li5p/ji" J/ JJC t-Lai rUkiJ/ JLi jJJI "Jjja V" Aif jj
jl <jJjJj y LLll^. LjJjJ l_jijf jc- La -lALjjj <jwjl/ 4-UjjjJL) jff.Wj (AaSlS
.AjuJjjj 4 ..i iI *v ~i^ juc jljjjJI ja UL JaS3 JAUu jj t^uiji/ jj* ^1’ <
. gJLc ^Lauuijl ^JJ <Jjju&jJI jsLuJI kuj tSjc Lj(iJ)LiiLj ^JLtJI c- LjcfLa *
^ c * mJLulaII oja jl ?jjl£ jJ£ oJjkjj (J£II oi2kj juj (_^aji l
^ jial Ja!j . o jjI j]I ^jj jj <!Luuo Lc Lc JJ 4_iLjj Aijujlill ^ja Auujiil
.4! blA. Liulc juujul
69
CjUjIS jl VJ . Aiilik jA 4JA! ^gjj £-^. jj (jjk<a (J£ jj
. (jLajllj ^i oJJa. ^ Igjl jj (Ai c.V-1j jl 4jil c“urij\ ^Jlxll
0^2 .Lul£ (jjlj jl 4ili iUl)S jjl£il jj^j ^ j£Jj
?U]£ jAj^. (J£ jl£ lij (jjioj) jj>aT) jl dAjjl^l! dJgi
M>» M) M1 ^ !>* *3M) v jA Jj3 (JS jl_J Jjiii! <jj IJ . AjjUaaI! jl! (JoJjujUj jLa^ajujj ' / * \ e J£i jlS Uj .(jjjjJ Ajaulj monade Jja jaj^ j!) jAj^.
J^ jU JJjiil Ljajl ^; j 4ili tAjic. jA Lo ^ 1* ?J jA j^. jjl£
. j jfl jl Jjia jbj* jA jjl£
ISJ ’Ajjl^LA JjUAjJ) c_j4JLo ^/ AauA-LoJ/ AiujjjiJ/ oJA jllij -liuUj
jjI£j JSj jj£J) -lau i'Luiii J-ia.jJ/ <JY/ jc- JJJU Jji jAja, <j£ jL£
Jjif/ jAjaJ/ j* cliVU. Ua. cjJLiA j/ . AjJjif/ jAjaJ/ (JjVLa, JJc jJAj
j/ X* jAj* J* t-^J jLuV/ jf Jxj ((jljjaJl) Jaii A-UUk
jjs jja.ji/ j^_aJ (Lg.jjjs ^ 1...^^ AiLa, j (AjIS CjVLJI dJA
p / juj/ - j^-» cH ^ J^9 Jajj . I#:iiujLj all I s£Lj* JjLJj tf-LLiuuJI
ju^ (djf <j/) jiflj aIuAj AjC-j Ja*jJ LS — / o iar flo j/ £/j JJC. jL£/
j-ia. (^J/ <j/J dj^-Ji Jjljj ^IIK ,6jjj*j <ajJ j^ Jjif/ jAjaJ/ Jjjj
sja.jll jl monas <jjLjAI AaKII ja V<iTLa a^K monade i*)
70
<j3 Jj3 J < AjjjJoC- 4 jA jaj ^aJUJl jj . eJA jjmljJI jJ jiaiaJj
sf
• -±U* J^ LS^J *JJ*J
Lo (Jjli c 1 jAj^. jjJj^jAil jI jS ;I ! jl^ Lal - ^Uajj jji^J - 3
jjJaJ jjOJJ CijLix-eaLi. / t**tl ftiX ^ jjuj <jjjji ^»,jJ (J^ j Laj AjjLlSJ
AjJoxjj A=wl j J£ aJ*Aj La3 IIjjjj^j JjISj AjjJajall aAA j\ . aAjA ja.
f 0» 0» JJXJ j^JI Jjl&JI (jl La£ cAjIp jA Lft £-/Q 4jjI jajmi! 4JIa J*>
AjjAAII Aak. L_jiau J=kl <jx g-iLL <jSJj . Ajj3 Jc.li jAj^ jc.
JLLa£j) V>»jVi l*Jai <^a£ <^j1I AoI^lUII Sjjjuail jjj jjaAi]l
jjc- Ia jlkal i jL^,jl <jj£j V ojjU AaJ <jl j£-oj V ^Jc.
jA l" ).W Lo (j! ,(ex hypothesi) jSljll j-VI «jjjJaj (ajjLJ^
• a 1 ■ Uftl '|-| .. ^jfu a , Uj'a; j) Au AjV .lj£1 —^. j
LU. j - jjjjjIjj jLU.1 (iilj ^^Jc- JLLo£j | jjaJljoijtt jjc. <_$l iAjlj
<^i LgJlJ <^i <lLaJLujl 4uqj j£3 p\ <j! aij tRubicon jjSLujjil j$3
jlj 4 Xi% * ^jjS jC- (_A&J V Ls^ CjA^ Lq jl i jU-saj^ljj .ojjaj VI
. tdl j <j^.l j-a jLi^LuiA £t_b-aj V L" V^J ^ La
jyj-k <-^ (tLuIm)/ jL^yL jf jikJ j£i ju^
J^aSLj jl£ -liifl ijjfLujjJ! J4-3 jLbu jAj j^x£ j*ijjJjj CjIjJslL JLJsu
jA ja. jjiaJ ijJljjLi <J ^ojujJ J±L%JJI 4jA LlLo jU/ ^JjJf LjJL£ jJJ/ jju/
Vj ji/ j/ y/ .^jjLUi <j1^j (ju <jU^Icj <jyu j£ ^ j/j^y/
71
IrfJUj/ -U*J <Jli iSjsJI UjIjL± IAi‘ ■’ ^ L-*JXJ jl jtf-9 . ijji pj*j
* J.^yf <i jJ^U Lo JaSs jLjxj j$-3 ijLjyi Lal . L&JLula JjlaII ^I^uuJV/
. LgJjju j luIjLjxJI aJA Jjx*a^ jJajjj jl 4jJc.j
^iil j . (JjUjill <JaLujjJ Ijl c-^uuj <iJ*u0 tUjjjli
jii jy* >Uj jjA jLuul u! ‘
jLajll l^ji (jialijJ oJJjk <isij ^ £ jJ-a <jj jj t jU^I ^jl^J
jj <jl ^ li-» J£a 1 L»-l\1 j -vll jj^j sy* jA Ija j . jl£uall j
Ajjjj ^ ; ^ISjjj UjJ Ajl jJ^ t j^VI ®ljJ AjI j c>LSuui]l
(AijuijlillJ J£]l ^Jc. o jjaLo jijj l**ll ^ J Llo jjaa-A j\ . Ajjjll ^Jc.
^^Jc. jl K jljflVl oljJ 1-ftlU jj£]l (_£j^ 6A^,j 4j^l jl AiJ (.. jjjjjl
. Jj^ jll ii]jjjuLa]l ^uuiJj^il Ajl "o jjj La jJC-
" c c c
<j3* LJj/ <^LllLJ p^-uj J£ (j/ ^/ j/j *
AcjjjuLa j\ . AjjjIIj ^UajJI ^jaLLo jjjjjJ (f-^3U f Lj*J oJjjuj ^j jjf-v’if/
j&u ^jJ) aSjLAJIj a Jijnjtll jj^aUJI jc- di^jJIJ aIjLJJI Aa^JI cJjjl
Ljj£jj (Combinaisons jjjiljjJI <jujia Jc. LjyyjluiY/ (jiUJ j/
. o/jV/ y j£aJ/ jliulf lL)j3jj Jif . -LuuUJ/ Lujf-^lj AjjjSjj// lilMjf^ n
\ . JjsljJI jllsLjJI t_jjjuiLkJI jA ((JLiu jjtJIj ijjjf j£J
12
Ijjluu. -IV
^ (jZlc.j (^)jjmjla) IjjMuv jJj -1677 -1632
jj*y ^ fj (jJ-M) u^yi j* «jjj^
(1656 fLaJI ^j^) ^Uj^JLj <iL<a £Lc jLc-jjui <j£J ((jjc, (jjjLuJI
dtLujJxJI 4 a jo (JlLjcI J3j .4jjLzSll (JLaC'V/ ^jJJ <—*Jjuajlj
. jlJ^VI jJj£LaJlj jJJjjg-aUl JaLuijl jLjjlj <jjjuajl!
u .< AluJs JuuijAa j£ Jc 4umijj (jLjj $Ajj3 4JU Ijjluui <Jl>a
SJjLuJ) <uX*J) Jjj <Jxaua j£juj j£s (4jLaj <Lflj jJuil ^j/l oj£&
I JgJj . <jSj]sjj j&xJl £-Uaj jja jjJ (jJJsloM ^jtf fl<o <£j^ < JJjjjJI <£j^j
Jjjjy^jtJI <iuiXa/l j±l (^g.LajJI juuluilll ^cjjj djjlujui Jjlj (lujjuJI
w»*.* *•
gLg-LaJl L. lulAJ jjJaJJ3UcJ\ (jjjuJ&Jl gllJI lIiIjj* jSI (Ja ^C jJI (_gj*3
(<uiij ^UL (jjJI j£&JI Iaa <tf-^lj* <—ijjuJj5 j£ ^gJc. ^jLiij (^UgJI
(UULaJIj gLtf-LaJI <JjA (^S (lg uiii <iuJdJI <jl (jJc (jauA jjS L' '
Ij£aj . oluUIj j£dJIj (juJajJIj JujJajJ)j (jjJsLLyi fJcj ULjjsilUIJ
(jja ^jJJ jLuJVI jLuajl (jJC b jjjJI Itf uiiil 4 QuiHII ^C Jj (JjJ^. j^J
^£XaVi jjJajuijiJ <jyjiiuiyi jo jjs ji <jjjjj ji jjj jo ((j*iNiii.f/
• U^U^ 4uoA I £JU LiA jaj . 4 ml\j j
L—lAUa 1^-C.Uul ^l oyUI dlVU jjl - ^LuoIaJI **\\ - |
<^\aJ\ <Cja*u& £*iJI jc ^jiaUI tCJjlliJ
73
11 jj'nuij jlaj LclgJl <^A Lluau] (Jitll ^l ■’iVuJ Aijjla3 . <ajjaJI
<ijxjA\ j* JjVI £ jill j-a £jjaJI C5*A? ^ .dlljjyi C^! <-k
^ai &>II JJ ^USjVIj SjS \a J^U jill
Jj^jllj -LoUll jl£aVI <laj* jjUJj V jJll -^StfJI
JJa <^i t jAjajl Ajjui^aJI <3jxa1I ^jSju dua CllllJlll ^jlll ^Jj ljua.1
,k£A\ jcj ill jc.j iLaijl jc l^_jj£j ^jJl A-UjjLLaII jlifliVl O-laj
4 .X «v \i jaJ (JjLulaII ^jJI ,j jjuj (jjiJ ^gjmaJI jjttlli tlil
LjjjJail ^tJauuaJj jjjau ojjjJjuj A-il .oljaJlj AijuJall o Aa.j ^A jill
C5^! L?^ V jU^» jc- UiaJI jl .^jllj SUaJI LuSJjJaj
(^JI 4_a.La. <xj jj£ jlj A_a_ia_Luall ej^ill jjs j^JaiVI Uli ic.^^uul
l$jli l^J jIj*_aj ojLil ^^A <fljiaJI jl . 1 AjI jUaVi V jl 4jIjxa
(jjjjl ^jCjaII ^-L^-IaIIj t(sc t43 tll jMaVl l_j\j£) index sui
L*J L-JJjuJI I.Ag\ J .0 jS&ll 0j£2 (jl tl^jli ^i 0 J^all (jjftlj (J JJUJ
. AjLuJall j J-clull jj jla jC- ^uJa jjj AjL&'j jJLA AJLuJall
V J . jA Lo£ £fll jll (> (JplkjVI >jjj -jAjal -2
jjl 6 j£all A_j jS tilli jc l** 'A«vj ^Jll jA cJjjuJjall jl ^3 uJjoi
il tcausa sui AjIJI ^laJ s_ujuj jA V jl jil jll u! J jj4“
Jl UjJfcJ LfcJ. t^Jljfcii Jljfcil ^ l' '■ -jl . ll JmVI (jl
jA L» ^gic LaJaS J^a t^iljll (Jjjuj jil jjJ AuCJ jjoJ .AjL§j>UI
u^Vl u^ lW 3j^' u!) 6j4» ^
74
^bUall plj , ;; I lub ^JI ^~'' ■ "JJ
li1*^ (jl I. % i\)nTi causa sui 4jlil <.. innil 4 jinnl (jl .Ajlj (jjl£]lj
. A*j ^jUlu Lol juil lUj td jlilj jAjaJl
jj^lIaIIj jjl£l! jAjaJl (^J£ll ^ljjl a*j cl jjjouij jJij ^
Ajlj ^jlall c-^g-iall jAj> <a3£j ^ici11) l^juoaj a£jsJ1
(jl . (ill j*j]l t(JjS/l Jjufl^]! 4(jjL2».Vl U-jlj£ -IIAj1L JJju^JaII 5
1U (jl JUJl .(VI <u_ijj*j]l) jAj^Jl jA 4^1 6j&jj U
t 0 j^. J AjjuA^uo) IjIJ (Jilj] J^a ! AJ2^Jjo1a]1 J Ajjjgjil <11 A*J ^i <JV1
<Uj1o11 i-U.^il aU (J£ (jl .Providence 4jJ1 SjLc. Vj Vj
oija.jll AjLulail (jjjoi (JaJ jiila . (JjijlaJl 41$ % 11 4 \)^* ^-lij <^A
1 jAAjuUa ^^CjJ AjuUall oAAj .<lcli]lj 4-iAliLovLilj
. <ajjjj ^l j]] >l£jj l(po> —»; Af> J'L AJ t IjJuuiJ
4 g -n. (j^a . 4-lal kti\\ <]Ua]1 oAA L-Luaj (jl£xJ <J j*u-nll <jx <jl
4oja*v j! j£i (^-j*j ^l (jl j£ia 14 \j«y-A aj^UJV! Ijjmjuj j» ~vj
1 jjmj-i ^-iuaL (j jiJ 4^jk (j^j .ULa l^uuUj jiu ^p]l ^aljll
aj£Ij]Ij (jl jjj Lcus tAjajj ju! jj^.j ^ aj£Ij]1 jjj jLjJl
l’jj.itJI (^Jl (Jxo 4usja tAjujJaJl jA 4^1 Iaa (jl£ ULa .oAj^.j ^L
jA (ji]l jAj^Il jA jSiI <jl£ lil Lol .Pantheism jj?.j] 1 oa^.j jc
jjc jj£j ^aVl (^lc ^IUII (jla ‘J^ja J15 U£ J£
.acosmisme 4ijj£Y 4jjjj.nJl 4iuJa]l jj£j Alijcj . jj?.jA
75
Lc t4 jI j ^xj - J| j^l j lllLlufl ~3
i£\j^\ ojjj-aJu U" g;l) jAjai] jiiA^ Jj ijjjAj^ 4CjjI£jJ
LoA jjQ3-u<a]' jjjLa jj . (iV L_kj jx!l]l - "AjIL] jj£-a£ jA j^J'
J£ jI!iLLoJ V Log-jl V) tjAjaJI jc. LofrS jxj jlJiil jljAi^j]l
lijl .AjALLjUI ljLLa^]! jj* AjAUIa V aLo^. j-c i <J1 j (jJ]l jAj^JI
jA ^jLj V c-Liujl jjlJL. (_^l t jAj^IS AjALu^ Jlja.1 (J JJOl Ijjuol
. jAjaJI j^ V) jj^JJ Vj jj^J V Jj ‘l-^l^
j£&]l 46^j]l jA jaJI AjALo ^Jaxj Ai»-a (J£ dljl£ LJ
Lo aJ j£UI Jl ^ ^S A^jAi Lo (J£ jl . jjjuia jlxlLo jjC- «jl^LoVlj
tparallelisme cSjlj^l JLaj IJaj 4 jjloVI JL?-o ^ aLIsu
j]j , Axjjia]l «.Ljail ^gJc. v_s jxjj jj^. jSUI A3jxjo ^S IJI
(mens) ^jjSLs |Aj^uujLSI ^ j" j ^ jj]l 4jjL (_gJI a^.Ia. a-oj jj£j
^slj (J Jjol (Jjoj] JjudaJL SjLc 0 jC> Jj LJ . JjuOjjl jSS (Jjjal 4** Urijl
-L?^Vl ^aJI jA» Jl jj^joij jl (^i-jjj liU .(JjI jj CuSjjo
AjjaLo ^uJajj 4 ^j^ jil ^gJI jAjaJl ^jl^jil JLJI JiLjj jja.
.1xj ^jII (Laj jl l^jjoJa CIijujjJj AjjLL SjS 4 jsl-^) AjC-jSI AJaLuijj
c^A Ajc.j]I jl JjaIuiV jjl£ JS <Uiu jill -M-aJI
jjul^. Ajl 4(Jj£xJI (_jic. Jj 4 jjui^. AjV Ljj 4^*-ijj V jaj" 1 (^gU.*lLjl
. (sc 4 9 4III 4(_pLkS/l l_jL£) "4 Jn n LuS/
76
(*i!jll 4i JJLdoT* (jd^JJJ (_£ iil jA dA^. q C—fij,A.uljftll
jjg£* j (_£All (_£aL*JI (jLtll ^Ujl ^*gi ^lc. J^Lfll! Aiaijll <jl .^gjLaijyi
(jjojj (jLoij'yI (jl . jjjftStl 4 j j-vll 4j(_nJnll 4 \^ -n. 1 JUiVI j l-jUjujVI
t«ljl jjjjJa 4_j2 4^a,jJ (jLll diSjl! ^i) 4j jaJL tilli^j *4j v^»all \
ji ^cJL-a ^ju, A^jj V (jja. ^-i) jJ^lj J4jJL jxjj U£ c^Aa^jLk
4 q.h\q\I (j| . . (Ljjji (jLb-aSj jl iljJj! jc. jljJ*J I -*!£ LaAj i^tlLla
(jjl£llj .SAj^.j1! AnSjaaJI AjjaJI j Jj^jl! (^ijiaJ! jj*.*u\l ^J! IjJjSJ
(JJllj SAj^jll 4J*jjJa ojjjjJal L*jj j1j*j jJl! jjl£i! jA jaJ!
. (VII t—4jj*j) J-a*JI ^_lc« fiA^j jA u-ij
jj£j ^aI! jy jl i a jjuoiaI! (^JI LL^a j aSI I ■ 4
(Xa_jj U (J£jj jILj 4_bujLiA 4ij*uo ^‘»^W (JAjVI jAjaJ! jj£jj 4_uuflj
^lj IaI C_fljjuJj&I! j! .4ij*-jftll Uu<U4 ljXyu ^Jjduaj !a£aj .dlj jft
. Ajjlujj j*l£ (_^l (sc 442 iV 4(j^La.V! l.jL£) cLjJjVIj 4JJj 4j!a1
(32 tV) 4jj (jj£al! <u_l^J! ojjjjJalL 4ij*_a1! jj® clJLll! jill aIjjj
t* C^' J*4? S-1^' U^J “t^J' 4il SjSa jV
Sr¥“ »jSS
udlJ jc. c4_juUJ jSi! L-i^. jjo c-j^. jA e_LaJ! !aa jL£ U1
t jja£j cLujjJtJ LuJUuuj jA j Jll «LLua^jLl. jl . (juLjll C-Lau 4Ji! j!
SliL£uQ jj£j j! j£u<u V Ijl SiUjuJli ,4jjl dLj <- j^H Iaa ^i
77
cdU^i jA 4 JJii ^i (J-otlll Lal .L^jli 4Jxu3lli uJL Lg_jl ‘ AjjjJaflll
^ u! jill jljJ 1 jAj C(J-oxll oj3 j-o aj jj <j]i
AjAjI lxila i** >. jl AjAj\M oAA , jjL-aiui jJC- Aja.jllj jA_>?^1 jV
^ tijjjaII (jl .SjSljllj ^'IaT) 6AJj3 Ajx-aiuj) C* UjgJ £^jjllj ‘(j-®ull
( UjI J^judll j AjuoaJl AjLgi Ja^3 cjLaJ Ajl - Ujjui Axj V ( ^>xll jlal
^ ^ J^hll jl 1 ja1*J jl jj^ j-a (Aj3 jjxL Aa.j A>Jlj
U^ jjL^ U^ U>^ Jr1
(_^Aj\/1 cJLill oLa^ (UjjaII Axj AjAjVI oLiaJl ^Jl 4_aLaj i__fljjuJjall
.Sjiull oAA AjuJ >&
AjaJ ^ 1<~- liSj a_a£^J1 oLia. Ujjl£ U1 “ LjUaluJi 4JLuua - 5
1 ^ ?Aj^_aJl jj^uoa oLia jj£j jl jloj L (^jjjLJI jx AlJB
J joi A jjuaiall Ajxj V (Aijuj^ill jlhj Ujja. jaJl j£a!1 (JLa^a cil jij
jjc fU jS/1 jjjjauoll Aj^_aJl jl 1 L (jLiA^jdlj Af'Uali
^Jc. V ji £Xjl^j juo\/1 1AA ji . AiiaJl u-Ja. jaj i_i jjl^jII ^Jc. jjjaLs
j£uaj V AjAj\/1 Aja1£ jli (Aijxj (_£All jaill >c. ^ui jU U1 . jjLl
(JjjA>Ui ^JUjftj oaL j vL Ajxjjlall ALiaJl Jjj jj£j jl
Ajijjljj A_ju<ali, UjVU. A-aj jj£u jl jSLu c_Ju£ . ^X1I ( AjjjLluJI J
jjil Aijx-a jl V^j <lLx jl Ljj Alia. J£ jj£j jja. J jjll ja
jjll ^Jl jjAjAjJlaII j A-aJvU jl£al jjj£j jc- jj>LLl Al^_aJl Ajc.
^jjjuj-o A-ojLs Aijxx J jjuj Lila. jj£j jl AijXjall ja (JjS/1
78
^IAjV! £uo) J^ DjSa juo DjjjS Lo £uo jaljjj ^^kjll Ajtjsl j ^jl Laj
4pV> Jl cIja^ ^^^iia .(...j^ilj j^Jlj ^jjllj ^jj^I Jj^
V jlj ■ 6J^1I ^J^ajJj Jj^lL Ajjc. <ii ^JJ ^Jijjj
(Mf'Uail ^ic. Jjx^ii AijjMlJ jjJ jAxJ t ^iij J^ ^a 4 OjO^v J^jj
. ^jujLiudil £uo a!Lj1\ 4j£Lc. dijl£ LiA (j-aj
jjj .Aa.jj V IaIIa 4 JL^.jll t> ^ aJoLuj 4uOJ ^uJ L vW
jo jil j . (VII t A.iUiL*uiJl J CjjAvUI AJLAu4| 4j»_iJall jo ^^ic.1
IIa ^ic.j t<Lujj^ t—ijill ^jJl ^jaAil u—L^.j tjjj^.Ay 11 J^.1
. <J-; JVI jjjl jill f 1 L»r. l" '-v" jjjjl JJ*-ll AjUJJUJ ^gUUlJjO £uJf2 J J^jil
<£Lia11 jjo JjJaSl jaJ ^lc. 4_fl jxuaJJ jl Jiatil ji->" mj 1
jaJI JjJjujI ^ k ^J <JC.Uajjujlj jl ?jj^ll JL ^ L_fljill by*J ^l
jaljjj ji AuujLijuiII ^ic.j .Djillj Ajc.jll ^ ^lj ni»\l
£ jU. (jjjjxll jj*jiaLaJ V *V j$i .Ajic. (^ill JLaJl JU.jil
^LoXu) jiJj Ja.1 jx jaljoll ^jic. jjjfSu* ^Aj t^Al^ll
t ^LujIjuuJI j CjjAvUI (jl ^ULaud) A’&aa oLia. JjJaal (^ic. J jx uaaJl j
J\ jja JS 'ejS JSi J ^lua.VI jiJI al .(XVI
dJA j-uJaj . ^guuiljjuiilj ^C.Lu^VI ^l jjiVI jJ^ jA ILaj t^uojauoi!
<ja JLkjll jauJajj j^uauo ^Uaj JjJaal 4-ilal j3juojUI ^Jjuoj JajjJji!
.*L£Ij v *'» 4x.Ua jx j jAjj Lo jJL I jlj^lj jj jLuiLo
79
^jJc- 4.C. Lul J*c. La IjjL jSLIj i jjli£ j / Jj 111 jL£
JUII 4 EU* ^jJI jAjpJI *LjjlJ^j jj/ / *vj*v ^jL^ fjJJ . 4-uiiJ jjjIuiaJ/
<LiuJiII jJJ ^_a-LaJ/ /jA Jj LiA J^-ujj <Jj/jjiaJIjJ SjLaJL ss a
LkJaj/ / jL£ /j/J Jja./J ^JL-toJ JM*\X') y
<jjLJV/ ^j-o ic.jj (JjLu mjI jja.j ^^Jc. jjjhjjuJi jjZLlii jL cjijyi fi
j^LcJ (jJJ IJjJ J>Jj (J -^/J £<_$-*■* 4*J\hllJ J/ (jj Jjio <j/i iA-iJtf^JI
£* (Jlli j! U£ iljj±u±* (fl^-3 JjJ Ja-j J /JA j/ Jjj L^jLu
^LJjAj jjj-Vjj jLJjjj jjJj <jjJu> s->V/j JjUjij (^JjL
Sjjj^ II Ajk*T\ > j J>Li. <j-a t "lar <a f t~*ffW . . .^aA jyCj £-Uuufj JjijJj
."ajIj^ji" ij “rUjyi"j "^ijji" jjLL ji "Ujjjr e e e * e
ijjJ^uj jlj^l pA jjjJI c UUI ju JuajII jL (j^ U/ /^/j
^Jj iafi/ ^_9 i.a* J"1 /jjJ t—-Uti J9 iAC’UoJI cllJA.j ^jJ/ <]g-pjlj
jls i AjxjiLJI Jtiajy/ <4jia-J t^ftti^*) ^-fljuidi/ CLuU jilj . JJuJ^JI JJaluJI
jc JpLolLS ji Lu£aJj . Auujjj^JI AjLUj t-*La.a*? iLgjjU. jj ijjjJI
(^Jc o J&3 L$J ^ • -L» ^jJ/ <iLljJaJ/j Ijjjjjjui AjjjJiS ■ ^i/ jjAiJajaJI
4 il i-i^.
80
&\ J\
JSjil\
j ^jJuC ^aHII jjdlj Lc 4_lLoj 4 lfl*v I juLa.
‘Liudill aj&J iSllLZ IjJ jjlll <Lah (jC t- -iWif) l—UmLLcJI jjuc jJJ
^Jc. 4uu^l<ij ti'Jc LhULaul Lifj LgjL) i-ijl*J j/ Lb jJ2kJ lia. £jj
. 4c jHa Ja, lJLcUj J
uj j cfiJj ‘J**JI J*-aC fj/jmV/ j/) JM>LJ/ jj_taC jL£
jJj < LuIjj LoLi. /jA ja. j£j f-/ "JLlJI d^Ks. J1 (jj/jJJj J**j j L£ <_fdll c£llj
^ . ^S^/ ^ ^ f<~^ JJJ M f/ J . jL£ I ^jj ■ ^LlU^LLJI j lO. ,i fo f/ -(j^J I ■ .1 f J *V 1 I 1
^ i-L»^ jLiiaJ <jjUJ - w/ «v II <jr**J 'iJjM/
. 4jJ^J/ L_liaiJ ^JLJjilf/
81
<^j3 cjj j&ij (jj^ Ujj+jj
cilfj ^j-IC’ J^jujj LaS) <j£jjuiy.£JI <iuiIdU c_jjJjll lIloIjI J3j jjjHll
jlfJ aJ jAj ^Ia (JjLs £uo j£Jj ifLjjjjjKuaiVI j^dLL JSJLj
. IfrjJaSj jl (J&xU <jHjjjsLu*JI <ajJajJI
6 jJblSs £-91 jll Jjj^j ^jJI JjJic- j£f]l Ja I jj iojjjjJsJJj
JjIm-aJIj <1xJI 4JDLc- ^3 J jl ^j^Sj cfJll p L^yi ^uuoiij (jJc Ijj£jfj
cJJ Ijj^ ijLloLi <jJmJI <jjOjmJI ijJjjjj Ijj$jjf jlj .4J&ISjJI
AjJkLlII ja . ^bjj&ll £ jjajJI ^JLuoJ aJjxa11 ^uJabjJI £ jjajJI jlJ^-A
(^Jll AjjLpuYI ^jixJI ajLajJs jl jjj jlSsVI £>Ja j£j ^J (*uiuddJI
lJ^ S Utl^ ^ZL*£ l^jJacl La jLAJjl £ jl ^3 <hjL£
j£*j "Lllj jL£ L J& :L£jjL£jaj UuU JUJI IjZaj
Jil) ijUj j-a «JlliiJ j A mfl) JUJI jia.j (AJI j±A A^LjjJ SjLcJj AylVj £ St
gHj] cJj*. AjjjJaj (JxJx3j LljujIj L^LaJ 1704" 1632 Loke ^JjJ <—ijc.
jx3 ^cjLjLu^Y/ :SjJaL^ AjjujLuiI jjuoLjc jja LfDLiajl j\Sj)ll
JJLLl (jJs jjtiaYLj lIiLj /j£aj jjll £u* Auuijj (.^jUJdJI JjjjauiliA
jl LhljSjMuoJI Lfj-a jjjluo&aJI jL£l - I&jjZjj SjLcJj 4_uLujy/ ^LufiV/
-a'j^v -a ff jl jjjJI jl Jj/jLJ/
cLul! (JmLuiIj i—>LlLaxJI Jjuiua •^lj u1 is* 4*jjhll ^J^J
(j3j ^uajyi £■ Li) jSuu < Sjjuj ( I.)KAj . c^jui jS.j Jrt mill JojuijJI j JjJ^JI
(JjjLL jl^y/ u^ LiA jAj - j*j (jjLuJ jjc. jUoL*. (JjiLmI
iS* La jjAj j! £')kuu) (f£j AJjLLJIJ ."jaiMjJa" IjjJcl jjjJI jjJ^jjJI
82
iiDLjJjc_iAJ J9j (lIiIjLc- (jlSsl (Jiijj A.Lual) ja Lim&jf
jLuul 'L i. I JjIS IjJ Lc Jf Lujj (J^ JjuI ^jJJ J-JjJajJI oj#J
4-lLoVI lIuIS JHJ . LiikJjJj 4lui^ d)ljJ9 La JLuu ^jJJ lJujJal La IjJ j±Li-oil
"j i« 11L1” jpLiJj "J i» i iL." JjL>jj "< i* i Jri' jLxjI JS jULoJI
JJjA JjlLal J43 .J o1><ifl ^Lul <j!oC LJojI ^mi) jl t_flIjj-uij
jLjyi jLS IjJ ;yjULa JLSj (a£j=J >j* (1679-1588) Hobbes
<^Lib J*JI ^jJmj diy^JI ja lJjsJI jJJ (jLajyi jlij Luj
JjLjjAii/ JjJC jjtfJa ^jJJ f LijiYI I ^jl Jflj .^aJalo £_oia-o
4 II £ i >»l -v ^aJLC- ^_9 4_ijaJJ jLlo LtJajl JlJb jl ^jAJjJI jaj . ■‘LuiflLLoJI
"jjjjJ1 J*.f ja j£j fJ jj jjjjjJI JjsuJi Sjjli Lo j£Jj .determinisme
r<jjLjyi •* c
IjJJ .dJjJaJI •uiteJI dJA jc- LoLoj c fltoS*) 41)1 <^-9 Jahll JJjjJa jj
lIiLcLui £uLuaj (bjLojua <la J* y * Liiji f4*JjiaJI £jU& <Jl JHbJLj Li£jjl
l-*^ jjJi >yi ^jsji 4 io>ti')>>i9 £■jjil jJoa-u £ lo’ii LS '■Vj
jjJLi 4jL Li-a^k Lo IjJ j£lj . clrvi ^jlj^j ^jjJaja Ijfcj <4^1 jjl
Jaii <xjjJsJL) 4^LoJ t_fljuuif <dJj(i jjjJ j>-o 4x^aLaJI Lfluljifj ^AJuiftJI
jA II iJI jJala jti (Jl^l ojA J£ jjjj .fjjjJjjj
. I jjL) jLS ^ jJ/
4a&JI J 4_)jJaiil 4SjaJI ^JJ c flJtf'i 4iuJiil <5 Ja 4_i Ld J*j ^aJ
jLujyi oJLljui J^l j<a Jm3Lu <JlLa_ubl Jj (jjjLuuoJI j-a^LaJI jl JaLlJlj
JjLlLl J^_aJJ <4_LoDLiaJIj "^JLluuJI f IjYI" c_ljLaJj <4_JLtC- Jc-jj
j-o jil ^ ^j^-io ^ £■ jJjl j'jil ^jjuLoJI UAj . jJJIj J*ijuil jjja.
83
JoLJli/ il/l SjjJojjjIj Sj£s <_£JjLlui <^iuiaJ/ ^j-o ^jluj/j ^^jLjjLIII
. J jf W II j
SJ& Aj5 "jjjjjlJl" jLjy jx^aC. Sjlj5 Lh* j) j* Jj Yj
jjjio jl^ . 4j/j <J2*J/ jju£*jj lg *u<]j LhLJjLJI jjjj^jj
j&3 A-i^jjJ 4 ■ ■' ai J^ Cfc»J j Jx_i c_flJjjJj3 j *( fljAiifjV* <j/
^ Ub¥ ^Jtf-^ <J J^ Ij&l <-»J j/ JJL» .jJJ±yi iJ*C.j (Jjjj
. <L£Jlj (Jij/ < "u^ >n/ /ji/ir* i* ) il y jja L—L^.LU.1 J A-lLujjJI
-I
*
jyiuJdJI JoJliiiJl ^gkj jaU (JjJaal Yj/ Hume ^jma jxj _ 1776 ~ 1711
(l 626 ~ 1561) jj£g jjjjuuIjs cjjdjj) ^lJI jJjjJI l*1Jj iAjjjJ&yi
jjtajji L*Jij i^gM'jzhJi ^j&lJi jjJa <«itiu3j i"jijjtyi" ji ajLjuuJi ^is^yi
c"iLiii (^lJIj t^&uJaJI ^jjj^jJI l-jaIaJI Locke ^JjJ jl ^^jJI
jl£ JjJ) SjUJ ^j^jJI jj^jJL JjJI ^bdJI (1753-1685) j^
(Jijljjl A Q lO-v l "llKJ ~esse est percipi-LJ jgJSy (jjJI JUJI ^Jc ^i/jJI
j£jj jL ^auj ->ii - esse est percipere - lJijjyi aSjjaJi
?JJ* f»J*} c-*J^J • (U ^ JJtf-k U° J)*-*} ‘ 4-^ gr1 ^J* J?- <4^3* Jja.j *5
J^ ^gJ/ /Jj*j AjuJuJyi lIiLjjJUI jJsjuJ A-ULojJadS CjlOLci/ ^JJj Au-taU-i
- AuuaUJI 4 •; ,<j*\J ja JlLmJI jljxilxJyi ^Jc- IjjU Lt£j^Jj <j9 ^ciua/
. Jjjoi£ Jo <j 4/<•"-» (/ jjLolo ^LflC- Jxj ^juA < jL^aHbj
84
<jA' j*j - -i
A» \ vU\i ^JljLa11. 1 ^iijjlull C5^J " "U£>La.yi djlc. jjJajuil
^Jc L_iLuij£l Ajl jl 4 AjI j Jaj !/LqI£ La-alj jj - "AjjLajVI
Aijjia Lal . .!*_) LaJS A_La c-^uj jlijjujl Ajxj AjjLujjVI A»}jL>\l
(Jj cc-LijjVI jc. ^lgijjuiVI ^ic. ^jL V <j;j]l f Lrfifl**u«VI Ci^il
e. m
jJbu V (_£ill (JiaJI ^l ..W'ujAj «illjj 11 'uuiaJ (_£ jaj Lo ^2 ^gic.
^^Uij Aj £ *. • • <• J'
er* £ J-J-> Ub^ ‘ J49^ ^J cA arl1 ejr^1 <•. ^J
, J . AJujliAj JlulL (jjil (j*ulin^yt t a.fViCi Luii tAjjj^. AjjaJ jc l—lzj]I
*4 *v iii i x aj *_**» L.j iAjuLauYI 4~icija^. ^_9 (Ajlj gjljJI ^JIaJ juLul^VI
. j£fl/l ^ jlj jjfJa <AJc
4i£ C_LbXail ^^JL Ajc. ^cjjj ^.Vw tljLboll IjA ^jiaj jl Laj
Ai^iill Jj£j jJj . | (Jj^uiA (Jjfijjuj Lo£ tAisuJaj C-jAAaJI SjB )
. ^^A La£ I fl"?- II * A (^gJCJJj c|jUa (_£ jjui AjL j]l j (jvLkVI j
jjj Vjl ^ ^ ‘'j Aj\i c^jjLj^VI jA (^il jll jl£ Ijl ~ jlall “2
<Llua JjkjJI j A_l*il jjj A^Uil jjo jijj ^jll A^jLuil AjCjjJajja.li
.^UiVl ^ 6 jjJaU iAuC-Ja^JAJ 4ujJja^
jl Alwui Sjlja. UjJj .1-iajy *LJI jl c_ij*j jl Ja
<i*JI Auua^LLlujl j^AJ y ^AaujjiflJ j_Jji*_aJI j/ f ulilj t_Jja, Jfl j^Li
. 4_LuaJI LlJslJ I iL^Jj y AjjajJI jl Jjj t^J^I L !<<■ > ^fjf-v*i aJdLuijJ
(jjj Lij(i 4(JJ^I 5j£j ^.Ja^gj ^ j J-JjlU Sj^ jJjVI 5jaU (jjj jua.
85
4_)jaJj/ Lijj£ -13 jj^i j/ -Iaj ^_Ic. -l£jJ IjLaJ . Ifr,n£ja <j LlJI 1ai3
4jj^jJ/ ^JJ llui' Sjo^y/ 4jjaJlf/ <jf ‘ ‘‘ -^»*» ^J Jl l1i3jJI 5-lC. Ul)/j-o
. L£ UjjJj Jjl^l Sjbdt JjjJjZJI jV f^JjY/
jia3 ja-i .£I ^3 IjC.jjJa4j.n/uall 4liunll j<a£i V Ijj
jJall jl . 1^3jjjuj ^ic LiJdC-l LiiV ^ un (J£ Lajlj (jjjuLi (jta<aotJI (jlj
(jl£ Lalj . jJalA (JjjLuaL AiajJjja jj * K‘‘l/> c4u^ 6 ji2 (J^kJ j&
(Jlaj j$3 4 6 jAUail 4_jIjxj c-LjuiVl jja.J £ jlaJ 4jjaJj jA jlall IUA
.jbau 4jj£ jj*j Vj Sjii
4jS/ c-lj> (Jixll ^ jcjjj (Ja - ^SjLuill Ja&II “3
jjllall j^jj V uiiSll IjA jl Au . jtll U\ jc. eJj£j jjll jA
jl j-aVl £ilj jij . JLpJL 6 jjjjuialL 4 In.nJjO sj^Vi jV
J*Jj Lo£ 4 4-*jJall £uq La jsl jJ Jla ^3 jLiaII ^3 LiLjla jA jlall
. jljjaJI 6 jjjill
f
Lf* *Ay j/ £^"UuJ VJ 4-*^ l£J*- j**-^ V jiii/ j/
jia jil ijlldl (JJjui is^ m jI \cl * 31 i
IjU . <MJjJaJI 4jj/ jal^y/ i* ja_*_oJ/ <■ «// 41 4_uiij 4jLJLlilJ/ jj'LoJ
jU IjJ rf»j-l*-a l^jj-la jLala/ jti 4 Ifjlj 4 [iVuu<o jjC Sjy*^ll l!uL£
u! :(ffUii jj) “,JUJI ^LEii' J ^JI JJU jLu/ JjLj j/ LuxJ/ > 55 35
.Jjajo JJC iU)/ jL ujjjj jV Llu/ J*j y /JA j£J ./-lai ^jfl IjjtijJI
j4 <_J5i jL£ <(_JLa_oJ/ /JA ^^3j . j. 1» f j/ 4jAjJV/ ^JLl^J // jJaJj *
. jjliJI jA *^- / J ^ lJ^ j^J 4(»/jUJ/ ^^^Jc /j-u/La 4jLu-iafl jc £jlJj
86
c4jjj jia ^ o Wj Lo j£ (** /o\l) AJdl' \ai<o jc. j Ij^Aj
j! jC- Vj j^ (5^ J*J ‘4_uij J* LS^J
. aIa^J Ij^, l 1» v ^\1 ja JS 'OLj ^ajjA ^_Sl JJJLJjud j . c-^^jyj
-II
<£jum*j)j£ ^ HiLaj Kant JaJL£ jij -1804-1724
o j^amJI JASJI £ jjjJLa Aj L'Jy jij .^Jtjaly jhuilS l fliiia'i oLia. jmLc- j
. 4JaLajL«J/j l ^_9 <jjjj <iLijJaJ LiJjjj Ja-aJ/j
jx ^jij ^aJ ^ajJ^J Ajc-I j9 jl 4_jjUL - AjJfijJl d JJjil "1
(jc. ^laj ^JI A£.jjjl1x jj jaL ^<L.W < JajL£ Lij ^ai ("^JAail AjLjuj"
^ Jl u^ ^ Lhj^ jlgUilj jjjjj pLjja
ojjjUa] o jlijjL ^ajjA jA jil 4 :Vq-'\I i' ;1 <3 -. 'L» i\l ^3 Ajjiai]! 4jl_^La»j
aJLmaW oJjJa. AjjLLo jjal 4jl V] . Lsjxa]I 4jc jUi 4jjn>»\l 4sjLxil
(JjjLjj 4j jLLail oJA iajl£ ^ L. jj£l Jij t 4jC jUajaII ojjJajuil ojxaJjj
jAj l^\\q\I ^ic. jjjjfLjjjj^ ^La-i c-ljj jl^ jjl! L>L>4^\1 ullJ
Jj^. jjJj juiAjudll jxa. t> dj3- JJ^ U^J*' d*-?-
JiaJI J AijxJI J (j-jSjjjjjS »jjj JjlLuj Ij£aj .jJajS/l
^jJaj^il V AuPjJajA jjjIL® jC- £jL3ja]| j>4
( «u-fljJAuoil Exteriorite 4ULkjU. ^ j-Luall j* Vjjs .UjIajL
.4-liA4 3ijfcA]| Jxaj ^l JajjJd! ^! £j^j]| ^^JLJJ
87
^ Hji ^i 1 <1Loiaj (JaSiill Ljajl ^gJLijj j£lj
1 L£aj scepticisme Aj£jl*illj dogmatisme AjjLoc.H1 AjL^HI
"?<_ijc.l jl ^jj£-oj liLo" i^giljll jaill ^g-lc. Ac-LujjI J£j (Jljjudl jJxj
. Aj j jil LuIjjL jjjj aLoLuj AajjLs iAjil ^Jjuoj j
c A,jQaj V iaiL£ jj jjjujjoll Ijgi JJA.V1 jilHl jA Lo j^ij
1 (AjjoiLujVI jLuoiVl aKjLuo jj . jabU! j jl L» ji Aij (Jjaj jA j
J (jLoii^U jIaj V c^Hl ^ j^aiijj 4 jLuiiVl ILa jli
4 Ajjiaill AijAuoll jjulj 4 AjujjLojoJI ^3 lj^3 4 Ai jjo jjJaj
liLo" "?(Jx3l jl nj ILLo") ojJjuAjo jjSjjj (J^.j1I AuiLuiij (Jjajj
. Oiill ^guOjuiVI AjLiil j jjj li^Aj . ((JuoT jl jfLoj
jjo AjjLiII AuoAlLoll ^gi L*<1^ (JjSj 4 cilli ^gij (Jjl^jjll (J^l j«oj
^uuiflS/ Aijauoll eLiij ^gic u-JJkj (J£xll -lii" AjIu^
jJajXuo ^9 (j^lliil (Jiixllj jjalLail jLojVI (_^l) " jLoJ^U (JLa^oll
iajjuj jLgJaj jl ^gUXJ jj^uuil ^ jjioll liA jj . ^jSjL^LbVl AuqIa£jjui1
4 Ai jXuol! oiA - J-W ^uJaj A^l j jl ^gi Lii ^JJJ <ijXuo (J£ Ajil£uoj
.^guuiLuiV! j^j V! j£l I j^, (JLauoll «iljjjjuj Louo
oLb jJ jo <jjiixo Jjj£ li/j 4<i£o* <iiix <ij*-o <ub' Clil
jjj/l udi/jl "j-aLa-ujVl juaJij AjjLuJYI oJA juaJuuaaJ *.'Ll4 ^<JLuJVI
^gJI iiLubVLjj . jj>VI j^La-ujVl jc (jJa/jcyiJ -<ijxuJLi jjxioJj
(JJ^ <xlc Loi <rfll)l j^- j ^ jjil j>c £^g_uj (_J£ <—flJXJ jLjy/ jl£ lil 4 tjlii
88
t4-Jj j.L*i<aJI j 4_ijaJ/ j-o t*tSjIaji jtij ^SJ _lLuj lLjIjIjHJ ^ Hj ^/jjjy/
Lo t-JSuj) A'Valc- AjljjJs CLilj 4JjauoJ) &AA (JiuLS Ijl <_jSJj .^sJjILI jjLla jS
^jJc (JjljJI j jA IjJaJI ^jJc 'jmiikuti ^ljJl (jJJ (-^i (jy* c£lJj ‘. lf>J
. 4_uLud/ 4-aJ jfjSj jJj <±aj*JI ^jjutajjjjujj tf.^jjLdJI
( •* #
L5^ L> - lA j 4£jjla]) Jajj-ui -2
A^jcj Ajjjj^Ja jjSj jl ^l^a.S/1 o^-l <*-f£ j£lj Ac.lu-a
?^2k.l j jl 1^1 jj^o
I <ijJ*-0 (JjLfli-ai/ j/ / -* M J~> AjjjjjJo 'LlLI^aJ/ j/
y/ t(ujj tjyLj <j lIlEaJ/ - lIuLo jLujy/ .'ULlji Ujj^ ^JcJ ^j^-ajj/
4jy sjAj-aj 4jJc. jj/ fis^yi Loi . liluJ c_ijxj / * /• ^** y l^j/
. JUJI Jj-Luj ^Jc.J 4_l3 S Jja,j-a j£j j/ luLL^s £ jxJaijaJ/ ^JJ l oyWi
yi f&Jw dJA jxa AcIja^i UjjAHoj jSj j/ IjJ jSJj .(ojjSIuuo (jLaj^)
fjfc’ ur* <jf 4v X» jj^ ^J^ (jjjl* jF-
t Ja./j jf ^s a priori ^LlLsj <xu£jj ^IS^I AjuiLuj^I pLjjif/j diLu-iaLjji/
uLu^ <JJ*Jll (JJ ej?*UI jJ-3 j- ‘-V-1?* <_£J^
yijLaJ (j/<Ltoi jyj jutaj JaL. jutad/ jA ^lJ5XuloJI Ja.aJ/ </.2 ~h7 .‘jLLaJI
AjjLJ (j) Ljjlj flc j* fCjJI ^gJc t(jdil± £jJaj* jLS Lo Lluj jV
. jL# j//j jlSAl) jA fi^jJJI lj& jj . <±a.jLa.
d^Lo J? Lc. jju<a ja IjLfil j Luul jLajilj jlS^ttll jl lLjjjI jjj
iiL.ij.jjj . JjVi >uji >is ji j taiin 2>UoJ Jjili jidJi
I jj VI a£I jol .jU-,...-, V Uii Vj (" jaLuaaJl £ jjlall") ^kjUt ^Jaxua
89
A^jAj J vii-v jjl 1 aU 1-» < jjLojllj Jl<J\ jLlj! AjJc. IjjLiJal
. U jlau jjl j)5Lftj V I iIac.
AiaLmijJ A^JjJajp Ljajl ^gijjj ^JaAuoll IU tJI jjl Aaj
^jc. ^cjjj V A x L»1 a**i II CjLoKII jj» a£jju1j AjjoiI j JJjAJj llSljjj
Ci J> LS^ u'
. d)V jAaII oU (^AaJ c-LjuaVI ^^3 (_£jA^ jjjA (j-0 1$ jc dia^JI
• A3^jx^JI sJJJ^3 jjy j* 'j
. 4-ku-aj Ajjjil ^jiijj ^j Aiij cjVjLJI j/ 2
^j-ill) LilLujLuia La j$jj SjLaj cJSk Jc- /Aj*jj LaJIjidJ <^uaUoJI aJAj
W jj^> j^ j^» VJ Ac-jii ^ (fjALLJI aJA JjJ J-s ^LtdC Jiij Luj
,(_JjJskj ^lj^Jjull <_£•/ IjJ
LgJjJf oj£idi/ diljJI Ajjic Jc ^(j J£jj jiiu ^£aJ/ (jlS LJj
fJ JAfl 5U/ Li/ )jj j£flf Li/ <JajL£J AhuifLiJ ^jJJJI t. jlf/j JojjJI ^jJc
_ j-L»wij/ ^jialo oLuijl (jjJI ^L£aV/ jfjJa Jd <JjVjSLaJI oj& ^ LuIm/1
(jjj JaJ/ ^ic. oJA AxiastuoJI jA jJI ^JaLLi ^jjiajj ^SJ jjJj
£* -Lu*j jj^» fj%> j* grvy» ‘ k** o^flLila ^ ^jJI ajjjj?JJI
^jJI Scheme (^JLpJI ^jJ! jA j VI 'l&lu JajjJL jxjJaJ/j ^ajaLLJI oJA
i_fjJI jA 4_i£J tojjx-a ^jjiff ^jJLiaJI ^juijJI jj . ^^UluiVI jLa-lf/ ^ Lii jA
jiij/ ^Joaj < JLUI iJLujj (jJc’) f j^iflJb LgJaJjJj 4 '&aa jjjutaJl (jtau
jAjJI jLS LdJj . ^c' lTu ^/ ojjj-a ^Jc jjlJj c‘%lftdf/ ^Jc
90
ja ^jUi) oL^jVi s±xj jj^ fjjj y (jdijjyi)
. jjojU H_lLi3 LjljjJaJ jiu <jLgj]l ^j-9 ^Uujf AjJLjJJI fjjuijJI jJJ i (j*j]l
<j]LiA jjfLi ji L j tJaJji! JlLil j-o djVjii-al! t-**< U1
lj|j <jl .4jc ^ajj Vj (Jxsdl IjA (ju>u dJi&lj yjij Jajjll (Jftd 1 *>>jl
jjJaj-o l £ jj& V Ljlj tcl;jUf>ja,H I JlA ^jIj jl jS-AJ oAa».l j
o jA jl .<U£UlwiV! CjI^I ^A j ”LgJ JJ^VI JajjuJI lg_jl LaJ 4jjaj
^9 .ojALLj a (Lguud&ii 4^ j.Lq (4j,\jj-v'( yj -ui cjijii
Lj| a1I 4 U-v jA ljjI£jJ <j3 ^Sj g^! jjj£]I UajJI jxj t Jajl£ jJaj
, f j£fl! Ljl^ jjj^. jii! Lij^j ^i Ajj^UjajV! tli! >U! j
V Ljjli t<ijXuai! Jajjjui jC- jlaji! jjaC- V-iajjui-a jl£ Lal
jjjij “ jA! jJail “ Lii jgJaj La£ c-IjjuVI Vj L_fljxj j! Wwn \
. 4jjajjuL<a li! AjjJrui! <3jxuJ! jl . L$j!J LaS ^UsVI
jj^. tj-aVl ^i! j ^i . jjjLuiS/I Jlij! lii ^JJJ AjaujJadll oJa jl
fJftJ! (jJ^ ^J^J uJiJj Ijjli t jAl jJaii 4_uJxJI Ai jatuJl jjj! j3 £uJai
jl cIjJjV! jjLazk ^gJc. ojJaj jl cliilj ^JU-4 j-a
^Uai J-al£JL jluuiVI jj£j . jA! jia 1$jU .ia*
~l»l jjoji t AjLuUi! ^»Uaj jA j t jj.1 LaUaj 4_<oJ j! VI . 4jtjUa]l
Jj^. 4\-»vjjjlujuil AJULoJI JUii jl t!JI ,<JaLui AjI aUc jA! jJa]l
Ijj oJ.W<a 4,jjJaj jjll Jjavj ^Jc AjjJaii! jjAljollj (j*i4ijl
91
^jjll Anti- theiste auAjL^U SjU^.a11 j aj»jiU\1 aJUaII
. 4_l£'jaIi jjC-J A a LuSjjla Aj.la.
jjL»V.,j V jAljlill Jj Jj^lall jfcill j\£ 1 jj j£lj
U JS Ji liS*j .l^a jAttl JUJI jU-L j 71 il«3i J *\jAl
jx A_ilc. jiaj u_fljju) A-maUl Aj jlaill CuLLaLiil c A y j-a oLi-iia
.voie pratique o JA^aII Aljjlall J-Jaij
. dljd (JUfcAll ^uifil jL A_auoli jj jx J jV I ^juiall Jail^ jajl ^l
l-la. £uJai ^l - d jLuuii oAA^aII J^uiVI A&JjJbll “3
jj . Aaj!!ilic.!jUI 1 Ujj<h\j ^^iili ^^£i A_il jjojulll AijsLAll CjLa. jjUal
jL-aJjl jl :Ua. Aj1& jA L ^^lc. ^ij jl L_J2kJ " jLAjVI" Jj JJPUl
^jjll djLuUl o^AauUI ojjIaII ^i jjoojj (JiaUI U& jl Aij . (Ja*il
. "Ajj^II A_LaLuajJ j£uOA jA Lo (J£"
jU jlj jLi. jL*-aj jaiI ^AjjsJI ®La Akjj cJjju) ji-j
Vj ■ jj^ jl Hr1^ I-4 VJ LiA JjkuaLoll j*ul jj t jjldll A_LLu)jj Vj ‘J^ll
Vj .Ajjjjaull AjCjjJajUL Lgifi j\»Ti jj]l TiljC-jll jl ^jjuja.Sf I A_LLu)jj
j-oVlj aLjldj (Jatall ^i>aj jia. AjIc ^jj jl La jj [^laull jl oLlilL
J jjij jl \g »,mj Vj A_Ja jjui juol jVI jj£j t Aua, jLa. AjIc dLft 1 L»q . AjjAj
iTw.jJa ljLc jl ^n'i Iguj ij f*La.lj (Jl^juu jl o^LtuuJl jfLoj VI .LftiLu
LjjIc ojLuuil j-o >■ - <\» tlijlS jl AjljjLII jl dli ^^lc J j . 4jLl£ jgJajj
jA ILa jjuIj tLgCjlil Aj*j. ;L\1 JjLu)jIL Ljajl LuJjj >.-<<K\ tAu&Jilall
92
!jjits tojlatJuJ! JLoaJ JJ Ljcjj Ijjjoj I ja jl aij ! La JLaJ!
Lvk.>j V l_j>!j1! J . l^ jlc. o jLjjujJ! ^^Jc Lil ^JLL V lijjla L-jHaojj iLi^U.1
. ^UjtjLJ! !ajjjfll-UA jjjjujIJ $.!ja_uj jj^J (jlj JaAS jjjjJ> (j ij Jx_uj II!
^l^j Ja*J! ^^uj ;LU. jA oA^j JUiaII j*V! u'
^! ^uJaUJI ULoc. A>nj dul£ LaIj .jLucl ^l jjj j*j *■. *>! jll
.ajS^U.1 jj£j j! j£-&j Iaj^j Lujj jli tLjjjj^, jc. (jL-oj ajjcj^J!
I jjS ^ nujj jjjUl! j! V!il ULc Jl ^SIjI! jjla jl jLaj ^jll Ua
^uojjj (_5Jil! jUjjV! (_5jl jnj .LoLaj (JSLc jjl£ <_£jl LS^Lul lj!jS
j! . Aj jjOjudllj Ajjjg jjj t-** v ^ aJ ^uojuU jjk-saljc ^j> j Luiaj! Ajljj
jlj . jjjliil Ajja jc jjjlill Aaliu (_^a1! ^! jja!V! jA ^SIjI! !Ia
jA (jll! jll ^LuuV! (jjjLuia.VI jA jLV!
. jjjLal! LiCjjJaija JJaj ^gjl! SjljVI Lulj JAaJ jg£ . (Jaj\£ (JijL Lo£
?jjjjj ^! jjj j^ ^UJI Ua ^ Ijol j*j j! jLu g;jll U
I ju-i'N jJjL^aJ LgjjjLS j\£ III Sja. Ajjl! ©Ia jj .A4dmaJI AjJJ! Ajl
ij* J vj ^ aj (j! jjj ju<i t j\j>ti\\ ^ w ^11 ji*J! jc
jAjj^U*U j^jJ! Jlull! aLLujj jj^jj ji (^*f^ jj^
(J^juiI V (^jiljALla jl jjjjjukJiuO jAj_<aua (jj) jjAjJauo (J£ jja IjW^
(JaII Jxall jl£ Ia! L a_9j*_a! Jc-Lujj jj^. I^ILII jj£aal! ^^j j-c
IajuoII jl£ L! Lo Ljjuiajl (JLuj j! ^ cLS^uL^! Aj ^Lai! ^ jij
jjj juo vLLuj Ljjli ucjaj j! jLoj Jxal! ! jgJ (jjjlil!) ^uujLjS/!
93
<_jja jS j^,! (j£>Li.!>Ll Ij^l \a I ^ol j) j111 ‘(3-Lall (JjtWti ^^Ac») 4 a\l »v ^ ^\
. ^Ajl JOjuiVI ^j^LoJ 4 o\l -n. ^ cillj (jj jl co jjjjujj ^jfr AjJu
tsbLii J'x3 jl£ IjJ L c_ij*j V LiiLi i^J/ Liiiljj J^j Li£ LJ
^a/jijy/ c-ia./j y /jA j/ Jjj >(JLJl IJA Lj-la. Jf JJAJ 4rM^
jA /ja u*4j cr® UJ^» U^ J^C- J£j
<jL LtfJl ^]c -LuLjy/ <j J«Lj jaj ^^Jc- J«jti/ <_£_// Ujc-2j <j?JI l-lllJI
L /jaj^ j^T jLj/ L£ Ajlj Lg. 1 »*' i 4_LlujJ < LuljJj
4>4j y jLjyLi. ((. L_J/j <jjjj*j/j jL-ijy/ i<jj*i jj.J j* t^j
. / * Lo ^ jJ jA j <4_f
LS^JU jLula! jjjsL. J£ . *!■ n i. nj u»l jll Ijw C)l£ U
UIJ . AliLuuo lg_jl 1 j_j-al_aJI LgJ ^jLai yj V 4_JI jli c |ami nj
jjL£JI <LLx_aj ^jL c^jll Jjjlill (jjUj ^jjj aLL*J! jjl_jjL£J! jjjl^
LouO C^£j3juL A }C- JjJa JA jjljl jLi LgUJJ L4 AiaJJjA C5^ l
IjujaIu (jjujj cJ^lc. (jjl£ cj) ‘! j) . ljLIjlI! ^ * 1 ^ixjjj
^t-vj ^ iil I JiLflJI ^ LjLjIJlII a£1a4 (jl . Lftlf'
.AjjaJI AJsLujj
jUuVI ^jujaj Ljj^j cjjaj^JI Ijft. -<>lj ijJtitkA -4
. ciil j jpa Axj1 ^^Jl AjuLLoJI ^gic.
u)) JJ J j3 J*S/I cJjL
^jujj <jli t jjj^JJJ <jjujjilj Lol . ^LjUajjli (jj$j ja lj^£ !)Lj
94
IJfc 4 jLuuVI j] j] tAujaJlj ^JLulal! jjj Jiiau luJajl
^jAaj jx Ijjt-LaJ ^juiLall I ‘ j jl . Ljajl AjLJjJall jjt j& t^u^Lfl*Jl
jl j-o L‘ut LOJ V Au^ij jjjliil ^ilcj A*JjJall ^ilc jjj Ajjju-asJl
VI t^jjaSlaJlj) Ui in» j ^J Ajj-UlA]| J 6 jljLuJI jjj Jbjl jj]l jl La£ . Julu
AjjjJaail jl , ? jjJjJaLail <LoL*uO c-LuUj fJUJI I^A ^9 j jxtll Lll LsL£j
j^u-bjj ^JI J^l£]| jjiJI Cjjuuij jjiJI ^ Aui!iLkVI
_ 4L. II oJa JLo javj jl Au^joj oAa. s allli .SlLljuJI
j.'I -ft*JI j o\L.aII lJjLuJI djLu-bji^ I *<<U jsj 11Jl
(Lnxj LAauo jjc I jj^j L - illajj ^JDLa.S/1 jUjjVI jS/) (jJiAlil
^^uojujVI JlUJI i CuLUJI aluj 4AjtjjJail jlU.) 4j^l jjj
Jj iA3j*uol! LiJ ^JJJ V CuLaLujja]! jl . (J^UVI Jajui) ^UU^ilj
Culj ^l jjJ "aW ULJuij !a£*j .inia JaVIj jUy!
. ( iaJjuij]l Ja*J! JjAa. jjJ!) AuLa^utt Au£L^I AjsuJa
L^jjaJ ^! lujUuil j! .j'!jaJI ^ ojai JjaVI a*u V !a$Jj
tujtii l I Vi!»v. j! ^jjjui AujuJaJ! AjJj^aJ!j JLa^JI
«Jjxj j*i^ A-uLuuV! Cujl£ Lol j uilii ^aj . CuluLiJ! j AutujJai! jjj
£±jttS Jj t^UuJJ! O^J
Jxjjuu AjtjJail j! jl Lo£ lil (_^jau J£ j! .LUUaJlj AilVI
<a^a (juaaJjj lujjuJ! Ia^Jj . Lgululc ^Jj Jjjuajli AuluAAj ^tujluil
Jjjjui ^gi 4^JjA]| Jia JjoLuj]! (jaJI ^gJI IgjuiAjj jajuJI ^gk AujLuuVI
. cilij Ifi U^jq CjLUJi Agc j*v-j ^Afljil
95
-III
4jIj^l ju ajf" / |a II l^H j jL^ jc- ~ 1778 ~ 1712
dLa. (jZlC’ iL±*L*aC oji^- J-L)-La jo jj/ jt£ . j/jjy/ C-
_19j . <ija. (JjL/^JajJaV/ ojLjI jc <■ jj/jLsJ/j 4_flj*J/ jc dJj*j
^XLy/ ^aJiil/ ^LHa ^ lH'illj ^aLtJI ^Jfllf/ jLi (JfjLll <jJa3j <J t_Jfk
ja/ .jL.1 (ji£* ^j-ij ^ i^*i AjlSj ijjj "mJjui^yjji" jjj jJrt<s-v'ii.iJfl cii/j/jc
t■ijj^JI (AjlmIoJI (MilJ £jtJ-iljjoJI <jj/j <—Lsuj LgAiiflJ ^JjLmjoJI jjujjj ^cJlc
c. u«ivjj <. ah^ jaJ ^gJc j (ajljlkj Ltf-jjU ^j-jJI (ZjLkmJI (^al^aJI
4_vjJ1aJ/ <Ll£jJ [£LaJ/ <JL)IjjJadllj jl^uyi 4_v/Jflj . jv/~ (jJaia
IjjlaZ Immediatete ^jjJjLloJI jjjUu -LhUaLuijJI jL-aHL - LhU Liuy/j
•<W*j
AjllflaJI jLuuVI AjLuia L a.o*X*' l - j,uiI±a]| lU^UI -1
V* fss ?*' jjll IgJ <> frnVij AaAl jll AllLv. ^Jc Ijj^.
4_iflj jJa ^Jc JJ^>j (jjil jjujjj ,_Jf3 jjo 4 jjL»a\I A-LujLujVI aJLulaII
.AuljLo aJILo
< L-ij-K laJ JjujU ^gJUJI jLuVU .bJJJ& HumjoJI oJa Ljtua jjJ
lijja <j^A I ij a j^ *< La J^ jl^ jlj • 1*)^ j"*1 ^ aiiJj^j
Jj*. UU) "^j LSjl\ JS jMJ' J j^JZ JUI/ <ijLll jli < LLjlUj
iJLJI jLjyi JHJI Jllu, Jc. j±hl .('i.jLJI aljUJUI jJ
jLujy/ <Jjju) <-La ^-ly jU i <L_taj AaujiaJ/ ^J/ JLuj y Lo <_j£ j-o dJIjaUj s
tJuTij jia <-lLqC jc ^cjjLi J<4 jjlS jA /j/ ”jla,jlaJI" S . • j<LII
96
. jLuJ — £ L' Lu±&a jLul ,‘iJjLa-a I ^LaujlII
ja>-« jl j . i Ll^js II jl ^jtjjJajl lCjJj LgJ &$.! jpJ\ l '
jLi i Lgj jjiifl JU. j . <Ia> L^_£jj jl Lgj j^Vl j^aj ijjlj <_J£u1j
. juuJjJ-j' <3 Jj o jL £jujMj Jjaju L >;J£ aLLJI
6JA jUaj ^cjjljJlj Exotisme ^ ^UI jc-V' Vj
iwnJl JA jLuuV! jj jaJl! ^ ^l AjjU]I ULUI
jjjaII jjj jx) ^Imu! SjJuLlaj (1»'iL^ U.ljj juUj) jUijl
£ jjjj oc^^l j^! jl ^ jc- jj .(jU!
j* ^ ^ tJhu^a a1! j*j £jUI! j* ^LauVI AajLL
U J£ ^juuJail JuuVI (jli tj^jljujl <jlj La
ijjjli ji ("Wall Ai. ju." V) ^l) 4jJ ji 4JjX» ji aLIc. jjJ
Vj .J«JI j& ^JJJC- ‘("Uia11 j*u]j t j*Ulj jjiJI jjU L_aL) c^JjJ
(JA4 jjJ j^ 4jJ*Jj . LlujLllm Ll jl Ll J^ jLuuVI Jj*J
tdiLI jjaJI AjL ^jLo Ll jj^. t£uoj>^a ^3 jL*JI ^JI ULld jl
(r . JA <jl jAj Aua.j Jjjli
tLUL ^ jA ^^L-aVl J>j!! I Ja ji tfAjS! Jljj j*j t^ijj
j! . A_buj jjUI j <4£!jjxJ! CjU jJull ^j15 i j^j Ll>! j jA <jl j
j-ia jaII jj! jUS J L flLVj JJC- I jl JAJ Ja^S?! jc. ^ OJ-v II Cliull
A Wgjll ^A J jjL.^I I ‘m>»l ^l I^JU jj^S/l AJakjll j! . jju^v^ >j
^.'J^j! AjjjiJI cUiSll Ajc-jII (*)
97
Jj j' ^fjj V j*Sl\ ' j* j) .UjJJJ-uj ^ LLoC. J&V'
. djuilj*a t. a l^"i (^J*Ajj^JI) AjjJiLuJla . <j jll<v *J
^j Wi. .m <, ^LSl! jc. Jj^j (JLg - cj^LLuulj jLuidl - 2
Ala.jo ^gjl 4.jL-a^l AjsijJall <L*. ^aI! Jjq IjjjiJ j! jV' jujj ^-ILLa
(_5^ j^3 . jua9ljjA j lSJ^-6 jjL»JjV! JajiLu) jjl Aij .jLuoSVIj AjjjuljII
"^^-1 ^^Vl ^Ltll11 Aj\j£ ^ .JLalj jjl Sjlauujj L>l L>-v i' j*)f\ ^3 j
AjtuJaj Jua Ajjij! ^jI! e. J» >>iI' AJaaAl!" oJ^J oJjJjuo AuuoLoa. jjuijj (_^Ajj
liil juj .(8tl) "LLujlj \j£i Lu\£ .iiLj (_s^ j^o* **—
jl^V' c*-^ LjW J L5*^J -uH3^ cs' 4ju^' ftjiA ^ V
.AjjjLui^ jjlaj (jjm ujjJ (jLuiI^I "JajAui" (jl ‘ Auujjj j)C> (_Jajj V
^±_sjxj y cjjJJ ijJjoaJI - jLaJV/ jl .’<—JaJI uJij ^^Jc- J^-uLi #
Ja. ^_Ic LuuLtif/j i’JLtjuJf jc* (jLlcj jA i jJIjiilj A-ia.jijjjj&JI LaLaJ/
Jjcjli j-i£l > iij - ^j^acl Ijal lJ* y; y ^jil - t_iaJI j- -^a’ Aj£i tc.fjju>
. -La.jjuJI ^UiifLuJI ^yi j -Lyjc Laljfll <J ^ J^-j Lou> < Ajjlaiiyi A ibU IIj
ojx lJjV U^V' \ ^ j^tf \\ ojALla oLujLJi oJA jj
^ill U jg (jyui l^ia jLudJ V >VI ojJaj jl AQj’a«v\l .0 jJaij
L> ^ LS^Jj j* J LS-l' L5UmI^J LP
. ^f^-l /'vVI j£uoll CJJC-VI aLoI^j U j^ La JaiLuijj . ja.V! Ja.1
L^nlluuj ^jA jjudj£ (ja.1 Lul£ ja.V I jjc. jjjuj! ^'Lvj c j\ - »"<v' j
tAajLuijV! Ciljll c*l!j^j ^Lja* jj^H- jjj^' ^ j! jja>
■ (J^a jki
98
c_Jj£l j/ £_xhluil Ul .* Jj/jjJ/ ^ j jA (jU^ll ^3 ^L-aajyi IAA jjl
jLvua ^btJI rlJl^yi * j . LLjj jjj£lJ tji.1<a j&Ual jlj < LsjLl^ j$JalJ
£ jjjjJj tilfj jC ^tllij (tLmlllj (_jL>juu uLl£)Ui/ JiUij (^JLsJI
cjUI (s*^ (S*J JJjUUI dJA JJjj ^lJI jjjljOSIj jjjU^JI ^gJ^j) L#J£
.(LaJj/j ^Jaf j ftf » i<d
j jgJa V jl ulSljA . I jjLojuoUj jLu^ jJjftj (jljjjau AuaJ
^i (i 4<HiLo ^^jj j\ IuAjS Ajudijl ijSU. jLujJ Jjl") ^j^UISI %
j£jOLAJ OjJUd£ jA (_£jSlJ (JUjluiil (Jjjjjudj ((JjftlSJ! olj*uOJj t A 4}'U 11
jjl£JI jjj ojjjjjj ^LuoUyi ^CuuijJj i^lSamajaJlj AjtuIaSI (djljlc.j
. lfrS£ <jc.LHa.yi AjuSJ I aJsLujjj ji L-ftUj
IjA : JjL jl <_/ljjl" jLuJ Jj!) appropriation tjSLajJI
pre-revolutionnaire jL»j SjU'j <j*J <jj .(il <SLL» "..gJ
jjJlj ^lc J£juoJ ^cUUyi ^JajjJI Jj 14-xuaLaJI 4j£1aJI ^
^ j* jj^i ^ Jj u^j^vi ^j jLujyi j«u
^J&SI Jajjj Aa.1 j jl jA ^jSauSI IjA jj .AjSc. ^Ljjj c_ICjj
o jLjaa. c-1Jj ^ut&Sl j jj jaJI jl£N u_UxJI I J^Jj . jLuiSy I Ja jjujj
. (il A-JU-ft) jjuuSI jjjaJl o jl »aj jLuojyi
A. 4_laaJ (J jjuj Ijj ^jl^uayi u_lvljjjjS
JUaJI JLSI <LUI SjjjJI jj^UII jl£l C-ljJUJJ . ^u&HuOlS:
<SLa. ^i ^g-t.uflj ja.1 ^jjli tdiljl^uJI ri jlo^^yi ^l ojL§uqSI ^l ojaSI
99
^Jc Lj^au" J.lij AjJL&joI J . J^.L/1 AjC'jII ^LuuiLLft
(jjJUujj (jjill c-LuC.^ I j] jAj I *»- ^jjuiLluJI Jajoi jll jjIjjj
»ii]j jC ^JUJj .Sjill ^ AjLiLaJI (jl j$-UUI Jj J£
(jUI CJUjaII JAJl]| jj^ j* l^lA^JI Jl AujLuajVLj Ltt Lljc. 6JJJ
C-fiJtjJall j (c-Lj jiSU A Ujjillj) jjjlfi]! o jfi]l ^Lfill (j-alJjj
^LAJLSJI ^gju^aJfill
. AUC jjjlVI (J£j ^LijujI (j-aLiuuiVl
11 (jo ^JjVI aAasJI Lj] t- o^<Cj - ajfit jC' Cj&JI - 3
t(jjua^ jj*Vl (j]ll jv® (j3U ^LS^ iJ^" ■®!juJ!-U! J^ (jc "(JjLaj11
l1ixjj] Aj^UJyi J 1 jji L$jj ."(j^V' L?-\J (j^ ^LS^1 (J^J ^(^-luj (J^ (jjfij Ijl Jjju^fija]! . (jLuajV' (jj® (^jIj Jjuo]I (jl Lu JaJI (_>
(J£ ^Jc ^ v (JJfiaJj (jLuij'Vlj Ajil jjj AjjoiLuiVI AfijLt]! ^jL-al
. AjL*_11 (JjJjj Ijl jjjulaJI (jl .0(^g-»J ^vUaj j-o
"(jiuail11 ^ (jualijj (jLuujU 6Jj^.jil AufijfiaUI "'A.j^.jall11 dul^ Lai
(jLuuVI djjlaj (jii (^ *^ (Jjjj oljj tAil£ AjIILc Aujajjj ciliij
.(..AjcLaUI Jcljij AjfijLll jjjljij *>' il*J AJaLuijjj AjjLjjuilj
"U' U^J L5^ J4*J t> <*4u
JU.jil (jjaiuil ^fii . (iV Jj-al) " I jiLui" Afijajjo (jjo jAUil uU] j L
«L_Uuaxu (^JI olIjkJI IjjjCj (Jjjjuc (^Jj ^ll IjJj^j "AjjjJ1 djljljJ
100
I Jj ("<Ljjl" J'jliJ' J'^jj" cJ-L) "jl-^l CjLaK" IjA^j!j
Axl Jj^j L jjuijj (jJajjfil jlj . IgJ ^gUtuO V AjJiC- JjU&
u'j (■£“] “^j*Vj cr^J -L^J ^ u') (j^V'j ^ U£
4jli cLa^jli^Lxi l^jjoba jjfL j! j£uoj V c^Luosiyi jl£. t jjjU!
cUaxjj]l (jjlc. ^ijj j! Ajs£j <jl . ji.1 JjS yLaV-j
^A 0 jj^ jll 4 jOjO-v \l 4_jLjl j| L VvVvC- j . Ijj^.1 4 QjQ-v\l c Lj<V'I
jlj (c-a1aI! SjLc. ^^a S Aja.jil 4 jojo-n. \l SjLxi! j! j AjjujJn]! AJLjl!
.(j^l^uo jjLajJa 4j ^kiij ^j^l! AjjH jA Jj^jI! ^oj.^-!! jLaj'V!
4jl^j laJjJalL jA t"4-i^il SjjjC." jA <J^il tjj^Uoi! j!
(jjlkil! jH <4^! ojjjii! ojAj <L5A4jJa 4iSf SjJjC- j$i .v^ilkU!
j^^j ixj ^i (^il! jjjuii jl .jjj! jjlkill jA Ujlil!
4bJ JXjuIiI c-(^juj u'") ^ajjudJtuO J jXjuj jA 4 j^>. jl -L jjjU- jl (jjjljii
/II ^ ^ ^ Is^ J* Ls^ ^ ^ U*-^ u^j J* ^
jjJ (j«oj UjLuadLj jjJ jjO (^uudSJ L! ^Jjl^Luj i^liJl J j*Jij
4jl!LoII jl . "! jjXjud jj£l (^^i (^JUiaii (^ JJUl 4 U “Nj jj£l jij t ASjLLo
,(lV l)^]) "^Llij 4 vl -V c. 1 J ^.JjoII f-1 oKl" ^A Jj‘^1'
4jxj±ki! 4JLjA! 4 ojp-v jV-iV! ^ 11.A1 aH j
>cpUV! 4JLaaJ!j
101
j\ Lc.Lja.1 j5L j] “4
£_Laj ufluSj <Loj jjfL )jLaI^ t<i»iL>j LcLlUI jj£j jV
?U^Vl j^V' u^LW u' <>s jjjUaJlj ^'L. aII ^ * <L>
^IjJJjujI (JjTklfcriJ ^^jll £jlfi jJI (J£ jLujjull ^»I1J (AjA^. jj®
CS jSVl J-jll '&>'J i*^VI JC JS J Ji^) l*i. ^
"ija. Jj" (jUjVI jl£ lj)j iJlli J-.J .(^>11 ^VlUVIj
‘Ja.j'j. lij J jlj Jjjall in <jli 41Jj^. j-o 5
. <JLjJall <j jJ V Lo Jx3 ^gic. <j jiul jS AjLiu jLuijVI
4 L -n."' Lo AjtJjua A^. jj ^LI (AjjlLuijo ^ A\y A J£ jL t fl jixj jj^
Luajl Ija. JlaJj <judiil V) jLuiiVI Aj3 V jaJ ^lc IaIL^
..Ifllll AJuuuall o^A jj .(6 (I t^C'Luu.VI Lixll) 9'L.igc jjLuiS
LL$jjI iiL jjuj J£ jL^jj jl11 aa£1 t jLgjjl L u >>\1 \ ja AAxll jl
jLu ^gJa*j (J jll jjafiLjll LiA j ."aJ^ ^<0*1*% j!1 AiL£ (JjSjuII £uo UL
-ua jj*j V j) /U13 jl£ Ll j-i jl«3jV! j) V jl ja
jAjj jua^jui j£Hj ja.VI ^_g-lc. L^uijUj A_Ujui (jL LLaaLo (J^LUjuJ (jl
Lol j£lj cLlj jLuijl J£ ^jjuajj . ("auV Auuiij jAjj V J^ll <juij
(Jjjuj ^L.>.ja.sklj V AjU caJjLouo Ajjjjlaj UaljA A.jui4j jLuuVI Iaa jU
J£jjj Aul jjjis jjjjI AjV jj^7~ II jjilS jA (^aII jjjL&ll (^l cAuuiil
j^ VI (^jL jl j^AJ V 4 J^. Aifr jC. ^uliil jjjlill lAA jl . (j-aLk <
dJb jli (AjjAjoll ^ujAjju! CJJtUl (jl JJdJUljJ V Jj . AuoLlII djljVI
102
J Vj 4 jU- J sjc-IS jsl .-w, v sjijyt
.SJaaJ JS Jjji U Jjjj
^J/ 4jJL±iJa]l <JLaJ/ t_i±wJ/ JUljy/ ^jJajflj t jjo)H
tC—U-JJ/ (£-ala-aJI 'aJ^Ij 4jcJJ p^_Jj j£ 'J ,j/ 4_iC- Loj^V/ <JLaJ/
<*_u-aJ/ dJA lIuIS LaJj . cjiilaJ Lfc Jaj C-AjLJajJIj pL«ujjfyl . aJjAJI (tjJLaJi
J*j <JC iL-U J£ jJJ (4J£*JI SJj*.jJI Aiu^ll V^v/
j/ 4jJalj3jAjJ iaj£*JI Jj£ jl J* £-LAj y /jAjj * e c e e
£_3jul /j^/ ^j/ j jZaj\9.un Ja ^CoJ Ji , p<j£Lo j/ 4-iJaljSjJutjl
^A 4 H. 14 f/ taUYI 4jLiL*. jJ y^JjllII J*a JJa-a dllj JSL*J/
aLajy/ ^J ^ljjjyi /JA JjLaj Ja j . .WtJI 1 i«fl*J-» (j£Ju ^uJI
jLutjyi 4jj^. (JjJc. •Vj .JjLa jA aJj/jii ^_1aj <j/ <i jjjoj ^jJ/J^/jJ/
j ^3 <-_ilj3jJ/ ^jJolLloJ J^/ jii ‘LaLsJ/ SjIjVI ^3 o jjj-<aa-o 4 \ >. L> II
^j-aC-I (JjZllILi (L—UlJJI jJ ."I j^. Jj£J jf/ ^Jc jjauAuiS y/j . jljuaj
o-“J; ?jk J ls*-w W • <^J^> Vj 4?jy mjv Vj fle- J^4»
jjjLjJIj fj&LuuaJI JjjjJaJI ^JJ <gj*.jli -^jJLaJI - lIiLuluij-aJI £jLi jpJ fi
hjS <Jxjl L-ijfJ "<JjJhJI <XJJJJI JLuij" £ _j*ll j/j <<j/j ^
<_JKj j;/ - <JjJ <jLjJ c—Uyg.ii’j <JjjJ/ <JLjJ “ 4-uJ-aJ/ MjLjjJI ^gJc- j . Lc Lalyl
i jL^al^Llj .£-ojp-aJI ^JJ JajjJLa^U/ j/jflV/ ^JjojJajl j*ajj ^SJ
<dLri$Lifl <iiA ^JLij <j/ ^ Vj LjjjjjJs "^LlJI ^j^ajLaJ/”
. (i*u£Ji: JjV/ ,»iij
103
Jkj j) j) tAiLkJ 4jL$_> j*jjj J^aj fi
£uQ A_«qIj 4 «V \1 £ 1 J^) ^gj) I j) JjJjJl <- 4^« \UiXj>n 4 » i >>1 -V
V jill AjtjJall (jjjljfl J1q ^jjL-aJ jjl Ajj^JI jjjl jill nj ?<*jJall
JU.jll jjxj ^j^jc." (il Ji-al) Jjljj JJJ Vj Ajj^H IgHjjL-a
J£ Aj jjg «aaJl ^ ^jaauj .Liajl c-lJjV! Ai »>>V1 IaI jj*_»Jaaj j
t Ja_j j*J lAA j) ."IjjAJ! aJUJI Jl j3 ^J) AjjcuUI aJLJI Jljfl
•(uj£?J^J^) UJJ^ A^LlUj JjjLI JJai^ Aj£l
^jj ^l Ajj^aJl UjlJal j5jaJ^II U jiuijj ULa, jLk ^xj JA
V 4 AjjujLj^olLjj .^jLj J! jj V Jljjuj I^a j! ?Jxl£ jjLjjlljjj ^Uaj
.aLjLc. jwijj ^ ^^jaJ jl j« Lil ^j
104
(J “ i
4-uLaWI 4-JIaaII -1
j 4 oja-v l "ij-y I cLb afilJJ jyjM^ t flf»v ’IO f
. ^jLlL) La£> Itf t.)(j5 i_$J^ 4 La> iJ^IJ /fl ilK* l "i!"^I 4 o 1j j ^jfl
JjJ^lll lAA j JuluuJ/ /jA j (Jjua&JI IjAj «;»■■ o*» H IjA ^Jj LLc <j/ ^JLsJIj
j£J juji/ jjj<^lj e IjmulmJIj L-jL&JI ja oJjJjl 4jkj*a jgJaluA JaxJaJ[j
. jJIS ^JlSjjjL jll^aJI jc- lZj^jJIj <jLijJIj J£JI Sj^jj *Lqjji1I jljjjJI
£_j/jj j-o j>»«; ^ LijJ ^ Ljl LmJJ (jlJj c Ij^ <LJd]l l''iq fl j£Jj
^Jjjum i j^JjJ .^jJojlj Uij La£ LajjLsu jLcJ y ^jjJ/ <_JLacfyl
105
/yiijJI J3 J t'L1^J ijJJ^ JjjL£ <JJJa jl iAJjJaJI
. 4'jVtluuljjJI Tuhingen j\y i.njj ju» ^
JJ jja jjkiji j£Jj j AjJL'ba AjLuJs L4JL1 ( flJMJj AjLuJill oJa ^C-jj
fiUl^yi J*! jc jl jjj* ^JIj j* ^Uj ('flc.l jLc jj SjcJI
. ^jluua "jHj" _f <j£AjSi JJLjaS LgJj£ jUlj y jJI aJjauaJl "Sj&JI"_J
Lsua "^lJIjJI" IJaj "'ojSlaJI" oJA jJaSjj JajUaJLi AULafyl <LdLLaJl /Jjjj
"lZj/jJ^ua" ^aluJ La jl <L±uua Ajt-JaJ Uj^LUaS (Jjjui LuuJ jjjJJIj
jah jj jl (f^yi Ij#j jjjjk pjc. J\ JOa (<iuJd]l jc. jj .abstractions
jjjaJiljJI jc. *tutfli jJajL)j jlLill (jj*J cfJJI j\* a II .laly II j3ljJI IjA
<JL1a <iuilfli/j . JauA Lij£Jj La£ "^jluJI ^A £ jjJf jl" , AjjjjUiLiAJ ^JjuJI
ijjlL-j JJC. ijjJJaA 'aja^ £jl j£ ^aLlLcJLj t_fl/ jjC.yi jaSjj Ltf-j'
IjJ J^"<tjjjuJI Ija JJ j* 4jJLj,4 ^a AjsLsU, <LuJs (J£ jl" .'jLtfJj (ju! ff
LjAj^ (jb 4 <na-v II^ t 4 Ly II j# 4 f jjui JajJ ^jCjaJl £-31 jJI jlL
. lZjIjJI <Jajuil jJ lZjIjJJ (JmISjljI ^j-A jjJI <-lJ&JI < Jj^.jJI j j£*ll <JjA
. jUauoJI <3ijXua ^JjuaJj Jjxj jl 4 o>„ faff j£uOJj
<jJ\Jl4 jjj jjAJ jI ijj iJuojlLa 4j1^jA ^jaLLo jISjIuiI Jk/ ja
. 4 i!JiAl) JauA 4jJLlcj 4j£jUajaJI £ u [uj 4j1Ljjj 4jjI jJI 4j±j3
yI iJ*j£ <LuJdJ IjIjU 4±LJ 4LuJ3 jxj -(1814 -1762) 4^J
uyi cuLiy 4_aujj uyjij lV/ juajju j* j^ l#ji l#ji
.(Vrin jjuiill jIj il■kj&a.j) 95 Sjis :d
106
jjlSJI oLl*. t Ij£a j , cjljJL ^jjjI M.^y/ iJ^I j-o jjaijj*jj j£jj ^_lf/
jjc. jj+jJij <ijiuaJi J yi .IjaLilji l&i c_lJ9 ^jy/
■ S"1^ J <-«J*i J lA^ V J
'W/ ^ Ju> jc >u5/ -(1854-1775) £u1m1
j-La^o jA La J£ jc. J^lIL) <j£uJ3 J^U jij tSysteme de l'identite
jA U ^Jc JlJj±VI Jj£j V ^jiai <jjL£J/ j/ . -«LiA Lilo j*^» JS jc.j JS J»
jiJajaJ/j Uj/jJ/ jf) y4=/4 JjLLj . LxjLj UILm ^ju-J ^aJLtJIj i<Jc-
. jJil jA jjIS jl - <J l kU-\ I^jSIj JIojj ijjjjJoJL Jj^jjo p^_Jj *Loj
j <0 jjjdal! J AjjUIj iAjLuUf 4 j£lJ/ J*J < b jA ja.
J^-uju Itf "tijjJaj 4juj1»]I jl . ^jLaUI L-hjUUI c fl. U <ji^jJI <*_llLJ/
£ *»
vti <_1C jj-bj-aJ/ j AjjjjUJI ^ji*J/ Lol . AjUjJiJI 4jja, Jtf-JaJj £ jjJ/
j/ . i.^„i‘aC ^_9 ,l)\'iII A.jLaC jjo *Lojj‘\jgHj ‘illaJLaJ/ 4ftJuJaJ/ <jLaj y/ L*'i
<ilixa SjJ3 jA jjJI (LuI) ^jJJaaJI ^Ji/j yj/ jjU SLuiLo jA /j/ ^J/jJ/
4_auli) 4*jullf Mil Llf jgdaJj , J jtJaij-oj <Jj/jj nJjljJL) 4.hUa-o 43lj*-aj
■fej^ <jy>k L> Ls-!, Sj-^ J..'“~l-1<' J1' (itJjfl V^’V
-II fi
LuijJ-a <j(j2c ^jjJaSJ (tjjjLujlL> ^ <JL_iA jJj -1831 -1770 fi
■Ji£ ^ jl£j i * . ..I^ ■ JJ i1 .11. —.1 . “i .. I j- -I ^
0-S3 ^ Jjill (ji-j UyS - ^Uuil j AiUill -1
<j' ^uJill Jja- yi-V' c> <> S4-V’
107
i fl.nIaVi ^jl 4i J*uO j^Aftil jjQ jt£ Ijl LoC- (JaIjLuJlLo 4<ajuola]l
4JLl j]a]l j l 4i j*ua]l j)fr (jUa<a\l Ift Ujg«a Jju«aAj jl ^Jc. t j <] ja.
^jl*]l jl .j*J Lajfl <^1^ La J£ (jA JJ I^A ^ t j j ^t>*i aII ( )£■
<^jjj dic- la.) ajjL^. Jj L^_aloAl j*J V ^l Ajjjjaoll
^lll Ai^ilill ^jUu iAja.jU (Jj!jJa (^jjJJ (j5 WJ (j£*j (^jjaj]
^gic. V! (Jjx-sxaJ! ^JLiiLj ^jiaiuja*! Vj Aj j ^ jjJa dilc. jjJajji vliiTi
(ja (jLbui)
jc. ^ljijjujV! ijjuJjS (^l jjL>**<..'j ^ t(_^j^l (j-o
La ^Jjj-aj j! ^gJtjjj ilgjljj! ^jjj ojji-V! ft^A ^jiaj ^^SJj . CjULjjaII
■ ^ajIj <j!^i]! g-B 0UajjLj jA
^,-S 4_IaflJ ■- Sjj/j <iuoifii/ J^jJjj La (J&aa juc j^/ /jAj
jaJj <Jailf/ dJA ^Jilj Lu/ I l* <Ja./j jf ^_9 Uujjjj "<j/jj" <Jjaj 1$
^UlJ <iudill jj Jjill j£jOJ i^jjxl ojLxjj . <K ojj/ji/ <_jjaJ
^aJxJI ^JJ L 1 La Llj3 juui ^UsU jjJ j_a ^iudiILJt . l"u J / Lg-lJ jl
.(14 Sji&JI i LjjjjKi^yi) "^lLuoj
4 q..i\q\1 tljSLa IjjU (jLuuVI jU La] ” jjdll J AAuAaJI ” 2
l^ja lijajjj dllc jjJa jjq]1 Xalun (oJjJjuj AJaLoiJJj J£ JjB
l^J l^, 'bajj (_^u]l ^ilL Lgul V djlc jjJa j-a (jl j£] j . Mj£a]1 JJaLuijj
. ,£<JI Jiilj ^gAlilo^lj ^ljlail dlljjx-aJ
l_JJjuJ! l.jgJj . jrJ=j]| ^ua aSjJjulo dllc. jjJajjJI & AA jl JUJIj
<JjLall oJa . !>j^l^ LjJ4»u*14 jjJlj AijuJii] jl j^jjj jjau jl ^jtjjj
108
***• u 4 Qj.+iU\l (Jx^j -ji jjt£ J a\\ LpJJ jl <j\ jAl LolUt ^uJSL
(Ja^Iv jA JajjJalL ^UoaJI t AA jV j c AjlIj 4 £)£•%. 4j j£ ( <jSaa
. 4_l^lulaI1 4JL«iII «* ** «•
1fliojjjholia jISsl jc ^ *yl * <il£ 'UiuddJI <JULJI JjL)jXu^ jj
jlICj < J. W«a jUC ^ l^j^aJ jLtaV/ /Ja CjjS^ (jUiaII 4j-aA V <HL>J
^ J*
jjU jjcj igjjLtilj Atukll jc LujcJ iUu^jjl fjjUj i^jijj*^
O^j O^ jj=ULu gjjj ijyutuill jl .jnxjJlj jj#J±JI
^aJsj y <j/ i^L^yj JjU jjcj ^gjyjic. jjc <^xo jLj/ ja*Ji
JfaJSkJ ^JjjLiU jJlskJJ jLojY/ /-1A ^JjLUjl ^JJ/ 4l)/ jj/ La£i 4L3TJ LoJ
,4j^J 4JSS
4jl 1i.1^.1 j jj<at j*i<tt\l jl£ Ijl 4 a.n\a\l j JjJjil jJJ (jjliil _jA La
<LuJa]l (j*uu]j joa. ^ dljJVl j—ajL (jjjlli . Ji*ill (jjli
dllj^l jl ."jliii" U> j^ij 4^1 J ^ V
jl£uJ\j 4-laJjj* Ajjljj ^laiLo ci3aJ 4i£J 4(Ja*Jlj pl£il\j Lua. jixjj
(Jjo£jlj i aJSjlu 1 tll»/' L-JjujljjJ V 4j jAjja-a jli 1 il . jLojJl j
Ig tuQj ^jJaJ <ajuiall jl . (j-aLiJl 4jj-ojJa-« ^cjjjj j]jj jill ^J^AaII
4 q\L>a!I j\L> a\1 4JLLq 4_L)LL. jjOj 4jc> jAj-ssj ^j^jjttjl ^LoAzk ^3
AJJJ jl£ Ltt£ (4ijAjttil L_la. (jLttJ 4 tt.nttttl Ajaj V Ia^Aj
>Lj tlAAa.j (jaLLujJ l^il .^LlS 4jajiaJl 4ij*-o\l jAau (Jj i jjix>lal
JftaJl d AikJJ ^ aII j^Luil (jji.1 S jIjaj ^Aj . LoiC- ^uOjujj jl «Jaaau
dAa.j"_i 1 jia.1 jllSjC jl Aaj (JlLu Igil . 4jliilj jJJJLill (jlIxoil
109
Jbkjj <-u*) c-lijJ (572 SJlill tLjJjjjKikujVl) 11 (JJ.JI j jil!
. AjI Al jAaII jSaII l *aK ^ a Ji (jjj| ^
I Afj jl ^jIaLJI JjjS (jol Aj! - (J^SUA - 3
jjl£ll djl^A^oJ j-aLaJl Jk-atLall (jj£U! ^Ljll jc l o . q^\1 \ jj£jj11j
j*Jj . (jUnAll (JjVI Jax1I) (JjjjC-jIII J^.lj j^AaII j jAjaJlj
^jjllj jj£l! (jlL Jj3 jL" Lojj^j tA_Ljjll 4_ia.lil! j» r ^ti
t\jjjjjl£jxujl) "I^jUj l^jli ^ Sjial! ^lc." Liijuila ixj LaS l'LjaI vu\I
.(17 s >11
> 4jAj . JjVI Jj tjklall S^oiill jllll! jhjI
j. ^ ilIiTn -Ij-I^j]! jl . "^jaI! ^.1x11 (jc. ojjj^oj Jj^jjudj JjujLjaI! 4jliajjOC.
. (AjjjIIjII 4jj| SU^. Ijjjj) Ajli ^Jc. jAjaJI (jjjl^xj! (_^l c 45^1x1!
jl > ^jj Ajlfl tUkll £i|jlt JA JlkAi! (ji :£jj jjjk tJjkjAj
^gijoUU Cj J JJJk JSj (l jjjjjjul) AjjuA^ui JJC. S jLo£ (jlLtjvll ^al J
> CLlill SUx >ijj .(>ui) CLljjjaul! flkjj (cLjl^jj)
‘CH>jl) (jW^' Ull tLj^SU ^jjjI 4Jj! j!
£^JJ ‘J*J^' J*> l5^I C5^l > J* -(^yi
t jjika >! J jja^a jjjAj JjlS tAiiUft AjjX A_j! tdi! ilL Cilill
(jul tljjl) A_ujjlL tlil Ail .Ajli Jl l$*xjJj L$>^' ^ £jki
^Ic. U li! t^ULojUI j! il) ^aUlU! jc. jj. ^*o ^\l ^aULojU!
110
(J-ajuaJ (_£ jll ^ALlLo^Ul Jj ! J^j b\jLLA <_£ JjuJ tjaull IIa
• ^ULUI
JiuaLlJtJ/ 4_x/JJJ (_1lLX (("LuLm ^j^Jl") 4-lLlaJ/ jJJ (L—LLuJI IjtfJf
JtLJI ("utijl (ijifli ^jJJ Jj%nj <jjj(j o / jx/ ^jJJ !_jr*JJ <L*aiLaJI
J. jjsi fij j jJh, juji ^ ("Luj ^Mje) jkaij
<JLLjj jji* jJJ Jaj_y/ jA (JJ*!//J ijLkU/ jA < lW» jkj ^5 (JjZiJl) * * e
ojjj^aU <jj <jl jjj a Loja, j£aJI <J£juj (jj£jjui IjfJj . (JjJLj
^jji-UJ (JsLalS JxuijIiJ/ jj/Ll jj ,"/.1lx •JJjjsuaJ! AuUaL*JI
jjA 4_jXJ Jjxj <a tfJ-«*ii L<ud (/-L»■ .1j /j^, J ■"»' jA jij^J j;/ (jjiLjill AjJaE.
.(a-b-c, a-c-b, b-a-c) ljL,uuj
Sjiil l c J^aLall ^ - AHIsaII £jjll Jluaj^l - 4
^lkill ^j c3uc-jLajAl!j ^j^LU! S^ajj 4ij*j ^l aUI^II
j^o dj£aI! 3^* j^j (^jjllj Awj Jillj ^jIsjaI! jjo l_&Ija1!^ J*l£I!
IjSAj .£jj jLa 4j!j Jl Jjajj (Jja.S/1 l*jlj JJ j)$JJJj l*j!j
iljjjjjiSjjuuV!) "Alterite 1§jjjjc. ^gi S jiil! ^Ic." Axulal! Aixula jjj£j
<^1! I^jjjjc. j)-a o^jlxl! S jSil! ^alc.11 ^ j jl! <ix*jla jjj^ij (17 0 jia
-V»j
4jlj£ jjV/ -lijJ 4-jV/ ,*<JJjAy <*JjIa jj 0 LJI lj& jxuifij j/
jjjiiuoJ/ LaJLc- (j) .^JaJLualf/ £ JjJ/ <£jx <ii/ <J*_XJJuUj (JjxV/
jjLLaJI l^_j/jjc./ jj£j ^jJI oj^aU ^LZLVI j jajJI JSjx jic
. jjjun ^ujj/ J iuij/
111
JlJJ Yj 4UL14!) £jjlt jj ,£JJ& 1J^J j**uuj MJ^*J a
(gJjLUlJ AjtJjJaJ) L' Iw!«v I LgjJ) jJallL ( LjjZJ . Lfjlj £_-a LjJjf <^JLuala
L#J£j^, J&Zj jjj^taj JISajI sL±Jl ^iu (lIiUI jc- Lu^j JL*.
j£Jj . l^J/jLaJ/j <jjLjy/ L±jjulJLa] eLjaS jjjjJI /jA Jlauj . ■‘Laj^LaJ/
6jid cjJjJj 4JY <i^a*a 4AuiIlll JJaj olJ^a £_IjLJ/ jAltaJ ju\
. /jj/ 4jijSL\.II £JjJ)
L-Ax*aj ^jLaya ^LuuJl JJ*-U]I ^JJ
u! j' u-^j) ^IjaLL» j'
^Hll ^ ftja-vt\ 1» ^ jLujj y «LiIIjIa Ljlf'Ulj jxj jj]l jjjuuJI
Igjjjj ^gJI Ja*j AuudLL 4u^Jjj*j ytU) aLHjlLo Ijj^ L-fljU^j tlg *ic-
^ ‘(l5^^^) c5> ^! -(^jjW^J
. (jaljilllj ^JaLuj jll LojIj ^io^j CLu^, ((jjjLJI j viLuJI
^Jc jj/ . 4oLaxi/ d JA / Jfa. ^UajJ ojj^ujJI JjAjIj JjJJk(II Ajf.iy jl
Jj^SUj <J L_jJJ*J <^£1 ji.y/ JJC J-«U j/ <il£j jlLZ jA jjJI (jLuuVI
jC. jj (<xuiJ e^jjLoJl ^Jc J1 jLjjJ J£ jIS LaJj . 4 iufl? df/jj/ ^^J/
(J1 j.^all ZjLI -viifl Jj'j (jjJl jLuVI Au3 jjL cllj-aJ/ ^ £ /juua ulLfj
j’jJ/ Jj*J/ j/ -Ljj . j/j ’**- ^ SL^J/ Jffl ^^Jc J-*JI Juia&j jjII jLujy/ ^Jc
i jJajjLdJlj <*_LliaII £-a JaLtJI Juajlua (JuxJ/ ^^Jc d-Luu 0jfa-J
. d Jf-uj ja-a JjI\JI ^u j*aj
cLuIaC.1 ojaJI oJA . (jjuiLuu]! IJA (jA». 1 ^j^Ujuoa]I u)J* a'
aJl jjuJj .CLboJaijlj CLulc Igj AC'LIaII jSi tjjjUL ^ 4 fljfl^ll
ur^J^J^
112
(^ALuUyLll jaIa (jjiJ jjUJ! "(jjulul! jj»-Ji]'M CjIjI jlijJa' ^
j 4<c.Us]l ^jo Aija^JI ^JaHij .SjjuaUAll jjjoVLj AjUaLijjlj
iill jj'VI (JjLLjj U-U^. AjUlxU| A^jJLaII Jl (JjujaJ jl jj*JlJI ^^Jc.
Jaliu ^A Ijj^ V.la. dijLil ^^nil djo^VI d jjo^ill dIA jl . (jjj-laJ!
cjLla) eschatologique csjj^l j^jlnjiali tj]LiJ! ^^Jaul
. (l_jLuuJ! j Uj*UI£ ja.V! ^JLaJlu <*.U-vII juLLJ! j^a\
jjjdjjujLjj dJjLUI d Ja ^-juuij - Aj'VjjLjil £ jjl! d jjjj<^ - 5
^ ^pll £jjll jjj-» jJU Lll <juuu11j a*j ^l t^JjUII
.Lguli djUIuj! (Jl^,
jJ^J ^ juJj-kUI jjijjJ/ ^jjLj lj* u! 4*Ja3 ^Jc ^jJildil i_fjLcji/ jjULjJ “L&uijj Lc juuij i^-UaLoi/
jju y Lijuio 4+fti jjL^c, J Ligf yij) dji^yi *)jj jtiio j£i
cJUJLi £jjLJ/ *dlajf jc ^ a.fKi y jaJ . ^ jjutti/ Jjc y/ j/juiai/
JaaJI £jljJ J£ujj ^ui/ (Jjj^JI c_flia/jati/ ^JaJLuLJ £jjHf/ j/ j/ ld/jdu
. "Jiti/ 4-Lia, Itfjl - <jL)Lc ^J/ Jj^-<aji/ J^/ j-o j JjuLJI
ii t** ti -n . jlaJl jn*J j jjui 4b_fljulii]l jkj ^-3 t^Ull £Jjlu (JuU
^tOMuil d jjjUail jUaUu ^nil AjjaJI jjjU L_JJjuii! 1-lgJ jAj
j-alik jLaul jS/ t jA fJUi! ^cjjIj jl . (jjjaIaII ^UkJjlull
V IU j) (JijpiJI o Jpu! U 4-LLjujJ Auic. J j! L_iau JiaJi
• (LiJ^ UJ^ J
113
^^ull 4j^ll jajJoj <_j La lij ((JaaJI JaSliJujj
u) -cM Ll^LujI jj^*1 ls^ U Lg/Ug^
jjj£j jl jjlflj Jaijjj tAjjJ llsw U_ul£ jl 46 Jja.jx AuikJjL 4jjJ
jjLajjj . (jjujjj) ojljVI L '°‘u*; ujjjIj tL^llj ^3 <_i£laxll oJgu
eo^ljSI jc. UjliSI Djl jl c**^ n duak. "^ullll <j£L>La.VI11 ojjL AjjaJI
Lgul) "Ajc.jjJajuJI AjSLjL^VI11 ^'LiLo J (-iail£) c_ia.l jll j^.1 jyA
^jLJI joj jaljjJI aJjaSI jjajj jlj .("^ 4jj^ SjSS'
U>aLjud]l j (t_ljL>Lkll ^aLL.j ^jUoSI £uo!Lua]l) j^aLaJI j (juaLaUiV I)
j >1 *<U ^ L'j..,*j ^UI jxVI jAj ~ jj^SI Ul jj t (jjjLaJI)
AjlUL jIiI a£Louo Lgjl) u .ja- jju I jl A^jjJI oU jLolj .<1x3
jLI j)C- <jLxj^1I <ajudla]l C flo:jg£*j iajjjUI oU JLo ^ij (<jjjj]l
*; •• (2)-* , A.J o3 4
£^jLo" t_J>jA j/ . o-IjJc jjLilalla ^Majii/ /JA jIj/ jifj
jjJLjj <_JLa j/ ajUaLa jji <_i^JV/ oj/jV/ ^g-A <Jyj//" j/ "jjjLai/ <iuds
*
LS <ailx<i <Xu»jjJ/ ^LJJ jJ/ ,_Jxa. /j/ Jjduaa^J/ j iUIs . "^Jlc- f J L i*ij jjC'"1
U"J>^// . iJ>jA jlai liix lAJa.j <xoJL*J/ <JjjJ/ j/ .
-LLaJ ^j ji*u t_ixJ: ^ V/ J^>n j/ ifjjU jlu V < LiajjLU ^*l/ jJ/
j/"j UfliA oJj>j-a JJCj 5Jj>jji t^jjl/ JL 4-LL *<JjjJ/ j/ .<-UXij
^liiif/ jl£ /jli . fJauA JjL LS "j-a jj/ ^Lii jL£ j/j Uj-LUa juc jjJu/jJI
j\jjJy\ <j£ Jlljjl Uijj Luj ^ j.Ja <c. jj Gnosticisme L-ajiiJI ;<i^ajc.
.LjLijl
114
ZJdIJlL^jVIj (jtwV/ Jjsj) <AUI ^jLu jjj J3jj (jUI
jjasfyl ja-ill ^Jc. ^-il) (4jxjjJujJI 4JaLuiII <-Jjajuj) 4jjaljJLajjJIj (4joj£aJI
jLajy/ /JA <_Jia jjjUaM jY <^Lxj <Jli <<Jj-lf/ <±DLac- ^-J/ 4^LaJ/
/j/j i~ilyl\,!l ^Uaj j/ t^Lujy/ LHujLj <^3 t^-uaV/j .^^ajjUJI
. jhji jc. jjzyi jL£Ji jkj j) (jL^vi
- III
c_jJjJLj jjjljJjJI o LijJal jjiuo jmj5Lo ^jLj jj/ j* -1855-1813
Jj£ J3J t (jyj/ Sjc J43J jlj gljj <J-«jLaj jj&lJ <&l jxJ J3 jL£)
jjauj j-o 4jjjJaa ^mmSj 4jjJIj oUjJ jL£j ,jjjjuiLo ^_LjJ ^Lho ^3
•jjlajJI J^sJij SLjaJI jjj JjjLill (J^SJ jl ^3 jjSSll Jauiif/ jjuJjl
£jJaj dlLijlj (jjJJjsoJLj jLjyi <OLc 4_iiflJ ( JjLLj£jl±j£ J£jj
JjauJI l-\j J jjSLbuij . JyjA <juJflJ JoL^Jl jjLdaJI ioJj-\jmJI cJj/jU JjJ>
i<djujLsJI jo Lg-LSlj <J>L-u j±i£ jjIj cJJLa jjj 180 LajJ3 4jj!jj
jC-JjLaj jjjJjujL. 4juaLLjj) jj w Lf/ JJC- f»l ’,jA jjjaJ^JI c-ij*j
■ (J^jLaj JijLj
(j£ii j .Aija-Ail Ajj ?Ajuili]l c-ivoj jA La “ aU jjlAjil - 1
."Ajfl.uUll CjLjnill djti ^ ?Aij*^il JJ UjCJj ^jil Lc
aJ jjc Uuui jjILJI ^J^I ^ ^JJ CjIj Jioll Aji JjLu^jjj^ ^JJJ
j jll jjiSj I I jA jl£ j . ^SjLall Ajjl 0u3^)LL juajMuaiu AJiis jc.
115
^gic. c. lljtHll JLj jj ^gjil 4uo£^i! j>o ^ jiil liilij (jjJs! <j! ^^JJ
•°j^j^!j Aj^J^ J*J ^ iluaiUit !>al ^5-^j -jS tj^V1
a'ajo-vH tJajjJ ^ j^“ ^jjj! 4aj'd^\l j! 4a>t.\o\l «^jU“...“
(j-o aj V jl£ lils cAjaLiLo jjc d^jlal! oaa (j! ?La jjj! ^gil! ojja.ji!
L » ^ \l; iaLujV! (j-o IftJbfi Aj v Ajla (Ajjjuoj L_fil JiALj “* in\ \\ jVI
. (ojLjtJuJlj (j\L>^\!
AjI <jJ j>£i jl <J^j .<J1AAaJI JaljLu LLjJa Jj^tiJb lJLa
U* cr^ ^«>»^ ^j* UJ^ l) lSj** bJJJ^> u^ ^ ‘ItfiL-ajY <*j**
. AjLA Itf b^.1 Jj^jjJI
jj! \ ^W L> a_loa! aJ A^kjjLii! f.L&ii! Aia^ii (jjjJ cJaljLui
^ jgia J ^jJjV! jiUJ! j)l£ !jl (j£ij .tiiliA LojIj oJj^ja 4a<a^.\!
(j! 4jA.jjl“\l ^Uii! 4 L»«v\ ^ic ^jLjlja ‘4j-s.j...^\! (Jjjj Lo£ tjLojil
4 r.1 L>“...! \ j)£j ^i i!j . AuOjuila. A_loA! cdii Jja u^m 11 ^ic. t^juu£j
UUijJ (j! 4 j\n L—L^. J cl^liloj V 4 Oj'o-v Aj! j ^9 l *a. o“<\j j| j J“\l
i_ Jj^j^ jjC UjI£ ^g^uJal J9 AiaJjJI jl£ LoJj .oJjjui ^jo
(j! 4 <\f~- . ^ j VoQ “4Jll djj£j\ ^jJI Ajjail U j\ *^“‘'l (JaC. - 4 'jLt'v \|
(_^jjui 4 OjO-v“ ^j L»“ ...j ^ jui! 1 JA j . 4 a\*v jLtj (j! j Vjl (jjo Al jJ
.ial jiui (jjjJj (Aaklj Ail
!^JJJ* U1 J*-^ t5^ j! j£-S ^ j! ^
. Uc. Jjja j-0 AuJJ^Aj \ fl \* 4 j-y j j\“ Cj! ^Lg-J ^JC.
.(jtajV! jaJ S jflL ^LUi! Luic. cL$cjJj
116
jJ U JtfC’ i IjjJsij i jfZiJU . <iIL-a <ij*-a *Loj jmjJ
Y ji^. . IjjJy- ijJ&l jc Lo JaJjJalLi jA (jjJI JjyjJI
Lf^U^ j£**ll (Jjj ijJ&l jC. L j) j£i*ll ^Ldj
^f-viJla jjLull ljs& jj fljjjSUI filjj lJjaj iJJa'Jl AjjJaj L' j
luLLslJI Ijjil £jl*j ^ jyJJ jl fUijJI jI iil/i / LjjJ
jfiJ&J jjJI fLlalJI lj& jl j La£ .. Jxj jsk.h ^J Ja)1! Ij& jl (JLaJI j .AjJjV/
/jjyjjo jJC. ^jC-jaJI ^UajJI /jA j! -*yL&j Ljsul <i < 4jI^J ^JI
4j£> jUajA AA:ii^\\ j jL j\ d j£a - AJ&jI^II <LaiijLa - 2
jjj^J iLSliLall 4 r-1 W'i. J \ jL£ |j| j£ij 4 \ >**<\* dj^S <"'^<‘^1
AjjfLaJI AJSjLLoILa . c^ilj^ jaul lg (_^jil Jjill jLi iAjtC-jJeajA
jc. ‘<"< ^l A_iC. jUa jaILj 4 qjq*v\l d JA Lu>>11 \ <flja^JI
cr*4^ ^ijAjJI ^u^j .
U^J W3 ^j L>^ l>^ ^ 'vi^ll (^Lja (jl . L^J 4*&j^La
. Jli U AuL£ ^
(Itfjlj *UULqJI Ja(j jA jjLo^aJI Jj^.jJl jahll jl jJyjA )a'ir. I )a I
. JIjsfyl j^ljJ ^Lal UljLc L_flflJ <JC- jjJajjoJI AJliaJl jl U-^ [j jf jjJ jja
jjJf j^ijJUl j JUj La jjJ 4431p j ^ (lU-i.ll ljj& j a^”'[j
jjJI < jJjLlaJI jjP (J*ai'jjJ! ^ Lia igjJJaJ/ JjiIU/ /jlu <j/ • J>ij
(j/ .^JjuJjoJIj Jaljiui jjoC. j^jJI lj& .ijafi^LaJI jjyU D_la,j ^jOjuU
(jJ^ Lljtf.Jaj ^jSJ i ! '< II *y y^jui <lfliu ^Jc ^iiJaJ J 4' l aji ii f iaf/ ^ fn
4_jjL;/ <jjLuil J/jL J>/ Ij&Jj . Jjaja jA La Jaiifl j^Jai/ y <4uip La
.jUill c_iijluil Jj i^jJijJI jZLaJ!
117
cLaUaj Jj^.jll (J^«j V - Jj^jil j^l ja “3
. (jUaULj J ja ja]I <Jlsl5DLat_i IjlJJ t^afr^ ^ AjAJjAJ C-uILuil
U£J t^jil JjVI h** tiljjii tAJUaJI jA\ <J
J j-jijj L a^i^i <_£j^l C5^j 4 L-vl j^o Jl&jVl £-a tiillj ^ij^j
. AjjI jaLuiI AjI jj«j j-a djlj “A^aVI j£ o ja j£
i L_LaJ/ ^Jc- j jJ011 ^Jc jA Ijii . V/ jii/ IjJ c- / JC V/ jj ■ ■'j
£-a diliDlc.j Jjaj 4-uL£a/ jjo» ^j-iui Jjaji/ /JA j/ Jjj c L_ijLaj jjaJj
. <ijja (-lllftVc j jaV/
.AulLaaJ! Ajjuilil! jjLajij V t^tilji! (jjS j£jOjoil ^jJaJ L^jS/j
jlil Ajj^utl! AjujjLojoj JaljLui JUo £-Lj1 ^jJt-LU ttilij j^o (j-aLkuUj
^ljl ^jJaji! ^aJC-j AjtJjoil JJ jljjuijil !U jjj jjLjil jc t. a.^"i
.AjJjuij (jii! ••
oJj^jj LildJI AjoLoja! Jjail jj Aad^UV! Ala.JjLI , j
jj3 c-^^gu.LI ^lj jjfL LiAj . AjAa. djl jLa. iLajl ^gAc. I j^li ~*^jj
.AjjlljoV! ** tf
ajjjJJI 4Ml£*yi ojniiiV1 _j jmJJI ^.■ UJ (jfjJI AjjJaaJ/ j'jLa jjLsLaJ
A_ia ^jc JiliaJ/ ^jc. ajjjJLi £_1ojj jji/ grjjLaJI jiaj/ c_iij "<jjjaJIj
jA ^ljjJI jj . A_i^_£ /fl a‘a h jL <juyji j/ aAjjJa jlo La JamLj ^ai o/j-aV
juljij <jjaJ/ juu £-**-) AjY ojL»Jj aJ/jj j^ulj t_iaJ/ Aa.j J'pu
. AjjajJ/ jJLaJ/ oj/j/j AajjaJ/
118
jl . AollaAll AjIIj AaxSljil Ajlj jjjj IjjI^ (jlsu j^>ail jjl ^JJ
4.m jUq\I ^jIj ejaJI OAA . (^jjl) ^-^Loll ^ j3 J £UAJ V ^ Ij^oVi
L>ji' OX (JjT^'j (JJJ^ (jc-
. Aj j^juJI j>c. j)JJJ jC- AaJalc-j -ft ^il jjc. t-jjuo£jj AjAjS/I j
^llLtt^UI jaII ^LuaI Ijj^.1 Jraj c AjjjaII aI^. jaII
. J5U1I ^ jil ^ OJAjuI ^gJt jJVI ^
^j-llll L_Jji/ LcJ jjULA. ."AAJjJai ^oV/ / JA JLUJ j/ j-oj
£-4 ^jJUjj cJmj ^LjHJI <x« c_lLL Ja9 (^jL^jjJ <±jL> ^j^uJsj j/ ^JJ ^jaI^jJ
^yj (jj±oi <j<_tfjiJij ^sja/jj/ (jm^i j5j . ^jikii oc’ cf-di (jjy^fyi
tjjC. c_JjJ/ <jjc jLliV/ <ixa-Lf/ ^Jj .a^LH-y jA^LulLu)/j £jx-ixxj
. J!iaILj tjyJ ^ajA/jj/ j/Y jjLa_ui/ Lpuj ."4_txu-ealf/
Jc Ujaaj ^ii/ Jtajy/ Jk» jsjA/jj/ -1*J
^ul/ SLujLaJI jV LfjxuLa jjJaj <jj^ jJjcj y j^l9 j/jia-aLc/ Lal .oJC_jJ/j
jjj jAjLU/ ^'IjjuoSI JjC. Jaifl jJJCJ ^^‘^jjj^JlJ11 AjJjLj <lix-jJaJ o/^ja. (**1*' w
.4-«/jla/ */j j/jjtii//j J_ji//
|J*1 j t^jAUail ^^uOjuiI <>laLtll jj*J 4(jJ^il (J^>i Aajuuilj s f # ?
j£jj I ^ II ■ Ljl ja.jjJj LjIc vL^. j (jLajVI Ajjuu ^ . <;-'H
t<jjjujIiaII Jjjjuil Jai .Au^jj Ai IaJ*j ^ull Aogulll ^LaJall ^jlalalj
. AA^JJ Ajjjuilxo Igjl Jjj tAulLa^JI La£
jUjV AjjIja ^Ljj *•. '3~‘' Lgj AuajJalJI jljl (^iJI jjla-alc-l ^JLjjC-VI Jjliill Ajjl ^
,S jj&j I fl"'l > m...I j| Jaj (Jj^aII j-a L^jjijl jjjtuajji 1 jl V] .Sjl jjL oLaJIj AJLu
119
lAjjia (jC- ^jaj <Luili]|
J|^i -I
^J jl LS* (fiti ^ 4-IL* lJ! cls^ jJ*J
j•* 4J9 J <jl>J4-ll O**3J J4 J • 4-^M ^aic ^ <jiicJ Sjjj
j& <i^iiii dja dij^ ijj rj& <i~Jii/ M/jj^yi Sjisi jjj
jgJaiiuj j^jJI u_lA/-Lai/ li i jjAjJsual!j J£jJl (jJJ -Lijj^Ja <iDi£. Jj^ j
. 4 jjLnIill jJ*j ojlC’l <jLx4J Lol^. jj£iuj jyi
121
j£ .JjVI JJJI fjA jaLJ ja -(1872 -1804) £LjjJ
JV/ (_>j JlL jLuy/ Jaj^y jkjjJI J£J> jl il±ui JsljA j/ cJjjc/
y ^i/ j (jc- u^yL u^y JAul JLl£b _>Lj^Aul- ^L-Lt^a/ i IjC’LtisS
^ O t'i ^jj/ Aj^JlM^SJI A flmffl f/ <Sk.ljjjaJ j£jXJ UjjlS La£ (jjjll cLJ/ ^aJ j-0j
< tf # * 4ilIixAII £jjfiJ <iati u J/ y/ .wvi
oLhua Lo ^l - JslJA (JjStU t£l/jj ijLujyi ^JLuaJ <Maj <j/ (jV/ LjjjS
. (Aj^JajlaII jA Ja) AjjJ3 aJLLJ ojLc.J
4iJf-\^II AjLJjIsJ) £jJojj JjVI fLLdl M)! juJaj jjo V-2J3
Lu/ tiL2 V .41)/ (jL <jIIjjJj AjujhJ) jjo jVUajyi ^ * 1 y i^gjLUI fULJI
V jLujyi jJJ V (j-a jLuLyi *uj/ jL^ jLd iJjLaj ^jc. Ja,v3l-iui
^jJ/ MjUjhJf l1uL£ LaJj ,MJ I juajx*rx?k.j <j/j p^u’JI JxJ jjlaluij
LtfjL C_fl/JJC.yi 4jJ4 ( L#jJ Lo (JJJUJ ^fflsuu jI £_JaIuU V (JulLuiV/
dJA -laJ jj[fl .4JJ ^JjV/ ojLoJI jjo £■ jj ^^Jc ((^&JJ J*r* ^'**
jjLiaJI (J"jj j^Jj (Jjl j aLilio jA (J’ji/ ^JjdJI jLuUyi (J’jJ (J«^/ FojLoJI
^gjtUloyjl ^gj Aut- jll jL fti /j£aj . JjJjuoJIj ^A I Ylall JJC ^uLujyi
jjui (juJ ^Liujlf/ jjiLjjj jlj AuC- jJI AuA LiloV ^Jc ^sl jJl ^3 ^jJL)
.<_>Ljy/ JJJLjulU LuaMJ/ JJJLjuJ
J^laj .‘^JjV/ J-Lj-«J/ . (Jj^IjjO dlj)Lj 4 LKIZ i 'L» II jjajJaujj
^jUajjo AuuJA ^gJj <*3jjj (ur+Jy!) JjoL-JI ojAja. A-LLlj jyo jLuuV/
<C jjJojjo j jUajjo jA jJI IjA ^zjujsu :luLVI AJ^juJI ,M)I jA (jllau
.'AuJllll aJsljJI .AujrtJJ Lo jc AuS Juauuj (_J>Ly/ <i jajJsuj
122
j(j ertf"? ^y^ll j I <_jJo£jj t_JJjjjuoJI o‘Lof.J^Lo 1 ^ cJ'^~*a.’jJ
.(jLadV/ JuJ ^ ajo-v II JjJl Jjlj -LSUjJI SjLulJl <£lJk
> Le J£ uj -'jV/ /jJ* CjjU <iUU/ c^io e_Jli j*ii /j^Aj
tr? ‘-'LkJ/ 'S'^tF £-?-jfe> chM gLu jA fJLJI Ija jj^ja fi 0*
^j^uJalj tjjjJI u^JJ ^l JJ-?"J <_fiJJ ^ ^l^ 4-oJ J*j ^ais ^-LlJLlil//
. jjj^. j-o jLojY/ jLs^Y o^jj/ LaaLmla jc. iJh^jJI L—ijJJomJI
.'LKJ^j£ ialiaJL Jl/jj Jan litfU/ clikj
LgJjjc- Sjj^yi oJA ihK Jfld <<iuilil/ c_iA j-oJ/ / jfc t J/^- j/j
ig-Lc JjtAj (LjjLzJJ LiudJs L^Jlo LjjHiJI LgJiiJaj lLlLu*.j ("Ij£lu> LjjAy"
U&JI jJx^a jljjxJI ^^uJal JS3 <*Lu*ij / 4_ii_u_l3 jLujy/ ^Jc LaJj^Lj
jJio^ 11 4_uLujy/ /^j.wj Jxj jljJJI j LiuizJI jJ-jjuo Jtijyi j ^gJLiLaaJI
LajAj^" JiJ 4jUjjaJ! ^jJc- £jo LajLxjI Jju <iuJ&f/ Jjj*J <_j^uJj .^JLgjJI
n • i ’ii t •' i t- n •• •• •**J< ii * f • ti ■ C LLtfJ LaS ^oj J ^^auJai/ JLJC
Lo£ ^jSjjujySJl ^jJLJllaJI t-JAUoJI j*o I c_iA j-oJ/ /jA j/ Jjl)
Ijl ^Jj^oj "^JitJI ~ ^ • j iUII - jJaloJI" 4_Jau^J/ LjJLlloJI jj .jj&jLo Ja^y
^)Lo IjgJ f .jujLiJI ^jJLlIL Jjt-U Lo*o t"jJaJu, - jjtjjJa" t"i...<^. Lo
IjJ .\JjOj jj djjilll 4ul j^J kilfj £-o <L^Jaj jjJI £ L)jjjB jso I J^ LluiU'
iauii_> . 4 • i.rnj Ijajjtl Luti ‘<j V.1^1 ->?• ijluuJU
(jic: (jf jUii/ "iLJiJ/" Jkij JUJ/ ^ -uk JUk/ Jii Jk (ilk
. JjJuJ)
LLk jjk •LiU (Jiii/ ,Jc y (1857-1798) cJjS J yj
<Ixo tjiaSjj LtJIjut AajLlJ5U jjJI -'_' - U 1 /■ «'i»_i I»
123
cVjA jj£/ LkJaj/ jiilLl <i£J DL) Ul (^LjjjjS <_JIa
jua (j^. / ^jlhaj 4jjl jjJjjjjuU (jJ-ill juJaUUl "jjjjiJn u II jlC* j)£PjA^UI"
jjl dLfj ^jJI L-bjJal .^mUMjJI <Ly ^jjuj (jajJ (jUajaJI jjl Ij£j2j J UJJ
jyaUa * 3 ^jLi j <ili (jLuijyi £ Lli j* - 4 a\fa II jla - jLS IjJ ‘UJ-UI
jUhJI lJ&lJI i^-DLi. j_j-a jo (JjYL^ Sjc.
-LtoA j UjLuIZ j;jUuJI (JLUI j*uilL t^^JjY/ 4-iJJ&5UI <JL*JI ^3
JLJI JjjIoli iAjjjLLJf <JLJI ^Jj jjiuJI (IjLJ) <hJ jc, <jLJ>U
1*1% n LauV/ <JLaJ/ ^Jj . 4juuJaU <*jLj f"Ujljtj£") UjIjjy*j ^fjjU!
jjc. y (jjjfjs jjc. ({jLhuii jjc. y (UL&LC’ (jc ijjli j$jUlji jaui
. (.. l aj£) aJLj/L JaOs ^j^jj ( l-jLumI
(_Joaj jU^J/ <_>/) iffJ^^I i-}jA‘s'..' (jt-£ LaJj (UUj Jaj
4 IjyJ ^ jJjuLoJI jya jl£ Jiid ^Ll^jJjlLujjjuUI ^Jo^ii Ll^.jJjuJIj (^cLUU)!I
‘ ' i_ff-UI - (ULUIJ jUajjUI ^Jc. Jais i’j£j-aJ/ ~ AuCjj^jUI <1uMiUI
JL± (J* LJjaJ JJWOJ J3 £ jjjlUI /ia (JLa (j/ Lojj . J>A>J/ ^JjUi jc
4^ cr*^ 4* i Jj^jJ/ <^i <Lj^i (^J/ ^LJaLj ^ 0 * ^ M t <jjUc JS (jSaSjJ <utUajJI (jj JjUI ^jJJ jC Jj Lo<a . Jjj/j jjj&J (JJ^I
.scientisme
jli (UcLalyl LulS jjLuyi jlSj <4>L*J/ ^^^Jc LaJli jJJaUI jlS LU
. (JJjSJI jjLSJI l1uj£ IAjCJj (jUI) <LuLuuV/ (_£ jiji (jjJjJ jJ 4 i La
jA La JU lullJI IL^uJI <Jj* jjfkj’ jJ/ jZjUI (jA <uLuyi Jj
<i£J ( jjjlUij (j-C-j j^-9 juu£// (jJlSJI Lal ,<Jx3j Aa3jxa jiLajj lujCJja
124
l"iI itlKII jA jIj . L>/j (j*yJ <j£J <<jl iLa L.^<jjj (j*J
j£Ju aJ . AjJjLC £ juaua jja i iljji jtf-2 (AuajLiJIj SjjJaLkJIj AjuJaLaJI
JaC- <jl . ^jjysi LlflJ y JjLuL^ jjO <Hjja (JI jJaL) £>Jjaludjo <C *
.£*ajc^aJI
jLSLaJI ^ylskJ jl (SJjLc <JjtLa ^jJI (AjjjuJHJI <JULaJI ^Jc
aJjjua <a^a Lg HjLc ^Jc. gjij ^jJIj (duj£ Lg. UllU I J11) LajJj^ujUJ
^aJcJ L^jJjluijuJI jl jJJ . "^jJ&tJI c L^yi" Aua^uaj ^C Laj+yi jLuuVI
Li^.jJjjjJI jjj L#J LlSjja j±jj LfjJ '.jj^Sll ^gjuiLufy) fJxJI <■-....jf ^L*j^yi
IJ>& ^auJaJ ^AuuiLj')/l ^JcJ LxsljJjJjjj.lYI ^Jc (J£julJ jfiLify) fJcj
(fL^jyi (JJSLau J^l ija LjjL£jJjuJI l^ujn jl^aYLj ^JjuOJ (IjA La. ^»ixJ!
jljJjJlj lIiLlJI JaJLuuj ^jil ^£JI fiL^yi jja g* jj ^JJ jjjic (Jjuaiujj fi
LLjjui Sociocratie <aIsIj^jjjujjuJI ^n^'nuj ,^j*_llLJI JtmjJIj
.biocratie <jJoJjSjjJJ
AuuiLlui ^JI 6jjjjJoJL positivisme <j*uJajJI ^ Jaij <<±Ic *Li»
y iuijiii Li/ji jzi ^uuyi jiisii u* J ljis Uj .^j
.SjLjC l!)Lcjj-£3V/ i")l jLuc/ jLSuYLj ^cji-uajjuifl <L_LiJaij
t * t
jC L.iv\j yI LiLia! SjLuJl AujtuJajSl SjLiaJI jALJaa ^gJc ^Jt ii,)j
<iuiiif! J .aJIS LajLuL <jjLujyi jLui euicj (j\ .'^uuiLuil jA La Liiicl
LoJj . aJjAaJI SjLic jsljj jjjJIj pUUJI js) jj AuuiLjjuJIj (SjjSmJI jsl jj
(AjL^j y La ^JI ^LVl ^JI (SjjuiLlo oUaxua jjC <xiLujyi L—ulS
lLiYLaJlJ jjjjiJl jjbJ jU £-L±J cfJJI {yjLJJ LjULo Ajt.jJa.JI jSjJ
125
- L' iyljJJj ^*_a/jJJ (jjLujujlSj JLuLU _jjjJI Jjjj Lia qaj . (LhyJlJI
iS1 V LS^J^1 u^j*$ d jp- -(lt*-* <f^)
J3j jjJaJ (Jjjui jjjI ^^AjJI jl lIuj& j£iJm J/ (uZUj L * l>l,ii>1 ^juJajS
. ^UajJl (Jaj£j Ij£aj . ojLtuuj jjjjLutJI jjjLb jjuJa
SJU-aJ/ Juy/jlf/ dJA jc. -Luiiij (1856 ~ 1806) JJJjlm cj(jj
jJau . jjjU <C- jlLa lHjVjAJ Ja jlij <^3 l^JjJ*J Y ^^^-ll/ <JLuuJIj
jjjiiiJIj *Ujj]lj 4_uLuJV/ <JaXuj jjjLSJj aJjI jja Ijjj^j fLtfjl JU_J/
.'4jjuJj AuLamJI jj . Jj/jj j juj /j. iUJ jjjJI JJtf IIj Ja*J/j ^*uOJLfk -Jj
£JJ dJA ’.Oj£s ^Jc Liuiflj CjB3jj j/ .fi^juuJI ^jJUjj "jJl" 4aK <■ ftWi
< < * jl i*Luiflj jA jjJ±J j/ (j-4 jLujy/ jl&J jUaJI j*a5L^yi IJA . <JjjjgSJI
f. jaJI JfliC-/ Jfl/ .fljfl^ II jLuuVI oAmj jA JjajJI jj . Jjj3j Jja.j^ Jj3
4.1) j^, (JLj <jl LoAjla <4u^_a.j jud <j/ jua. tUjJcyi ^g-iJI 4-il
jjjJ!jnJJ) J) ^LjjJ JLS ttdJj j>/Lc jjLJI J£ jj .oLil£*Z
"jjC’JJ L^Li/ ^A LuJaiu jJ" .'jjuuc-jaJJ/j jjj£ IjmZVIj jjjuuJtj
.(AjJ^aUj 3jmjJI)
jl jl) (jLuJ/ £jaJ/ jj^J jI .'£ jcjjj y 4-o/jua jJaLhJI IjgJ jj
fU jli .jjajli jjujjy/ (jtJJA Jjk.fi .Li jjJL ji j* jLdjLmjj (ji.i
U jjL "ISJU" jJp/ jl cuau IjJ .j£j tLI jA Jfli <Lif j$f
^3 oJjlj^ jjaI J£I jj :^J jA oj3 j* 4j gJLu) U jj £Z.MuU
jj^jJI crUj . jjuJjjil/j jujLjSt! jjJjAjJlj jjjLLuSu LjJmJI oIjUlJI
Jj*JI <jf U^ (J "eUui]l" 4UC.J *Jjj ^-fliu j$i .‘jiajli j-f
ff c m e «• j/ ^^-i^-J J£ L> *J^ JJ*^ jl ,4_luuXI ojLUmJI 'UaJjU) ^JJ
126
j/ ajj.l-3 dJA . Lif J^-lla jA La jS jua 6fi.^juj <_J£ ja 4j\j £ jsL
LaJUaJj . JjLtlJI JaLJlJI "lJLu^l!l" jC jjlaaj jjjjLi JjjC- jC- S c ifi m
.jl^l jl ^Jt-ulJJ JjJjh I ‘^ ^<»Li /jJ J£jJLjj ^gJc L—LJJC J^f p^-ul “Laj jjL^
jA tjjJl Mll Jia Ijl .JaXkJai(j V fjjlLul C^gMjj (j! ^JJ
^juJajill jj* jjjl Ljl . JS Am,4 JAMlu! tfjl) finjjj&Uij 6AjI j tt
jjjU Vj oJcU jjJ ja 6j^lSJI ^jC jj (j/ .^aJbdl AjAj <JLl^jla/ <■
^JjLi /jjU IjSa ,fA jl iJLal JLj c_i^/j X .£JJ*j Vj
e e e * e t e
jj£j jl jl ^jU j/ < ISjLom jjSj jl jl j/ . Aj^uJajJI ^zjjLj jjLLo
iSuf fLd JjAjJI jA JIjdJI jLuVI jj . Itf.'LoJJ aJLuloJI o JA ( LoJHum
r*^ j/ <S!j*mJI jj . aJjJ jl Lijjk.j LutuJj j^j jA j . -Ll^j
-'cjJ^LL jA l-dJ/ <jf/ .£u»SfuJ/ UJjj juJlj/ juJjfl jyj idc
j/ .jmSjtJljj _j*J Lijju lIluJ ^jjU cil/JJj 6 l-lzlI Ljl
^jjf 4-LuJI ^kj urJLJI ^X*lj -Ulj f^LUlfl jJJi^LL jA jj&jJI
IjA j 6*Lal£ JIja,j ^aJC- /j/ S jaS.yi A f/ <<aK <_j/ ."LaJaC j LoaJ' Ljl
. Itf-jjo Jjjxjjl ^oJI SjjSSlt AuJaUajyi jA c_jL«J/
4_u»j*j/ jf j/ jjj^ j=^> J=v <J -^V y
L-bjjuJj ,<iialuj-a 4j*jj JS J*-?lJ <jy -ojlSil ^J/ jHulJ Ltfjf ^C-Jj ^lf/
Jja. <uilu <5_^>£fl ^jjfl . liluLO <flc Jjlu) j;/ Jjj . i'-Ljj jmSjLo oJlilj
.^jLaul j/jla/ ^jc- tLiaJ/ jSoJ JjJLaJl j;L-ujy/
127
jLa “ II
Cjjj*j (1883-1818) qSjL JJc
gr^M U^J^I U^ LS^ ^ U^J^J ‘'yMjyM ZujLL*JjjJI JJ
(Ja JHjJ J L 0-V.^.f/t ^*ttf J £ J Jl3 * ^LfaJLnd oJA.. J J1 jii
ljj]£jl jSLLujI 6*Uju)LluJI UjLjIjL^yi ^ iwt-vj jLl ^JI jLLo
^jYI 4_uu»y/ j^auL f$-»/ J5j .jlaJ/ j-j <jjLo oJcLuLAJ
.(1864)
^jillj i^^JjVI (Jjo£jLq ojljS juuiJjJ - ^..tatt 4JL.a4 ~1
AjLuIa ljI j ^JLulo Jaj jl jj£llll ^ (<LuijJa CjJc
_2*k..rt
AJjjla (_jj i4_i3Ljal ^L&juild ^aJ Lij JJju^j jju! Ail (jlcl j)l Jxu3
4 jr.1 j\y\ J AjjL^alal (JjLuiaj LK jj&jLa ^jAI ^4 a..i\o\l o JjJlu
L^jlSua (jc i** 4 jOmloll ^JljLail jl jl L£ t4jjuiLjuij 4_li»_J jL j
.jL\
fLfljuuiLfl (_jo£jLa jLuC-l < ijjjaJI oJA Jlc ^3 jLaJ Ja
^jJJ <**)/ iti^l i*lI J£j cil/j jja Vjj j-lauj yj/ fUAjff.lj£' j^aj lM ^J
Lajjulti u^jLa jSL ^J 131 j£Jj ?<j.*i7ji/ UjIcIj^I jlu*
jA (_joi (^juSjLJI j£*JI j' xu-iV/ ^Jcj) 4_u*i£^jLaJI <ixdd]l c—L^Luaj
Ja.j f^£Li/ <jcij fjJJJJ J^J fjjLuajfl/ jJLc jA/ r.uwlfh
4-iuJfl ^Lo/ Lii/ oj£fli Llalj^lujl Jjj y/ j£J f^_lj ^/ f(J'jLjjJa
f(j-ji/ <iujfl 4j/ <ijxj jj UbJ
128
jV j)l 1 ^ j-n. . jl£ 1 jj
jli (oljjiLall <lliuoll jll ^Lc! j£fll! a_3ijug, jjj LL.L Uajl jj
jjj^jLa <_ilS ya ^lc, fcilj^JJI oj^ evL^. Jj ^^AjuiII S^.1 jll (j-a
cilL ^_L^.j C Clll j j_Ln_lll (J^ jl Lolc. 4 c-LjjujS/I ^al j (j-a ^uuiLuiVl
-Ifll a LLjaS j ^jALLaj jl^fll ^JI (jjj^aJij jl j£uaj tJ a^.ilaW ojLuiauall
Ailll 4_iiA3 jjxj jC jjaj Loja i AjjLjJI ~ jff <juij jjo^ jLa jiajC-
Aija. ^ll jj£jLa dJjC- L-iajl Jju»J V !L& J Jjj .AjjljiLall
(jjjlall c_]iij <jl jl La£ (JaS *-** < Ljjui j! jl Lo£ cAJjui^jlill
jUl (jjaaLjll IL^ (Jjo^jj jjl ^jLijj IL1 . Ai^ii j-a Ajl1£ Aomloll oUjjjjL
j£\ j <ijuJa LgiL c__fljj*j V ^jill ^ajuJfll! oLa AjIc. jjlin
.41 i^u.i/' AAjuJaII
(Ja_iA ^Jal Jlfll t^j^ill L^uuua jA La - La^Ijj^jV! ^Aj - 2
^C-jlj c (1844 ^LUI dlLlajJaiuaj "dj jA^UI j <fljuJflll eLiaJ11 ^5
<jj£c. j)l ^uuii A_i£l cMAjja^i ^^Jc. LflSlj oAjxj' <jl ^-UaiLuil Ajl ^LjjjS
<J&~! V ilj jt^aV! j)-0 Auajlajja ^il Luiaj! jj jl^aVl (j-o AuajJal«a
ji (^ifjj Jj cU.jLa jSjLa Jli cjjii V ^ <£pLUl SjiS
jW^ jl . (<LoJLa cAjjLJI A-ii. jIjjAiI ~ A-^l UuJl ^laiiii
>csi jll J ^Lol&U jl£aVl <UL. £jjiU! L) ylWy ajILLoII
jjo^jLa jlai .c-^^uui (JS L>a£j tiA ^’^al j Auo1£j i» ' ULa j£lj
c^jjj ^jJll) jjjUl! Jj cSjttkjU! ^jjl! jl Sj^ill jll ^*j ^l
129
(JOJ juQ 4, yjtii'i <■ (jj]l £cjjtj]l t (1 jK»Ti juuij "LulSIj1
^^jijjJjl ^LiJ (J jjuj Jflmlall J*j ^] (Jajjjuoil oJA L__L^jjoJ
jjauui jjuia" ! jIj Jl^jli j]|H oLiaJI
j]l jA ^ f_l ^AJJ^J (j) t^A J j^j JJ^j (jj]l jA JU.j]l
ii ». . aA JJ3T til J Jaj
lxJajl iflc JitaJ j/ ^^jijjj Vjl fj*£jLa <Jjiu ^ uij IjJ jA Loi
Ja fl€ xa J/jjJLj <±lC' j^L^aj JJa_a ^jaUjL» (JjjLujL) <JaJJj-o 4_lajJjjAjI
ajj/j jjJj Lu/ JLaJ/j jA LlxjijjJj/ <ixjJjjJjV/ Jiij Jj5*.Llu
. 4_ia.jijjJjV/ c_tA jo c" ii’m JiiiiII IJA j/ LaiLL
jAj (iiLuiii Ljl£uo ^juiaj (jl jl^ajU ^jjuJUI jiUI ^ic. ^j
(jjLoll l^ ;^l.>•» £uJb j ^il ^JliLa J£ A_i^, jaj £^ji L_AijA
JS (> ojjauJI l jl£aVl £L>jI ^jj Ij£aj .(yr=sjLi]l c>Ui^VI)
.L$jjVj o^4 J) l juaLa. *-*!. .'1 /i
(Jj^Jl j-o JliijVI JjU'JI I ja L. JL>j - >jjU]| JajlII -3
ojjuic. AjJUJI Ajkjjiail c-U J3j . jlli]l J-o*il ^il >LuJall
u! j^j ^j^ u^juii JjUj ^i" :^Ljjjj3 Jj^
."(XJI IjA JJJ* JA >Vl ^ ^ U
J*l > t_J / jicV/ <j/j/j 4_LXjijjJjY/ jLt-lluu/ /j/ ^ *
^ljll ^j)l L>ljjj y ULUIa .^/jli/ ^'/j jUi/ ^Jc “jjiU/"
130
* H £
i LaA j (jj-lf/ jl£ Ijfj jilll ijjjiLm^fl ^3 IjjLui jl£ i_fjjl
J& £Uzu Jlvu JL^y/ /jA jV kiUifl <eu*JJ/ jJ jM> Liijufl/
.^jJLjjLUI £§IjII Jj ijjJI Yj iL. ±tL*iJ ^iJ/ jA Lu/ jjjjIs jll
j) tLyajVl -iiij J) eLouil iij j* Jjaal ^g-iub U
V Jj^j J*J^ C^J^ U^
j* Liujlj jLuuVI ^ Jj J* jW' ^jJ' C5* ^J^
.^Cjjlull AjjLcJ 4j»J'UII Aj^LoJI jjjdSjLc (JAjlLujI IJi£a j .jLuijyi
Ajl tlja. IjljJA. Vj Ijj^Lic Ll jja. U*»^ Ajl ? jLujyi jA La
"JjVI ^^jLjjIuII (Ja^]|M iu*i£jLc (Jjflj L^ 4 jAj jljA^
Jjj-c ^tii} ^^Jc SjjlS Aj*JxLa Cjljjl£ Jj^j icJ^lj-o £Jjl S Luiaj)
^•n n ^jSI Ajc.L0l2k.yi ujL£>lxil j aLUII <" \\ >L>. ^Li) (Iguijc
.(cdii jc.
"aulJIj ajjuJI" 4An£L.i J^Ija jjj£c- jI lJj§jj Jy,.'A u^3jii*_j jaj
IjUh i^gJLJjJa jlJUA uJX*J jLkjy/ j/L» ^ai IjJ i^JIjjl ^3 .’aJLocJ/ cLj V
rjti^^iuj/ i^j jli’ uo uiij ^ic (jj^ jt£ ijj yj jvu
U jLo £jfjb I j d jA j^j JajlII Uu tAfljj*j j A^jla Jjijj I JI^Aj
^tuouuiJj c ( (JakJI 4_lc£j) eLjV' -Uja jJL-^auO (J5k* 1j Aj) . jj^S y
.Ail£ AjjLmjyi cbliLLll liuj Aloj . jLujyi ^jolajj AjLuiall A.umUj
cjL^i^ji ^1^) ^^ic jxuajii y (j-c*ji j) i jjyi ^ii j ^
LiA j-OJ tDjj^ ^rljil diljjjjJa ^tjjj Aj) IAjjI^jII
131
jaj t (JAjuj)!\ a La jj*j SJj^. **J^-l A 'y \ CASksc Jfi ^
AjaAI <j]}j jc- Auaalj]! AjjkJjlHll jjuuaJI ^.lal
^jJajli) AjjujLujVI A_<uai) jx» A: jj AuOJfl jl^j (_)a3iJI lj\i . <_£jj£
. JUJj Jj£jujj] ej^jl (jLil JjoLlH j« A£.JJJJ j! ((Ajoj&I!
jLuijV I ^Luokj! A_a. j JjJaSl ^lc- jl jjju«aj jljAjIa cLjjj I^Kaj
LqA j t^^^-ajjLill ^ jAa]I LojujIa Ijjj jb^j3j ^L^Vi
iS* (^Aj) db*J J^A> ^J^ J$-^l ■<. .r i\i
IjJSljj|j gHjyi diUvtC' l^JUdSJ jjo SjJa-o Ajjjjjj 4cjox<
«jr^ -LjLuJjjJI (jjj SjLZyi uuaJjjl jj» jU ifi^uiilJ sr
JsLAj jjj Jj (JjLjaS jj) <j LLo LjLjj I^IiaAI £_iu V (jJalLlo
tglnyi JjLmj J! jZjL (j&jJA jLal jjinJjjJI jI . Ijitilj LfJzJa
’j jLll tdlj LoLoj <jI .'jI'joaJI jLi AjLu < I ja_ai/ JoxJI ^Jc u^-o
ix4JUil <Lii/| |j| jjKJu ^JLJI ^jLuljjj jI .(proles) IjYjl
j^LIL m^j jjj <-jx11 LjjL A_u-aLa. dJAj t4_U_L-uJI
I Jj^all Al^ Jjq j^Jai Cj! jL La - J JJjUl! - 4
. ^cjjlj]! ^»Ji3 «JjLlila]! ^l jjua jl A_i9 ulLuj V Lou» . fi jjjll ‘ l oj\» \l
Auoj jjfL} jU (jjal Aq»L> La Aaja 1 jttllLi jSlj
VI Ua. JJjU Auoj jj£j j£lj .A_ijLuijVI "^JjU Ltt" jx £ ji^o
^LuoijVU l^a jjl&jJai! ^>| jj^ ^ U^jc
132
3! . IgJ JjAj V 4j jLjj] j jj]l A i\\*\\ \ Jajj) c_UjuJ) ) A^J j
JjJaSj <d . t) CjULoij^U ) Aa. ^jJaJ t-_fljjui3 ^LaLujj 4uoLc L “1 <) ^ Lol
l_a jjuoS tUjUkj) llul djjujj] j LUuj *ilLu V j)j . Ia jLuajjl
j) Ajb jj» jLll jj«»VI ^UjV! JjL-jI ^uaLkl! 4u&1aI!
l"jLfl*L»U ^Luikjl jAjl^jc Auuiij difijll ^3 ^jtLj ejjAa. ja jLgjjV!
Alji - Jj jjj j-aj tliliJa jjJ jA «Tv>a1I Jfr^! '^J
c tj Vj c jjJil! t (J-Njfr L' i (ja^j t lu
jLaU Jztl jaj .(jja.) Aj ^Ic. A a>L»\ ^jaB o)J (Jjjuj 4 jjj^jLo
AjjjjU^jJ - 4_i]l_alj! 4ij^j jj£ia]l td]j £a ^«; <j (J jaul! !L&
tC5iij Vj jl^kJaV! Ifrja - LjUJjjj]!
j-o <]jJ ^Uj tlllajk !jU ^ Sj£a ^ jk j£uOJ L j£]j
^j^La]) I La jU) La] ?jujUI! AjL^J ^ \t~- Auuoij Ciajil aj£U]I jj«j
^tjjUil !La jA Ua . UjIc) ji]lj UjLujlaj]! jjo UaLiLo V U-jc jxi]l
A£kxN jjaSjj AjjLo Ajjkj L J ^ j ^tJjLi]! ^jLa. I^Sa jiaj ji])
^ljx-a lilj^ua La Ijl ^cJjLjJ! jaJjuoj L flj^ 4 jj^l j-a ?NjSll
V AjI ^Uli JI>J! ILA jc ^Jali J^jjjj (Jjj^jLo i. <j>j ?LjLfljJa]l
j U- <j' J*a ^j-2 3-'a'
. I ^ ^ ^ jl ■'J U jl - 4 jl. ~-»V1 4a. ..\a\l 411 ... J c4 ^C-
t> A-JSll »j$J 1« <J£j «^L ji Jji <J jujUI jl£ Ijl (£a J» J
j) LoilJa ^jjLib ^ ^ LaIC' Ajujjj jl LjjjAiLaj jj£j jia * ^ j* ^
- jlL»a\I CjjUJI j Jjflx->aLUIj ^^iaJI f-ljj jjl ^CjjJajuo
133
(jl . LjLiJjjJI <iL*JI jiC- j-aJ j J-vJI IJa (jl Laic tAixuii]l
IaA l^-jlj lg L_flj*Jj (JjUuJI ^JjUI jiJ ^a" A_iC jJjuJI
.(III C^Uajia^)
JjJa I A (jiiajj jjd^jLa jl ^jJaljll jjai . V IJb jl
oAA IjLoij f^joil jl L“j£ij tAjjluuaj^U ojluJajUI JUcS/lJ UL»\1
JiLa ciiLoj t"^ic," Lgjl Ljj Aijudia jj£j jl jLaSjj ^JI "^ajuiiall"
j^a t^jjLiil jc ^tjjj <J£ j\£ I jl f<jj*Ij]l ojAaSI o La
jl jjjuLftll ILa Jjj AjIvL^I <jLc. a_aj Ja . 4_1ij Lua (j jLuuj
f AjjLujjj jlaj 4 g •% j lij jjJlJI Ja ,4j^j]jjAjL£ 4uuiajajja
4jL$j 4uaAI uIjc-L^ LjA jjo .viiJj JLjjj] jLuajjU jAja. Auoj jjjI
AjLaaUL jiaLLa) jjj^.1 ja_j ^ic Ja*JI ^gJc L‘* ^JI ^jjLj]l
^ Ijl a^jj jiij .(cuLuuJlj di*JL£ >V1 fLtlb ^aLiJI
Soterologie Aj^J^UJIj (JLuj juualjc 4u0jC jaII "4jjui^ jLUI"
4jjJaj j JjAjSI jjAil-Jj (j\i Aj^,jJ V) ^aJJ V (JaSI (j^avUJI 4jjiaj)
^La Jja 4_1juj L_ail o.io jjajVI ULj ^jjulaSI jL <iiLa]l) 4ja]S/l
oA^. ji o j£kj JjLik jjO (JaJjujULj jjj^jLa c_jLuj]l jSAj ^il . (^j jaSI
jLuj'yi 4,»j vir>" ojaJ-UI AjCjJujSI Lgj ^uluJ ^j]I <*jJa]lj jLuojVI
. (111 i**<l L»jL»a. a) t"aLj^jlII AjljJJI Ajjujl j 4_Lu£jJI
134
<L*lu -ni «•
4* fJc. J sJLLj ^ Jj JA -(1900-1844)
jjdJjjjJl jC. ^_LaJ La jlcjm <i£J (fcJL) 4-bJj AuuijJ^m jJJl) <jLU/
<jJ/^jJ>Lf MjljOsj AuJaj^a jLic-^ <jujLl^j 'tLaljJjuj ^JjCJlJ *Luiij jj>ijJLJ
• U>W/ cr? ^LJaJI
dVLsLflj djLiJaflLuJ L-)bj*,isi ja <j3 Lc (_J£j (<^Luj J4 Jnjj
. * f C-Lk-aj j/ taJJ^o <LLu, <_J£ ^Jc. L. 4 ^ 4j^ajUjIj dlLuiajajj
I ■ ^ *v .'' <S ■ fi*i i i jL£ Ji/ . S^JJ^ IJj* ^uaJ*^J AjjLjJb bba.1
jjLfjjjjui J&J JJC’Ls *•“'J±)(j iJLaAj *’L’ V 4-i/ JjL) ilj^jLuua
.SJ$3 ^JJ ZjIjj ^3 4jJc
Jaifl jjLfrjjjJi j*j V ■ (1860 ~ 1788)
jja juuy/ J43 (jn£Ji 4-uLjy/ ^y/ jJaLjj <ij±*Ji "^ljuji"
<j jjL1i . ojjjLy/ Lg ’ianA jlJI nihilisme 4-±oj*JI ^J/ <jxjUI
. jbnbjjCjJ jLj JjjjS Ju jjj£& LubZ
jjjuoijJI ^j-Jc JjuOlLj ^aJLtJI J*-3lJ ^JajlSJI jilf/ jjlgjjjjuj £Ljuij Jjf
^_9 j/ 4_>/ . ^Jl%^ * i^y/ (JjljJlj 4u/j fi^jjuaJI ^Lal l £3jjJI jjj j'O
p LloC- oj-13j A >^iv-a 4_)jic. &Lj\lf 4-iP(&j)j) 4-iALo
.AjL^-’i jl c-llu j/ 4_i5» uL) L^J/j j <4jISJ/ aLiaJ/ ^^Je
(JjLu/jj/ ^yj£ JJ*J t*JLxJI j9 AJjg y*ll ajljYI aJA ^ Ji1~ij
^j/ Jjl) .jLajJIj jlS-aJI iifja ^3 £jL LjIjALJs J^^jJ/ JjSjaJI
AjjLuuVI jj .iliJAJ Vj jJjLJ y 4j/ j/ i^/jjJ/ ^^Jc. LLL iJJaJ oJ^j ^jJJf
135
ijjjc L^jLjjLj JJ tfljJ Vj LLu^ c_ikj V
p 1% lnM ^A j L-LzJIj .SjIjVI lIiIjSUj <ikJ (aAj £jjJIJ .4j/j JJ £_^jJj
oLlLo y jaJ Jc JJ^jjj jJjJ ^lll Ii'lljC- j (jj .£ jjJI (JjujLjj ja*LiJ AoitajJa
IjtfJj .£- LumVI l$J*J ojLj L^jjLLj 6 yf jj ^jjll *LojLiLaJI ojLJ
. "juij jyi jM (jjjijj£ oUJi jLjj1 l_lluJi
o Lxx fi LlILj ^jj^fljjA j#J ij^LJI £mIjj jLuuVI jUL jj*
lIiLik/ t$ J^% lS’*-1 **4Ji SLlaJI lIluoJj <jjJalj jjc- Sj^Ij
I iL^*ju jjjjjJI j•v ■ 11/ IjA jj . <J&jJI *La^Lg-aj ijUjj ojJ-ol. jjo jjujJI
tjjJl) JAjJI JJ J (ULujyi oJ*.Jj jjuLzJ I i I» ^ *i ^jjJl) 4a£uJ/ 4_liDk/ JJ
IjA j*_au <—ijjuJj .^C’jjJaJjjlj ^JjIoJ/ JaLJI JJj (eLaJI <LiC-j JlfU
.ojjaUI <aalLu l-HjaI j*.I jjLgjjjjJj ja (jJL&jJI lJlLl*-LoJI
<3j^. <1 Ijlko Jklj j\ j* V^j - A A t. .,\&\\ - \
l[+A\ dlLaij]! jfiLij j-o Jjia AiLjal Jj jjo jlj tA_ajojLai!
AuuJj ^»A3 jl j , jaAaj ^g_jl jlc* j Aa.' ■» t a£jjo ^g_iu 4_iujjjj jLuj
jl£ 1 iLo . jjjs jLk. jjfu jl ^jjajc. ‘"^Luj^La]! j^l11 A_jl ^Jc.
L»«v \1 \ ?l ‘oj^ jfLI j . l^-Lo j j Jj\ oU^Jl jl£j| f<Lui]a]l ^Jc. oA^Lo
&jLuc.1 j ^Asil jLuj ^ijj jAUx&i! ^jujI ^ ^ * ^UiVI <*i!j jLuj jjo
AJLuia luA j AjIa jj^ll j AjL.unIlaJl ^ jji!) ^aljil AjJXuq
.^uii <a j^ jjjjj j* (jjia^ii
AjlI j JatU dijAJjuj! j AjLuoiai! ojjJajujl jjo AUujia]! CjA]j Aai
^ ^jiJl ^jjLjll AjIaj jl£ ^aJI JajUI &I:uj! jl . jjllil <£Uo
136
•LLiajt ^A a ijudlAll jl . 4AjA^]) Jja> (jt j]t ^Jc. ^ jij
Jj£j V liUl tSj^Vbj' ?4ijiaJI IjU ,j£lj .yiJI jc.
.(j^lj J^l .Ijj)
jjii (j) .oJA (j£>UaiV) A.iafti ^^i AjjLc. Ajuujj AjLuiIs jgJaij
J«ua3t t^jC. j>Jt tAj)j ^flt jlt (j)j ^V'^^JJt (jj Jtiad) AajiaJ) j)lj
^Ull ^^jau ) Ja J£ tA^cuS V (j-o V -iJ A_aj3 jUau (j)j tjAUal) Jya
Aajjj Lo J£ tjllj (_UjLo *CS^ ^ jUi-i
^A ^jlt tftljaJ] (j^SAj < fij£ j£]j .AjS^Ut SjjjC. <- AjjLojV)
(jC. AjUV) (j) flAJjJa *- . <laV< jjUljj aSjj (j) tc^uu JS Jjua) ^i
elja. ^gA jauJ) ) JA ^^Jc. oLpJ) jSuj ^j!) eloaJ) (j) . J) jU) )U
jA j ^ * AJ Ajyjjjj JjuLa ^juUjj 6 jju-ai) oU ^^Jc
JU-a AU <jU ?ULi£ j£]j ."jM ^lc. *l*JL AlJM\ ^LjajJ"
JiiLu, Uj) j) ja.Li .» j) t(jj^l_j aj^fij t j^Lj ^JcJ (jLo Aijliai
Jail£ jLa ("aAjuJU) JLaC." Jk LjjI ^Jtjjj V La£ t^aAj]) djjtj ^i
jjii) "c.Loi*])11 jjiij v j t aJjLJ) ^jiit ^juiLj jj ^ j jjiii t jji^_jj jji j
Auc.jjJajA (jjlia. jja ^ajjit (jdvUHu)) ^AjjUaj j) jjULtJ
Aua.jjj jtjjU) JJWUJ tJiAij) ^^iijjj Jj . AujC. JA
tdtli) ^gJ) Ajujjjj jC-jj ) A^Jj toLiaJ) djLt-o jjJb Cjja. ^gJ) uLiau])
jiatjj ^Jjj tAjiaU) AjLLj ^i) jA ^J) jLuLi«a jjC. J£juLj jiai]) (j)
AuiLuuV) tAjjLuJV) tUj UIjjju ^ji) Aujj£uoi) dj)jjiaj])j jjxV)
137
UjLaiij Ll jiJ 1 A u ij 1 jl*_J <u_fi jjuJ j , Ja jk ^J£juoj
ok (jl . 4iDLk! ^Jc J^jJ (^5^ kjj«a j ^<jLauilj
(jl <- fl^^nLoW ^jljjj *J! j)£Jj . Lg-lx-uJaJ 4 a w'\q\\ kA - >»a JjLujjJI
Aja.lj.Sjl Ijjl ?AjL$JI j J£ ,jc. i-iauJj SljaJli Juj
.l^K^KJI
^jll SUaJI Jl (j^L^VI (jo^3 Ljjjaj - jjj^jil ^AjLuu -2
l(uill ^Lol <u_Afi joil (jC- Lja jxS . Jaj jjJuJI jjC JujSkjil (jjjJail
4 jLaC jjc <-" y< jl J i ^uAil d k j9uS jC Ijjudijl JLou jl j
.^jjajll *ljj ^IaII jcj t^uiil Jjj ^uHJl
jJ 4iLlf/j 4_ijj*J/ jDkV/ ^jiaJLuiJ LlL j^flj j/ V/ / j j*ui
j4» . Sj/j*J/ 4jLu» jjjj (jjjJ/ ^g^-y j^ 4_l^-louJ/ jj» ^^Jlu L J£
jJajj j/ ^ic- j-liLi V j«a 4_j/ f4_ajfl 4_aiu'Jl ^ja J* j; j/ LialLujI (J'ji/
^_lf/j 41,^»/ SjiJ/ ajljJ l*LIj Ja/ j-o ^Ltl j/ jjJ j«a jtUj LllUkjl 4_uiij ?
/j£a .L-ujiJI ja <u_iijlJ/ IjJ uj!j-L s~y_>^^ s |4v ^ "|jv^ . jjL£J/ ^/ji
* tf i^fjHI <jxJ ^3 Ijjj^aLUJ j/ jpo c_fl*uud/ ju jJ/ £ LuljJ/ j JJJaJI (JaSJ
i^DLilu)/ jjjia jjC <4cJaJ/ JJaLuijj ^a^JbLd Jjiiik*) ^J/ jjl*uajIj <^1
fJ&Jl juy jiLilII jUajluJ (jjjLZjtjyJ jaIuUj .cljtyi (Jk/ j^a f^teiuS
jiij 4$o.j j^ kika j/ - Lji jIS Lc jli /j£Aj .'jLuoV/ jj*jJ <^-3
. /J44 ^_LuS»f “ 2> LuJ/
.Uuull ji ujLujS/I ,jc. iGenealogie ^
138
j£lj . "4ji_n]all AjJa Aj^ jl jjjjl" £ lil (jvL^Vl jg L"j
toAjLuJ! <aj]al! Ajtj\wa Aj^jIjjAjV! j-a (Jat-^j (_$a1I (j*£ jU L_£jUj ••
tAjlgnl! >j .AjjsuJal! jLudj! AjLjjx-a SjjLuJI ^aJflll j-o AjuiJjj (J* ^j
(jjxj j! jjo Vaj3 .Ajoiflj ^lgjL (j^\^S/! aIiajojui (^aI! jLunV! jkj-uj
dIaj! JJJAJ j! . (j-a JjoI! c_jjjuj jc. Ajudflj > ji^ii t Lj^. jU. IjjAa
lAA tojALol! jAlil! AjjjJa j& janl! !3a ^ Afl^ll j! AjjJUusil
Al j !o£a j . Lja jjflua tillj £_-q Auuiflj jjQ (Jxa. (_£ a!1 jLjJjolj (j-iaJ j-ol!
AjAjc>j . t_jjLuajoI! ^jjuijal! ^uo a^j! ^Lj (jjl! (jAk jl! ^ic.V! (JjaI!
-(JV! A_laLuijJ Uilflj! ^jjj AjjAjQ filnJ! jAtJ
.AjjjJjjJ/ jj^JaJ AJajjj-o Igjl ."AuJajLc AjjU ojjjuluJ/ dU
?
jLujy/ «AILoj (LxJaxJ l^hAtJ ^J/ i£ »■**i"* ^jJI >y/ (JjLi/'jjaJ/
4 jj-v*»'ij < J^uuLa^ ^aJLti/j 4-uiflj jui Aj/ . dji/jJ/J jL^fljy/ Aj/jjfl
jja j/ - Z»/j jj/>i/ (Jjj£ j-fl aJj £jji/ j/ . A-niuJa ^/ >V/ ^La/
dJA d Jjoj jA ji*-Uf/ jj .^jJj^noJ jac. ^J/ jAuiaJ/ ja-*J/ JjaJ
.^LajA^U JiX4 ^uajj-o <j£i ~ (jla. (j^fj-4 jA jLujy/j . AflL£ (JjLoLuafljy/
AJslLmJ! (■' linlj joa. ^Lij ^u-uLuj/ JjJ t. I* II aJjjuiji/ AJLuJfli/ (."). Wj Jflij
.4J»L
Aujj j! . "Aj!>11 AjIaj" Aj joiJl ^uill Jjlj - Aj-a Jxil jjIaj - 3
^ylc. jj)! dij-a^ A_l^_Luia11 "AjjJ*!!" > (ji^jj 0 J Q liulufl A£j^
Ajjflj jU Lq Aaj 1 Jj^. (AljJj ^l 4D jjuaUuoll AjjUJVI ^ll (c_nlxuall
Lg_)Sf Ajjjj AjjLaJyi dAA diila Jfll ."iul Cjjjo" jC juaLaJl Ajjx.!
139
V IjA jl£ j£]j Ltt ^j^j LttjL jLojJii
u) ■ (jjJj^Jjll (Jjtflj U£ ^j\L>»\1 l 'a\ . ^ » ^3 \^ <Ixa. JAS (f-^jjSt
iill j Ja . J£ AjIc>j oA^jj ^giauoj Aijil^. AjLgj jA "alil UjjJ'
V Lli^ J ^^ilc J\^ \ <jL-<aj3 ^l .} jAjuia JjjJa
JjJaftj V IjLftl ?A_ttuttAx]l JLq A^jik. J<ft^k“l ^Jc. jUij jj-tt j£Jj
•^lj 0» Cff^ J jLauuuiJ (jjilll L_jj£J!j UaaJ!
jj2kj . \ j\ar„\l A <tt j\l c*~ u>n\ Akii^Jl j! j LttLttJ A \l AjxUtJ! jl
^tt <ijiaJI oAA Ja^j ^Ac j^j jj^j t"Aj*. jii! <3jscaII11 o AA tilLttj
jj3 JjUJLtt Jja. ^gic (j-a3j]l I toLiaJ! ^gJc Jj£U! 4 L^il j»
jjjJI Jj tlAAa.j ^Lu-aV! j*jo£, ^gAjjj V ."jka. ^ jkjtll'j oj$]l
. I g \^-“ ^LJdVl ^iijj JjUail j .^tt*^ 6 jJ^Jall JjC . l_Ltt J£ ^3 Jja. jaII
(jjdj\ Ujjuttj jj jl . jA ikil Jlijl jJ L> <. .i i Iaa^j Ajjjkjjtt]! AjjjJI jl
(<LwtAj J a^nLhi j^9 t jjl tiSii Jj Ijja^. L$]l
jl . o LjjjU ^jjiutt lillkj tAuttJjfljj £$! j]l ^jUajj A_i*j JjAJjulaS!
aja^j]! j (n4jlj jaL jii! jljjaJ! jA jLuttjVI11) j\^ II jj.iil]!
.Ajjlj! ojS U-Uuau (jttLs ^^iaJ
V jttll ^gjLuttll j>tt I ■ AuaJ j! . AjJJjlj J q . n\a\l jUu t fl jjutt] j
jl .l^jjikuj Igjj^jj jjiil tiljiji Je. uiijjj l$il j! tl^jjj LttjS jjLuttjj
tL-jj\>un<tt\l Lu! tJu^.jil ju) JjlLtt (_gis . jjcjiuttjj jjj-ttlj jjjLflaJ! Aiu.jlfll!
AjV Jj>j]l cljiislj ola^Jl JJJjJ <>1^ j jj V jUI aJ^/I (_jjjjjLj;p l mjjuj
^g3 I^Aj .lAjflfi j>o (jjttjlj oLpJI (jsuS j«Q jjj Ajj^juj jl ,t iv\>tt JJC.
140
Jjaj transbstantiation jbjall Jjaj Jj11«
.transvaluation j JpjjaII
jjstjjJI <JjLLo ijjb <joujj L-uS -AjAjVI SjjaJJ -4
."^Vl oAjjlII Ajjlaj jla! (jLaJiVI ^Ac. j ^LaJI JjLajVb ^jC.L^all
C-^uuj Jflj (aJ CjLjISjoVI AjjaStJ (4_laaJ J£ ^3 IAJJ Jj2kj]l
c Aj^JI oJjl Aj*j jjjjIs (LojIa ^j*_j JjLouJI jl£ LJj .LajLuj Aj^ja
^juiij ^i5L cAjLgJ Vj L>.i'j Vj 4j!aj V ^aII ^UJI J La£
(<_£ ja.1 ojUxjj . j»l jjl! ^lc. AjL^jj Jajuijj AjIaj <jV - 4uuiiij
A <g i.Vill jjjmomJI Cij\£j .. jLj^VI jj^ ^ .4-ujjII AjJbVI Sjjfcll
jAxjj cljgJI ^3 JjjJL L a.vij jilall jjjjjj jl^ ^is . cilli a_3jJJ
!Mojguo jjc. jjjc.VM jjj^jjuj>L£II AijuijLa]! jlSj .SjjjjJa <*a v >^\l
.AjLc.j ^LLUO ^k. JJ3»\\ Ijjljl
ieLiaJI AjSlil jLui.1 j ojc.L5 «lulj jl AjAjVI o.ij*JI jl
AjaLjlLo V CjIjj» <il£ <jkjLjj ^uo jj£jjjuj 4 L«v \\l o!ia oAjjI Lo jl
c!llj tjLoj jVI l-g ^gill (jLo oUaJI oiA dijl£ lil oLiaJI L_iaJj Ja"
JJC. «Jljl JuOJ (J jL.1 OJuO 1 g tujc (iLIc. L_LU jJJjuj ^ill j 1 fl ^j]l
AjAjVI AjAjC. c.LxjjIj AjAIjI ^^Ic- uuujjj (oAjjI Lo jl .M?AjALil<o
Aijjlall Lgjl .(amor fati) jAill ^^uuij Ljl ^l ^j*j Lo - Ljajl
I j! ja jl£ Lo i^uJaLU! jj^JaJj juojl! 4jjuij£xuoV ^1 AaJ oAjujII
.Ujb oAjjI ji ^gjjl^J
141
<xlLoj sLia. Lil jSjj jl ^ "sLjaJI11 ^^lc. Jj^Ljll I Ja jl
j^>>H ^jjdlixil j ^jl jjjvJI Jj^.jil ^ic. c-1 j—lajl jjojij Jj n^Ljal
LT^J^Pj lSj'j^JJ^ J* "j^Vl jLuuVI" “^
j ^J&ll j A QjQ^ \l c_lis JjjL-aiba] UA V (Jjd J.j]| ^ '* A jA Lo
t JU. ^ ^(^jjjUjllj jjj^JI UjlaLud) vitriol ^rl jll-j LaAjj^iaj
<JU t<j£i ?<ja!iU.I lg_3j^ ^jaJ JvUVI ^^lc. ^Ujjj i . ^j»j VI
V Ljl ; JjL jl (jjvUVl U-o j*jl ^il L-iAjj Ul Jjud to-Uaj t^^jitijall
u) .(3^u ^j u iji t j-iiij j;Uii J jj (jUi ji ^jivuJ
jj^ljil jajuoj (jjll td!i Ajj (Jj tljalia jjdjl "^guftjudVl jLuijVI11
Ajfljjtt 4_^jj Jj^ui IUj tAjjLuojVI j diljil jA .IajIj t(jjLaJI
.11 Uu Aj£j ^i La U1 t <j1c. dul U JJt-a” .ojjjJjb-ali
<_J£j jLojI ±J£ jj_lic ^jjaSjj jfj tAUllu j£i ujj*J jl j£^j Ja
^^Jc IjJxj.iI" ^Ulfi cJjaMj Uuuj/jj jaA Ji/ f-lalj iajjjj Vlj ^ljlJI
c_fljjuuhsJI" Auuiflj jjjjlj A_JlLJ jA Laj . "UuJjljj j^ ^juiljl jc IjxjlJj
A-uiii jia Ajjja Sj-aCj AjLj^ AjI^J ^_9j ."jJ^Sl! ^J^jJI" 4_iI 4' Up-V/
fjiajLui* £ jjaLoJ UVc ullJj <J^J jllail jju/ Aiii
142
jjU jmi
SLnJI j uijbUI J-.ji
. JlaJ/ j ~l ^.^y< IjA j<a <LaJLu: 4a.>< fo II ^ jaJ fJ
<jJ’jjumJI l‘)LuM*‘i.jujj <uSjUl lHjYjaJ bJj~nc- ^^Jc i'TlajA ^ujhlb
( juajlLaJI jjdiUI (j* _jJ**j ^-3 *4a-., faf/ Jxj ^Jj .ojjbJI AjLHUI
Lf jJ*-1 ^ iSC’'^ (^“jjl "gcujluJI ^Jc" <Jl*La (Jjx ^ukjJjj.IjI g-Lijl (Jjjuj
AujjujLa lLIJju.1 lIll*. <£_jJsjil IjA jl j- ^>a i.' V ^Jc ^J-aC j z
CuXatiJI jja IjJc jjjj iAjjJtUi*.U A-a^-a *Lajl (jLuuVI -4-uLuJl
JjLS < Jifl jjMJ.uJ AjjUI aJLuim Jj^ j£j* Itf j-ca*J (Lal^JI AuLuJill
143
ijjJI <uJj tJHtjl £_u-3j Jj^ >y/ ‘((jjjl UJAJJ ‘ JiJJ
. (jjjjjl (jJ*J<JJ&) S/ji ^^,1 ^j J'aikj UjJj^ajiil
ojjiji>aJi j_laay/ ^j/ ojLjjyi ^j^*i**■ J<>j ^^jLuj j^i jj-o
» > fU £-> i-jLu£l >/ jajj <>/ ^jLauy/ J£*JI i&ljJ >/
^J/ <JjaJ <jtjjiaJ/ ^JJ ^jtfl/jJI Jj^-J J^ /J^A. <JL^ 43jxdl
■<yjM
Jf 3?
I.lf y ddljJ LLoj (.“ui) j/ Jaj j£Jj i I^_t9^jJaJL <iuJif/ Jilmljj
ojJojjuj dLuLj £& y i'Lu^ <<faJ/ oLx*JI (jjj£* SjIaIui/ J^l jyo </^u-i^
. L^Ja>j L_fljLmuoJI oj& jAjulMjo Lgjl Loj <JjLauy/ c_fljbtuoJI
c c
J^ljJI jyo Itf"1 w ^JJJI (<iuJdJI j;/ J<« >AJ ^aJ cJJj j|/ Jjj
(L-hjbtuoJl jyo dJjJ^, £-/^jj/ jLiJI jyoJ (ijj^-lJI jC- JjJmJI ^5 <Jj3 <JCj
. <jLxoc <4i^/ kjjj * **» ^ <iuJif/ dJA
SLpJt jj-uiu -I
jc <> >3 . LiA ^ja j& (l824 - / 7<56j J;/jjj jJ >4
> uxkj/ j^Jij jj/is jLujy/ ju> <jljl-/ Ji^y /^j/jj ^jJ/"
> (Jj/jJ/ <i^Js uJJi C5^ L5-S J*JI uj •Lfc’J* JJ
UuisJI ajLuJs
aAjuL^-LO dLllj£ ^j-julU lJjjl jl J^jJ/ 4j^aJ ^yli liLSLJI y
jU Lll 4 laa. ^-1 . LJJjjj jJjui^ 'UjULc 4^1 jj ^g-ijljJ jl Lu
^uuiLutl bLti i Jc 'JJJLJ jjJI (Ljl) JJuCjJmJI Jj JjMumJI tjJjfyl 4uC&JI
144
Llo l "^lLLJI *LuiLul*J" ^3 . ^jjiiuiL^yi 4jllLui ^glj j. \* n
er>La uj -“ur* <rW i,,4jjU**ll JajiJ' Lajj Sj3 iJjji jj{£ <jI IjJ
j! LS . Ja*J/ ^juii jl j^La^yi jil LLU
Aa/j jl ^3 ^jJLJ jl (jJjJj jl Ujlj j£J ^uojuij AjjIuJI AuiaJ/j Sjljyi Ajl il
.jjj±yi £^a Jua/jjJ/ ^Jc IfjjJ3j ^ un<xull UjJJLJ
ijjJ*J! <^Lu/ jjuic.jj jjja j'jL - (1941 -1859) jju&jj
2
LgJjjl jdl dLlsJ/ jjiJ^ J&J yl ^lSJ^J*JI jjjJ^JI IJA j*Q U&LLjjI <]£
.Sda jl SJJ& jlllj (jilj ^3
lg_3j*j jJ\ <^Uj u ^ jl SlpJI o jiA - SL^i! j -1
t11 j jJuoJsJ! 11 (Jjoajll c-LclLC' L^_j pkjtfj (. cillj jl tjj±i\j&Sl I cLolaJ!
£ j jaj]! lLj! j Ajj^ILlI! oLa jjjjtud ^ls^ j j)*n X-^J <ja]I
^jjLLaI! oAA jl . 4-3jx <a\l (_£jjjjJa]l JajjuJI A*j ^^j]! ^C.jjJajja]!
^3 Aju ^J ^jllj SLaJ! ja Ajjujjft]! oj31! tjA*Jl ujIjILlIa] ^LUaua
toAa. j ^jiiiaJ! jjl . I^jc. l^JL^a&j! Axj I gjL t_j^lajV! lS j^
jjjuaj]| \ tAjJaluujjJ UaxJ! cJjJj jjj\ JaJjuu]! ja-ftil jA ^a]I j
. oJUa.j]! AjimaJ! oLaJ! ^A ^^jJI AjaJl oLaJ! ^!
iS* O* ,aJ*]l JjLjj - S AaI! J (jAj}\ -2
o2xj JA oJj^j Jl^, AjljjL AjjLLj j! Lo j£]j .AjLLud^J AjLjIj
ujIcLuJ! juoj jA Ij) ^JaJ! jAj j! . jlSuo ^gJ! aJj*\jI ^_aa j]!
<C.LaJ! ujjLc. ojLaJj jj\ jl£jLI 4_ij£ j-i*J y ^j^]! 4jj!AaJ!
^J! ^Ljjftll Aaxj tLo ^kjuia. JajLuj L-jLuiaJ , ~y II oLaJ! jaj jjjjj
145
J=^j jj** jU* ^ UiJlau ialij Jj jp»jll <Jjai
4_ia£ ajc.LLojuiLj cJ! -VaWj j^a t^joiaj]! ^JUi! U . jpal jjjo j^j
dU jl jia. jj 4 Jjjljai] <Lli L-jI_UjAj ULujujI LajuUjujU.1
Aj jlLall LLli L*‘ '1 l^JjLjj Ja2 j£uaJ V J 1 ^ j L a-W^ jjjJjujUVI
jLuall11 jixj (_^jil (j-®j]l (j-° ajft cljlJstaJ \^_j j» jLuuVl jV
4-jujljj) "olj-v,U \J)J\ ^Lj’uj'i ji^, Lijjajui diVU. vilaj o.Wjj ^jl
. (jjxjujA1 ojjujLiaII L—il jLi» jall jj^.
LjLlAu£ j ^^jLluoL. jx Ljj£jO 4_LioJl 1 ‘^l jj J jLl j^. jjo
.uLUIIIj Vj ffc V AuaUll <ijxuail jl ji^ ^
aLujjUIl j ^LaUI jUJl juLj jpk. ^ "S jSlLll j SLaII -3
Lj.uj Jx3 tujjJajj V ^jfu^ oLuJl jgJaii tJjjtoJlj AjjgJl jlaLoj
.(jjUJl Jjlajll) IajI oJ^oUjo]! (JI£jujS/1 jA (jialS JJC <juij L a.uCi.j
CjUUuI ojUI jjlc. ^Ul ^jjoJ! u_jjjjil jUjjj
4 AjjJjjl Lj0jjUl ! jji£ JjU, Ajj\j J 0^C.l_lLaj LjjLujaJja
. jjjuJl JLJlj (djljjuiaJl jJ Ig^. i ^Jjj (jJl) AjjIjjoJI ojjjill
JjflJ^Jl) jLujjjU ^LJJJ olj 40L10J] <1ijuJJ j JJUJ Uj Jjj JjLS/1 1U jj
.AlVlijjail j ^11x11 ^^Jc- ojJaJjuoll (jjjJjLui jaj^JI (JjS jjli
~ ^9 li J JXjuO dlVU Aj jl JaLujI jjO jj c j£J J
jjXjuJ1 LIU. jj (J*-U ^jJl 6j£lJil jLijj li& ?a£joLo ojjjJxua
4U "jljl"_j jixjj V o J^uil oU jj .oLpJl jjjA^. jajilj
146
.jjll (jj-i j-o jjJaLJl (_£j^j ^jII Sjl*JI JL, jA Lo£ 4jlj£iill
.^Ul J\
j^JaJ Ljja, (_£ jJ^JI L_3jJ Jl iaji. ^^jc- Jjxj Sj£l Jll I J«-yj
ilj o jaj£ jl jlll jg Lj l_ijjuJI l-A^Jj ."aS^L. AjjL' £ jlpJl
. ^jj') AjAiaJI (j-o (jV ^ai Ij^Aj . 4AiaxJI Lij/I oL^. (jC> JjL-saajj
j' (l£ JJJ^ ^ L5' ‘ (j^ ^J ' J^' J^*J J*-^ L)! LS^-^
(jiaJj (jl (JJ L£aa jl£ ji.] jLa. l$I (jl ^C.jj ^l) Aju«ua.!lil
. (Jxall
^ tj*iil JjaJ Jj^jjL j-jjj^ <*-* -(l949-1861) Jj^jL
A*jLuj J£juj Lo-o t AjjjJaJtll JaIS ^giuiis jjJaj-o ^J! »1893 f»UI
(jl£uoVL ^il cv_i!iL£Vlj AjjL-oILj .^^uojjIIVI LanjL
. t>" )\ nl£]l j jjl£ll jjj djlivLLI ^j j-oj c j£a!L ^LuaVI
jjo J*-an ^jll A ikua^ol»\l djlaUall ^JI J jxj jA jl - jlil! “ 1
<jj£al! ABjjtuoJ! ^uJa jjj Jxal! ^ Li» j (L&jjia La. LjI£ jLuuV!
LajIj jLuajVI Aan Jjtall ^a .4ja1*JI ejjLtuollj ^^SvL^VI ciljLHj
Ajjjujjl! SjIjVI jl Lj t^LLa JaJ! ILa (JLo jlj ^^j*. 4Ai£LuLol >L.
. (ojIjaI! ojjVlj ojJj-ol! ojjVI Ajl.\%) (Ja*J Ajjljjj Lo ^J JJ V
^aj" (Jjjla jc. t^uOjuLj (jill "^l jjliuoll11 lil J*all jj£j
(jiul ^^ijiaJI oLaJI ^Jc. jla ^LlLj ."(JjJajll ^lc." c-LujjL JoLaJ!
. J*il! Jj 4La.jljJjl!
147
\.g x9i\ j 4 lio'iW oJA Jjc> SlrJl (JJjljj - 44 ,.taU - 2
lSJ* (Jjl^ ^ V) UiaS jA^jj J ^ikLiU V cluau ^jlj^ll
<Lla ^jjllj 4_i^jjil <L15 oL^JIj tc-L^yU <LIS S^Lall jl i^jtula
U jj.vLaj jl Sslulj t4_uiAjil I^jVU-a t4_njjll 4o,..U\l dul£ .4j\ull
Sla t4Q^U\l ^Jc, L_L^jJ 4jl V) . jLuojVI 4ui\j \g juiaj j-ojj jl
Lj\\.\j «VLoSj LuJaljj jj^l 4 Ag a \ ^^LlajtJaVI t4 jzv.jj>u<a\l jjgia %
jjj jx 4ull j^Lj ^illj Ia jjUuj ^ill tiili ^gic. ^UajVL
.^Jl c-UaC Jl Jj*J cdU jV ‘OJ^ajj ^ jiflJ jl
tt.jL>\l 4_ajuoia Jauui tj^ t(l995 - 1904) ^j\jt\l£ ^"inj
(jjUaJJ Loa t4jji£j ^g-aJI jj\£il (J£juu ^a cLpJI jl tLl£ l q\'^ A\1
^ic. oL^JI jl£jiJ I jl 4 o l ‘i\o\l j c_iiail jl . jSail ^j^ 4<q l ‘°‘\ iaj /ua
\«jL!T jjjjuj l^Lo l V (_£J]l ^U^Vl ^alaJl j-a (JjJafll jaj
. (4jC jjJajA ^jjll) 4jLjJajjoil
jc. ^Uil "iajLUr _j lil 4i ^lc V SUJt Mjlu.1" jl
jj*j La£ toUaJl ^ jjj oji jc. jjaj 4jj jl L^yi iajuijIaI'
.4 »U -s. \l 4_UjI jjJa U yn.J ^Jc. ojiall jc. 4ll^_uta
4jlU) 4jlu^ - II
(jo 4jjLauyI AjjyjbtJI jl£i*L jjLaj jjiJ/ jjj£ioi/ 4_Luilf[j
jJkjjia// c__flLui£lui/ (J j_ui 4 a... fof/ ^Lo/ (jUj V <4ija-oi/ ^J/ jjutaji/
148
diljj Lgjlj <iJII ^JazJI .'jj'i-vI ‘i* jY/JjV JjuI/I jJ/
4^^ 4jyzJII Ljlajfylj l 4 ^ -v L)* ^jaJoIaIIj 4jjJaljjSI JjLaJ^/Lj jj&LtJI
. (^jJJ-^yi jjjljuJI Ljtg-jJjj lJjluLaJI (JjjjzJI *LiLjJaj (j'ja.l
£ JJ^ ^JLoC’l 4jaa I ^JJ ojLJjyi ’J <dJA jlajJI j ja
<"4JIM "^uyi M" ‘(J958-1873) jj* jJjjJ
jfJLzJl jLCLyi 4jljlul j <<jLkjJ/ 4iuJflJ/ jJjJaJ Jil jA
Jca jl i A-JjJaj lHjLajJahc £ ■ iji jLa_a 4-aj Jjcj ^aJ j/ . jjui£Luijl&yi
LgJajljJ jLu^Y ujUJJ^ui jl Jl fV) (_JLj (^aJLzJl JjLulij* j/
(lZJjUL&JI jAaJI L-jjLa. ^jJJ L^sLsJai^Ll t^jvL^V/ jj . 4-fLsU_f/ ^MJajjj
. ^jJjjosLlyaJI Jul-JI ^jJJ jSLiflj Lg. 15iJ (jjjjSi <iaALj Aj^IjJLj l^a’i^.'i
<JtUI" jj^JjJI ljL&JI c_aJ> jA (1951-1889) JuLUJUIjj
( LjjjhLuiI /jjJ L' ’* J J3j ,4jxoA/ jx Lills jJ ^jJ/ M4jiuJfiJ/ 4jllaLaJI
.AjlJJ <iuJiJI 4jjLLa <<_Jl>La, <j^Jj
e_ia^al! 1JA jLj jau ^ic. ^jjlUuUjJj ^_l3Jjl ^jJaj j£!
V jjl^ll (jjj djL^jjLall ^.Ltill £i! jl! <_£ jjui C* ijuajl Ajiill (jj
■M Jwi ^ vi ^
j£iil j! Lo£ t"diL^jjLoil o j^>^‘ (jjj *-**<»■ jl lj! AjlU! j!
LJLa. ^! VJ Lj.iixj V ^ jjLoII (jl^ Lxij <1 (jll! ^ jiLall11 jA
>“l4jt_nia]| ^jic. *>Ln (__aljj Ajjjjiail djL^jjLall jU tc-LijjVl
Vj A^u^juaI! V tL^jL^jliLo jU tAjt-uin]! ^aic. ^A * Q ^ u\o\l Cul£ 1! J
■t5 Jxa]! j-a jiij t<ij! j]l
149
V (jiSI <j!" Jj ^ J V Iaa j!
^DUJ ^aAc JJ ^jJa^LJ AjjJajS oJA j - j| c__L^J Ajc
LS^ j iiSjLj JJ iSUaJI ^Sl*J <Q
J->W) ^.9 (Jjuoaj £jJajll IJa jjJlj ^jj l_AjjuJj
.Iguujjj SLaJI ^ Ajjlij aJl1]I (ajLhU
AjjjLII -III
jLAJ j/ ^ud ACjJflil ltf-Lo ‘"1 ’l*-- ^jJI <JlJ) *Lajl fiUHJl Jc '
jyj£ ^cJljjj jljf "A-uLjyi ^jJ*-Jf"
lA v. II (*J^C- <jjlJ-O ^ujjjj jLuaJI Ig^juda ^C.jjj (^JIjJI
< L^-ujjjjI Ajiuiiill lIjLlLuuJI jya JJc ^Jc SJjJaJI ^lA LlJI oJA CjjlLul
<jl Jjj . L^udL^^fJ lg 'iLyl'iniul (^DLa. j-o i-AiiuJs ^aJj&Lid ^Jc LhjJajl La£
. IjjjJsU JjL£ La jl£J LC’jlLo J#Ja jil IJA
<jyy Lvj-^ LDUJI jjjLjj (jL£V ^iJLk Jl -i»jj* j-3j ‘I&j
jLJalf/ <_JaLzj (^jL»*i,.l'i y lg_jl <iijJgJI <Jj£jjl jHs .^juiaJI jJaJilj <iuJill
4J&* ^LIa jjjjj ^jJJ ^^5-uiiJI LjJai/l -^V fJ J^j .<^*iiJ/
.dJ^j ^ Mv *ifl jjlLjJI ja SAaIuia <jxi <j^.Ij^. jISsIS AiuJifLj
^_jkilj £ Ui>yi ^aic. <>" >xiji ija ^Jc juuuu y ^m»V/ ji y/
ulijif (_£.ifl (1920~ 1864) jjjj j*SLa Jla LjjIS jf UL*. .AjcLu^y/
A_i£jjjo$\ A-JLluoIjJI jLbJjl ^3 AjjLLjjjjJI AjjxJ jJJI jjlJI <jfj^ <JLacl
. AiuJaU jLLsia e-^g-Lj jl j-a jlsJ j$3 (jLuaul ^3 ^Jsl J3 (4jlju,ilj oJg-Ls
150
l)jL^ js y Lif lIuJS <<_Ujlc- jJa.j j JjaJ (^jj^.1 y j*
jU Jll JJIjJJl uUI y-JJ/ pUJI jUj/ J (1994-1902)
<SJjJa jl I i-a (^I^ILlL LilLul JU'l^l Lif £C_UJ IIa jJ Itf 7* *f*ii (jAAjJI
. <JLl9 ^gA La jAL J^jui t*K_i
Ltiuiia j/ /j/ ^Lol^y/j i_uLjy/ ^>.1/
^LojAVI lg-i4 j£Jj (Jill <ixa_U/ filjlllj (gJUjJI . <iuiiifLj 1^jUXc
^j/j ^^.9 jLujyi jj£ JISuJlj jjlSJI jL>jj cA/.w/ (Laj*.j ^-LJ/ cs^
. <iuJifL) /jljjuial ^ejLlii/ jj£J ^Lujy/ ^jc-jJa*oLiJI f. LxJjy/
/i* l) ft'jt jt^ o3^ 4>j(jLi) jjjjCj jiZj a
. AjjjhJI SJjl SjSU jJa9j <JXJI fltC ^^.9 4u#u VLaC-l fJ3 gfjJI jZLJI
< AjC- UiyVI <jKf/ ^^^J/ £jljJI iJjjjJ <jLaC. jLt L-iljjc-VI n dLfj £uj
L&uih £ Jjf^V-4 dlLuiji 4»,'.'kl/ J/ ojjLUIj ijjxJ2UI JJ jjtJJIj
kil jl£(jl JUI U j£ji JiJLui -(1984 -1926) jSji
<iuiiif/ ci>a^ "jLjyi «Jj^u11 J^lj jl <jLu (jjJl L ojwfioff jlkill ;
J*j ^j^if'VLui’) ^aij < /J4*-aLK_^-a ^jSUJI <ylji f. L LiA <ju^jCjaJ!
. <jjuiLzJI <jJj j
> ajI jl LS U>Uu jSji lA; <t5Jjl <k> ^
. («lUiVlJ uUkll) "4ij.-JI uuj _l j UJill
Episteme <ij*JI i. jl ji-u it?iLjjU]l «.**ill jjjL <j*J
0 jjaLa .**>! J^jl“' k-ajl IgU jjjjj ^>11 (Lc J■ -"*»I <^jU]l jUaVl)
. <judij jLouy i (f. i Jjud
151
<9 JJX_XS J0& <1^JA 4 j£jfl 0jlHj jjft Aj'ilMi <\J^ja1I
jjj CjITIsJI ^^lc. j£jj iA£ jjj j^ jl£aVb lgi£l lAt?.
Jjlul JJ j£lj 4uuAjjuJ1 jIjjOJjuiIS 4_JJ^1I J^JflJ L 4 0 jflll J Afl jjcaII
MA_i^ jIjjj o jfl M ojjx-a <joi\jjuJi oAj^aJI o jjj—all ^_U-<aJ j . (J j^.1
Aj Ij^-Ism» 1 fl (JJjjojII Jj^jil Jjl jL«JI £jUall f IQ - >»l (JjjQj
.AJlV^
152
<>d5» J«ail
i >Uai! j ojUSJ!
"I
jLbtj Jjjujja £-jLj l^K tJljJa - (1938 ~ 1859)
j&AAjl jA JA :<Zj±JI "^jLjjj" AuhA ^ jLuO ^ l* AJUaJill" JjJX
f^uLljyi ^jA J^ £-4» (JjUaJJ Jff AjjLuuJ -^LuJs (JulLull ^Jc AajLuuJ fi LuhjJ
ij£J ULLui cLia1±jjuiI aaKIIJ phenomenologie AjjI^jaU^JI c- <si>LLL)
^uAjuU J^ Ljluil AjLJHJ IjjJ^ I > ufl) (JjjuijA ^Jacl (JjJ^ JajI
jlxJIj jjjillj t_jjVl ^j-IJ <-jjiol gLfjjoJI dJjJ^ Sjjj ^jc JjJaSJL UJ
153
Ik UijJI kn\jAlkll jl -"Kpj fLuiVI J" -1
j (_£^jiill (jjjj^Jl (Jjlia (j)l ^J) oJjjtll c-l-ii^ ol-Jj^ JJjJj
jjVu ujjUo <j£lj t^JjLiAll ^gJl oJjc. 1-g-j) .positivite 4j» »>»^11
. 4 \* \ \ \-i 1 g U\ djl jLc. j djljjJajj ^jaLLo j)jO AjjIj Lo Jjo
(j-o udljj (6 jlajJl ^3 J^jj ^Jl (JjS AjjI jAUaJl j&Jj
Lo (_^l) 4_a1£JI ^^l^aVl j (^jaJll ^UAuollj "jAljJall11 tilljjl jal
ojAUall jl . AjI j ^ £31 jll £-o AjJajLtLoll jAljIall V t^j^-laJ
jA ^dljll jlj l^Jj . 4_ud£j 1 a1*<^ toAiljll AjIU. ^ c<_ffUll
. J2kl Lujuo (JauIj 0 jAlJa
L_1AAa11 C-Lbujl l^ull ^ j^jll ^JLJJJ Jft 'LLujjVl11 o jlA <■ ** ^j
•^J^ ^ OP" C5* (jjL-autyl ^Lj ^jaull
CjUK) Aj^iill jljjVl ^ (jA^J V ^gijAaJl j) JJ^jA JjL
jAjaJl jA c_jaJ1 (jl .Ig-LuJaJ (jJl ujaJI ^ j£l j ^(^uaLLo jl
jA (juJ (jill (<_ffjj* (_fflc. Jjj <uol£ ^ j teidos AjjIjjjILj)
^glauj (_^illj tAjlc. jA Lo (_fflc> c-^g-Lll Jj coJja_A Auolc oj^S
(j^O AuILlaIIj (jl»“'j jAjsJI (jl . ^ jLoll c (_ffLl! JJC (OjAlJa^ 40 JjujLlo
<^-3 Jjj (^ffjll o-lJjill c.UjS/1 uliVU jc cdli JaJ (j-o jjAij jl jjj
^Lob Vj AjLjjsIujjo Ajjssu (jjul jxVl 1-i^JS . U jjk-aJJjuojj Uja.
J jA US jfrk) (^JI «^gJJI JljJj J»4 J Aj) iUSUa.
(^«Sljil jj (JUll JL_aJ (^jkjaJI JjjaJil jl .t, jAja.
154
<i^aj j£^J (J-UwiIaVI j* jj££ JJ^ILj Al ^AjuOJ j
. 4iL-ajl 9 •V v
^^ij-Li u*Ui Jaf j*j . * Lic JjJ jn> jAjaJ/ jc c Lfcll j£*u V
juuijj 4_DU. <UuJI ^jiii <jLc jAj <<jjAj*J/ juuiU/ ^/ <ijaJJ/
^J/ Itf * jJjj i£-*^ t-"il y^l A II Jllj l a.fi'Ki j/ ^JJ jjJa jaJI l"i1jl^I A
‘ULuloJ/j tclJlaJ AjamjJLj l_ i W*i II clLfi ^Jc <_/Lja£jJ jjJajaJI IJA <-
■ il* ^ j«Jb j*jLi J .^jjJJ 4-LulllLj AjLjujIjJ/
jjAjuj lHjVU Ljaj) VUiVI" ulijl£ Lalj
CjVU 4uOJ jli iSJjauO jLt-a jb ) <jjud^. dllSI jj) j i oDjr-j
u_Jau -Udij J'j^jaII 1*j9 ^ ^) aLjjL»]) jl . jAj?JI ojJJ^
t5^* "jjUH <3^Ll*" ^ ^j^jJI liA £JjjJ ^ J
<la j^Ju j£jua jA L« J&I J^ftLui ^lp J uijA^ jL* A jjJdJdlj
^ic. (L-lLud^JI (alc- jl) j-aUJI l^&jjJa ja U \\W\\ (J jUVI pjLtil
jl£>J! jAj^ ^A Auuilj^ilj iJJail jAj^ jA 4(JIjaII Jjjjuj
.(l_A jjL-al!
<jjLuiji! Cjjj! Ul -AjaIaIaIIj <jjLuiH]| Ujap -2
A_i iaLki IWjJ U. Ji Ajjjl! ^ LjLjia psychologisme
jAjail AAllJ jjJj t^Ajl! jjfcuilj ^^5-^! ^Al^ jiJ "lajUlj"
jjVIj J^il! j* dl jIaL jA jaJI jjj I jji.!j t^ilil! (JjaJIj
. ^ jlj^jLU jl
155
."/j£L (JiiluiajJI ijJI 4jJcLlu LhLjjJaLjjII JjuijA <3Lu jj * * JS
fjj] yjjLa <<3Jj y^lU ( LuaLi. LfuiJiA SjjljJI jJjZil tjj
^Jc ojjh ^jujjl JjtJ*-0 Jj3 Lgj ^jL ^jiill AjIaw fL <J <sDLc- V ^
jaj^ji JjLuj ijJii ^jj^ji oy^j y ^ji/j ^ajulzJi <£jaj <d^jjjjuJi
jjJadll j i yj Lujjaj i_j| ^-Lli jA j*J La /jJC J .SjjluLl*
^j.ii.ijuj jc- <>jLj 4jJLla jA <JL> «^j-aLa, (jjLjjJaLj JLaJ ^jJaIII
<jJcr <jJI ju-ajiu y ^jAJoJaII jJaJLuyJl IaJjO jl LS . j/jjtj <JojjLloj
. jjJjJaSLlLo jjjjLtek Jjjfii 4-Uoiill <JL^L.y/
^Ajli LjL! Jj ^ Jx^VI jC- il ^ AjjLuaajll LLxk (j^aJjJ
J! Uj*- LjLLc- <JaxuI^J J^ ^ ^ i J
^Jaj Ljjud&jl ^gic- < Lijli " j^l J| ols-Vl C?' -
<jl jli Hume J JLLil Jj^ ^gicj .(j-aaI! ^JI j^I jl
Ijjjftil J^ Lftjli (d jLtil (j-Q jj^loll jlaac.yij <OJjjuall ijxo H£- Jjuj"
^gic. Jjoau joa^ . AuulLuiIj t> y Jj ol ja-a jc. oUjL4 ^yi^lj
oJjJa jjjla jc. £ja!jll ^jjjj ^Jl jia. Jjb^jjj Ljjli 4 jaull IJA
Jjjjuj ^JJc. <Lj jll aJojujIjJ AjjjJalH c Ajjj^ojall aJ^jujIjJ aJIa*JI)
Jjj^oII Ljjia. l$ jA jai! Jjjaall j^a jl*jL 4 jL^al^L .(JLLol!
^jkl! Auojl) Lix-ajll J! Jj Jl yi Lulfr .^jaoll
. (AajjLtLuiyi A_£jl jAllall j AojjjjS/I
4 joL>\a\I ^cJj Lo£k (Ljaj! jA jjul jA jaJI jl Au
UaaJ! IJa j! .A_J£ui ajo^jj j! (^j-aj jlV'4 A_auL tLogicisme
156
4j£>lc. jtuiij jc. ^uaJj CjLujaLjllj jjnUll «.Laic. ^jJ jj£jj ^iil
<jj^ jJi*j V .JjVl JaxiL AjjujLujS/I
JUuaijl jl JUJIj J! Jj=^l) J^uiI Jj IjJjau
^gjjjj IJij .AjjIJjII jAjaJI aI^ja ^ J^jJ Vj ^g-^uaj J£juJIj djLoil
. L j jA jaJl Aijx-0 jjjJjujLJ Ajic.
jA v." nW II ^IUI jl AijjAaJI ^ - AjjI jfcUail Sjjoil _3
AjtjJai A jC- jjJa jaII Ai jjlaII Ljjic jiajau ^latJli ' ujjlfiud ^ilc.
j*JJ V j^ ^ t AjC. jjJaj>a jjjl j3 I g < AjC. jJaja
^Jc-j iSjIaj jjJ j4 ^gjj^ ^jJaj^j tLj|i jjJ j-a A-iC.jUajj
(jl ji ^Uil Ija jjjjujj<o 4 C-jjLLj jl^ Loij . LjLiL-LA jjj jj® jL4A
C « f AjjaJij ^jAaII Ja.Jj j! (JjS j^ijail JjiJI Vjl ^XuJaJ jl Ajuiij ^^^Ic.
Ufij^ir ^jJajJ ^SsJI ^uJal 4^1 ^SI jil
AjjaiaJI jjjljiilj ^jaILoJI jl ^cuuiljJI Jfli» aII jl£ . ^JLlJI C-ljJ
ujLiLLo (_£jjuj j£j ^J joa. ^gi AjC.jjJajaj AjjIajj Aj»ji)-i (Jjli^.
Ajjaall j^ '^IHjI 14KuLjj jLuuVI lg»'uuaj 4tjJlll ^ dJj^j4 JJC-
Lg-J ^gjjL-o V Igl jJ jja AjLJjJaJI jJbu Ajjau 4AjaJI AjjIJU AjL-aVI
AjL-aj Jj ^.Li^ll fLLuJI jj ^IjaLLII "Jjauil1* AiJaj jj .LK
,^J>bu*uiVI jjaLjiil ^jill AjouujjjoJl AjjUI <^11 JjjjlaJI ^ljSj
j A_LDjaJiJ/ il.>Lf ^JajlSJI JL^AjY/ ^ Ja/ j«
j/ ^ «hj - ju_laJ/ IgSjJD y A-iilAa A_u/j j-a dJja-aJ/ ~ A-U^IaIuuY/
bi AjjiaJ AjLJu^L) 4IjjI£jJ jL£j .AjjLJ/ Lj/ji/ A_u^Ulu,y/ uj/ji/ jj£j
157
jAJ?^ UVI ^JJ U£ji Lo ^jlc,jxa 4_i£J (jjj[jJaJI £ZJ3 Jfl (Jj^jA
jJLJI LffJt’ jj^*JI Jy* uLfj L^yic ^jJ*\j {_$JII djLj*~ueall
. <jjULJI JbjKJ ^i-UJ IjJ . jJj±Vfj
J^juj jA fl ^H ULulll ^gjl f. j~^ III juo V Aj
i—flJgjl ^iVi ^gjll ^LjajS/l jIajHjuj! (JaJ jya jjLJajuua jJJ ^]l*JI
.^giatuo ^jlajl ^ L>aj (_£j]l ^Ai-aall
. ajjIjAUall ^uJjJ Intentionnalite U/L-Vill fj$A* jj
jA jjxJ> j\j ^JJ U *ljj (> jl ^Uujjj
^3 C J^l Lo ^.^gjuj jA UjIJ C. ‘fl.^jnj^ Jj*uoJI jl ("Lo C^uoJ JJ*juj
SjLuoj . 4-jJnnflll (JaIJ jVl jjJajA jA jjJajaJI IJA jl jJ^
JJ*juj]l ^^gjc* I -* (.Jj tAuuoij I fll* \a (J*u] jj*juall jl (JjjJ
AjLoC ) Noese Jp*J\ jA ^^jIA]! ^ujU* jl . j-aLaJI <1vIj j±JJ\
- dil jll Aj<\\ n jl .Noeme Sj£a]l ^c-jjJajAll 4 /J> j( jj^^H
o La 4uiU ^gjfi- t A*_J LojS j^JaJ AJIloll j 4_i*jl j]l (JjLuaaj ^ j*Ja jaII
.UkJtfl Ajj.luLJI a£U]I
V/ (L*Uj J£ J*J f solipsisme <Jjj**alII <jjLxV/ j-a ja-Li Jk
JfcUJ/ <JLa jl ?yJLc j/ -Lu j£j j/ l^j/j <j,)*sihll jjSL jI j£ju
Iaf-L»^ jj i<jJu-<a3 Uj^LLo Jja-o jujJ jjjLJU (Lo Lcjj <jjxx-a jsl
j£Jj ^lj ^jj ^g.ixxju <J/ .alter ego (jj±tyl LjV/ - Li/ ^Jlo jaJ
‘cr^^ J*1 f*** J* (J U-u/L dJjxj j/ ."ltjjjc,"—£
jf/ l(Jl*JI Ltf-Lo ^jL Lj/j iLjajl Jxj <j/ Jjj . <J JjLuo <j£J
158
L#j aSojI ^JI SjjOJI dJA j* jJjj Intersubjectivite *Luua±JujJI
^aJbtJl J y* Luijj LjA j . jjja.L£ LiV/jaYIj jUj! Ljl dJIjjl
. lZJjULaJI
i 3nn>>l\j AjLuJd AjjIjaUoII AjLijlail ^ju-oj cAI^jaII oAA ^i
(JLuj V jjxjuj tljl jA (jill jjauuUI ^JI tAijjuall UVI ^gll (JjuLiS
^l 4^yL*l^\ Cjljll j\ .^JUJI jjJ j* jJZh V AjSJ 4(JUIIj
jjlfUI AfLLaA11 AjaJI AjjIUI jj.W'illj jfc 3jrkjj ^gJA-a ^JtaJI
V jjo jA jjajuJI jj Ajjjjj SlpJI dU jl jjj ."AjU jjU^ (jllajall £ £
<jjS jc. c_i£j j| jjj ja t j| jaL-uIj jjjaUJl Aj jjajj Ij^j
IjA l_Jjuj jjj <, 9 jjuJj .AiUajoll U3U ' jiJI jjJalaJI" AjI . I jjJaU
jJ^-^IJ jaJ jl Jl CLiij Laa ‘UjjIj (JSujJj jAjll
."^Vl l^SP j^JJW ^ lh»>
-II
JJ "g jjjjJ" ^ Jj^jJ UL. j^xufc -1976-1889
AjjIjaUJI ^JljjJoJI ^JJ jjj! 4jIs-} ^ £*JJ fl jAj .ALlC Aikj jl
JjAJ jc JfiLuU jlj . AfLaVl L#JIjaI jc L#Jj*J yI (A_ia.jijlujiiillJ
iAj^U jj^Vl U -jJlSJI AjJj ajj^LIujYI AjjIJJI ^Ijj c_L££Ij jujJI
joa. <Aiuiif! LljIj t"ii»** jji Aju-uy/ jjj^jJi ajLul^ jyjaj jLci
. Jja,jil IJa jLuuJ ^ujLi jJaiLila J£julIj AjjjjuII UjjuiLLuJ! JlaJ
159
•^fll jc. JcLouj jl j£-oj Ja “<jJj^ji! JjW'itt “1
4_i-o 1 *<\« -n- j . jj ^jjui AjI ji^. ^9 Au<c jaC- jj^S/I S j^ftJI A_Lq I <!■ ^
oj£9 4_Lo Uka.j t j£jQ-o ^ *• A 4jl jia. ^9 <._fijjstaii <LLa jjc. oj^9
!j*_Jaj AiMijlftJI j| cilij j* j&Vlj . Jxl jja.jil jl jia. <^9 Aj^jJj
<jj-Q^&j I jjl£ Jl Ijikftj j! jjj j^ 4 j-a jll JjLLq jj^ji! Lub
>ls_L4 jjl c-Lfti! 4_^.j ^gj Laj! IjjJbLk © jlxj. l>jS 'ru^i
:k^iJj\ mjiii oJA j« c-l-Lul ^'k.jjjuil Ia! gr*4^
IaJ .Jj^jil jc. JjLouil 4jjl^<ol (CjLulli! ju jo (&a^j jLuujli
Ljt ” jiliil jA (_£jJ!) jLuuVI j-® ^Iajj! j jjv. jJI aJLuuo ^jJa <. ^ i'v j
^jJaj (iilAj (Aja.jJI i.Kj AJvli. j-a I jjl£JI (Dasein jl
." jojil j9l Jf Alj^ ^kVI
(filjjuji jd jjj^ajj j_a ji/j Jj^,jU <CjiulL« dp I jft 1 "*/» La l_OLj
ji .<jjj>jJi <jjki// Lkui/ u - jiLii; ijf.kifl ^IjaJi jxj y
J1 (3-® Jku/ J£ jLi jAjJ LuLta. juJ j^AjA JJaJ
(__fljjxj j_a ftj/ ejjm ^jLj . jJjiajy/ Jj^ji/ 4jJj 4_qLoj/ jJftJ ulLfjj
. jia^ u - jiLii/
^jlauil jl facticite jluAilil j* UA -(jj'ilt uiltu * J
(LuIj U£j :Ua ^gJI Uj Uj9 4 jjjauij» jaj) dereliction ^jUj]!
jj£j jij LUIj 4jIj rUl Jl Ua - jjlSJI ^9Jj j ji!) Jj^ji! j®j
jl Loj) (jji - jjllil j-ftj (jiUjuj jjil ja c-1 jHjI ^Lu-iS/l j-ajll
160
lil)j . ( j^I Lc $. ^juj jj- >>«v ^3 Loj) J jA LiA " jll£i)
jfl Ljj t^juLill ~£-v j (JLluuV) j^JjA <- ‘o - >-»j LJJ^. jiill ^Lja jl
- jjL££ <*_)Ua ^jJajij L>a j]) jilau j jll jLuuV) AiL^) j) L 'cj^
. dija!) - j^.) (j-o
j^aia o)aj ^ill ^ jjlU) j) -^jijkjV) ubUiVI -2
. (Jl<l£>u jjii jjc. ^^jVi t(jcj£j ^i ''jajiij ^j^j^^11 ^U£
3^) <> jjL£ll JJouflT) jx (jj) JJjULol) ) LA j) 4 QjQ«v \) ^Sj
^^jljJajV) t flM*>-vyi aJLujc jjjj jla j^J j<cji)
,<jj£^i)
JjLLc <j) JUJ)j 4q-u\q\) ^ja ^Laj^a jjl£l) Jj^j aJLuu» j)
jli juL-ail« jjuiilr. Jj jjlLi) J Jj^ji) 4-Luijj <^ui) Laj jilluii)
__ * c
Jj^ji) j) 'J±S\ jc. JjfcAJ -1^.1 j J£j ) j^-laJ j) Lag ‘i£*J V jJ^A
V L^Uk j* .^Ljal jjl£ jA Jj 4 jjl£i) J J^J (JauI &J^J C^JjAaJ)
. Jj^. jJ) Jj^.j (^gi uli^. j^j) )i) V) Aulc. La (^g-Jc- djljjl£J) J*j
J^jj ^iil uttiLy f)JLL) V) jjl£i)j ^J2Wji) j*Lu V ^ii
^g-ic.) J jj£) CjCLI^V) jLjA.iL (jLaJ lj*lj .jjuuaJ j£ <jjL$Li)
.tfjjjjliiJl jj^Ja jAJ vl I jjjtill J
l^jjSij lIj LjISJI jAja. Jj^.jl/ jjJa^L$/ jjlic/ ja-if/ /jA ^^Jsta
t^^icV/ jjL£l/ <jia. >/' ^J/ jjL£ j- jj(£l/ j^'jl LL^vj
^u-aLij £ Li-J ^J/ jJLJI jja.j <j/j ^Jc t. il a’iii jjauii jc LjijL£jJ (JliJajj
161
4-LLAlfl <jic. jLj. u'iwi ~l I J L. <LUill yill jo ^lu^l J
. i> jjualioJ/
Uj jjaLli<a]! "cdiiaj11 1 jj Lg. judAJ ^uajjj ji]l A «ag <all jjl
l_sl>La^.VI ^-6 <jl (JL^JIj .Lg-ia JjjjjJi jiH ajjjII jL^iaj
■>J*-jN ‘U^V' <5^ uW^ ^ ^
1 '&AA jj^Ja J« j J j^. j]l 1 Ja l . ^ j 1 4<jjdij
^jll jjlU! j jjskj]l LiA Aj^ - ~vjjU jplSS jLjuVI -3
ijj]j.}]jA jc.UJI Jli Lo£ t jLuojVI -1xj tJj^jll jj£jj aJl^L^. j-a
^ ’i» <a\l l-jg-Jj . "Aja ^UjJjuiV! A*ftl 1(_^j]l jjiaJI L_liail IJa"
UjLajI£]I Lol 4 oj'a-v Jj^JA oA^.j jLudjVI jl ^jjj Ij^Jj jl ^gjtjjj
jjC- ^ ^ - <gjl ^l UjLI jj~v ^! IjUujl clul£! c-l jjuj “^jj^Vl
(^) j' <j^ jLuuVI j! .V! ejul UjLuI£ ^a Jj
j^] i'Lja.j]l g-clj" Ajl :Jjaj]| Cji ^ (<J>yi JJ&) UjLajI£]I
^j^jJI jl i^jA*]! ^Jc. (Jj Uj^^II (J*ualjj jLuuV! jl ^g-jfcj V I^A
ex- JjAJ]! Jja.j]l ^ O^IAj jluuVI l-Jj pl La ^IjAjI^ jj^Jj V
tjl -"esgibt" AojLJVl AjtiiL JUj ^j^j "-^jj" SjLc. j! .tatique
Ajuij Aau jJll jLujyi Jj^j ^jVl fI L>»\l IJaj .4-uiij Jaau ILa
jAj c^j]l <kJJj V) V jLuuVI Iaa jl£ Uj ."LjUo"
J^j I jl <SjUJI AjjJSj tJj^auo AjuJiaj jli 4 ^j^j]l jc jUlo
. ik! j JLaIui! s j^a c^juui
162
oUA jl . SJjLa JjUju c-Jj^j i _ >y«\\ ^a'i LiA qa
tLuLa. I ^ tLa cli Jxua l^j^j ^g-AJU V 4 jLuujll <Jjaljilj t4^K\l
<>*** (o Jj=kj ^ tyc&i (Dasein) jLuuVI J* u) -4^ Lij* J
(f]jAiil Jj^jll JJ 1 *i» 7k jjj j^jll ^luijl (J^l j* 1 •*v*‘iq‘i-^ i iij <jl
,(ji\& (jLuuVl !Ua - JSISII <^i "^l jijl" —£ Lo£ ij^jll
j4*Jj iiiUJj jjI£j J 4 jjl* J t> 4 jLuu)M ^jLiujjj
oLujLo (jjl . ^uLuj judJ jl ^l i jjl£ LoiIjBj lc>jUaj-a Ajudii
Ajli (jLlJaU ^gjl <J (_£^jJ L^iil ij^jil >ull 4A ^i (j-^j (jLuij'yi
■£4*-^ J!j
LjjLujLji J£ JjjujJj o jUal «v AjjujLujVI AjLo jll dul£ Lalj
cj^jLj ^L ^hil >*j J>*>» jLuu^l u4 ^4ll jli tA-nj jll
t^tJjU J£] ujjILuUI Jflj^l ^ ^l Auiujlullu l_JjAjx <jl ^^isuu)
. ( iau Lui (jjpL jjiil (jji.jja]I oLmj ^i]l >*-a]Ij (Jjj]j
jl |lia. <XuoII ^LaJjaju UjjL j^JaJ Lo ^Jc j^JjA uJLj iiJ
jj^jJI ^Jujlull jjl£]! jA jLuuVlj jL L$J (juj] <*jjL]I
<_fljj^jj ii Aj£Lq AjjaJI j-Q (J* jl (jjaSj Lq jLcjjui <jl Vj . J^
^gJc ^uuujjuQ 4u j^. jl .^-ijuoau (J^jujj (jjajj*uoil 4 jLujjVI 4j
!UjLLqa]I dLkjl (j*i£c ^»;j ILi . 4ijxj ^jJI Ajj^JI t/ uuj\ jauil ILa
jLmVI jl Loj jLauVI jUujj jLauVI (jjjuiij jl AujaJI ^ului
^ j\ L ^j V jLuuVI j) .aJ^L^ juQ jjSkjil jj£m (^^il jjl£JI (j jjuj (jjji
. jLuWI dllAJ ^l (jA AjjaJI jl Jj iAujaJI
163
til jj" Ig-jj “ Aj! i Aa-J jjl£JI jl^-laj ^Jj " <j jaJI Clul£ LaJ
(jl tjjl£Jl 4L-vj jLoiiVI 4iDL*J ^Hll Igjli “" jjl£JI jj^j
jjl A_jV ^g-aujljll jjl^JI jA jLuj'VI jj .A*jJaJI
Lxlj *Uac. jc. <JJJC l$jV ^jjU Af nhtl t>ul ‘o*£*JLj
4j±**1a1\ 4jLuj jC- 4 m \ tL>\' jj^Ja (J - ^ j^<a aII JJC- Lk»
jl ^3 JJ ^CJjLU 4-muuj jaII Ajj^JI jli t jjl£JI JJ3bi jJ 4_UjjLojV|
jjlill jc. JjLuUI" jl£ ^jjjJI IJ^Jj .LliJI ^JI JlxUI ^Ij
. (i ~ 4 Vujlj ". jj A^.1 j c.^uuj LaA ^gjjiJI ^cjjLJI 4jIajj jjL^
(Jj^jaII Jj^jJI fJ L«r-, ^.jjJajA IjJjaj - 4»ftj4^J| * 4
.1*1* jj 4itJaJI uijj ^l 4£jLUI ^LSaJI <jLua JJ
La£ (f^juUtU jljjJI 4 6jt U4Afi!>4 lg-jlj 4 OjQ«v II t_fljxj (LfLjujl£
jj*j (^Aj (Ajj£aJ f>^jjjJI 4^jUxa La Ljjjuj ^La^uU t^jl£JI ^Jc- (JjSj
- (^jfljaa. ^jAJ 4*Ja3 Jllall Jjjjuj ^gicj “p^^uLJ! jUuaj jc
lA «u v ^tll C’LuiVlj 4m\. ^>11 CjLLlJI 4ati>N £4aia>v 11 aAA j! Au
j£jAj 4aja-v\l ^Jj l^Jjj^j I jj ^jujj 4jl jl . ^A La£ 4aja«v\l UjjjI
JU^ L$ J^1 I «3B.
IjjJaL*. c.^uuJI j* >J ^jA-iu<all jjuJI j! jLull jl£ LaJ
^Lal £^ljJ 4£jA. Vj* 4J.|a^JI jAaj t(jjjjjui^ua LuaLal ojjJJj
L$jl! »- aj.W<\l ^Lij! 4_j£j * X-V \l (Juul 4 Oj'av \l jUuAja j! (I jj . jjl£J!
Lrk^J 42jjjj£ jj^ll fLal (*J^lj4J
164
o JA LujLujI L$jl (1 La I U**1 4 ajo-v \l jli 11 il . ^UII
t/' ^ijj AjIj udjjj J ^jLuu^U ^jjj A AjjaJI
. j ^ L> aJL^ Jj^j^ a_1 <• ° »j ^ill j aIa^aj jjjkjaII
jl ,4jt_^ljjj f-\ L>e. ^jUa JjJ^uIL ^l&II ^^ia
j^a^j l^_ij . Aj3 3^jj ^jj]l jlLUIj 13j^jll jA ^lfLJI
jUlkl J^j j* j£]j tlF U^Lsu J LT^ 4^^Lk
(A? -0*® A' ‘(jLLijVlj JJ^I ^jl'
jjplUJI jl) UijK c-A^' u' A Ac- t/' ^V AijiaJI
4_j£i | La^JL*jjl jSuOJ jjjfij&^ jjj J^. Luul p jC- jli Lo^uOjujj jjilll
j' jall AiUaji .jA LaS I Jj$Jaj t JJAijII (A' (J^
J»j jlj t^LaAjAjau jLauiLall jL'^Jl) e^^uuJI jAj^ jc- <- *
jA JLaaJI jl . <Jl$£ jjjJa^JI 4_i Lj-n. j ^Jll jjl^Jl 3j^jll (^JI
.Jj^jll jj$Ji S-i^'jJ ci^I' JJ^' JaAUa]L
AjJja.JI ASjaJl j jjjLu - m
^lll jaJ/ OJA Jxu;j SJg-J J^V/ J^fl«df/ JJjLuj (_JjJ jLa. _lx_)
ojULa Ujj^Ja (^Ji/ Existentialisme aSjaJL jLauL cuiu^j
^jJJ i_J*L£ jia, t "il* fL*i ^_Jj l a i<~ ullf jCj <x«JLti/ c_JijaJ/ J*j
j j/ -Luiii ^jJc. ijf (j ji/ _Llxji/ <__fljjulLJI jSu <j/ Y/ . "<JjaJ/” # ^
A_uuj_Lo LojJ JlLo.j ^ai AjJj^jJI j/ MJLiiaJ/ . jL« ji/ /JA ^.9 Jj^jJL)
165
jjL*j£jjj£ L-sLLjj (JLSLjL, j£i ^J jj IfJj^al jj jj (<jLJs f ^
.aLojA^U jjjJiaJI jj&LJl j* -Ij-lC’ ijJ LskjJalj ojjjLj jJjJ ijjJI
Jlj -lLJI jj^k- Jj£ JJ=J -(1969-1883) Jj*u*l+
.<9\j3LA Ijjl^La (AjjujLjjuJI Lg jjoj (ajbt-if (J£j jLajyi jj*aL
4_ujjau J iljiaaua jLjjyi <Jl ji^.1 I jJjlIa jl£ Lal
AjLiaJI oU Ja.lj jl ^ J^ ^ t3^ V C_fljj]aj
(JaC. (jx -Iaj ^Lll Jja.jll ILa 4<jCjill ALLa^jaj A j^al \l <j| j j
^ a> ln"l ^jJb j tAiiiaJLj ^Lll jjl^ll ^aljJll (j-& A AjgJall jl .AjjaJI
(^Jll jjiJI ^^lc. l&^LifliLj ^juiaJJj 4lgX.jj jl£ LjI ^ijaco (J£
jLlal ^9 lillJ IJj^ja (JJaj jJll jaJI (Jxail (jLLlaII ^jLlail
Aj&LlJI jjllll C>LJ jJll j3l£il£ jLuiVI j^ IJ£aj
jiajAll JiLa) 4_a.jaJI ^-LjajVI ^^9 Vj ftJj^j Ifla. V jJllj
Jjk-aljjl\j Vj AjIJ Jya ^Ijj Vj (*-—uJIIj jjjuuJI jl CjjaIIj ^JSMj
. jjji.VI ''jjJjil JLjajll11 jJC jaJ (^jll
l^J cfe'jM- ~(1973-1889) JUutjL*
Lf^Jj (jsJJ LxrijJLi JjajJLi J.)<q) II fjJJ ^gju-ti La jjJ JjajJL jA jaJ/
,<u juu-a jLaC- l j9
J*j V j^a . juLjiaJ Jja.jll AaaAl ^j IjA jjLI Jal
MulC' jau L Jj 3 jjjx-aH ^jxj JjSkjll jl ‘illj JjjSkj jLall
166
(jj J j^ jl! (jujl (JjLkjijV I jLtuuoi) 1 ^ jl<~- ^ ja_lll j Ijjai&j! £-jjuta j
jjj jja 4jL£ ^jL jLoijVi ^^lc. JjVuaj (Jja.1 j*J .("jjllll
. jj>% y^uii
JjjujjLa <*uJaJ (J^ll (_£j.laJl (jiajL*lJI Lulajl 4_jLaj| jj^Sflj
^lLgTil!j objectivation 4j*.,UajlL c,iuiu ^illj u^
UaIIc. <1L (jL*j (_sill ^Uajll jA !jj liliLll jl .appropriation
.«.Ijjuj .la. AjLujjLojoj AijLtuo Luajl ^auOJ Lo^ t jjJal^l!
Jajjul (jl jlL^sW viiLft]!" Aj^ cjLoj (_$U! jjilL t^LL jlAjS ^uuiaJ! « # # f
. (ilLall j jj£il jjj 1 Aa. 1 jjal ^Jjo (J* ^j Lqjq 4 (j^jojo lilLa jS
Mj/jjJ/J M £/jj/ J5 jjjjL <jy -(1980-1905) jJjL*
<J *L»jllLo <■ a'a’iJ1 £ Ajl^jJI ^jla, fL».>»lj ^ _ t^x_f/ jjauoJ/
jaJ ^Jcj jjjLuj c/j£j joV/ ji^j Jfld (4JIS t'~' w II l “il^ i-v djjj-aa
f
<j£uiifl ^Laj^yj Sj& jj£/ jA LLc -^Lb /j^ > nj j/ ^J/ jiaflLlLo
. JLUV/ Lja ^Jc i'j£jaJ/
jj'vj (_^a1! jjsuuall j! ~ AJj! J JJJLuJIj 4Jj| ii jJJLbuil “ 1
jA (<JjAja <iud (J£ j«o jla. jj*uuj Ajl <ilL (_5-L” «ij) jj*uua£
jjj j« ttilLjA ij2h.j<all jjl£J! Ajlj ^Lol L.I, ifljgTifL jiill AjIjlI jjjlcU!
u! </* jj*^JL t_jjL jUlj (Ljajl) jjjjj vLj j jaj aIc,
jjl£il" Ajl t(Jl jjuJlj jjlfLll jc. till£ijyL jLmjjU ^uojuoj jj*ujll
. jA La jA juji (_^jllj i jA (jujl Lo jA (_£jll
167
Ajl .^11x11 > L_fl jjjJa^£ (jLujj’Vi a^.jj I^£aj
t jA j^ Vj A*-n]a <1 jjni jlj .Lg_j-o c^ujjJI ji^J <LoIj5Lj jjo*n AjV
."jAjaJI ->jU" j) Jjiil >ma
^lc. a J^ail Lgjlj LiA LjjaJI (_J|j*j - AjjLoJI J 4njaJ| -2
J> UJj c> ^JJ^ M -V^' (V W' *W
I A -.ja l < J^ jjaSj ^lc. djjlii 4 c-^g-kjjj 4_<ojLa Vj C- ^ *j 1 4_IaJJJ<o
V jl L^aUnSI J1xj t-fl J^Jl jl jJj j*_Jj ^A j ILa j£j
‘Ml J^ UJ^ uW Loj^J' -Uaij jLaij'yi c UJ^Jj .L>3jj jl j£-0J
jL£) Ajjjudll Ajjil (.Jj-UJ ^ jiuO jjft -LoLol (J*J;Ja 4L_)Jgj]l ^ljl Ulj
^gjLojaj jjjxVI JJuj Lo t # jjjj jl A_jjxx LJLa. Auuiij] i.
M^J^ V ^ ojjx£ >L jl jl J'c^jll" J*ij U£ ‘ jjjlJI u«
jj£jJjuJ <jli 4 AjJ JX (JjJjLo 1 jl j£Jj . (^l jil <£xlj<0 Ajic.
jj^ j^ij , aJLlSI 41 ^*v j A . no \ ^ ijji, ^ jA jLuijyi jl (iiij i^JjjylA^
Sjjju3i uliijj Aijj LjjLa 4<l1 1 <L>La. u^ janil ^gic IjjudAjl xjjuaj
. jjijJmlA Ui£ jan3 4 jLuLvLi AjjJtuO
ja-VI Sjlaj JJC. UjjjUail jjjjoil (XjujJ V ^Jajjjujil 6ilA
jijj jl V) Ajlii jjsiuudil La jjfll (jlil Ajjljll o jj*uf>ll (J^.1 j<o
>Vb A^jLc. j£ jli ^Lanauuta j^A* II jl£ LoJj .A-j*jJajll Ajjjjc
•uu) j*-®^ VP
168
j jjjjjj - iv
<_ijc II jSLJl JIUI (1986-1932) jajjf j/kj
!tJ$J j/ jA j .ojjJaJj * flw.foff l -i-vjf/ uSIIjaH JjuJl ^^Jc- -v i l a i<
* ^ Ijjj VL^ (jl £■ LLlujl Jsi9 (^jjj^JI 4jJilaJI J IlLuDJ JiauA AjILHj jya
4j3 jjJ/ j/dJ-ai/ jAj (L-lLJI AjfDL^L ^jLLmJI <jc lIl^jJI jya
• ^‘0 Ojj j^jj^
c_ial j-a l o4i u£ (jc UU jJ Axj - Jj^jil jiaL» -1
cAjlujUui jl jjjjjj j£a ^.1 JJOI Au^jj^l AuiLujVI
. AjjuiLuiVI c~*il <a\i.n<all A_i^jjQ ^3 41 AjaII jjJa-o j\L> j>\\ La fl j jj-a
<- alj'il Ajjjkllj Auc-jllj Ailll djlivlc.j Ajtjjia 6 Jjull JjO 1 g \C ^cjiij j
. (^iil Cjljjlj ^gj».<a lj Jja. jll 1Q L."'A AJjujLLo (_]£ ^3
^jjll (jHa-ol! jA ^l jil c_ll mi*\ (JjJadl <jjau ^jjll (jUajol! jl
djjaJ J3 j . jjjJa^l CJjHjII (J j Jjjl djjjua Auaujuboll Ajj^Jal
jjLuJl jUjC-V! (JjLLo 4Aj ^gjvLix]! ^ijjoill £Jjua LgiuLc. ^gjc. 4a...\a\l
■" J^ u,J ^LJ!" jlj
^Sjj jj^. cjlijj jluJajo CjLjjI£ LjA ~ ■ \1 A^juJa JjSj jl jSjOJj
j£j Lo Lj1£ oJuuiajuo Cj!Iajjjutfajj jl j£uOJ V oJjLoll djlj]l jl
. AuJa ji Jjo Aj jjoll djLaLuijO
oLojul a\! a_i& JUi l_ia! jjoJI djjl£ - pUsdl Ua> jl jJai jl -2
jjo Auija>" J1 jLuiiVI Jjjajj (jjaaJJ jl ^ Aiauo "A-ijLa.jjll"—j
169
^Jc. L»i AajLudjV 1 4_iC.jJ! jl La]Ua t'LLm \l j ^a_lil
^L jj j pj\. ~\W 4‘L»^. A djl£ I ^ j£J t4_ia.jl jnJI t-“il ;\L»-^.\I
c^) t^'j* (>■ <-a^Li u!
jiajLij]! (UlLLo LS^J . (. ^cJl 4(jjji.VL ^UiSI t^JjiJall ^jJajAC-
(fUaP (jjl£S ^jjJI jjlSll J$-k»J c^ja.jllj jAjaJI jjj ^AJaoll
L a \ liAj .(^jjllj (3^^^0 "^u^laJl 4jjl.ll ^ DjAjA. <?' (jjl£
^ d cr^ 'j^ U^V' UJ^ j! '^J^ 3^'
^JI j>jl! (_s-l) (Jjl-al! jjc. jLunVI IJa l a^“^j W.\\clj .ajIJI
cLul*J! AaAjII tAuudij (ji^. ^lc. ullj ^ ^ ja.UJ! ^ A_i^,jijjJ| aJj^I
AjIJ l-i$j jA ilj .oJja»jl J^iV! Jl J^J ^
l_jl^Ijil jjikVI jjfoil JIaj LlAj tdJja.ji LjAa Auuiflj Aan .Ajlil
. J^.Vl
AJj>-a1I j JSUV! - V
ja-I/ /JJJ^ A ij.La L 'ethygue (jXiV/ f- /* / Djj-aL*-«J/ -Luia^jJ/ j/
- Jj^jA LgJilja) ^jJI (<JjLj]jlu>jlii]l) Ajj/jA UJI
jjla.Lo ^ j/-lu-f/ /-iA ^ /jluli jjjII jJjZiJI J£ jjj j-a
u—laUo i(l928~ 1874) j^*-1* (ju£L* j£j *.*j <ajIoxJ/ <iuJif/
jA LaJI i. fl^tj IAUAHj i^LajiaJI fJ&SI AiuJfl i*vL^»j (AjjJjsJI AjjL-aauuJl
170
La£ , (I aXJ»‘if/ JL£jJjlJ Ajujlaj <jjIj^.jJI *L£jtjjLaJl JaLaJl J£J
JcLlUI jLul J£ ^bj/ (1965-1878) jjjj JJjL*
djyjJ) <xaA/ LjIuI jii (1975-1906) LjjJIIjf 4-Li U ,j±VI ^ JUL
• £$jj* JLJC ^jjLJ -Ll^J ja. ^jLj/ Jji JJtfJi^
<JjJjuUI jjo jjiUj*. jjLa Ji/ -(1993 -1903)
■4_u-aji*J/ ^_9 lj‘ U . ^*i-v/ £ JjJ/ ^_9 j&LaJI /JA jIS . (*LiJjjjulaJI IAlaJI) l[±Lo
fi
4_U0j_llujjjJ/H /jJ "LJyi'inija II jJ)UI fJC'" jjJa iGflOSticiSYYlC
4-LLful^jJ/ l_iA jxJ /jjJ^J j^V/ J^.Zfl ^jjJI tJjLo,j (j-31 ^"S jjLjJ/
(_> Ju^atyl11—j jrUI JljjIujL j-aiJij jlf/J meliorisme
.(jLuuVI /jiiij <«_ifJin Lw <"j^J/
La 4jjdil_La ^! ^Jjll CjLijll J jlxl] JjI^JI j jJadll jC- Jjj
oi& AujLuuIj Ajjiull CjUj1£]I IjAj ^iLaliua CLloj jl (Jjjuij
<JjlA j-aj ajjjJI Jljj jLuuVI 11 j jl i:' v>jvj jaa . djljjl£]l
1 g-ia.il «O ^gjjjui ^ull AjjjuajII jj£j J3J ( JHaII JjJjuJ ^Jc. Aj J jj AjjI£
jnij ^ jLujyi ji Lua) j! jj jjjijLkl jljal j* <il>
. (A_Uk. jl jjj Ajjaj jj jlb jc AjLuaLaJ! AjxjjL
Aj^uoaII jl L^l jj^jj j-a^Jjj jj]l "uij^J! c_iLud£jjui!n ^Aj
U tjLujyi J] jlil' _>u Jii ^ill 4jLll <il (jujjiluajjj JJ Prometheisme (l)
.AiJla-o ^j] jjjjJj uuLjVl ^JJ
171
jUJ ts£i | jl L$j9 ^ j5 j]I 11 <
AjL^jjujVI iLojL "c^j]>LjjVl t-j^ljll11 jAj t jL*-^ jl JjjLs
jLoj ^jjil Ap.j]l JJJl jA jljudjVl j ja. j u! ‘"(jjl^Jl Jjj" J!
. J jill Ub A_uAHj L£LU jj-ojLa Lijl Lo£ .LiLaC- 4_ia.jj] aJI c-jadil
(jai£ Lij (jjjLijLJ JjjjlLac. JogS jil -(1995-1906) j*LLiJ
p (111 ^jujLaiVij £ jihii ^jic- j£/ jj^LuJ) fjjy^yi ^JaIjI]
UjJlJLLuJI JLij JjV/ fliJI cpuy/ L (>YI
, £ / L^VjJjJ^V/j Lia.jJjiajjV/j
>LiLaSu 11 JjVl JLaj >J jiJyi j^-Lj
^l]jj <A.j]l v. a*Aijj . >V1 jc- LuJjaU 6 jj^-ajl LaS j-uij (>vi
L_l]Ual j jjJ j-0 (6£.ljj A_u]j] LfL/lUl ^jjLjJaj Lft tL a» .>»\1
^jUaii j^ ^j]i (ojb Ajflji^Ji 11 jju jii ji ■p'vi11 ajUc. ji . jjLLo
(J-ojULj Vjl j~ C^JSL/U.'V 1 ^»1 jjJjU c_ljUJl (_£ jlUV 1J jLl M ]1
LjjuJ \jjl Loj (<LjaJl Aj]jjjumJI jjjuoJ (La jjo . AuaJjaJl £_ba ^Jc.
Lo jjL (j]]jj 4<juj jLojJI L_j]fi V jl A_JjjjouJl ^jjajJ 'j'j
. Lg-oLol jj-ojLo jaj
) (<jjl jjjUI jjilajjl £uo (J-a*-J (>uJUl (J-aLJl (jiL 1 j^Aj
• ("c'^l"J 11 J^y^" MAj]jjjuiaII11 ^ (ji]l A_a^jj*_]] ojLjjUI jl
172
A^iuall £ jJa jaII
5 J*-l4
9 1*31 i di^u Uuilill : JjVl J«aill
9 .m.M iS^j -I
11 . Cjj^ -II
21 . jkuJ -III
29 . o^kjlal -IV
30 SU=JI O^ AjLudlall -V
39 Auskj*uiaIIj 4&u*1aII :<jrilil]| JuoaII
41 . ^jjkortC. j\ pon.Vgll ~ I
46 . ^gjjjSVI Lojj (jjjj^all “II
51 jnVnall Jidl :diilull Juaill
51 . cujI£jj -I
61 JI£jujL -II
66 JlbJ -III
72 . I jjjjjjui “IV
81 jr jaJI Jkil : jjI jll J^ill
84 . ^jja “I
173
87 .Ja3t£-II
96 “III
105 ^Ualll j ^Uoall !(j4L4l^l J^ill
105 AjjUlS/l -I
107 -II
115 . JjUuSjjjS-III
121 tAjjL ^ jxj A&. ..Ifltl ] jLutll j.<*fl •'■
121 (jllaJI (Jlj^! “I
128 O-Sjl* -II
135 -III
143 SUaJlj i_ijlxall IjjIuJ! juaill
144 ftUaJl jj- ~ ' -1
148 Aiffl aJL— -II
150 AjjjiJI ?j-*Jl -III
153 »jAUallj oJLLJI !(>lill j-aill
153 Jj^jA “I
159 ja.A>A -II
165 . AjJja.jll a£j=JIj jmjLu -III
169 ILjjstuJlj jjjjjj -IV
170 . Aj1j>>J!j (puVl -V
174
A AAiuilitl c JLt<
0 JS J |^uVl I J^J-L> 4 rt mtt ji l *><« ^ <r? jl^ jji
r-jj 1 ^>rt*n ji >5^<7< ^^-alo j .jjLV l <U Li»
oLjLuuloJt > ii?>ljll j>« 3^-JLuaJl aLj^SUl j_Lfc j) L^ .^_^>- LJI ^A») v«
. ^J Lc-^^f * j<4 ^^Lu4^U I JJjJ I _lli j ^uaii ji t_4J>0 A^ujLuV I
AjjLLa 3 jjJL) «L. I j>i>o j^j jJl JlLJ jl j^a c I JLol c_>L75JI I JLh 3^^ L.s.
3 j^»Lil aL«L$Jl *>1* ^lc. c^jLaJl lj><llr> ) ^SJ ‘£iJJ J^3 ' ^>*i *
jjta ^L3 L) I Ji^4 j ^L) jLu/ ^yJL^»- j JUJLaj L) jLLa I ^SLaJl
. jj «ttf jJ ji «LuuJLo ^ J La j >Ir> )LS j I cJjlSoJ^
ISBN 978-614-417-020-5
786144 170205 9 ^CJjgJlg jiiuJlg ulluljlU nionlill nmiiignll