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Understanding the Language of Grooming - 12pp Strategic Plan NEARLY Final 280217 Understanding the Language of Grooming Deall Iaith Meithrin Perthnasoedd Amhriodol A Strategic VisionGweledigaeth Strategol February 2017- Chwefror 2017

Understanding the Language of Grooming Deall Iaith ...€¦ · Throughout all our work, our main focus is the safety, prevention from harm and protection of children and young people

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  • Understanding the Language of Grooming - 12pp Strategic Plan NEARLY Final 280217

    Understanding the Language of

    Grooming

    Deall Iaith Meithrin

    Perthnasoedd Amhriodol

    A Strategic Vision– Gweledigaeth Strategol

    February 2017- Chwefror 2017

  • 2 ©Swansea University 2017

    Our Team Our multidisciplinary team includes expertise in Linguistics, Psychology, Computer Science, Public Policy and Digital Communication, all staff at Swansea University.

    Directors

    Prof Nuria Lorenzo-Dus (Dept. of English Language and Linguistics); expert in Linguistics and Digital Communication.

    Dr Cris Izura (Dept. of Psychology); expert in Cognitive Psychology.

    Core Members

    Prof Paul Bennett (Dept. of Psychology); expert in Clinical, Abnormal and Health Psychology.

    Dr Alexia Bowler (Dept. of English Language and Linguistics), expert in Linguistics.

    Ms Laura Broome (Dept. of Psychology); expert in Psycholinguistics.

    Mr Neil Carter (Dept. of Psychology); Computer Programmer.

    Ms Shakiela Davies (Dept. of Psychology); expert in Cognitive Psychology.

    Ms Ruth Mullineux (Dept. of English Language and Linguistics), expert in Public Policy.

    Dr Rocío Pérez-Tattam (Dept. of Modern Languages, Translation and Interpreting); expert in Applied Linguistics.

    Ein Tîm Mae ein tîm amlddisgyblaethol yn cynnwys arbenigedd mewn Ieithyddiaeth, Seicoleg, Cyfrifiadureg a Pholisi Cyhoeddus, i gyd yn aelodau staff Prifysgol Abertawe.

    Cyfarwyddwyr

    Yr Athro Nuria Lorenzo-Dus (Adran Iaith Saesneg ac Ieithyddiaeth); arbenigwr mewn Ieithyddiaeth a Chyfathrebu Digidol.

    Dr Cristina Izura (Adran Seicoleg); arbenigwr mewn Seicoleg Wybyddol.

    Aelodau Craidd

    Yr Athro Paul Bennett (Yr Adran Seicoleg); arbenigwr mewn Seicoleg Glinigol, Annormal ac Iechyd.

    Dr Alexia Bowler (Adran Iaith ac Ieithyddiaeth Saesneg), arbenigwr mewn Ieithyddiaeth.

    Ms Laura Broome (Yr Adran Seicoleg); arbenigwr mewn Seicoieithyddiaeth.

    Mr Neil Carter (Yr Adran Seicoleg); Rhaglennwr Cyfrifiadurol.

    Ms Shakiela Davies (Yr Adran Seicoleg); arbenigwr mewn Seicoleg Wybyddol.

    Ms Ruth Mullineux (Adran Iaith Saesneg ac Ieithyddiaeth), arbenigwr mewn Polisi Cyhoaeddus.

    Dr Rocío Pérez-Tattam (Yr Adran Ieithoedd Modern, Cyfieithu a Chyfieithu ar y Pryd); arbenigwr mewn Ieithyddiaeth Gymhwysol.

  • ©Swansea University 2017 3

    Our Vision We want to ensure that professionals, parents and carers of children and young people benefit from the ground breaking research into Online Grooming Communication that is being undertaken at Swansea University.

    The Online Grooming Communication Project is a multidisciplinary project to advance understanding of the processes involved in grooming children online. Our aim is to draw upon our academic research in order to develop, in collaboration with key stake-holders, effective computer and human mediated interventions, including workshops, presentations, filtering software and other training materials.

    We have developed a comprehensive model for understanding how the language of online grooming works based upon extensive analysis of online ‘Chats’.

    We are committed to working both with other academic projects that have complementary endeavours in this field and with stakeholders informing policy and practice in the public and charity / voluntary sectors.

    Throughout all our work, our main focus is the safety, prevention from harm and protection of children and young people.

    Ein Gweledigaeth Rydym am sicrhau bod gweithwyr proffesiynol, rhieni a gofalwyr plant a phobl ifanc yn elwa o’r ymchwil arloesol ar Gyfathrebu wrth Feithrin Perthynas Amhriodol Ar-lein sydd ar waith ym Mhrifysgol Abertawe.

    Prosiect amlddisgyblaeth yw’r Prosiect Cyfathrebu wrth Feithrin Perthynas Amhriodol Ar-lein, a’i nod yw gwella dealltwriaeth o’r prosesau sy’n ymwneud â meithrin perthynas amhriodol â phlant ar-lein. Ein nod yw defnyddio ein gwaith ymchwil academaidd er mwyn datblygu, mewn cydweithrediad â rhanddeiliaid allweddol, ymyriadau cyfrifiadurol a dynol effeithiol, gan gynnwys gweithdai, cyflwyniadau, meddalwedd hidlo a deunyddiau hyfforddi eraill.

    Rydym wedi datblygu model cynhwysfawr ar gyfer deall sut mae iaith meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein yn gweithio, yn seiliedig ar ddadansoddiad helaeth o ‘Sgyrsiau’ ar-lein.

    Rydym yn ymroddedig i weithio gyda phrosiectau academaidd eraill sydd ag ymdrechion cydweddus yn y maes hwn, a hefyd gyda rhanddeiliaid, gan lywio polisi ac ymarfer yn y sectorau cyhoeddus ac elusennol/wirfoddol.

    Ar draws ein holl waith, ein prif ffocws yw diogelwch plant a phobl ifanc, eu hatal rhag cael niwed, a’u hamddiffyn.

    “In our society few behaviours are considered, or viewed, more deviant than child sexual abuse […] adults who sexually abuse children are considered the most serious deviants of our society” 1

    “Yn ein cymdeithas ni, prin iawn yw’r

    ymddygiad sy’n cael ei ystyried, neu y

    bernir ei fod yn fwy gwyrdroedig na

    cham-drin plant yn rhywiol […] gwelir

    oedolion sy’n cam-drin plant yn

    rhywiol fel pobl fwyaf gwyrdroedig ein

    cymdeithas”1

  • 4 ©Swansea University 2017

    What is Online Grooming? Online grooming is a communicative process whereby an adult uses the internet to prepare a child and his / her environment for the sexual abuse of the child on line or face to face.

    Four years of work by the Online Grooming Communication Research Project team has shown that online grooming poses some sinister threats to all children. The research has shown that there are a number of myths and misconceptions that parents and carers need to be aware of.

    Beth yw Meithrin Perthnasoedd

    Amhriodol Ar-lein? Proses o gyfathrebu yw meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein lle mae oedolyn yn defnyddio’r rhyngrwyd i baratoi plentyn a’i (h)amgylchedd ar gyfer cam-drin y plentyn ar-lein neu wyneb yn wyneb.

    Mae pedair blynedd o waith gan dîm y Prosiect Cyfathrebu wrth Feithrin Perthynas Amhriodol Ar-lein wedi dangos y gallai pob plentyn wynebu bygythiadau anfad oherwydd meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein. Mae’r ymchwil wedi dangos bod nifer o fythau a syniadau camarweiniol y mae angen i rieni a gofalwyr fod yn ymwybodol ohonynt.

    Who is at Risk?

    Although the main type of grooming has been shown to be male predators grooming female victims, all children are at risk from online grooming.

    It is therefore vital that all parents know how to safeguard their child online.

    Pwy sydd mewn Perygl?

    Er y gwelwyd mai’r prif fath o feithrin perthynas amhriodol yw gwrywod yn targedu dioddefwyr benyw, mae pob plentyn mewn perygl o gael ei dargedu ar gyfer perthynas amhriodol ar-lein.

    Mae’n hanfodol, felly, fod pob rhiant yn gwybod sut mae diogelu ei blentyn ar-lein.

  • ©Swansea University 2017 5

    The Problem Online Grooming is on the increase. Recent figures show that 1 in 5 young people in the UK receive online sexual solicitation, meaning that in the UK only about 1,300,000 children are in serious danger from this activity.

    According to the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre2, the growth area seems to be grooming, contact, and then sexual abuse purely online.

    One third of 9-19 year olds who go online at least once a week report having received unwanted sexual (31%) or nasty (33%) comments via e-mail, chat, IM (instant messenger) or text message. Only 7% of parents/carers think their child have received such comments3.

    This is a growing problem which has been largely underestimated. Accurately identifying the size of the offending and victim populations is problematic as most areas of child sexual exploitation and abuse suffer from chronic under-reporting by victims and often inconsistent recording in the criminal justice process.

    Y Broblem Mae Meithrin Perthynas Amhriodol Ar-lein ar gynnydd. Dengys ffigurau diweddar fod 1 o bob 5 person ifanc yn y Deyrnas Unedig yn derbyn ceisiadau rhywiol ar-lein, sy’n golygu, yn y Deyrnas Unedig yn unig, bod rhyw 1,300,000 o blant yn wynebu perygl difrifol yn sgîl y gweithgarwch hwn.

    Yn ôl y Ganolfan Camfanteisio ar Blant a’u Hamddiffyn Ar-lein2, ymddengys mai’r hyn sydd ar gynnydd yw meithrin perthynas amhriodol, creu cysylltiad, ac yna cam-drin rhywiol ar-lein yn unig.

    Mae traean o'r holl bobl ifanc rhwng 9 a 19 oed sy'n mynd ar-lein o leiaf unwaith yr wythnos wedi sôn am dderbyn sylwadau rhywiol (31%) neu gas (33%) dieisiau drwy e-bost, gwefannau sgwrsio, gwibnegeseua neu neges destun. Dim ond 7% o rieni/ofalwyr sy’n meddwl bod eu plentyn wedi derbyn sylwadau o’r fath3.

    Mae hon yn broblem gynyddol sydd wedi’i thanamcangyfrif i raddau helaeth. Mae nodi maint y poblogaethau troseddwyr a dioddefwyr yn anodd, gan fod mwyafrif meysydd cam-fanteisio rhywiol ar blant a’u cam-drin yn dioddef o ddiffyg adrodd cronig gan y dioddefwyr, ac yn aml gofnodi anghyson yn y broses cyfiawnder troseddol.

  • 6 ©Swansea University 2017

    The Online Grooming

    Communication Project Our Work

    We have developed a comprehensive communicative model of online grooming.

    Much research into online grooming is heavily reliant on what is known about face to face grooming. As the differences in online and face to face grooming have only just begun to be investigated, our project focusses on online grooming communication processes and their underlying intent.

    The multi-disciplinary research underpinning this work provides a qualitatively different approach to online grooming through its focus on communication. Specifically, it advances existing knowledge by identifying and explaining how groomers use language to achieve their goals.

    We have reviewed the advice currently available to parents and professionals working with children who may be on-going victims of online grooming and corroborated the need for the novel perspective offered by our research. Our team have conducted a series of training and information dissemination events with stakeholders regarding key findings from the research. These have confirmed a gap in knowledge and the materials currently available regarding the ‘how’ of online grooming, specifically its communicative means.

    Y Prosiect Cyfathrebu mewn

    Meithrin Perthnasoedd

    Amhriodol Ar-lein Ein Gwaith

    Rydym wedi datblygu model cyfathrebu cynhwysfawr o feithrin perthnasoedd amhriodol ar-lein.

    Mae llawer o’r ymchwil ar feithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein yn dibynnu’n drwm ar yr hyn sy’n hysbys am feithrin perthynas amhriodol wyneb yn wyneb. Gan mai dim ond yn ddiweddar y mae’r gwahaniaethau rhwng meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein ac wyneb yn wyneb wedi dechrau bod yn destun sylw, mae ein prosiect yn canolbwyntio ar brosesau cyfathrebu wrth feithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein a’u bwriad gwaelodol.

    Mae’r gwaith ymchwil amlddisgyblaeth sy’n sail ar gyfer y gwaith hwn yn ymdrin â meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein mewn modd ansoddol gwahanol trwy ganolbwyntio ar gyfathrebu. Yn benodol, mae'n cynyddu'r wybodaeth bresennol drwy nodi ac esbonio sut mae ysglyfaethwyr yn defnyddio iaith i gyflawni eu nodau.

    Rydym wedi adolygu’r cyngor sydd ar gael ar hyn o bryd i rieni a gweithwyr proffesiynol sy’n gweithio gyda phlant a allai fod yn destun meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein ac wedi cadarnhau’r angen am y safbwynt newydd a gynigir gan ein gwaith ymchwil. Mae ein tîm wedi cynnal cyfres o ddigwyddiadau hyfforddi a lledaenu gwybodaeth gyda rhanddeiliaid chris ynghylch canfyddiadau allweddol yr ymchwil. Mae’r rhain wedi cadarnhau bod bwlch yn yr wybodaeth a’r deunyddiau sydd ar gael ar hyn o bryd ynghylch ‘sut’ mae meithrin perthynas amhriodol yn digwydd ar-lein, yn benodol y dulliau cyfathrebu.

  • ©Swansea University 2017 7

    Our Approach

    We study online grooming from a communicative perspective. This means looking in detail at the language used by online groomers (e.g., the vocabulary they use, the types of activities they perform through language, such as paying compliments, requesting photos and so on) and mapping these onto extra-linguistic variables, such as online groomers’ age and the actual time they take to groom their victims.

    Systematic analysis of the language used by different online groomers in a large dataset of ‘Chats’ has led to our identifying a number of recurrent and inter-locking communicative processes (the groomer’s aims / intentions). These processes are: deceptive trust development, compliance testing, isolation, sexual gratification and approach.

    Ein Hymagwedd

    Rydym yn astudio meithrin perthnasoedd amhriodol ar-lein o safbwynt cyfathrebu. Mae hyn yn golygu edrych yn fanwl ar yr iaith a ddefnyddir gan y rhai sy'n ceisio meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein (e.e.yr eirfa maent yn ei defnyddio, y mathau o weithgareddau maent yn eu cyflawni drwy iaith, megis canmol, gofyn am luniau ac yn y blaen) a mapio'r rhain i newidynnau anieithyddol megis oedran y rhai sy'n ceisio meithrin perthynas a'r amser a gymerir ganddynt i feithrin perthynas â'u dioddefwyr.

    Mae dadansoddiad systematig o’r iaith a ddefnyddiwyd gan wahanol bobl oedd yn meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein mewn cronfa ddata fawr o ‘Sgyrsiau’ wedi ein galluogi i nodi nifer o brosesau cyfathrebu cylchol a chysylltiedig (nodau/bwriadau’r sawl sy’n meithrin y berthynas). Y prosesau hynny yw: datblygu ymddiriedaeth drwy dwyll, profi cydsyniad, ynysu, boddhad rhywiol a nesáu.

  • 8 ©Swansea University 2017

    Some Key Findings so far…..

    The Model

    We have developed a model that identifies and characterises three phases of communication during grooming. This starts with Access, the initial online contact between groomer and potential victim. It then goes through a complex Entrapment phase that includes the processes of deceptive trust development, compliance testing, isolation and sexual gratification. It generally ends in an Approach phase, where the groomer requests a face to face meeting with the child.

    Trust is Important

    Our research has shown that at the Entrapment phase the four grooming processes are used in the proportions shown above.

    Note the preponderance of Deceptive Trust Development over other processes.

    Deceptive Trust Development is primarily realised via seemingly innocent, sociable talk.

    Whereas face to face grooming often relies on coercion and persuasion, the high frequency of Deceptive Trust Development in Online Grooming means that the latter tends to rely on persuasion, which requires significantly enhanced communication skills.

    Y Model

    Rydym wedi datblygu model sy'n nodi ac yn nodweddu tri cham cyfathrebu wrth feithrin perthnasoedd amhriodol ar-lein. Mae hyn yn cychwyn gyda Mynediad, y cyswllt cychwynnol ar-lein rhwng y sawl sy’n meithrin perthynas amhriodol a’r dioddefwr. Wedyn ceir cam Rhwydo cymhleth sy'n cynnwys y broses o ddatblygu ymddiriedaeth drwy dwyll, profi cydsyniad, ynysu a boddhad rhywiol. Gan amlaf daw i ben â chyfnod Nesáu, pan fydd y sawl sy’n meithrin y berthynas amhriodol yn gofyn am gwrdd â’r plentyn wyneb yn wyneb.

    Mae Ymddiriedaeth yn Bwysig

    Mae ein hymchwil wedi dangos bod y pedair proses yn cael eu defnyddio yn y cyfrannau a ddangosir uchod yn ystod y cam rhwydo.

    Sylwer gymaint amlycach yw Datblygu Ymddiriedaeth drwy Dwyll na’r prosesau eraill.

    Datblygir Ymddiriedaeth drwy Dwyll yn bennaf trwy sgrysiau sy’n ymddangos yn ddiniwed ac yn gymdeithasol.

    Er bod meithrin perthynas amhriodol wyneb yn wyneb yn aml yn dibynnu ar orfodaeth a pherswâd, mae amlder uchel Datblygu Ymddiriedaeth drwy Dwyll wrth Feithrin Perthynas Amhriodol Ar-lein yn golygu bod yr olaf yn tueddu i ddibynnu ar berswâd, sy’n galw am sgiliau cyfathrebu cryn dipyn yn fwy datblygedig.

    0%

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    Deceptive TrustDevelopment

    SexualGratification

    ComplianceTesting

    Isolation Approach

    Processes / Groomers' Intentions

    Entrapment

  • ©Swansea University 2017 9

    Rhai Canfyddiadau Allweddol

    hyd yma…..

    Strategies – How Trust is Built

    The relative occurrences of particular communicative strategies within each of the five processes have been charted and are shown above.

    The high frequency of use of sexual gratification strategies (green bars) shows that Online Grooming is not just an activity which leads to a face to face meeting. The process itself can provide the groomer with the sexual gratification sought.

    Strategaethau – Sut mae

    Ymddiriedaeth yn cael ei Meithrin

    Mae amlder cymharol strategaethau cyfathrebu penodol ym mhob un o'r pum proses wedi cael ei gofnodi ac fe'i dangosir uchod.

    Dengys amlder uchel y defnydd o strategaethau boddhad rhywiol (bariau gwyrdd) nad gweithgaredd sy’n arwain at gyfarfod wyneb yn wyneb yn unig yw Meithrin Perthynas Amhriodol Ar-lein. Gall y broses ei hun ddarparu’r boddhad rhywiol a geisir i’r sawl sy’n meithrin y berthynas.

    0%

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    Communicative Strategies

  • 10 ©Swansea University 2017

    Findings (contd.) / Canfyddiadau (parhad)

    Compliment Topics Used

    Using the times from Access to the completion of Entrapment, we have divided our observed grooming behaviours into three groups: fast, average and slow.

    The compliment topics that are covered in relation to the speed of the group are shown above.

    Whilst, as anticipated, the use of compliments on sexual aspects of the target’s physical appearance is the most frequent behaviour in all the grooming speed groups, it is notable that in the slow grooming group so much emphasis is placed on compliments on non-sexual personality attributes (see the green ‘Personality – non-sex’ bar above).

    Meysydd Canmoliaeth a Ddefnyddir

    Gan ddefnyddio’r cyfnodau o Fynediad hyd at gwblhau’r Rhwydo, rydym wedi rhannu’r ymddygiad meithrin perthynas amhriodol a welsom yn dri grŵp: cyflym, canolig ac araf.

    Dangosir uchod y pynciau canmol a ddefnyddir yng nghyswllt cyflymder y grŵp.

    Er mai’r ymddygiad amlaf, fel y rhagwelwyd, yn yr holl grwpiau meithrin perthynas amhriodol, o ba gyflymder bynnag, yw canmol agweddau rhywiol ar bryd a gwedd y targed, mae’n drawiadol bod cymaint o bwyslais yn cael ei roi ar ganmol nodweddion personoliaeth anrhywiol yn y grŵp araf (gweler y bar gwyrdd ‘Personality – non-sex’ uchod).

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    Compliment Topics used for different grooming speeds

    Fast

    Average

    Slow

  • ©Swansea University 2017 11

    Where Next? We want to ensure that parents and guardians, social workers, police forces and policy makers benefit from the ground breaking research into Online Grooming Communication that we continue to undertake.

    Collaboration is key

    Existing and past collaborations include the NSPCC, South Wales Police, a number of local Primary and Secondary Schools and the Child Sexual Exploitation Forum for Cardiff & the Vale.

    We welcome engagement with professional partners in the public, voluntary and third sectors as well as a broad range of researchers. We are particularly keen to expand our work by co-operating with software developers, especially those working within the blocking or filtering systems sector.

    Ble Nesaf? Rydym am sicrhau bod rhieni a gwarcheidwaid, gweithwyr cymdeithasol, heddluoedd a llunwyr polisi yn elwa o’r ymchwil arloesol ar Gyfathrebu wrth Feithrin Perthynas Amhriodol Ar-lein sy’n dal ar waith gennym.

    Mae cydweithio’n allweddol

    Mae ein cydweithwyr yn awr ac yn y gorffennol yn cynnwys yr NSPCC, Heddlu De Cymru, nifer o Ysgolion Cynradd ac Uwchradd lleol a Fforwm Caerdydd a’r Fro ynghylch Camfanteisio’n Rhywiol ar Blant.

    Rydym ni’n croesawu ymgysylltiad â phartneriaid proffesiynol yn y sector cyhoeddus, y sector gwirfoddol a’r trydydd sector, yn ogystal ag ystod eang o ymchwilwyr. Rydym ni’n arbennig o awyddus i ehangu ein gwaith trwy gydweithio â datblygwyr meddalwedd, yn arbennig y rhai sy’n gweithio yn y sector hidlo cynnwys.

    Image Credits / Credydau Lluniau:

    Front cover / Clawr Cristina Izura

    Page 4 / Tudalen 4 Cristina Izura

    Page 5 / Tudalen 5 All images are hereby acknowledged as the property of their respective owners.

    Cydnabyddir trwy hyn mai eiddo’u perchnogion priodol yw pob delwedd.

    Page 7 / Tudalen 7 Graham Smith and Eva Bartussek

    Trade Marks / Nodau Masnach:

    All Trade Marks and logos reproduced in this document are hereby acknowledged as the property of their respective owners.

    Cydnabyddir gyda hyn mai eiddo eu perchnogion priodol yw pob Masnachnod a logo a atgynhyrchwyd yn y ddogfen hon.

    References / Cyfeiriadau:

    1 Durkin, F. K. (2002). Misuse of the Internet by Paedophiles. In R.M. Holmes & S. T. Holmes (Eds.). Current Perspectives on Sex Crimes (pp. 162-170). US: Sage Publishing

    2 CEOP (formerly the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre, now a National Crime Agency Command) https://ceop.police.uk/

    3 Livingstone, S., & Bober, M. (2005). UK Children Go Online. London: London School of Economics

  • 12 ©Swansea University 2017

    Resources Training Workshops

    Offered to raise awareness and disseminate information regarding the features of online grooming; they are aimed at parents and guardians, social workers, police forces and policy makers.

    Interactive Presentations

    A shorter version of the workshops, these are also aimed at teachers, parents and guardians, introducing them to the realities of online grooming and providing pointers on how to spot it.

    Quiz / Survey Materials

    Intended for use after workshops and presentations, our Quiz / Survey both asks questions of the participants and reinforces the issues covered.

    Academic Papers

    Published:

    “Understanding Grooming Discourse in Computer-Mediated Environments” by Nuria Lorenzo-Dus, Cristina

    Izura and Rocío Pérez-Tattam.

    “‘cause ur special: Trust and Compliments in Online Grooming” by Nuria Lorenzo-Dus and Cristina Izura.

    Forthcoming:

    “The Online Grooming Communication Model: From Strategies to Groomer Profiles” by Cristina Izura and

    Nuria Lorenzo-Dus.

    Adnoddau Gweithdai Hyfforddi

    Cynigir y rhain i gynyddu ymwybyddiaeth a lledaenu gwybodaeth ynghylch nodweddion meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein; maent wedi’u bwriadu ar gyfer rhieni a gwarcheidwaid, gweithwyr cymdeithasol, heddluoedd a llunwyr polisi.

    Cyflwyniadau

    Fersiwn gryno o'r gweithdai. Mae'r rhain hefyd yn addas ar gyfer athrawon, rhieni a gwarcheidwaid, ac maent yn cyflwyno realiti meithrin perthynas amhriodol ar-lein ac yn darparu canllawiau ar sut i'w adnabod.

    Deunyddiau Cwis / Arolwg

    Mae ein Cwis/Arolwg, sydd wedi’u bwriadu i’w defnyddio ar ôl gweithdai a chyflwyniadau, yn holi’r cyfranogwyr ac yn ategu’r materion y rhoddwyd sylw iddynt.

    Academic Papers

    Cyhoeddwyd:

    “Understanding grooming discourse in computer-mediated environments” gan Nuria Lorenzo-Dus, Cristina

    Izura a Rocío Pérez-Tattam.

    “‘cause ur special: Trust and Compliments in Online Grooming” gan Nuria Lorenzo-Dus a Cristina Izura.

    I'w gyhoeddi:

    “The Online Grooming Communication Model: From Strategies to Groomer Profiles” gan Cristina Izura a

    Nuria Lorenzo-Dus

    Contact Details | Cyswllt yr Arsyllfa:

    Prof Nuria Lorenzo-Dus | Yr Athro Nuria Lorenzo-Dus

    [email protected]

    Dr Cristina Izura

    [email protected]

    Swansea University | Prifysgol Abertawe

    Singleton Park

    Swansea | Abertawe

    SA2 8PP

    Twitter #OGroomingLRCSwa / facebook

    Web: https://projects.swan.ac.uk/onlinegroomingcommunication/

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://projects.swan.ac.uk/onlinegroomingcommunication/