UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA - eprints.utem.edu.myeprints.utem.edu.my/8205/3/Curves_And_Surface... · aerodinamik pada bentuk kenderaan adalah lebih tepat untuk mengurangkan

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

CURVES AND SURFACE MODELING: A CASE OF TRUCK

WIND DEFLECTOR DESIGN

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal

Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering

(Manufacturing Design) (Hons.)

by

NOR ADILIA BINTI ABD LATIF

B050910113

871108-10-5052

FACULTYOF~AC~GENGThffiEruNG

2012

© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: Curves and Surface Modeling: A Case of Truck Wind Deflector Design

SESI PENGAJ IAN: 2011/12 Semester 2

Saya NOR ADILIA BINTI ABD LATIF

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan PSM adcUafl flak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan (-/)

D SULIT

D TERHAD

0' TIDAK TERHAD

Alamat Tetap:

Lot 641 , Jalan Redan,

Kanchong Darat,

42700 Banting, Selangor.

Tarikh: ~ VqNE -UJ/~

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysiasebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Cop Rasmi :

UJFUDIN HAFIZ B. VA.HYA Pensyaralt

Fakulti Kejuruteraan ttembuabln Uni'leraiti Te!(nikal Malaysia Mellka

Tarikh:

- Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD1 sila lampirkan surat daripad pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.


DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled "Curves and Surface Modeling: A Case of

Truck Wind Deflector Design" is the results of my own research except as cited in

references .

Signature

Author's Name

Date

.. ~ ...... , ..... ,W.: ........... .. ............ .

. iJJ!.~ ... 1f.?!.L!.~ .. . ~!Aflt. . #.~ .. 0711: .. .

.-?:f .. Rf/.4'.( ... -?P.!.~ ....... ... .............. .


APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of

UTeM as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor

of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Design) (Hons.). The members

of the supervisory committee are as follow:

SAJFUDIN HAFIZ Bl11 YAHYA ~yarah

Flkulti l<ejuruteraan l'embUitln Univetsiti Teknikll Malaysia Melaka

(Co

MOHO NAJIB BIN Abf MOKHTAR l'ensya,.h

F.akult.i .Kejuruteraan Pembuatan Uneversite Teknikal Malaysta Melaka


ABSTRAK

Oleh kerana krisis tenaga, salah satu cabaran yang penting dalam industri automotif

adalah untuk mengurangkan penggunaan bahan api kenderaan. Sebenarnya,

penggunaan bahan api yang lebih telah diambil oleh seretan aerodinamik kerana

kelajuan yang lebih tinggi daripada kenderaan itu. Kebanyakkanya, seretan

aerodinamik terletak pada bentuk kenderaan. Oleh yang demikian, pembaikan

aerodinamik pada bentuk kenderaan adalah lebih tepat untuk mengurangkan seretan

aerodinamik, menjadi salah satu topik utama pada penyelidik automotif. Kajian ini

membentangkan penggunaan perisian SolidWorks dalam fasa awal reka bentuk

dimana seseorang boleh melakukan reka bentuk dengan data Reka Bentuk

Berbantukan Komputer diberikan (tanpa prototaip kenderaan trak). Pemesong angin

trak adalah alat tambahan yang digunakan di atas bumbung trak untuk mengurangkan

seretan aerodinamik. Berdasarkan syarat-syarat pada bidang yang pemesong angin

trak adalah tertakluk kepada keperluan, reka bentuk telah dirangka. Salah satu

keperluan adalah mereka bentuk semula profil pemesong angin trak. Oleh itu, teknik

pemodelan aspek digunakan untuk memperbaiki reka bentuk pemesong angin trak

yang sedia ada untuk mendapatkan profit yang licin pada reka bentuk yang telah

dibuat. Tambahan pula, menggunakan perisian ANSYS FLUENT, analisis dua

dimensi pemesong angin trak telah dicapai, dan mungkin pembetulan geometri akan

dibuat yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan reka bentuk dari segi mengurangkan

seretan aerodinamik dan meningkatkan aerodinamik. Di samping itu, proses

pengesahan telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbezaan antara pemesong angin trak

yang telah direka bentuk semula dan reka bentuk pemesong angin trak yang sedia

ada. Susun atur telah dilakukan selepas membezakan basil dari dua alat yang boleh

didapati secara komersial, iaitu FEA dan ANSYS FLUENT.


ABSTRACT

Due to the energy crisis, one of the important challenges in the automotive industry

is to reduce the fuel consumption of the vehicle. In fact, the higher speed of the

vehicle, the more fuel consumption is taken by the aerodynamic drag. Mostly, the

aerodynamic drag lies in the shape of the vehicle. Consequently, the improvement of

the aerodynamics of vehicle shape, more precisely the reduction of their

aerodynamic drag, becomes one of the main topics of the automotive researchers.

This research presents the use of SolidWorks software in the early phase of design

which one can do design iterations with a given CAD data (without having the

prototype of the truck vehicle). The truck wind deflector is an add-on device used on

top of the truck roof for reducing aerodynamic drag. Based on the field conditions

that the truck wind deflector is subjected to, design requirements were formulated.

One of the requirements was to redesign the profile of the truck wind deflector.

Therefore, the facet modeling technique is applied to improve the existing design of

the truck wind deflector in order to obtain a smooth profile of this design.

Furthermore, using the software ANSYS FLUENT, 2D analysis of the truck wind

deflector was achieved, and possible correction of the geometry was made in purpose

to improve the design in terms of reducing drag and improve aerodynamics. In

addition, the validation process was performed to fmd out the differences between

the redesign and existing design of the truck wind deflector. The layout was finalized

after comparing the results from two commercially available tools - namely, FEA

and ANSYS FLUENT.


11

DEDICATION

For most I would like to dedicate and thank for my father, Mr. Abd. Latif Bin Samsi

and my mother, Mrs. Jalilah Binti Sayuti and also for my beloved family who have

helped me in mentally and materially, and to encourage and motivate me during my

final year project is implemented.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, all praises to Allah the Almighty that by His blessings I have

been able to complete my final year project's report, which is part of the requirement

that I am undergoing in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). A lot of

information that I get during to complete this report besides can improve my

knowledge about the related title of this final year project. Most of the work in this

project is related to studies, so it is easier for understanding and implementing on

that. In this project, I learned the method of communication with people, finding the

problem while operation, improvement in process and so on. In fact, my greatest

gratitude goes to my supervisor, co-supervisor, family and friends who have

contributed an immeasurable amount of guidance, advice and assistance along the

implementation period of final year project. I would like to appreciate and thankful

to my dedicated supervisor, Mr. Saifudin Hafiz Bin Y ahaya for the valuable

guidance and support. He inspired me greatly to work on this project. His willingness

to motivate me contributed tremendously to .the project. Thank you also to my co

supervisor which is Mr. Mohd Najib Bin Ali Mokktar for the supporting, cooperation

and commitment given t.o fluently my work. In addition, I would like to thank the

authority of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for providing me with a

good .environment and facilities to complete this .project. Especially, an honorable

mention goes to my beloved family and friends for their understandings, supporting

and inspirations on me. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, I

would face many problems and difficulties while doing this project. Finally, I

apologize for all the mistakes I did and weaknesses of this myself.

© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka IV

Abstrak

Abstract

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Content

List of Tables

List of Figures

TABLE OF CONTENT

List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclature

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Project

1.2 Introduction of Truck Wind Deflector

1.3 Problem Statement

1.4 Objective of Research

1.5 Scope of Research

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Wind Deflector

2.2

2.1 .1 Introduction of Wind Deflector

2.1.2 Application of Wind Deflector

2.1.2.1 Tractor-trailer Vehicle

2.1.2.2

2.1.2.3

2.1 .2.4

Cabin Over Engine (COE) Vehicle

Towing Vehicle

Race Car Vehicle

2.1.2.5 Motor Vehicle

Truck Wind Deflector

2.2.1 Introduction of Truck Wind Deflector

2.2.2 History of Truck Wind Deflector

2.2.3 Basic Model of Truck Wind Deflector


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2.2.4

2.2.5

2.2.6

Design ofTruck Wind Deflector

Drag Reduction using Truck Wind Deflector

Other Benefits of Truck Wind Deflector

2.3 An Aerodynamic

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.3.3

2.3.4

2.3.5

Introduction of Aerodynamic

General Aerodynamic Principles

An Aerodynamic Features On Truck

2.3.3.1 Cab RoofFairing

2.3.3.2 Comer Vanes

Air Flow Pattern around Wind Deflector

Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamic Fundamentals

2.3.5.1 The Effects of Different Cab to Trailer Body

Heights with both Sharp and Rounded Upper

Windscreen Leading Edges

2.3.5.2 Fore Body Pressure Distribution

CHAPTER3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of Research

3.2 A Truck Wind Deflector Design

3.2.1 Existing Design

3.2.2 Facet Modeling

3.3 Method of Analysis

3.3.1 Linear Static Analysis

3.3.2 Fatigue Analysis

3.3.3 Drag Analysis

CHAPTER 4: LINEAR STATIC AND FATIGUE ANALYSIS

4.1 Linear Static Analysis

4.1.1 MeshingProcess

4.1.2 Boundary and Loading Conditions

4.1.3 Material Selection

4.1.4 Stress and Displacement Distribution Among the Models

4.1.5 Safety Factor


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4.2 Fatigue Analysis 74

CHAPTER 5: TRUCK WIND DEFLECTOR AND ITS DYNAMIC 83

ANALYSIS

5.1 Dynamic Analysis 83

5.1.1 Creating a FLUENT Fluid Flow Analysis System in ANSYS 85

Workbench

5.1.2 Creating the Geometry in ANS YS DesignModeler 87

5.1.3 Discretization using Finite Volume Method in the ANSYS 90

Meshing Application

5.1.4 Setting up the Boundary Condition in ANSYS FLUENT 98

5.1.5 Displaying Results in CFD-Post 101

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 107

6.1 Conclusion

6.2 Recommendations

REFERENCES

APPENDICES


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LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Study property: Mesh information 62

4.2 Material properties of ABS Plastic 67

4.3 Stress and displacement results for the existing design 69

4.4 Safety factor for the existing design and improve design 71

4.5 Pressure applied with safety factor of the existing design 78

4.6 Divided difference for linear interpolation 79

4.7 Pressure applied with safety factor of the improve design 80

4.8 Divided difference for linear interpolation 80

5.1 The cushion values ofthe analysis domain 89

5.2 Mesh information in both designs 96


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2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

2.13

2.14

2.15

2.16

2.17

2.18

2.19

2.20

2.21

2.22

2.23

2.24

3.1

3.2

LIST OF FIGURES

The wind deflector that used on the top of a truck

Wind deflector for tractor-trailer

Cabin over engine (COE) vehicle

Caravan used for deflecting air streams striking moving vehicle

Nissan Hasemi Sport Gzox Z Race Car

Spoiler for motor vehicle

Diagram of the truck frontal area

Dryden engineers modified a van to test aerodynamic drag

A COE vehicle was tested and modified by Dryden

The basic model of ford cargo truck

A perspective showing of truck incorporation the design

The porous structure through the front of the truck body

Resistance forces created at various speeds

Frontal pressure is flow around the front of the vehicle

The rear vacuum is caused by the "hole" left in the air

Turbulence created by the flow detachment

Common aerodynamic features

Air flow between cab and trailer body with and without cab roof

fairing

Molded adjustable cab roof fairing

Influence of corner vanes in reducing cab side panel flow separation

The airflow of the truck without wind deflector

The airflow of the truck with wind deflector

Comparison of air flow over the upper surface of a cab and trailer

Trailer flow body pressure distribution with and without cab roof

deflector

Main flow chart in truck wind deflector design

The truck wind deflector


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3.3 Existing design of truck wind deflector 43

3.4 Process flow diagram of 3D oftruck wind deflector design 44

3.5 Improve design of truck wind deflector 46

3.6 The flow chart of the truck wind deflector facet modeling 46

3.7 Linear static analysis using Solidworks Simulationxpress 50

3.8 The flow chart of the fatigue analysis 53

3.9 The flow chart of the simulation process 55

3.10 Process flow diagram using ANSYS FLUENT 57

4.1 The type of meshing 60

4.2 Tetrahedral mesh of a cranium (80K elements) 61

4.3a Meshing process for the truck wind deflector: Existing design 62

4.3b Meshing process for the truck wind deflector: Improve design 62

4.4a Boundary condition for the truck wind deflector: Existing design 64

4.4b Boundary condition for the truck wind deflector: Improve design 64

4.5 Pressure and speed 64

4.6a The loading condition for the truck wind deflector: Existing design 65

4.6b The loading condition for the truck wind deflector: Improve design 65

4.7 ABS physical properties as a function of monomer content 66

4.8a Stress result 0.050 N/mm2 by SolidWorks Simulationxpress: 68

Existing design

4.8b Stress result 0.050 N/mm2 by SolidWorks Simulationxpress: 68

Improve design

4.9a Displacement result 0.050 N/mm2 by SolidWorks 69

Simulationxpress: Existing design

4.9b Displacement result 0.050 N/mm2 by SolidWorks 69

Simulationxpress: Improve design

5.1 The ANSYS Workbench graphical user interface 85

5.2 The selecting FLUENT Fluid Flow analysis system 86

5.3 ANSYS Workbench with a new FLUENT Fluid Flow analysis 87

system


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5.4 The setting the units in ANSYS DesignModeler 88

5.5 The window of ANSYS DesignModeler 89

5.6a The 3D domain of truck: Existing design 90

5.6b The 3D domain of truck: Improve design 90

5.7 The ANSYS Meshing application with the truck geometry loaded 93

5.8 The selecting a face to create an inlet and outlet 94

5.9 The computational mesh for the truck geometry in ANSYS 95

Meshing Application

5.10 Structured and unstructured meshes 95

5.11 The finite volume mesh of the existing design 97

5.12 The meshed domain of the improve design 97

5.13 The FLUENT Launcher 98

5.14 The ANSYS FLUENT application 99

5.15 Boundary conditions of CFD model 100

5.16a The boundary condition of of the domain: Existing design 101

5.16b The boundary condition of of the domain: Improve design 101

5.17 The CFD-Post application 102

5.18a The velocity contour over the truck geometry: Existing design 102

5.18b The velocity contour over the truck geometry: Improve design 102

5.19a The velocity streamlines over both truck geometries: Existing 103

design

5.19b The velocity streamlines over both truck geometries: Improve 103

design

5.20a The velocity streamlines and the vectors over both truck 104

geometries: Existing design

5.20b The velocity streamlines and the vectors over both truck 104

geometries: Improve design

5.21a The pressure distribution over both truck geometries: Existing 105

design

5.21b The pressure distribution over both truck geometries: Improve 105

design


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ABS

BEM

CAD

CAE

CAM

CFD

COE

FEA

FEM

FOS

FVM

IGES

MPH

NASA

PDE

PA

RANS

2D

3D

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

boundary element method

Computer-Aided Design

Computer-Aided Engineering

Computer-Aided Manufacturing

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Cabin Over Engine

Finite Element Analysis

Finite Element Method

Factor Of Safety

Finite Volume Method

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification

Miles Per Hour

National Aeronautics And Space Administration

- partial differential equations

Pascal

Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes

Two Dimensional

Three Dimensional


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CHAPTER!

INTRODUCTION

This chapter present~ the general idea of the research which provides an overview of

the truck wind deflector. Basically, it consists of five main sections, such as the

background of the project, background of truck wind deflector, problem statement,

objectives of research and scope of research, which describe the overall process of

the research.

1.1 Background of Project

Generally, this project is related to improvements in the wind deflectors as designed

and as applied for use to present day types of closed body automotive vehicles such

as, for example, truck, trailer, vans, and so on. However, this project more focus on

the design of the wind deflector for trucks for effecting the deflection of slip stream

air from the front area of the truck across its top-end roof for reducing aerodynamic

drag. The primary purpose of this research is to provide the design of the truck wind

deflectors for the above stated purpose that are easy to apply to a truck for easily

adjustable to better serve their intended purpose of use on the truck.

Besides that, the design is related to a wind deflector device for mounting on the roof

of a commercial truck in order to analyze this design by using ANSYS FLUENT

software for the purpose of reducing the drag of the truck and of improving an

aerodynamic characteristic of said commercial truck vehicle. Particular, it related to a

wind deflector device for use on a driving cab of a truck vehicle, in which the truck

comprises the load-carrying portion of said vehicle and exhibits a frontal profile

which is substantially larger than that of the driving cab.

© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka 1

Further benefit advantages of this research reside in the details of construction of the

present preferred and modified forms of the truck wind deflector: in the combination

of parts thereof and in their mode or manner use, as will hereinafter be fully

developed. In accomplishing these and other purposes of this research, the improved

detail of construction, the preferred forms of which are illustrated in the

accompanying drawing have been provided in this research. Therefore, the purpose

of this research can be achieved in order to reduce the aerodynamic drag and further

to improve an aerodynamic characteristic of the truck.

1.2 Introduction of Truck Wind Deflector

Nowadays, the wind deflectors are utilized in recent years for directing air over the

frontal area of a moving vehicle. In the automotive industry, a truck wind deflector is

an aerodynamic drag reducer device that attached to a truck with the intended design

function to 'spoil' untoward air movement across a body of a truck in motion. An

aerodynamics is the study of how air moves around the truck which can be a

powerful force and how this force can be reduced or directed to increase

performance. However, the aerodynamics were first studied and applied to the

aviation industry, but it has since trickled across to the automotive industry such as,

truck, trailer, house trailer and, etc. The atmosphere is filled with air and air

pressure, especially close to sea level where most of the people live and drive. The

vehicle or any object that moves must displace the air around it in the direction that it

is traveling in.

This is almost a non-issue at low speeds as the air can easily move around any truck

that travels at a slow enough space but as the speed continues to increase the air

cannot be displaced fast enough so it adds a resistance to the truck. This resistance is

called drag or aerodynamic drag. The faster a truck moves the thicker the air around

it becomes so more than five times the horsepower is required for a truck to travel

200MPH than what it would need to travel at 1 00 MPH but aerodynamic features

may have little or no effect at speeds of around and under 1 0 MPH.


Many high end trucks have a number of aerodynamic features fitted seamlessly into

their exterior styling and design. Implementing the aerodynamic features can benefit

to the truck in a number of ways. Acceleration and maximum speed can be increased

resulting in better performance as more air can travel around the truck and reducing

the effects of drag. The truck will need less horsepower and torque to move at the

same speed compared to a truck with fewer aerodynamic features.

Besides that, the cost savings will benefit due to the lack of drag. The truck wind

deflector doesn't give much resistance at low speeds but as the increase of truck

speed, it will need a smaller amount of fuel to drive compared to whether the truck

did not have the aerodynamic features. Vehicle aerodynamics further increases the

performance of the truck as some aerodynamic features are used to create a down

force at high speeds, which can reduce the chances of overturning.

Furthermore, the truck wind deflector will be compromised as the design of a

production road truck must adhere with an imperative of automobile production, and

interior space should remain practicable. The exterior design of the truck should also

be attractive, but this is not that big of an issue as many aerodynamic features, curves

and lines can add appeal to a truck. The ultimate performance trucks such as the

super cars and the formula one car will have more obvious features like the specially

angled spoilers, small wings and more in addition to the more discreet aerodynamic

features.

1.3 Problem Statement

Over the past two decades, the architecture and design industry has undergone a

digital revolution. Hambleton et. a/. (2009) found that the CAD, 3D modeling, and

script driven design software are commonly used by most major manufacturer and

designer around the world. Modeling technology is now so advanced that it is

possible to produce extremely complex geometrical forms from minimal design

input. As a consequence, the free-form technique has grown rapidly during this time

in the design industry.


Menzel et. a/. (2005) stated that the free-form technique have been initially

developed in the field of solid and surface modeling allowing intuitive shape

modifications by moving the control points of a lattice which encloses arbitrary

target geometry. Campbell and Flynn (n.d.) have both shown that the definitions of

the free-form technique are often intuitive rather than formal. Despite the different

application contexts of freeform object models in vision and graphics, some criteria

apply to representations regardless of domain. According to Menzel et. a/. (2005),

the free-form technique allows decoupling the complexity of the design to be

optimized from the optimization parameter. Besides that, the free

form technique promised a high geometric flexibility while keeping a low number of

optimized parameters as well as a comfortable way of mesh generation.

Nowadays, the basics of this technique are the main method that the designer used to

design the truck wind deflector. Although no doubt this new found freedom has

given rise to some incredible and beautiful forms, it has also weakness and error

where it is used to design the drawing without using the accurate data

and accurate parameter. According to Hambleton et. a/. (2009), this tension is

especially apparent in the transport industry, especially for the manufacturer of the

truck wind deflector, since it has been the medium of choice in a wide variety of

projects involving freeform geometry. This means, if the free-form technique applied

carefully to design the truck wind deflector, it can even handle these kinds of

geometric features with accurate data or accurate parameter and in such a case, the

possibility of omitting the re-meshing procedure is highly advantageous (Menzel et.

a/., 2005).

Therefore, the facet modeling technique is applied to design the truck wind deflector

for improving the free-form technique. Tico and Kuosmanen (n.d.) stated that the

facet models had found various applications in computer vision and design software.

Rock and Womy (1992) have both shown that the facet models represent solid

objects by spatial boundaries, which are defmed by a set of planar faces. This is a

special case of the more general boundary representation which does not require

object boundaries be planar. In general, the term facet is used to denote any

constrained polygonal planar region being used to define a model boundary.


According to Tico and Kuosmanen (n.d.), usmg a facet model, various local

properties of the solid model can be interpreted by the corresponding properties of

the underlying model surface. In this project, the facet modeling technique is applied

to improve the existing design of the truck wind deflector in order to obtain a smooth

profile of this design. Besides that, the facet modeling is used to defme the curve in

the truck wind deflector design. The command used to improve the profile of the

curve is a spline command. When the curve is improved, the purpose of this project

is achieved to have the cost reduction benefit and drag reduction, thus to improve an

aerodynamically on the truck.

1.4 Objective Of Research

The main goal of this research is to provide the design of the truck wind deflectors in

order to analyze this design for the purpose of reducing the aerodynamic drag and of

improving an aerodynamic characteristic of the truck vehicles. To describe more

details about this research, the objective was stated here to give a more

comprehension to the problem statement. Basically, the objectives will clearly define

that purpose to show the framework and also explains what to do next. The

objectives of this research are listed as below:

(a) To redesign the profile of the truck wind deflector.

(b) To apply the facet modeling technique in the generated profile.

(c) To analyze the improved truck wind deflector using linear static, fatigue and

ANSYS FLUENT analyses.

(d) To study the comparative model between the existing and the improved models

of the truck wind deflector.


1.5 Scope Of Research

Substantively, the project activities, progress and outcomes will be well described in

further detail in this scope of research. The explanation about each chapter in this

research will be described in order to convey to the reader what the scope that was

established in this project.

Chapter 1 will explain about the background of project, background of truck wind

deflector, problem statement, objectives of research and scope of research.

Background of the truck wind deflector evaluates the benefits for the truck when

implementing the aerodynamic features. By identifying and pinpointing the problem

statement, research can be launched in order to improve the existing design of the

truck wind deflector. On top of that, the objectives of research play a significant role

in the success of the whole research. Scope of research provides an overview that is

essential to the success of this research. All those elements become the initial step

before going through this research.

Furthermore, Chapter 2 will discuss about the literature review related to truck wind

deflector such as the overview and the application of wind deflector, overview and

history of truck wind deflector, basic model, general aerodynamic principles, an

aerodynamic feature on trucking, air flow pattern around wind deflector, and the

advantages when using the truck wind deflector. In this chapter, the suitable method

of research is used to collect information that related to this project title. It is mainly

involved the study of journal, books, research paper, and online resources that are

related to the title searching. Throughout the study, evidence can obtain to support

the facts stated in this research. For this research, the information collection is being

used to that will be help in terms of an understanding and the accuracy of

information that will be received.


Chapter 3 will be described about the methodology of this project and also explained

the structure of how the project was done. In this chapter, it generally shows the

process of accomplishing this work from beginning to end. Basically, this project has

taken into consideration the important works, mostly on making a drawing and

conducting analysis on the both designs of the truck wind deflector. Therefore, this

chapter covers the process flow charts and methods used to construct the research.

The process flow charts such as the main flow chart in truck wind deflector design,

process flow diagram of 3D of truck wind deflector design, flow chart of the truck

wind deflector facet modeling, linear static analysis using Solidworks

Simulationxpress, flow chart of the fatigue analysis, flow chart of the simulation

process and process flow diagram using ANSYS FLUENT.

Besides that, the linear static analysis and fatigue analysis of the truck wind deflector

will be discussed in Chapter 4. In this research, the linear static analysis is used to

define the stress and displacement distribution on the facet truck wind deflector

design. Basically, the result that gets from the linear static analysis is used to make a

calculation of interpolation polynomials where to defme the safety factor is

one. Therefore, when the safety factor for the design of the truck wind deflector is

one, the fatigue analysis will be done. After the result of fatigue analysis is gotten,

the design optimization method is applied when the structure of the truck wind

deflector in the failure condition in order to ensure the truck wind deflector design

have high performance and high reliability.

Chapter 5 is explained about the result of the dynamic analysis for the design of the

truck wind deflector. For this dynamic analysis, a truck wind deflector design is used

ANSYS FLUENT software where 3D analysis of the side contour of the truck was

achieved, and correction of truck geometry was made in purpose to improve the

existing design of the truck wind deflector. The purpose of the dynamic analysis is to

improve an aerodynamically efficient spoiler and side extenders for the truck vehicle.

Besides that, this analysis is conducted to analyze the design of the truck wind

deflector to have cost reduction benefit and further drag reduction in the truck.

However, the pressure distributions and velocity of airflow of the truck wind

deflector will get from the result of the ANSYS FLUENT analysis.


CHAPTER2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter literature review has been performed in order to review and examines

all the information associated with development projects of the truck wind deflector.

Taylor, (n.d.) has defmed a literature review as an account of what has been

published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Basically, Chapter 2 is

written m an essay format that discusses the topics related the title

of this project. This chapter is not a summary; rather, it referred previous and current

research in regard to how relevant and useful it is and how it relates to my research.

This literature review will explore about information of the truck wind deflector from

scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of

research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each

work.

2.1 Wind Deflector

2.1.1 Introduction of Wind Deflector

Wind deflectors that used as a vehicle have been available for many years. Rich

(1987) found that the wind deflector is mounted on the roof of an automobile or the

truck to reduce "drag" due to air friction as the car or truck moves forwardly by

creating a laminar airflow over the top of the vehicle. The wind deflector relates to

devices for deflecting air streams striking vehicle and the likes, air streams caused by

the wind or forward movement of a first prime mover vehicle moving ahead and in

front of said trailing vehicle.


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