Using advanced NDT for historic buildings: Towards an integrated multidisciplinary health assessment strategy

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ARTICLE IN PRESSG ModelULHER-2896; No. of Pages 10

Journal of Cultural Heritage xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

Available online at

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riginal article

sing advanced NDT for historic buildings: Towards an integratedultidisciplinary health assessment strategy

okhan Kilic ∗

epartment of Civil Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 23 July 2014ccepted 15 September 2014vailable online xxx

a b s t r a c t

This study aims to enhance the body of knowledge available in relation to the mechanical performanceof historical structures and the assessment of the expected service life of such structures. The reliabil-ity of non-destructive techniques (NDT) is examined, in particular in connection with the technique’s

eywords:ealth monitoring and assessmentround penetrating radar (GPR)hermal imagingDTistoric building

application to a historic Ottoman building located in Urla, Izmir, Turkey. NDT techniques are effective inthe identification of such defects as cavities and water ingress hidden within a structure, in addition toproviding information on material properties. This research is unique in utilizing NDT within a multidis-ciplinary assessment strategy to demonstrate its value within the field and will be of particular interestto structural engineers and architects.

© 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

. Introduction

Historic buildings are significant symbols of any culture’s her-tage, and it is important to prioritize their protection against suchestructive forces as flooding, freeze/thaw cycles, earthquake loadsnd general ageing. Many such buildings are available for pub-ic viewing, often providing financial and community rewards forhe authorities responsible for them. The natural phenomena citedbove are not alone in inflicting damage on the structural integrityf a building; the effects of live loads and their resultant vibra-ions are also capable of causing severe damage such as crackshich. In turn, these can weaken the structure and even lead to

ts eventual collapse. As some structural deterioration takes placeeneath ground level, visual inspection cannot offer a comprehen-ive means of assessing a structure’s state of repair, which makeshe application of NDT highly desirable [1,2].

Simply put, a programme of structural assessment and monitor-ng with a view to informing ongoing maintenance is an essentialspect of preserving a culture’s structural heritage. There is no setpecification for assessing structural health, but, as a minimum, itust be acknowledged that it is necessary for such monitoring to be

Please cite this article in press as: G. Kilic, Using advanced NDT for hiassessment strategy, Journal of Cultural Heritage (2014), http://dx.doi

ndertaken within a multidisciplinary environment of specialistsnd specialist equipment [3,4].

∗ Sakarya Cad. No. 156, Balc ova, 35330 Izmir, Turkey. Tel.: +905343332299.E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.010296-2074/© 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Whilst comprehensive building guidelines exist encompassingthe building of new structures, the construction methods and mate-rials for historic buildings would have varied greatly, dependingchiefly upon the era in which the building work was undertaken.The building materials will largely consist of bricks, stones, adobeand mortar, with blocks size building style again varying dependingupon the construction era.

As well as establishing the great importance of protecting thesehistorical buildings from the various phenomena with the poten-tial to jeopardise their structural safety, it is equally crucial withinparticular zones of the world, including Turkey, to evaluate seismicrisk. However, undertaking a reliable risk assessment of a build-ing is extremely challenging, involving qualitative and quantitativemethods to ensure accurate judgements relating to maintenance[5]. Qualitative data can be retrieved by way of inspection of dete-rioration in combination with a defects and relevant literaturereview, but the collection of quantitative data is more problematic,involving of complex collection methods conducted by specialist.This makes the process costly, in terms of both time and money,thus necessitating that this process is carried out in a limited num-ber of cases, and only when other methods have failed to producethe required information [6].

Various methods of NDT are available, including sonic/ultrasonic, electromagnetic and electrical and infrared thermogra-

storic buildings: Towards an integrated multidisciplinary health.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.010

phy techniques, with each method capable of supplying particularinformation. In the past most tests using these methods needed tobe conducted in the laboratory. However, continued innovations innon-laboratory NDT particularly GPR and infrared thermography,

dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.010


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ARTICLEULHER-2896; No. of Pages 10

G. Kilic / Journal of Cultur

as led to a decline in cost, making them increasingly accessible2,6,7].

Clark et al.’s [8] reports on the applications of the NDT inspectionethod of infrared thermography not only within the civil engi-

eering discipline, but also in fields such as the medical industry,he publishing industry, and in locating and assessing buried mine-hafts. Within civil engineering, NDT is typically used to appraiseoncrete and to locate deterioration and anomalies within struc-ures.

It is recognised that, used in combination with more conven-ional methods of assessment, such as visual inspection, these

ethods can provide reliable assessments to inform decision-aking. However, more recently, it has also been speculated thatay be most effectively advanced by the use of two concrete assess-ent NDT techniques in conjunction, which has been shown to

eliver high quality information in terms of both diagnostics andn an effort to reduce measurement noise. The techniques consid-red here are visual inspection, GPR and infrared thermography.he GPR system becomes unreliable in the presence of water and,o a reduced extent, porosity whereas ultrasound is unreliable inhe presence of moisture and density, but can nevertheless assesshe modulus of elasticity [9,10].

Although using two methods of assessment clearly has addi-ional cost implications, this extra cost may be justified by theenefit gained in terms of heightened reliability in results. Thistudy will therefore scrutinise this approach in an effort to endorse

multidisciplinary approach to the structural assessment of his-oric buildings using NDT.

The NDT of infrared thermography is a low/medium cost assess-ent method, which has the capability to monitor temperature

n the long-term. Although simple for a trained its operator tose, its reliability depends on environmental conditions. As the

nfrared waves will not infiltrate a structure very deeply, thenformation gained from this technique is limited to the surfaceevel. In comparison, GPR’s greater penetration allows a supe-ior volume of data collection [8,11–13]. However, as alreadytated, the two methods can complement one another in order tonhance the volume of collected data for comparison and validationurposes.

With historical structures often being subject to major defects,uch as cracks, cavities, it is important to collect as much infor-ation as possible. This can be achieved by implementing an

ssessment program combining two complementary NDTs. In addi-ion, it is not unusual for historical buildings to have limited or even

complete absence of surviving structural paperwork, as in the caseith the Ottoman building in question. The lack of information,

or example, in relation to support positioning, makes traditionalnspection methods redundant in effective.

By using the inter-disciplinary method described, a comprehen-ive and reliable structural assessment of a historical building cane undertaken, so as to yield a comprehensive report on which toase decision making relating to structural maintenance, as well as

ocating hidden abnormalities such as cracks, delamination, mois-ure ingress and cavities.

. Case study (Urla primary school)

The case study building is an Ottoman structure, which cur-ently houses the Urla primary school (Fig. 1a). The buildingffers an ideal case study for this research, in view of theact that minimal structural paperwork has survived. As such,

Please cite this article in press as: G. Kilic, Using advanced NDT for hiassessment strategy, Journal of Cultural Heritage (2014), http://dx.do

he value of the multidisciplinary technique described can bessessed.

This sixteenth century building is situated in Urla, Izmir (Fig. 1b)nd a south plan view can be seen on Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. South plan view of the Urla primary school AutoCAD drawing [34].

The building was subjected to structural petrographic analy-

storic buildings: Towards an integrated multidisciplinary healthi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.010

sis to determine the source of the rock and stone formations. Themicritic limestone material used in the construction is relativelyhomogeneous, and these local limestone formations are commonlyseen in Urla (Fig. 3).


ARTICLE IN PRESSG ModelCULHER-2896; No. of Pages 10

G. Kilic / Journal of Cultural Heritage xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 3

Fig. 3. Geological map of Turkey [14].

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buildings (Fig. 4).

. Methodology

Conservation of these types of historical buildings involves care-ul consideration of any required intervention procedures, whichn turn relies access to accurate information on the structure’sondition. In the case of the Urla primary school building, ourethodology consisted of undertaking and comparing results from

isual inspection, material analysis and testing, GPR testing andhermal imaging. The results of these methods are compared to gainn accurate understanding of the structural health of the historicuilding.

The condition of a historical building needs to be ascertained,articularly if affected by a natural disaster. It is even more impor-ant if the condition was unknown before the disaster. The mostdvantageous circumstance, however, is to possess full knowledgef the structural health of the building prior to any such disastern order that a risk assessment can be undertaken and risk planrocedures can be implemented. With this knowledge, a buildingssessment can be carried out immediately follows a disaster toppraise its safety condition. The two surveys required to evaluatehe pre-event and post-event safety condition of these buildingsiffer in their approach, with the initial assessment evaluatingpotential risk”, and the post-event assessment evaluating “dam-ge level” of the property. The damage level survey will be used


o inform decision-making relating to any required remedial pro-ramme.

Fig. 5. a: the TR HF (2 GHz) antenna; b: ground

Fig. 4. Material analysis test in the laboratory condition [34].

3.1. Visual inspection

As already discussed, visual inspection remains an effectiveassessment technique used to evaluate the condition of struc-tures. It is economical and provides immediate results in relationto visible defects such as cracks, moisture ingress and delam-ination. However, because of the low level of detail provided,other inspection techniques must be implemented alongside inorder to produce a more complete evaluation. Several detailedvisual inspection for the case study building were conducted byresearchers, the results of, which are set out in Section 4. The visualinspection usually forms only the initial stage of a full conditionsurvey, to be followed by the implementation of a more in-depthanalysis if deemed necessary. A full assessment procedure includesthe collating of both qualitative and quantitative data within thecontext of in situ testing, laboratory tests, and the implementationof numerical modelling, all of which are costly and time-consumingprocesses.

3.2. Material analysis

Assessment of the building required an analysis of materialsin order to ascertain the effects of natural phenomena such asrain, snow, temperature changes, and air pollution. This neces-sitated the implementation of both laboratory and field-testing.One of the tests carried out aimed to ascertain the presence ofwater-soluble salts and their associated pH values – these saltspecies include nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, phosphate, carbonate andchloride. This testing is especially important for materials suchas soil, stone, ceramic and mortar, which are common in historic


Specifically, the following laboratory tests were carried out onthe building materials of the Ottoman building:

penetrating radar survey on the ground.



4 G. Kilic / Journal of Cultural Heritage xxx (2014) xxx–xxx

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Fig. 6. Concrete deterioration, efflorescence

sulphate test (SO42−): to ascertain whether gypsum-containing

binders or air pollution from flue gases were present in the plasterand mortar;

−


chlorine test (Cl ): to ascertain the effects of the interactionbetween moisture and the cement in the mortar on the conditionof the materials;

Fig. 7. Different samples were extracted

r delamination, and significant cracks [34].

• phosphate test (PO43−): to ascertain any effects

the presence of materials such as animal or plantremains, food residue and sewage on the mortar and


plaster;• carbonate test (CO3

2−): to ascertain the level of lime presentwithin the plaster and mortar;

from different affected parts [34].


Please cite this article in press as: G. Kilic, Using advanced NDT for historic buildings: Towards an integrated multidisciplinary healthassessment strategy, Journal of Cultural Heritage (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.010



Table 1Samples analysis/testing [34].

Samples Material group Number of sample Analysis/testing

ISM-T Rock/stone samples 4 1, 2, 3, 6

ISM-B Ceramics examples (tiles and bricks) 5 1, 2, 3, 6

ISM-H Mortar examples (grout and debris from filling) 6 1, 4, 5, 6

Table 2Samples location information’s [34].

Stone/rock samples Ceramic (brick/tile) samples Mortar samples

Samples Location Samples Location Samples Location

ISM-T1 Stone, westernfront, near thenorthwestcorner of 2 mabove

ISM-B1 Ceramic, westfacade of thesouth gate archbrick

ISM-H1 Mortar, westfacade of thesouth gate arch

ISM-T2 Stone, close tothe westernfront top floorroof level

ISM-B2 Ceramic, tilesfrom the roofpart

ISM-H2 Mortar, fromthe westernfront upperfloor level

ISM-T3 Stone, northwest level

ISM-B3 Ceramic, closeto the roof level

ISM-H3 Mortar, fromthe westernfront upperfloor level

ISM-T4 Stone, lowerground floor ofan entrance at0.5 m level

ISM-B4 Ceramic, theentrance doorto the west

ISM-H4 Mortar, fromthe westernfront close tothe roof level

ISM-B5 Ceramic, thetop floor of thenorth wall

ISM-H5 Mortar, 2 mwest of thenorthern frontdoor from theceiling

ISM-H6 Mortar, the topfloor of thenorth openingwall




Table 3Water-soluble salts types [34].

Samples Nitrite (NO2−) Nitrate (NO3

−) Phosphate (PO43−) Carbonate (CO3

2−) Sulfate (SO42−) Chlorine (Cl−) pH

ISM-T1 0.050* 10* 0* x* 200** 3* 6.69**

ISM-T2 0.075 25 0.200 + 200 60 6.57

ISM-T3 0.025 10 0.100 + 400 18 6.78

ISM-T4 0.025 10 0 x 400 6 6.86

ISM-B1 0.050 10 0 x 400 3 6.95

ISM-B2 0.050 10 0 x 200 3 6.51

ISM-B3 0.025 75 0 + 200 250 6.39

ISM-B4 0.025 10 0 + 400 60 6.92

ISM-B5 0.025 75 0 + 200 100 6.96

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The visual inspection revealed the interior walls and superstruc-ture features to be entirely coated with mortar and plaster. Samplesof various affected aspects of the structure were removed so as to

: non; +: few; ++: medium; +++: high.* mg/L.

** 100 mL of water to the limit of sensitivity.

nitrite (NO2−) and Nitrate (NO3

−) tests: to ascertain the make-upof the layer of black material formed as a result of traffic and airpollution.

.3. The GPR survey

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a commonly used and well-stablished method of NDT applied to assess a structure’s health.

source antenna emits electromagnetic pulses into the structure,hich are reflected back to a receiving antenna. The data retained

n the pulses is then analysed to determine the identify of anyidden features encountered. GPR is capable of providing data inelation to hidden cracks delamination, material layers, leakage andettlement.

In the case of the Urla primary school building, the chief remitor the GPR survey was to locate any hidden cracks and moisturengress. The survey was carried out on 30 March 2014 with a TRF model, using a 2 GHz antenna (Fig. 5a). To prepare for the GPR

urvey, straight longitudinal and transverse lines were marked onhe ground with temporary paint not only to ensure that the wholerea is covered, but also so as to accommodate referencing of theata collected to a fixed location (Fig. 5b).

The mobile and manoeuvrable GPR apparatus has the capabil-ty to collect high quality, densely sampled data, which in turnllows for the creation of high quality tomography and 3D data.n this study, IDS GRED data analysis software was employed toroduce a 2D tomography of underground layers and a 3D picturef the surveyed volume. Data collected along both the longitudi-al and transversal direction can be combined to create a singleomographic map.

.4. Thermal imaging procedure

At this point, it is important to understand how assessment byhermal imaging works. A thermal imaging camera allows for theetection of the absorption and emission of infrared radiation emit-ed from the material being assessed. Infrared radiation refers to thehanges that take place as in materials a result of the natural heat-ng and cooling process caused by variation in air temperature. Themitted radiation can be divided into bands comprising the spec-rum between visible light and microwaves, and has a wavelengthanging from 0.75 to 10 microns [8,15]. The amount of radiationmitted depends on the size of the sample. A thermal imaging cam-


ra collects the emission and from these produces in colour image.n the specific case of delamination between corroding reinforce-

ent bars and the surrounding concrete, for example, the area ofelamination will be more responsive to temperature changes due

to its reduced mass and enlarged surface area. These differencesin responsiveness allow for their location to be established by thethermal imaging camera. This method of inspection is suitable forextremes of temperature, as this method has the potential to iden-tify temperature variations as small as 0.08 ◦C. However, it shouldbe noted that wind, direct sunlight and rain reduce the reliabilityof the technique.

4. Results

4.1. Visual inspection

The visual inspection carried out on the Ottoman buildingconsisted of interior and exterior inspections, for each individualstructural element. The inspection disclosed the materials to beof masonry type, with brick and stone masonry and mortar. Manyitems of defect were noted, including concrete deterioration, waterseepage, cover delamination and substantial areas of cracking. Sig-nificant concrete deterioration caused by delamination was alsoidentified, which necessitates repairs on building’s west face andall ceilings. The ceilings are in such poor condition they require aseparate safety assessment prior to the commencement of any suchworks of remediation. In addition to the failing ceiling, the bearingwall surface is in a state of disrepair and, also requires remedialwork. Potholes and fretting were also identified. The core area of thebuilding was found to be significantly higher than its other areas.All findings of the visual inspection are presented on Fig. 6.

4.2. Material analysis and testing


Fig. 8. Stone and ceramic samples - pH value [34].




possib

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Fig. 9. Processed 2 GHz data and

llow for a more comprehensive analysis of the material composi-ion and properties to be undertaken (Fig. 7).

The various layers of materials noted evidence the time periodsetween the works carried out over the years. There exists in the


pper level of the property a large amount of thin lime plastern white. The mortar joints between brick and stone consist ofoarse grain aggregate, which are coarse in texture and grey inolour.

le explanations (interpretation).

The testing of the examined samples identified an acidic levelof pH < 7. Examined samples of the stone and ceramic materialsand cement binder content indicate extreme salt loads in advancedstages of decomposition (Table 1).


In addition to the above testing, tests were also conducted so asto determine the strength characteristics of the Ottoman building,with details of the samples taken presented in Table 2. The testscarried out included:




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spot salt type tests (SO42−, Cl−, PO4

3−, CO32−, NO3

−, NO2−);

physical tests (hardness, porosity, density and water absorptioncapacity);conductometry analysis (total soluble salt test);acidic aggregate/binding assay;aggregate granulometric analysis (aggregate particle distribu-tion);petrographic micromorfolojik optic microscope analysis.

Table 3 sets out the water-soluble salt types and other resultsrom the analysis and testing.

A graph showing pH values of the stone and ceramic samples isresented on Fig. 8.

.3. GPR survey

The centre cross section of the radargram produced as a result


f the GPR survey at the case study property can be seen onig. 9.

As can be clearly seen from the GPR radargram presented onig. 9, the receiving antenna picked up many radar echoes, which

ing procedure.

may have interfered with and hidden anomaly signals (such asthose associated with detachments, voids or degraded mortar).Locations of the layers and areas potentially affected by moistureingress are evident. The structural features of the facade masonryand detachments of the ashlar facing are also distinct, and thesection of the facade under investigation was shown to com-prise inner and outer faces of stone covering a rubble core. It isconsidered that the anomalies highlighted within the ashlar fac-ing are consistent with the presence of cracks, voids or damagedmortar.

4.4. Thermal imaging

The thermal imaging survey highlighted the presence ofconcrete deterioration, water seepage, cover delamination and sig-nificant cracks.

In addition, the existence of delamination and detachments of


the mural were found. The presence of accumulated heat (Fig. 10)is indicative that areas within the cracks have become detached inthis region, which requires immediate remedial work to preventfurther deterioration and possible irreversible damage.


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. Discussion

The case study in this research is the Ottoman building currentlyerving as the Urla primary school. Due to the lack of survivingaperwork or plans for this building, the study undertook structuralurveys in order to gain information on its current state. Particu-arly notable was the discovery that one section of the structures in urgent need of remedial work. These results were gained byombining data obtained via three different methods of inspection

visual survey, GPR and infrared thermography – so as to gain aomprehensive overview of the current state of the premises ando inform decisions relating to necessary remedial work [16,17].

The results have demonstrated the value to specialist in the fieldf this multidisciplinary approach to such surveys, in particular, inelation to historical buildings where there is little or no structuralaperwork in existence. A complication of undertaking such assess-ents is the wide range of techniques available. The approach

aken in this study has demonstrated, however, that such compli-ation can be overcome. The result was a combination of NDTs,hich eliminates the need for further inspection, unless indicated

y exceptional circumstances [1,2,6].The initial visual inspection of the Urla primary school provided

cost-effective and straightforward method of highlighting theresence of cracks and moisture ingress over a substantial portionf the building. In the next stage, two methods of assessment, GPRnd infrared thermography, were applied to these areas of dete-ioration to provide detailed internal data concerning the exactature and extent of the defects, and the overall structural health ofhe property. NDT methods are typically used in isolation but this

ethod demonstrates the value of combining techniques in ordero gain the greatest volume of data possible.

The laboratory tests were able to determine the extent of theuilding’s exposure to salt and its hugely detrimental effect on thearious materials of the property. Consequently, recent renovationsere undertaken using a plaster and mortar cement mixture.

This study has demonstrated the appropriateness of theescribed technique for historical buildings, but it is acknowledgedhat such as approach is unsuitable for steel structures or concretetructures with reinforcement. Nevertheless, thermal imaging isppropriate for all building layers, and with the selection of NDTost appropriate for a particular building, these techniques can be

dapted to any structure [16,18–21].Other considerations relating specifically to the Urla primary

chool building are [22–33,35]:

the building is located in a zone 1 seismic region (the highest ofthe risk zones);the building’s geometry is vulnerable to seismic events;the effects of vibration caused by traffic need to be monitored;the CO2 effects of heavy traffic need to be monitored;the risk the building poses is generally underestimated;the safety condition needs to be monitored;the building itself is in poor repair.

. Conclusions

The study undertaken herein involved the case study of anttoman building currently functioning as an Urla primary school.he lack of surviving information relating to the structure is a keyeason for the selection of this particular building. This integratedpproach combined a visual inspection with the more comprehen-


ive technical testing afforded by GPR and infrared thermography.he initial visual inspection revealed significant cracking and otherefects to various parts of the building. The subsequent GPR inspec-ion provided further details of the cracks, detected the presence

PRESSitage xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 9

of moisture, and identified the soil layers in other areas. Intrusivetesting was also carried out and the combination of two inspec-tion methods enabled the identification of the area of most concernin relation to water ingress. The implementation of infrared ther-mography located from a distance area of deterioration, includingsignificant sub-surface cracking and the presence of detached sec-tions to the mural areas and gave immediate feedback to enablereal-time decision-making.

This research is, author believes, unique. It makes an impor-tant contribute to knowledge within the field, in particular indemonstrating how an integrated approach using a chosen selec-tion of NDT methods of assessment can reliably present informationon defects affecting the structural condition, both visible and hid-den, of historical buildings. In view of the lack of no survivingpaperwork relating to the original construction, this method ofassessment allows accurate information to be gained so as to insti-gate a programme of maintenance, but also in locating hiddenfeatures. As already demonstrated, this inter-disciplinary tech-nique has provided a complete overview of the current structuralhealth and future requirements for the Ottoman building, withgreat potential for use in similar circumstances. This research addsto the literature and aims to enhance the working knowledge ofspecialists working in the field with respect to the stability anddurability of structures.

The following issues are highlights for further research:

• whilst much research has been undertaken in direct relation toreinforced concrete buildings and masonry buildings with regulargeometry following seismic loading and other hazards, there hasbeen no such comprehensive study of the structural health ofhistoric buildings. This is an important area for future study;

• with the large stock of historical buildings in comparison to therelatively small number of specialists in the field, it is of funda-mental importance to cultivate a methodology for the structuralassessment and maintenance of these buildings, as well as therequirement for a sensible prioritisation of the structure’s needs;

• because the documentation and monitoring of historic buildingsis a principal requirement in the field of conservation and pro-tection of cultural heritage, it is important that all are listed innational databases for historic monumental structures, and torecord the relevant data within the risk management plan forcultural heritage at national level;

• a significant proportion of cultural heritage consists of monu-mental masonry structures, therefore the development of “TheCode for Monumental Masonry Structures” will make a consid-erable contribution towards the conservation and protection ofcultural heritage.

Acknowledgement

The author also would like to express his deepest gratitude toProfessor Tevfik Balcioglu of providing full access to the case studyand also for his dedicated help in the planning and operation ofthe survey throughout and also important suggestions, extensivereview, support, guidance, great inspiration, and important con-tributions for this paper.

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Documents

Using advanced NDT for historic buildings: Towards an integrated multidisciplinary health assessment strategy