Utatlán C.naturales 2º Sem. 2014

8/9/2019 Utatlán C.naturales 2º Sem. 2014

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Nkmgnkis

Gituriams8¿ Hésknf - Erupf ]titaég^meugbf smjmstrm - KEMX0


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8¿ hésknf - Erupf ]titaég^meugbf smjmstrm - KEMX

Nkmgnkis

Gituriams

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Nkmgnkis Gituriams 0

^meugbf smjmstrm

Xmsmrvibfs tfbfs afs bmrmn`fs. Yumbi rkeurfsijmgtm prf`khkbi ai rmprfbunnkþg tftia f pirnkiabm mstm jitmrkia mbunitkvf, pfr nuiaqukmr jmbkf f prfnmbkjkmgtf, skg ai iutfrkzinkþg bma KgstktutfEuitmjiatmnf bm Mbuninkþg Xibkfcþgkni, KEMX. ^meÿg irtênuaf 28 bm ai Nfgstktunkþg Tfaêtkni bmEuitmjiai qum sm rmcmrm i ai iutfrêi.

© Kgstktutf Euitmjiatmnf bm Mbuninkþg Xibkfcþgkni, KEMX.Ms ugi fhri prfbunkbi pfr ma Bmpirtijmgtf bm Xmbinnkþg y Bksmùf, piri ma

Kgstktutf Euitmjiatmnf bm Mbuninkþg Xibkfcþgkni, KEMX.

99 ivmgkbi 90-2=, Nkubib Gumvi, zfgi 8Nkubib bm Euitmjiai.

THP? 8298 3333Cix? 8298 3542

Nfrrmf mamntrþgknf? kemrDkemr.mbu.etTéekgi wmh? www.kemr.mbu.et

Mbknkþg 8492Kjprmsf mg KEMX tiaamrms erécnfs

Nþbkef? 9994040848

K^HG ;50;;8;3924>9


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Êgbknm

Êgbknm ............................................................................................................................................................... K

¡Hkmgvmgkbi y hkmgvmgkbf! .................................................................................................................... 9

^mjigi 90Ma smr ùjigf .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 9>

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Nirafs Akggmf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 92

Ma jugbf bm ais nkmgnkis gituriams

9. Ma smr ùjigf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 9=

8. Nknaf bm vkbi ùjigi .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 93 8.9 Mtipi prmgitia ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 93

8.8 Mtipi pfstgitia ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 95

>. Ma numrpf ùjigf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 90

Skbi siaubiham? ¡Xmnfgfnkmgbf ma numrpf! ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 9;

Xmsujmg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .. 84

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 84

Iutfnfgtrfa .................. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 89

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Nfgstruyi ugi aêgmi bm tkmjpf............................................................ 8>

^mjigi 9;Ma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 8=

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Eukaamrjf Jëgbmz ̂ igtkzf .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 83


9. Ma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 85

9.9 Nipis bm ai pkma ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 85

9.8 Ftrfs þreigfs bma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 808. Mgcmrjmbibms bm ai pkma ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... >4

Skbi siaubiham? Ma négnmr bm pkma? Af pumbm bmtmntir i tkmjpf ................... ..................... ..................... .... >4

Xmsujmg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... .. >9

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . >9

Iutfnfgtrfa .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ................... >8

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Taigtis qum nurig ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . >=

KNkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ Êgbknm


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^mjigi 84Ma skstmji msqumaëtknf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ >5

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Uka`maj vfg Xógtemg .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ >0


9. Ma msqumamtf f skstmji msqumaëtknf .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... >;8. Bkvkskfgms bma msqumamtf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 24

8.9 Msqumamtf ixkia ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 24

8.8 Msqumamtf ipmgbknuair ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 29

>. Afs `umsfs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... 28

i. Airefs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .................... 28

h. Taigfs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .................... 28

n. Nfrtfs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .................... 28

2. Ftrfs nfjpfgmgtms ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 2>

2.9 Nirtêaief .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 2>

2.8 Irtknuainkfgms.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 2>

i. Kgjþvkams ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 2>

h. ^mjkjþvkams .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 2>

n. Jþvkams ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 2>

=. Mgcmrjmbibms bma skstmji msqumaëtknf .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 22

Skbi siaubiham? ¡I jfvmr ma msqumamtf! ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 22

Xmsujmg .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 2=

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 2=

Iutfnfgtrfa .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 23

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Nþjf pkmrbmg niankf afs `umsfs ........................................................ 2;

^mjigi 89Ma skstmji jusnuair .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =9

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Amfgirbf bi Skgnk................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ =8


9. Ma skstmji jusnuair ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. =>

8. Nfjpfgmgtms bma skstmji jusnuair.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . =2

>. Afniakzinkþg bm afs jÿsnuafs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ ==

i. Jÿsnuafs bm ai nihmzi y ma numaaf............................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ==

h. Jÿsnuafs bma trfgnf............................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... =3

n. Jÿsnuafs bm ais mxtrmjkbibms supmrkfrms ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... =3

b. Jÿsnuafs bm ais mxtrmjkbibms kgcmrkfrms ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. =5

2. Mgcmrjmbibms bma skstmji jusnuair ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . =0

KKKEMX ∘ ]titaég


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^mjigi 82 Ma skstmji gmrvkfsf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ ;9

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! ^igtkief Xijþg y Nioia ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . ;8


9. Ma skstmji gmrvkfsf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. ;> 9.9 Ai gmurfgi .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. ;>

8. Nfjpfgmgtms bma skstmji gmrvkfsf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . ;2

8.9 ^kstmji gmrvkfsf nmgtria (^GN) ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . ;2

8.8 ^kstmji gmrvkfsf pmrkcërknf (^GT) ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. ;=

>. Mgcmrjmbibms y bfamgnkis bma skstmji gmrvkfsf .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ;3

Skbi siaubiham? ¡Sijfs i rmaioirgfs! .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ ;3

Xmsujmg ................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... ;5

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ;5

Iutfnfgtrfa .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. ;0

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Nþjf rminnkfgi ma skstmji gmrvkfsf .................... ..................... ........ 94>

^mjigi 8=Xmpisf? smjigis 90 i 82 .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 94=


Ma smr `ujigf .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 945

Ma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 994

Ma skstmji msqumaëtknf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 998

Ma skstmji jusnuair .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 99=

Ma skstmji rmspkritfrkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 990

Ma skstmji nkrnuaitfrkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 984

Ma skstmji gmrvkfsf .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 98>

Frkmgtinkfgms sfhrm ai prumhi pirnkia .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 983

^mjigi 83

Ma skstmji bkemstkvf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 985¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Bêi Jugbkia bma Aivibf bm Jigfs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 980


9. Ma skstmji bkemstkvf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 98;

8. Mstrunturi bma skstmji bkemstkvf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 9>4

8.9 Þreigfs bma tuhf bkemstkvf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 9>4

8.8 Eaégbuais igmxis .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 9>9

KSKEMX ∘ ]titaég


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>. Ai bkemstkþg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 9>8

2. Mgcmrjmbibms bma skstmji bkemstkvf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 9>>

Skbi siaubiham? ¡I purkcknir ma ieui! ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 9>>

Xmsujmg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 9>2

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 9>2

Iutfnfgtrfa .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 9>=¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! ^umrf fria nismrf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 9>;

^mjigi 85Ai gutrknkþg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 929

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! ¡I nfjmr nfg jun`fs nfafrms! ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 928


9. Ai gutrknkþg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 92>

9.9 Nirhf`kbritfs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 922 9.8 Aêpkbfs f erisis .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 922

9.> Trftmêgis .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 922

9.2 Sktijkgis ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 92=

9.= Jkgmriams ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 923

8. Ai faai cijkakir .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 925

>. Rristfrgfs gutrknkfgiams.................................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 920

Skbi siaubiham? ¡Taigkckqum su jmgÿ! ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 920

Xmsujmg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 92;

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 92;

Iutfnfgtrfa ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 9=4

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Trmsmgnki bm iajkbþg mg afs iakjmgtfs .................... ..................... ... 9=>

^mjigi 80Ma skstmji mxnrmtfr .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 9==

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! ¡Xmeiair vkbi! .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 9=3


9. Ma skstmji mxnrmtfr ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 9=5

8. Ma ipiritf mxnrmtfr urkgirkf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 9=0

i. Xkùfgms .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 9=0

h. Sêis urkgirkis .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 9=0

>. Mgcmrjmbibms bma ipiritf mxnrmtfr urkgirkf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 934

Skbi siaubiham? ¡Ma rmtf bm ais hmhkbis sigis! .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 934

Xmsujmg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 939

SNkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ Êgbknm


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Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 939

Iutfnfgtrfa .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 938

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! ¶Nþjf sm cfrji ai frkgi6 .................. ..................... ..................... .......... 93=

^mjigi 8;

Ma skstmji kgjugfaþeknf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 935

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Ais vinugis .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 930


9. Ma skstmji kgjugfaþeknf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 93;

8. Nfjpfgmgtms bma skstmji kgjugfaþeknf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 954

8.9 Ma skstmji akgcétknf .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 954

8.8 Afs eaþhuafs haignfs............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 959

>. Xminnkþg kgjugm .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 958

2. Mgcmrjmbibms bma skstmji kgjugfaþeknf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 95>Skbi siaubiham? ¡Jkma y nêtrknfs piri suhkr ais bmcmgsis! .................... ..................... ..................... ................. 95>

Xmsujmg ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .... 952

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 952

Iutfnfgtrfa .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 95=

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Ieui bm niaieuiai piri cfrtiamnmr ma skstmji kgjugfaþeknf ... 95;

^mjigi >4Ma skstmji mgbfnrkgf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 909

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Bêi Jugbkia bm ai Bkihmtms ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 908


9. Ma skstmji mgbfnrkgf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 90>

8. Nfjpfgmgtms bma skstmji mgbfnrkgf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 90>

8.9 Eaégbuais mg ai nihmzi y ma tþrix ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 902

8.8 Eaégbuais mg ai rmekþg ihbfjkgia ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 90=

8.> Eaégbuais mg ai rmekþg emgktia ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 903

>. Mgcmrjmbibms bma skstmji mgbfnrkgf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 905

Skbi siaubiham? ¶Msté mg rkmsef bm pibmnmr bkihmtms6 .................... ..................... ..................... .................... 905

Xmsujmg .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 900

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 900

Iutfnfgtrfa ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 90;

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Kgcuskþg bm tkjhfqum piri ma tritijkmgtf bm ai bkihmtms......... 9;>

SKKEMX ∘ ]titaég


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^mjigi >9Ma skstmji rmprfbuntfr ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 9;=

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Ai gituriamzi tkmgbm i af cmjmgkgf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 9;3


9. Ma skstmji rmprfbuntfr .................. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ....... 9;58. Nfjpfgmgtms bma skstmji rmprfbuntfr .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 9;0

8.9 ^kstmji rmprfbuntfr jisnuakgf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 9;0

8.8 ^kstmji rmprfbuntfr cmjmgkgf ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 9;;

>. Nknaf jmgstruia ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 844

2. Kgcmnnkfgms bm trigsjkskþg smxuia ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 849

Skbi siaubiham? Trmniunkþg y prmvmgnkþg bm ais KR^ .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 849

Xmsujmg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 848

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 848

Iutfnfgtrfa .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 84>

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Bksmnnkþg bm ug tmstênuaf bm tfrf .................... ..................... .............. 845

^mjigi >8Ma mjhirizf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................ 84;

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Titmrgkbib y jitmrgkbib rmspfgsihams mg ai gituriamzi............................................. 894


9. Ai cmnugbinkþg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 899

8. Mjhirizf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 898

i. Trkjmr trkjmstrm (bm 9 i > jmsms) ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 898

h. ^meugbf trkjmstrm (bm 2 i 3 jmsms) ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. 89>

n. Rmrnmr trkjmstrm (bm 5 i ; jmsms) .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 89>

>. Ma pirtf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 892

2. Nukbibfs burigtm ma mjhirizf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 89=

Skbi siaubiham? Ai aintignki, ma jmofr iakjmgtf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 89=

Xmsujmg ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 893

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 893Iutfnfgtrfa .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 895

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! Nukbibfs piri ug mjhirizf siaubiham .................... ..................... ... 889

SKKNkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ Êgbknm


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^mjigi >>Trkjmrfs iuxkakfs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... 88>

¡Tiri nfjmgzir! Nruz Xfoi ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 882


9. Trkjmrfs iuxkakfs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 88= 9.9 Innkbmgtms crmnumgtms ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... 883

8. Innkbmgtms mg ma `feir ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 8>4

Skbi siaubiham? Ma hftkquêg bm prkjmrfs iuxkakfs.......................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 8>4

Xmsujmg ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 8>9

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb... ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 8>9

Iutfnfgtrfa .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 8>8

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki! ^iavm ugi vkbi ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 8>=

^mjigi >2 Xmpisf? smjigis 83 i >> .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 8>5


Ma skstmji bkemstkvf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 8>;

Ai gutrknkþg .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 82>

Ma skstmji mxnrmtfr .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 825

Ma skstmji kgjugfaþeknf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 8=9

Ma skstmji mgbfnrkgf .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 8==

Ma skstmji rmprfbuntfr ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 8=;

Ma mjhirizf ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 838

Trkjmrfs iuxkakfs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 83=

Frkmgtinkfgms sfhrm ai prumhi pirnkia .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 830

Naivms ............................................................................................................................................................... 83;

Hkhakfericêi ................................................................................................................................................... 805

SKKKKEMX ∘ ]titaég


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¡Hkmgvmgkbi y hkmgvmgkbf!

Mg ma prkjmr smjmstrm kgknkijfs ug rmnfrrkbf pfr ma ipiskfgigtm jugbf bm ais nkmgnkis

gituriams. I`fri af nfgtkguirmjfs, nmgtrégbfgfs mg ma mstubkf bma smr ̀ ujigf, nfjf smr

vkvf y nfjf suomtf rmspfgsiham nipiz bm rmspfgbmr i ai nfjpmtmgnki prkgnkpia bma érmi.

^m kgtmeri mqukakhribi y rmspfgsihamjmgtm ia mgtfrgf gituria, i trivës bma

igéaksks y rmsfaunkþg bm prfhamjis bm siaub, usf rinkfgia bm afs rmnursfs gi-

turiams, prftmnnkþg bma ijhkmgtm y prmvmgnkþg bm bmsistrms gituriams, qum

am pmrjktig emgmrir prfpumstis mg hmgmcknkf kgbkvkbuia y bm su nfjugkbib.

Mstis prkjmris péekgis gfs smrvkrég piri nfgfnmr nfg bmtiaam ma akhrf y sus smnnkfgms, isê

nfjf ais nfjpmtmgnkis jirnibis pfr ma Nurrênuaf Ginkfgia Hism (NGH) piri mstm nursf.

Nfjmgnmjfs nfg ai pfrtibi?

Ma nfafr vmrbm rmprmsmgti ai mspmrigzi, ais paigtis y ai vkbi, ms ma nfafr qum rmsiatiré mg

tfbf ma akhrf.

Ai kjiemg bm ai pfrtibi sm ismjmoi i gumstrf paigmti Rkmrri. Gumstrf prfpþsktf ms qum

mstm akhrf am prfpfrnkfgm ais `mrrijkmgtis piri qum ustmb tfjm nfgnkmgnki bma viafr bm ai

gituriamzi mg su kgtmerkbib y bm ai rmspfgsihkakbib qum nfjpirtkjfs nfjf nfjugkbib y

nfjf piês piri nukbirai y prmsmrvirai.

Ais euris rmsiatibis ìnmg iauskþg i afs tmjis qum tri-

hioirmjfs? ais nirintmrêstknis qum ìnmg mspmnkia ia smr

ùjigf, ma bmsirrfaaf mvfautkvf, ma numrpf y ai frei-gkzinkþg kgtmrgi, mtn. y sfg ugi kgvkti-

nkþg i fhsmrvir, mstubkir, kgtmrintuir y

rmmxkfgir sfhrm gumstri rmainkþg nfg

ai gituriamzi.

Ai ribkf, ma aépkz y ais jigfs ugkbis

gfs kgvktig i ammr, msnrkhkr, msnunìr y

trihioir mg mqukpf.

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Nfjpmtmgnkis bma érmi bm Nkmgnkis Gituriams

Gituriajmgtm nfjpmtmgtms

Rfbfs y tfbis sfjfs pirtm bm ai gituriamzi. Ma érmi bm Nkmgnkis Gituriams gfs hrkgbi ai fpfrtugkbib

bm nfgfnmrai, mstubkigbf afs mamjmgtfs qum ai nfgcfrjig? smrms vkvfs nfjf igkjiams y paigtis, smrmskgmrtms, ma numrpf ùjigf y afs prfnmsfs qum pmrjktmg ai vkbi mg gumstrf paigmti.

Ms tijhkëg ug érmi mg ai qum ipaknirmjfs ai tmfrêi i ai printkni, bm jigmri qum ma nursf smi jés

vkvmgnkia y ianignmjfs ma iprmgbkziom skegknitkvf qum tigtf ig`maijfs. [ piri ianigziraf pfgbrmjfs

gumstri itmgnkþg mg ma aferf bm ais smks nfjpmtmgnkis jirnibis mg ma NGH. Mg ma akhrf bma prkjmr

smjmstrm mgcitkzijfs sfhrm tfbf ais nfjpmtmgnkis >, 2 y =. Mg mstm akhrf gfs nmgtrirmjfs mg ais

nfjpmtmgnkis 9, 8 y 3. Aëiais nfg junì itmgnkþg.

9. Mstihamnm rmainkfgms mgtrm ma cugnkfgijkmgtf y ais kgtmrinnkfgms bm

afs skstmjis bma numrpf ̀ ujigf mg afs prfnmsfs bm bkemstkþg, rmspk-

rinkþg, rmprfbunnkþg, nkrnuainkþg, mxnrmnkþg, afnfjfnkþg, prftmnnkþgbma freigksjf y `mrmgnki.

8. Nfgtristi afs ̀ éhktfs bm su cijkaki y bm su nfjugkbib nfg ais préntk-

nis qum nfgtrkhuymg i ai prmsmrvinkþg y ma jmofrijkmgtf bm ai siaub.

>. Igiakzi ais kgtmrinnkfgms bm afs bkcmrmgtms cintfrms bm afs mnfskstm-

jis, su freigkzinkþg, nirintmrêstknis, mvfaunkþg y ais bkvmrsis niusis

bm su bmtmrkfrf.

2. Bmsnrkhm afs bkstkgtfs prfnmsfs bkgéjknfs y mstrunturiams qum fnu-

rrmg mg ai Rkmrri, isê nfjf afs cmgþjmgfs emfaþeknfs y itjfscërknfs

rmainkfgibfs nfg bkn`fs prfnmsfs y su kgnkbmgnki mg ai intkvkbib

ùjigi.

=. Bmsnrkhm afs prkgnkpiams prfnmsfs bm cfrjinkþg bm nfjpumstfs y

trigscfrjinkþg bm mgmreêi mg ipakninkfgms bm ai vkbi nftkbkigi, nfg

hism mg prkgnkpkfs cêsknfs y quêjknfs.

3. Ipakni ma jëtfbf nkmgtêcknf mg mxpmrkjmgtfs eukibfs.

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Gumstrf paigtmijkmgtf

Tumstf qum ais Nkmgnkis Gituriams sfg tmþrknis, pmrf tijhkëg mxpmrkjmgtiams, qumrm-

jfs ivigzir mg trms mtipis bkcmrmgtms.

• Siafrirgfs i gfsftrfs jksjfs

Kjpakni nfgfnmr y nukbir gumstrf numrpf y gumstri siaub. Mstubkirmjfs ai

mstrunturi y cugnkfgijkmgtf bm gumstrf numrpf, isê nfjf `éhktfs bm ̀ kekmgm

y bm iakjmgtinkþg piri jigtmgmrgfs siaubihams.

• Siafrir i afs bmjés

Xmspmtir ma numrpf y ai siaub bm ais pmrsfgis nfg ais qum nfgvkvkjfs. Mstf

af pfbmjfs aferir nfgfnkmgbf ais mtipis bm ai vkbi y printknigbf `éhktfs

siaubihams nfg gumstri cijkaki piri eirigtkzir su hkmgmstir.

• Nfgvkvkr nfg ma jmbkf ijhkmgtm

Rfjir nfgnkmgnki bm ai kjpfrtignki bm nukbir gumstrf mgtfrgf. Trfpfgmr

innkfgms qum kjpakqumg i tfbi ai nfjugkbib piri iprmgbmr i nfgvkvkr mg

irjfgêi nfg ai gituriamzi.

Nfg su mscumrzf, pfbré nfgqukstir mstis nfjpmtmgnkis i trivës bm trms tkpfs bm nfgtmgkbfs?

Bmnairitkvfs? Afs nfgtmgkbfs bmnairitkvfs am ipfrtirég ma nfgfnkjkmgtf bm afs

bkstkgtfs ispmntfs tmþrknfs, nfgnmptuiams y nkmgtêcknfs bma érmi.

Trfnmbkjmgtiams? Nfjf kgbkni su gfjhrm, afs nfgtmgkbfs prfnmbkjkmgtiams smbmsirrfaairég i hism bm momrnknkfs, prfnmbkjkmgtfs y mxpmrkjmgtfs eukibfs mg afs

nuiams pumbi bmjfstrir ma bfjkgkf y ai pumsti mg préntkni bm afs nfgfnkjkmgtfs

bmnairitkvfs.

Intktubkgiams? Afs nfgtmgkbfs intktubkgiams sfg tfbf iqumaaf qum tkmgm qum vmr

nfg su intktub igtm ma mstubkf y igtm ai vkbi, mg emgmria. Mg ma akhrf mgnfgtriré

ugi smrkm bm nfgsmofs, rmcamxkfgms y prfpumstis piri ma nukbibf bm su siaub, isê

nfjf ugi kgvktinkþg i prfjfvmr `éhktfs siaubihams mgtrm su cijkaki, ijkefs y

nfjugkbib.

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Mg mstm ipirtibf iprmgbmré, printkniré y

prfcugbkziré mg afs nfgtmgkbfs bmnairitkvfs

bm ai smjigi. Afs nfgtmgkbfs sm prmsmgtig

mg mstm frbmg?

• Kgtrfbunnkþg ia tmji

• Bmckgknkþg f mxpakninkþg

• Momjpafs

• Momrnknkfs piri printknir af iprmgbkbf

Iaeugfs momrnknkfs am sfaknktirég su rmmxkþg

f su ipfrtm. Bmbêqumams ma tkmjpf qum smi

prmnksf.

¡Tiri nfjmgzir!

Msti smnnkþg tkmgm iaeugis bkcmrmgnkis nfg rmspmntf ia akhrf bma prkjmr smjmstrm.

Ai hkfericêi bm nkmgtênfs bmstinibfs sm iatmrgi nfg amnturis y intkvkbibms bm

mspmnkia kgtmrës piri af tritibf mg ma tmji bm

ai smjigi.

Mspmrijfs qum am jftkvmg y bmspkmrtmg su

nurkfskbib pfr sihmr jés.

Mstm jfjmgtf kgknkia bm ai smjigi gfs

fcrmnm ai prkjmri fpfrtugkbib bm nrmnmr mg

nfgtmgkbfs intktubkgiams.

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Skbi siaubiham

Msti smnnkþg am kgvkti, smjigi i smjigi,

i pfgmr mg préntkni pmqumùis innkfgms

piri jmofrir su niakbib bm vkbi. Tumbm

rmiakzirais bm jigmri kgbkvkbuia f mg

mqukpf kgvfaunrigbf i sus cijkakirms y

ijkefs.

Nfg ug pfnf bm nfgstignki, msis innkf-

gms sm nfgvmrtkrég humgfs `éhktfs bm

vkbi siaubiham.

Xkgnþg bm ais gftis

Bmtëgeism mg mstfs rmnuibrfs,

skmjprm nfgtkmgmg rmnfrbitfrkfs

f mxpakninkfgms qum mgrkqumnmg

ma tmji.

Iprfvmn`m ais nfaujgis vinêis

piri `inmr sus igftinkfgms, ms-

nrkhkr kbmis kjpfrtigtms f bubis

qum am suroig burigtm su mstubkf

pmrsfgia.

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Xmsujmg

Ma rmsujmg ms ugi mxnmamgtm mstritmeki bm ms-

tubkf. ^u fhomtkvf ms hrkgbiram ai kgcfrjinkþg

cugbijmgtia bm ai smjigi, freigkzibi bm tia

jigmri qum am iyubm i oir mg ai jmjfrki afs

nfgnmptfs jés kjpfrtigtms.

Trintkqum mg su nuibmrgf ftris tën-

gknis bm rmsujmg (jipi nfgnmptuia,

msqumjis mg aaivms...).

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb

Kgtmrgmt ms ug rmnursf qum yi gf pumbm qumbir cumri bm ai vkbi bm ug mstubkigtm. Mg msti smn-

nkþg mgnfgtriré bkrmnnkfgms bm kgtmrgmt mg ais qum pumbm ijpakir tfbfs afs tmjis. Tiri ugi

kgvmstkeinkþg prfvmn`fsi skei printknigbf ais suemrmgnkis iprmgbkbis ma smjmstrm pisibf.

• Xmckërism skmjprm i ais kgstktunkfgms nfgfnkbis? ugkvmrskbibms, jkgkstmrkfs

bm mbuninkþg, freigkzinkfgms jugbkiams, mtn. Nfgsuatm virkis cumgtms piri

vmrkcknir qum afs bitfs nfgnumrbmg ugfs nfg ftrfs.

• Ami m kgtmgtm kgtmrprmtir ai kgcfrjinkþg. Gf sm akjktm i nfpkir y pmeir ma tmxtf.

• Kgbkqum skmjprm ai cumgtm bm nfgsuati qum utkakzþ.

• Rritm bm vksktir kgtmrgmt, ia jmgfs, ugi vmz pfr smjigi.

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Iutfnfgtrfa

Nþjf iutfmviauirsm

Ma iutfnfgtrfa ms ugi `mrrijkmgti viakfsi piri vmrk-

nir su iprmgbkziom.

Mgnfgtriré bfs tkpfs bm momrnknkfs?

Bmjumstrm af iprmgbkbf, am pmr-

jktm nfjprfhir sk `i iskjkaibf afs

nfgtmgkbfs bm ai smjigi.

Xmnumrbm, sk tkmgm iaeugi bubi sf-hrm ais rmspumstis, pumbm rmermsir

ia nfgtmgkbf. ̂ k iÿg isê, gf am qumbi

nairf, nfgsuatm nfg pmrsfgis bm su

nfjugkbib qum pumbig iyubiram.

Tkmgsm y ipakqum af qum iprmgbkþ.

Ai smeugbi pirtm bma iutfnfgtrfa

prmtmgbm qum ustmb pumbi pfgmr

mg préntkni af iprmgbkbf y ipaknir

sus nfgfnkjkmgtfs mg sktuinkfgms

gumvis.

Iquê tijhkëg sm am rmtiré i printknir

ais bmstrmzis ibqukrkbis mg tirmis

rmiams nfjf kgvmstkeir, prfpfgmr

sfaunkfgms, trihioir mg mqukpf, mtn.

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Akhrf, naism ribkia y ai nfjugkbib

¡^u mqukpf bm trihiof!

Ma akhrf, nfg smr ugi humgi `mrrijkmgti, gf af ms tfbf. Tiri qum ustmb ianignm ma gkvma bm

nfjpmtmgnki bmsmibf, gumstrf skstmji pfgm i su bkspfsknkþg? ma akhrf y ai naism ribkia.

• Ai naism ribkia tkmgm nfjf cugnkþg prkgnkpia

mxpaknir y cinkaktir ai nfjprmgskþg bm afs tmjis

tritibfs mg ma akhrf.

• Iprfvmn`m mstfs rmnursfs y ipþym-

sm mg pmrsfgis bm su nfjugkbib

piri rmsfavmr sus bubis.

• Ma akhrf nujpam nuitrf cugnkfgms?

i. Rmxtf, mg ma qum mgnumgtri ai kgcfrjinkþg

y ma bmsirrfaaf bm afs nfgtmgkbfs i mstu-

bkir.

h. Tkzirrþg, piri qum burigtm ai naism ribkia

suhriym kbmis kjpfrtigtms f rmiaknm bks-tkgtis intkvkbibms.

n. Nuibmrgf bm trihiof, nfg momrnknkfs piri

printknir af iprmgbkbf.

b. @mrrijkmgti bm iutfmviauinkþg, nuigbf

rmsumavm su iutfnfgtrfa nibi smjigi.

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Gumstri jmtfbfafeêi pisf i pisf

Tiri cinkaktir su iprmgbkziom y iprfvmnìr jés y jmofr ma mstubkf nibi smjigi, skei mstfs pisfs.

¡Gf sm siatm gkgeugf!

Ami ma nfgtmgkbf bm ai smjigi

Ammr ma nfgtmgkbf gfs pmrjktm tmgmr ugi kbmi emgmria bma tmji? quë si-

hmjfs, nfg quë af rmainkfgijfs, mtn. Mstm prkjmr nfgtintf tijhkëg gfs

ìré nimr mg ai numgti bma mscumrzf i rmiakzir piri iprmgbmr af gumvf y gfs

pfgbré ‑mg fgbi‚ piri ai naism ribkia.

9

Msnun`m ai naism ribkiaNfg afs = smgtkbfs

Ai naism ribkia ms gumstri jimstri. Bm i`ê qum ma prferiji sm aaijm "Ma

Jimstrf mg Nisi". Ais jimstris y jimstrfs afnutfrms mxpaknig ma nfgtmgk-

bf, prfpfgmg momrnknkfs y ftrfs momjpafs piri ijpakir ma tmji.

8

Bmspuës bm ai naism ribkia, su trihiof pmrsfgia Mstubkf y iutfnfgtrfa

Ckgiakzibi ai naism ribkia ms ma jfjmgtf bm su trihiof pmrsfgia. Bkstrkhuyi

su tkmjpf? ms jmofr ug pfnf nibi bêi, qum tfbf ai vêspmri.

>

Nfgsuatm sus bubis]g mstubkigtm kgtmakemgtm sihm nuégbf pmbkr iyubi

^k bmspuës bm mstubkir y rmsfavmr ma iutfnfgtrfa iÿg am qumbig bubis,

husqum iyubi. ^meurf qum mg su nfjugkbib ìy pmrsfgis bkspumstis i

iyubiram.

2

Tirtknkpm mg ug nêrnuaf bm mstubkf

Iprmgbmr ougtfs

Tþgeism bm inumrbf nfg ftrfs mstubkigtms y freigknmg ug nêrnuaf bm

mstubkf. ̂ faknktmg ai iyubi bm iaeugi pmrsfgi vfaugtirki bm ai nfjugkbib.

Msf ams iyubiré i rmsfavmr bubis y rmcfrzir af iprmgbkbf. Ibmjés, tmgbrég

ai fpfrtugkbib bm kgtmrnijhkir iprmgbkzioms, kbmis y smgtkjkmgtfs.

=

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¶Nþjf iprfvmn`ir jmofr su mstubkf6

• Husqum ug aueir nþjfbf y nfg humgi kaujkginkþg. Ms kjpfrtigtm qum sm

iamom bma rukbf y bm ais bkstrinnkfgms.

• Makoi ug `frirkf piri trihioir y mstubkir. Ai nfgstignki y ai bksnkpakgi sfg

sus jmofrms nfjpiùmris bm mstubkf.

• Ami nfg itmgnkþg ais kgstrunnkfgms bm afs momrnknkfs igtms bm rmsfavmrafs.

• Nfgsuatm sus bubis nfg ftris pmrsfgis bm su nfjugkbib qum pumbig

iyubiram.

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90

Ma smr ùjigf¶Yuë mgnfgtriré msti smjigi6

Nirafs Akggmf

Ma smr ùjigf

¡Xmnfgfnkmgbf ma numrpf!

Nfgstruyi ugi aêgmi bm tkmjpf

Msti smjigi aferiré?

Kbmgtkcknir afs ipfrtms bma gituriaksti Nirafs Akggmf i ai nkmgnki.

Kbmgtkcknir ais nirintmrêstknis qum ìnmg mspmnkia ia smr ùjigf.

Bmsnrkhkr ais mtipis y pmrkfbfs bma nknaf bm vkbi ùjigi.

Bmsnrkhkr ai freigkzinkþg kgtmrgi bma numrpf ùjigf.

Maihfrir ugi aêgmi bm tkmjpf sfhrm ai `kstfrki bm sus mtipis bm vkbi.

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Nirafs AkggmfNrmibfr bma gfjhrm nkmgtêc knf

¶îhm quë ms ug ‑Yuksnia‚, ug ‑Riakgef‚ f ug ‑Jirêi jfrmgi‚6 ^fg gfj-

hrms qum sm big ia zigitm mg piêsms nfjf Jëxknf, Tigijé y Nfafjhki.

Afs igkjiams y ais paigtis sm ìg gfjhribf bm jigmri bkstkgti smeÿg ma

aueir bfgbm ìhktig. Msf prfvfnihi nfgcuskþg mgtrm afs nkmgtêcknfs qum

mxpafrihig Ijërkni mg ma skeaf PSKKK. Tiri sfaunkfgiraf, ma gituriaksti Nirafs

Akggmf kbmþ ug skstmji bm naiskckninkþg hkgfjkia (nfg bfs gfjhrms) qum

bmskegihi i nibi freigksjf nfgfnkbf.

Ma jëtfbf husnihi nrmir ug gfjhrm ugkvmrsia qum sm usiri mg tfbis ais

ginkfgms. Mg ai intuiakbib, msi bmgfjkginkþg sm nfgfnm nfjf ‑gfjhrmnkmgtêcknf‚ y cinkakti ai nfjugkninkþg mgtrm afs nkmgtêcknfs i gkvma jugbkia.

Intuiajmgtm ma gfjhrm nkmgtêcknf pumbm nfgstir bm bfs f jés piaihris.

Tfr momjpaf, ma bma zigitm ms Yuksniaus jmxknigus, ma bma oieuir Tigt`mri

fgni y ma bm ai nmkhi Nmkhi pmgtigbri.

¶îhm nuéa ms ma gfjhrm nkmgtêcknf bma smr ùjigf6 Af ivmrkeuirmjfs

msti smjigi.

¡I trihioir!

ûhriym ai rmspumsti nfrrmnti i nibi prmeugti.

9. ¶Nþjf sm aaiji ma skstmji bm naiskckninkþg nrmibf pfr Nirafs Akggmf6

• ^kstmji bm gfjhrms ugkvmrsiams

• ^kstmji bm naiskckninkþg hkgfjkia

• ^kstmji bm naiskckninkþg nkmgtêckni

8. ¶Yuë husnihi Nirafs Akggmf ia iskegir ug gfjhrm nkmgtêcknf i nibi freigksjf nfgfnkbf6

• Nfgcugbkr i afs nkmgtêcknfs

• Gfjhrir i afs igkjiams bm Ijërkni

• Cinkaktir ai nfjugkninkþg mgtrm afs nkmgtêcknfs bma jugbf

Nirafs Akggmf (9545 „ 9550)

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9. Ma smr ùjigf ]g smr sihkf

Ammr mstm akhrf y iprmgbmr su nfgtmgkbf sfg nipinkbibms qum tmgmjfs afs smrms

ùjigfs. Tmrf, ¶quë ms ug smr ùjigf6 Bmsbm ma pugtf bm vksti hkfaþeknf ms

ug vmrtmhribf pmrtmgmnkmgtm ia rmkgf igkjia, nfgfnkbf nfg ma gfjhrm nkmgtênf

bm @fjf sipkmgs qum skegkni `fjhrm sihkf.

Nfjf vkjfs mg ai smjigi 98, afs igkjiams tkmgmg nirintmrêstknis nfjf mstir

cfrjibfs pfr nëauais nfg gÿnamf, nipinkbib piri bmspaizirsm, nipinkbib bm

rmprfbunkrsm y bm rmspfgbmr i mstêjuafs. Afs ùjigfs nfjpirtkjfs mstis ni-

rintmrêstknis y tmgmjfs ibmjés ftris qum gfs ìnmg mspmnkiams. Smijfs.

• Rmgmjfs nipinkbib bm pmgsir y prfermsir? ma bmsirrfaaf bmanmrmhrf gfs pmrjktm rmiakzir intkvkbibms kgtmakemgtms nfjf rm-camxkfgir, igiakzir y nrmir.

• ]sijfs piaihris piri nfjugknirgfs? sm nianuai qum mg ma jug-bf sm ìhaig jés bm 3444 kbkfjis. ¡^faf mg Euitmjiai ìy 8=

bkcmrmgtms!

• Nijkgijfs sfhrm bfs pkms? gfs bmspaizijfs sfhrm bfs pkmrgisy tfbf gumstrf numrpf msté jfbkcknibf pfr msti nfgbknkþg.

• Skvkjfs mg erupfs? sfjfs smrms sfnkiams qum vkvkjfs mgnfjugkbibms.

Momrnknkf 9Xmaamgm ma nêrnuaf bm ais nirintmrêstknis prfpkis bma ùjigf.

Xmspfgbmr i mstêjuafs Nfjugknirsm nfg piaihris

Nijkgir sfhrm bfs pkms Cfrjir nfjugkbibms

Xmprfbunnkþg Nipinkbib piri bmspaizirsm

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8.8 Mtipi pfstgitia Bmspuës bma ginkjkmgtf

Tfstgitia skegkni bmspuës bma ginkjkmgtf y nfjprmgbm afs nijhkfs qum sucrk-

jfs bmsbm qum ginmjfs ìsti qum jfrkjfs. ^m bmsnrkhm mg smks pmrkfbfs?

• Gmfgitia? (4 i 80 bêis) Bmsnrkhm ma prkjmr nfgtintf bma rmnkëg ginkbfnfg ma jmbkf mxtmrgf. Burigtm msti mtipi afs hmhës gmnmsktig jun`fsnukbibfs y nirkùf bm afs pibrms.

• Gkùmz? (80 bêis i 98 iùfs) Gumstrf nmrmhrf sm bmsirrfaai i ug 04%bm nipinkbib, af qum gfs pmrjktm ibqukrkr ̀ ihkakbibms nfjf ̀ ihair,ammr y nijkgir.

• Ibfamsnmgnki? (98 i 90 iùfs) Kgknki nfg ai puhmrtib y msté jirnibipfr ai jiburmz smxuia. Ms ug pmrkfbf mspmnkia, pfrqum ma ibfams-

nmgtm ibqukmrm kgbmpmgbmgnki y cfrji ai prfpki kbmgtkbib.

• Ouvmgtub? (90 i 24 iùfs) Ai nipinkbib cêskni sm bmsirrfaai iajéxkjf. Ma ofvmg nfjkmgzi i trihioir, i cfrjir su cijkaki y sunêrnuaf sfnkia.

• Ibuatmz? (24 i 3= iùfs) Ipirmnmg ais smùiams cêsknis qum kgbknigma pisf bma tkmjpf (niavknkm, irrueis, nigis, mtn.) Mg ais juomrms smbi ai jmgfpiuski qum jirni ma ckg bm ai nipinkbib rmprfbuntkvi.

• Smomz? (3= iùfs mg ibmaigtm) Bksjkguymg ais ̀ ihkakbibms cêsknis.Fnurrm ma mgvmomnkjkmgtf gituria bm ais nëauais y afs þreigfs smbmtmrkfrig ìsti ai jumrtm.

Momrnknkf >Xmaamgm ma nêrnuaf bma pmrkfbf bm ai mtipi pfstgitia ia qum sm rmmrm nibi tmxtf bm ai kzqukmrbi.

9. Tmrkfbf nfjprmgbkbf bmsbm ma ginkjkmgtf i afs 80 bêis, mg ma

qum ma rmnkëg ginkbf sm ibipti ia jmbkf mxtmrgf.

8. Tmrkfbf mg ma qum bksjkguymg ais ìhkakbibms cêsknis y sm bi ma

mgvmomnkjkmgtf gituria y eribuia bm nëauais, þreigfs y tmokbfs.

>. Tmrkfbf bm erigbms nijhkfs cêsknfs y psknfaþeknfs mgtrm afs

98 y afs 90 iùfs.

Ibfamsnmgnki

Gmfgitia

Ouvmgtub

Smomz

Gkùmz

Ibuatmz

Ibfamsnmgnki

Ibuatmz

Gkùmz

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>. Ma numrpf ùjigf Freigkzinkþg kgtmrgi

Ma numrpf ̀ ujigf ms nfjf ugi nisi nfgstrukbi aibrkaaf i aibrkaaf. Mg gumstrf nisf

msfs aibrkaafs sm aaijig nëauais. Ais mstubkijfs mg ai smjigi ;. I pirtkr bm maais,

gumstrf numrpf sm frbmgi mg nkgnf gkvmams bm freigkzinkþg. Trmstm itmgnkþg.

• Nëauais ^fg ais ugkbibms jés pmqumùis bm ai vkbi. Nibi ugi

nujpam nfg ugi cugnkþg bkcmrmgtm. Ais ìy jusnuairms,gmrvkfsis, sigeuêgmis, mtn.

• Rmokbfs Ais nëauais nfg cugnkþg skjkair sm ugmg y cfrjig tmokbfs. Tfr

momjpaf, ais nëauais jusnuairms cfrjig tmokbf jusnuair.

• Þreigfs Afs tmokbfs sm ierupig y cfrjig þreigfs. Tfr momjpaf, ma nfrizþg

msté cfrjibf pfr ug nfgougtf bm tmokbfs jusnuairms.

• ^kstmjis f ipiritfs Afs þreigfs sm ierupig mg skstmjis f ipiritfs. Tfr momjpaf,

afs jÿsnuafs ougtfs cfrjig ma skstmji jusnuair.

• Freigksjf Rfbfs afs skstmjis cugnkfgigbf mg nfgougtf

cfrjig ma numrpf ùjigf.

Momrnknkf 2Ma msqumji skeukmgtm rmprmsmgti afs gkvmams bm freigkzinkþg kgtmrgi bm gumstrf numrpf. Msnrkhi ai

piaihri qum ciati mg nibi rmnuibrf piri nfjpamtiraf.

nëauais

90KEMX ∘ ]titaég


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¡Xmnfgfnkmgbf ma numrpf!

Gumstrf numrpf ms ugi jirivkaai, pmrf i vmnms af bmsitmgbmjfs f gfs smgtk-

jfs kgnþjfbfs nfg ëa. Msti smjigi am prfpfgmjfs tfjirsm ug tkmjpf piriiprmnkiraf y bkscrutiraf, nfjf ai fhri bm irtm qum ms. ¶^m igkji6

• pakmefs bm pipma pmrkþbknf

• aépkz, nriyfgms y jirnibfrms

Rmgei akstf...

• rmnfrtms bm kjéemgms qum am

eustmg y cftfs suyis

• crisms jftkvibfris

Rfjm ug pmbizf bm pipma bm ug tijiùf qum am pmrjkti infstirsm sfhrm

ëa. Aumef, rmpism ma nfgtfrgf bm su numrpf nfg ug aépkz i jfbf bm qum suskaumti qumbm bkhuoibi sfhrm ma pipma (pumbm pmbkr iyubi i ug cijkakir f i

ug nfjpiùmrf bm frkmgtinkþg).

Tumbm bmnfrir ma bkhuof nfg sus nfafrms civfrktfs, crisms qum af ̀ ieig smgtkr

hkmg, rmnfrtms, mtn. ¡]sm ai kjiekginkþg y bkscrutm su numrpf!

Ia tmrjkgir amvigtm ma pipma y fhsmrvm ma

bkhuof.

• ¶Yuë am pirmnm6

• ¶@ihêi vkstf su skaumti bkhuoibi6• ¶Yuë skmgtm ia vmrai6

Nfjpirti sus kjprmskfgms nfg sus cijkakirms

y nfjpiùmrfs.

tmgef ugerig nfrizþg

s f y

u g i

e r i

g

p m r s f g i

j m

q u k m r f

s f

y k g t m a k

e m g t

m

s f

y

s i a u b

i h a m

9;Nkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ ^mjigi 90

Skbi siaubiham


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Intkvkbib 9. Bmjumstrm af iprmgbkbf

Nfjpamtm ai tihai msnrkhkmgbf ai mtipi f pmrkfbf bma nknaf vktia ia qum sm rmmrm nibi tmxtf bm ai kzqukmrbi.

Am bijfs ug momjpaf.

Tmrkfbf qum kgknki nfg ai cmnugbinkþg y tmrjkgi nfg ai

cfrjinkþg bma mjhrkþg. emrjkgia

Mtipi bm ai vkbi qum fnurrm bmsbm ai nfgnmpnkþg `isti ma

ginkjkmgtf.

Tmrkfbf qum kgknki nfg ai cfrjinkþg bma cmtf y tmrjkgi nfg

ma ginkjkmgtf.

Tmrkfbf mg ma qum jiburijfs smxuiajmgtm y cfrjijfs

gumstri kbmgtkbib.

Tmrkfbf mg ma qum sm mgvmomnm `isti aameir i ai jumrtm.

Intkvkbib 8. Tkmgsm y ipakqum af qum iprmgbkþ

I. Nfjpamtm ma msqumji msnrkhkmgbf afs gkvmams bm freigkzinkþg kgtmrgi bma numrpf.

9.

8.

>.

2.

=.


Iutfnfgtrfa


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H. Bmckgi nfg sus piaihris quë ms ma smr ùjigf. Tumbm iyubirsm nfg ai tmfrêi bma ipirtibf 9, gf ainfpkm.

N. Ami ma tmxtf y rmspfgbi ais prmeugtis.

Ais trms mbibms bma `fjhrm

Numgti ai amymgbi qum ma nijkgf i ai nkubib bm Rmhis mri nustfbkibfpfr ai Msckgem, ug jfgstruf nfg nihmzi bm juomr y numrpf bm amþg

nfg iais, qum paigtmihi ug inmrtkof i tfbfs afs vkiomrfs qum pfr iaaê

pisihig. Ma qum gf sihêi nfgtmstir jfrêi irrfoibf i ug prmnkpknkf. ]g

bêi Mbkpf pisþ pfr ma nijkgf y ai Msckgem prmeugtþ?

¶Yuë smr ms ma qum igbi bm jiùigi i nuitrf pkms, i jmbkfbêi nfg

bfs y pfr ai gfn`m nfg trms6

Mbkpf igiakzþ ai prmeugti y rmspfgbkþ? ‑Ms ma `fjhrm. Tfrqum eitmi

bm gkùf, nijkgi sfhrm sus bfs pkmrgis bm ibuatf y nuigbf sm ìnm

vkmof usi histþg.‚Ai rmspumsti mri nfrrmnti y ai Msckgem ùjkaaibi sm quktþ ai vkbi.

Ibiptibf bm jktfafekiermnfrrfjigi.nfj

9. ¶Mg nuéa bm ais mtipis bma nknaf bm vkbi ùjigi sm uhknig ais mbibms bma `fjhrm i ais qum Mbkpf

sm rmckmrm mg su rmspumsti6

8. ¶Nuéa bm ais nirintmrêstknis ùjigis utkakzþ Mbkpf piri rmspfgbmr i ai Msgem6 ûhriym ai qumnfgskbmrm nfrrmnti.

• Nijkgir sfhrm bfs pkms

• Nipinkbib bm pmgsir

• Skbi mg erupfs

88KEMX ∘ ]titaég


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Nfgstruyi ugi aêgmi bm tkmjpf]gi aêgmi bm tkmjpf ms ug erénf qum rmprmsmgti ma pisf bm afs iùfs. Nfgskei

cftfericêis suyis bmsbm qum mri hmhë ̀ isti ai intuiakbib. Taitkqum nfg su cijkaki

y ivmrkeñm nþjf sm nfjpfrtihi, quë piaihris bmnêi, mtn. Aumef, ÿgiaf tfbf y

nfgstruyi ai `kstfrki bm su bmsirrfaaf. Tumbm `inmraf mg su nuibmrgf bm nijpf

f mg `fois ipirtm. ¡Igêjmsm!

¶Yuë gmnmskti6

Trfnmbkjkmgtf

Nuibmrgf bm nijpf u `fois mg haignf

Xmeai

Aépkz

Nriyfgms f jirnibfrms

Rkomris

Efji

Cftfericêis bm mtipis bkstkgtis bm

su vkbi

8. Ma kgknkf bm ai aêgmi rmprmsmgtiré su ginkjkmgtf y ma ckgia, ai

mbib qum tkmgm i`fri.

9. Nfafqum ai `foi mg cfrji `frkzfgtia y trinm ugi aêgmi bm

mxtrmjf i mxtrmjf.

[f ginê ma bêi... I`fri tmgef...

iùfs.

>. Msnrkhi ai kgcfrjinkþg rmnfamntibi mg frbmg nrfgfaþeknf, bmsbm qum mri hmhë `isti i`fri.


¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki!


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9;

Ma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf

¶Yuë mgnfgtriré msti smjigi6

Eukaamrjf Jëgbmz ^igtkzf


¡Ma rmtf bm ais hmhkbis sigis!

Taigtis qum nurig


Kbmgtkcknir viafrms y intktubms bma kgvmgtfr Eukaamrjf Jëgbmz ^igtkzf.

Bmckgkr ma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf.

Bmsnrkhkr ais cugnkfgms y ai mstrunturi bma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf.

Mxpaknir ais jmbkbis bm prmvmgnkþg bm mgcmrjmbibms bma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf.

Maihfrir ugi kgcuskþg nfg paigtis jmbknkgiams piri iakvkir mgcmrjmbibms bm ai pkma.

8=Nkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ ^mjigi 9;


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Eukaamrjf Jëgbmz îgtkzf

Cirjinëutknf kgvmgtfr

îgir ais ÿanmris bm ugi bmsnfgfnkbi y nurir ais qumjiburis bm ug gkùf

cumrfg ai kgspkrinkþg bm Eukaamrjf Jëgbmz îgtkzf piri nrmir ai pfjibi

EJ^, ugf bm afs ugeñmgtfs jés utkakzibfs mg ma piês.

Bfg Eukaamrjf ginkþ mg Titzÿg, N`kjiatmgigef, mg 9;80 y jurkþ mg

ai nkubib nipktia mg 849>. Bmbknþ tfbf su tkmjpf i ai maihfrinkþg bm

jmbknkgis mg su cirjinki uhknibi mg ma Hirrkf ma Eiaaktf, bm ai zfgi > ni-

pktiakgi. Bmsbm ofvmg cum ug erig mjprmgbmbfr. û nrminkþg rmsuatþ mg ug

jmbknijmgtf qum sigi ÿanmris, hirrfs, rispfgms, erigfs, msniabiburis,

piùiaktks, iajfrrigis, `fgefs y ftris mgcmrjmbibms bm ai pkma.

Ibmjés bm cirjinëutknf, bfg Eukaamrjf cum ianiabm iuxkakir bm ai zfgibfgbm vkvkþ. Trfjfvkþ ai nfgstrunnkþg bm jmrnibfs y ai kaujkginkþg bm

iaeugis niaams bm su hirrkf. Mg 844> cum mamekbf pfr ai nfjugkbib euitm-

jiatmni rmskbmgtm mg Gumvi [frl, ‑Jirksnia bm ai ̀ kspigkbib‚. Msm têtuaf sm

ftfrei i pmrsfgioms kaustrms bm nibi ginkþg aitkgfijmrknigi qum, nfjf ëa,

sm ìg bmbknibf i iyubir ia prþokjf.

Bfg Eukaamrjf ickrjihi qum nuiaqukmr trihiof bmhm ìnmrsm nfg bkegkbib,

qum ugi bm ais jiyfrms rkqumzis bma smr ùjigf sfg afs ijkefs y qum

nfg mbuninkþg ai ouvmgtub pumbm nfgstrukr ugi vkbi bkcmrmgtm.

¡I trihioir!

9. ûhriym trms intktubms bm bfg Eukaamrjf rmcamoibis mg ai amnturi igtmrkfr.

iyubi ia prþokjf mefêsjf fsibêi ivirknki nrmitkvkbib

8. Msnrkhi ma gfjhrm bm bfs icmnnkfgms qum iyubi i sigir ai pfjibi EJ^.

>. Ai pfjibi nrmibi pfr bfg Eukaamrjf iyubi i sigir ai pkma. ¶îhm quë ms ai pkma6 Bmcêgiai nfg sus

piaihris.

Eukaamrjf Jëgbmzîgtkzf (9;80 „ 849>)

83KEMX ∘ ]titaég

¡Tiri nfjmgzir!


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9. Ma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf Ma msnubf qum prftmem gumstrf numrpf

¶îhêi qum gumstri pkma pumbm pmsir mgtrm 3 y ; akhris y jmbkr ugfs bfs jmtrfs

nuibribfs6 Ai pkma f tmeujmgtf ms ma þreigf prkgnkpia bma skstmji tmeujmg-

tirkf. Mstm skstmji ms ma jés erigbm bma numrpf y nujpam nfg nuitrf cugnkfgms

hésknis?

• Trftmnnkþg? ai pkma gfs prftmem bm iemgtms mxtmrgfs, nfjf nijhkfs

nakjétknfs, ieui, sfa y jknrfhkfs.

• ^mnrmnkþg? i trivës bm ai pkma sm mxpuasig sustignkis, nfjf ma subfr qum

gfs akjpki bm tfxkgis y iyubi i jigtmgmrgfs crmsnfs. Rijhkëg smnrmti

jfnf piri ùjmntir y amn`m piri iakjmgtir.

• Trfbunnkþg? mg ai pkma sm skgtmtkzi ai vktijkgi B, qum ms msmgnkia piri ma

humg bmsirrfaaf bm afs ùmsfs.

• Nfjugkninkþg? mg ai pkma mstég afs rmnmptfrms bma tintf, qum gfs pmrjktm

smgtkr tmjpmrituri, bfafr y nirknkis.

9.9 Nipis bm ai pkma Mpkbmrjks, bmrjks m `kpfbmrjks

Ai pkma msté cfrjibi pfr trms nipis? mpkbmrjks, bmrjks m `kpfbmrjks. Smijfs

nibi ugi mg bmtiaam.mpkbmrjks

bmrjks

`kpfbmrjks

i. Mpkbmrjks? ms ai nipi mxtmrgi bm ai pkma. Mg maai sm mgnumgtrig ais nëauais

prfbuntfris bm qumritkgi, ugi prftmêgi qum am bi camxkhkakbib y rmskstmgnkii ai pkma. Rijhkëg mstég ais nëauais qum nfgtkmgmg jmaigkgi, ai sustignki

rmspfgsiham bma nfafr bm ai pkma.

h. Bmrjks? ms ai nipi jmbki y msté cfrjibi pfr tmokbf nfgmntkvf nfg nfaéemgf,

qum bi camxkhkakbib y rmskstmgnki i ai pkma. Mg msti nipi mstég afs rmnmptfrms

bma tintf qum pmrjktmg smgtkr ma bfafr y ai tmjpmrituri.

n. @kpfbmrjks? ms ai nipi bm erisi qum sm mgnumgtri hiof ai bmrjks cfrjibi

pfr ais nëauais aaijibis ibkpfnktfs, mgnireibis bm inujuair ai erisi.

85Nkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ ^mjigi 9;



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9.8 Ftrfs þreigfs bma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf Eaégbuais, pmaf, uùis y junfsis

Ibmjés bm ai pkma, ma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf msté cfrjibf pfr? eaégbuais, pmaf,

uùis y jmjhrigis junfsis.

eaégbuais subfrêpiris

eaégbuais smhénmis

pmaf

i. Ais eaégbuais sfg þreigfs pmqumùfs mgnireibfs bm akhmrir sustignkis

ÿtkams ia freigksjf. Mg ma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf mgnfgtrijfs ais skeukmgtms?

• Ais eaégbuais smhénmis sfg nfjugms mg ai niri y mg ma numrf nihmaau-

bf. Mstis smnrmtig ma smhf, ugi sustignki qum gfs prftmem bm hintmrkis

y mvkti ai rmsmqumbib bma pmaf y ai pkma.

• Ais eaégbuais subfrêpiris qum smnrmtig subfr piri jigtmgmrgfs

crmsnfs y akjpkirgfs bm tfxkgis.

• Ais eaégbuais jijirkis qum mstég prmsmgtms mg ais `mjhris bm afs

jijêcmrfs y smnrmtig amn`m piri iakjmgtir i afs `kofs.

h. Ma pmaf ms ugi nfgtkguinkþg bm ai pkma y msté cfrjibf pfr ckhris mgtrmaizibis

bm qumritkgi. ^m frkekgi mg ai bmrjks nfg ug airef virkiham. Msté mg tfbf

ma numrpf mxnmptf mg ais piajis bm ais jigfs, ais paigtis bm afs pkms, ma

fjhakef y ais junfsis.

Ma pmaf qum nuhrm ma numrf nihmaaubf sm aaiji nihmaaf y ma qum nuhrm ma rmstf

bma numrpf sm nfgfnm nfjf vmaaf.

n. Ais uùis sfg mstrunturis qum skrvmg piri ieirrir y rispir. Mstég cfrjibis

pfr nëauais jumrtis mgburmnkbis qum tijhkëg nfgtkmgmg qumritkgi. ̂ m bmsi-

rrfaaig mg ai pkma bm afs bmbfs bm ais jigfs y bm afs pkms.

b. Ais jmjhrigis junfsis rmnuhrmg y prftmemg ma kgtmrkfr bm iaeugfs þrei-

gfs nfjf ai girkz, ai hfni, afs puajfgms y afs kgtmstkgfs. ^m aaijig junfsis

pfrqum emgmrig jfnf qum skrvm piri `ujmntir ais mstrunturis bfgbm msté

prmsmgtm.

80KEMX ∘ ]titaég


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Am kgvktijfs i vksktir ai péekgi bma Kgstktutf bm Bmrjitfafeêi y Nkrueêi bm ai Tkma. Iaaê mgnfgtriré

kgcfrjinkþg sfhrm mgcmrjmbibms y nukbibfs bma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf.

`ttp?//www.kgbmrjieuitmjiai.nfj/

• prftmnnkþg• smnrmnkþg• prfbunnkþg• nfjugkninkþg

Nujpam cugnkfgms bm?

Cfrjibf pfr?

pkma jmjhrigisjunfsis

pmaf uùiseaégbuais

eaégbuaissubfrêpiris

eaégbuaissmhénmis

pmaf

mpkbmrjks

bmrjks

`kpfbmrjks

> nipis?


>9Nkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ ^mjigi 9;

Kgvmstkeum mg ai rmb...

Xmsujmg


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Intkvkbib 9. Bmjumstrm af iprmgbkbf

I. Xmaamgm ma nêrnuaf bm ai rmspumsti nfrrmnti i nibi prmeugti.

9. ¶Nuéa ms ugi cugnkþg bma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf6

8. ¶Nuéa ms ma þreigf prkgnkpia bma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf6

>. ¶Yuë nipi bm ai pkma nfgtkmgm i afs rmnmptfrms bm ai tmjpmrituri y

ma bfafr6

2. ¶Nuéa ms ai sustignki rmspfgsiham bma nfafr bm ai pkma6

H. Nfjpamtm ma jipi nfgnmptuia nfg ais cugnkfgms bma skstmji tmeujmgtirkf qum mstubkijfs mg ma

ipirtibf 9.

prftmnnkþgCugnkfgms

bma skstmjitmeujmgtirkf

N. Msnrkhi ma gfjhrm bm afs þreigfs bm ai pkma smùiaibfs mg ai kaustrinkþg bm ihiof. Euêmsm pfr ai

kgcfrjinkþg bma ipirtibf 9.8.

Bkemstkþg

Trftmnnkþg

Iajinmgijkmgtf

Ai pkma

Ma pmaf

Ais uùis

@kpfbmrjks

Mpkbmrjks

Bmrjks

Jmaigkgi

Yumritkgi

Sktijkgi B

>8KEMX ∘ ]titaég

Iutfnfgtrfa


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Intkvkbib 8. Tkmgsm y ipakqum af qum iprmgbkþ

I. Mg mstm momrnknkf trihioirmjfs nfg ai nuirti mstrfci bma pfmji Kgcfrjm sfhrm nirknkis bm Jirkf

Hmgmbmttk qum bknm?

Ais nirknkis bm afs sumùfs

qum sfg prfbkekf y mgnigtfibfamnmg bm ug bmcmntf

gf tkmgmg tintf.

9. ^meÿg ustmb, ¶quë quksf mxprmsir ma iutfr nfg ma nfgtmgkbf bm ai mstrfci6

8. ^meÿg ai kgcfrjinkþg bma ipirtibf 9.9, ¶mg quë nipi bm ai pkma mstég afs rmnmptfrms bma tintf6

>. Ibmjés bm ais nirknkis, ¶quë ftris smgsinkfgms pmrnkhkjfs i trivës bm ai pkma6

Husqum ma pfmji Kgcfrjm sfhrm nirknkis bm Jirkf Hmgmbmttk mg ai wmh y nfjpértiaf nfg ijkefs

y cijkakirms. Tumbm mgnfgtriraf mg péekgis nfjf msti? `ttp?//www.pfmjis-bma-iaji.nfj/jirkf-

hmgmbmttk-kgcfrjm-sfhrm-nirknkis.`tj f msnun`iraf mg iaeugf bm afs vkbmfs nfaeibfs mg [fuRuhm.

H. Mg Euitmjiai ms nfjÿg nrmmr qum ais gkùis y ais gkùfs nfg sfhrmpmsf sfg sigfs. ¶Yuë fpkgi ustmb6

Am kgvktijfs i rmcamxkfgir ma tmji nfg ai intkvkbib skeukmgtm. Ami ma tmxtf, rmspfgbi i ais prmeugtis

y nfjëgtmais nfg sus cijkakirms y nfjpiùmrfs.

Afs gkùfs nfg sfhrmpmsf

Ai fhmskbib ms ug jia nfjÿg mg gumstrf tkmjpf. ]gi pmrsfgi sm vumavm fhmsi nuigbf

kgekmrm jés mgmreêi bm ai qum eisti. Ai mgmreêi qum sfhri sm inujuai nfjf erisi mg ais

nëauais nfgfnkbis nfjf ibkpfnktfs. Msis nëauais sm rmprfbunmg burigtm ai prkjmri kgcig-

nki y ai puhmrtib. ̂ k ug gkùf sm iakjmgti kgnfrrmntijmgtm, nfrrm ma rkmsef bm iujmgtir mg

mxnmsf y civfrmnmr ai fhmskbib.

9. ^meÿg ma tmxtf, ¶quë jia ̀ éhktf prfvfni ai fhmskbib6

8. ¶Mg quë nëauais sm iajinmgi ai erisi6

>. ¶Mg quë nipi bm ai pkma sm mgnumgtrig afs ibkpfnktfs6

2. ¶@i msnun`ibf ai mxprmskþg "Msté eiaég f eiaigi" piri rmcmrkrsm i ais pmrsfgis nfg sfhrmpmsf6

¶Yuë fpkgi6

>>Nkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ ^mjigi 9;


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N. Aamgm ma nrunkeriji skeukmgtm. Tiri maaf, ami ais bmsnrkpnkfgms y msnrkhi ai piaihri smeÿg nfrrmspfgbi

(vmrtknia u `frkzfgtia), tfjigbf mg numgti ma gÿjmrf. Am iyubijfs nfg ma gÿjmrf 9 `frkzfgtia.

>

9

8 2 =

9 E A I G B ] A I ^ M H I N M I

>

8

Smrtknia

9. ûstignki rmspfgsiham bma nfafr bm ai pkma.

8. Nipi bm ai pkma cfrjibi pfr tmokbf nfgmntkvf qum nfgtkmgm i afs rmnmptfrms bma tintf, bfafry tmjpmrituri.

>. Mstrunturi cfrjibi pfr trms nipis? bmrjks, mpkbmrjks m `kpfbmrjks.

2. ûstignki smnrmtibi pfr ais eaégbuais subfrêpiris qum iyubi i jigtmgmrgfs crmsnfs.

=. Nipi mxtmrgi bm ai pkma qum msté mg nfgtintf bkrmntf nfg ma ijhkmgtm.

@frkzfgtia

9. Eaégbuai qum smnrmti smhf, sustignki qum gfs prftmem bm hintmrkis y mvkti ai rmsmqumbib

bm ai pkma.

8. Mstrunturis cfrjibis pfr nëauais jumrtis mgburmnkbis. ^krvmg piri ieirrir y rispir.

>. ûstignki smnrmtibi pfr ais jmjhrigis junfsis.

>2KEMX ∘ ]titaég


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Taigtis qum nurigMg msti smnnkþg iprmgbmrmjfs i prmpirir ugi nuri nfg jigzigkaai, piri iakvkir ai kgijinkþg bm ai

pkma. Xmnumrbm qum mstm tritijkmgtf gf sustktuym ai nfgsuati ia jëbknf.

Ai jigzigkaai tkmgm prfpkmbibms bmskgijitfrkis y igtksëptknis (qum makjkgi jknrfhkfs).

^u kgcuskþg pumbm usirsm piri rmbunkr ai ̀ kgn`izþg qum prfvfnig icmnnkfgms nfjf? ijpfaais, ingë,

`mrkbis y nfrtms.

9. Yuktm ais ̀ fois y afs tiaafs, pums gf tkmgmg prfpkmbibms jmbknkgi-

ams. ^k ais fhtkmgm bkrmntijmgtm bma nijpf, sfaf tfjm ais cafrms.

Msf pmrjktkré qum ai paigti sm rmemgmrm.

8. Nfafqum ais cafrms mg ugi tizi y iermeum ieui ̀ krvkmgbf.

Gf ais numzi, pums pkmrbmg sus prfpkmbibms jmbknkgiams.

Nuëamais.

>. Ripm ai tizi y bmom rmpfsir = jkgutfs.

Bmom mgcrkir f mgtkhkir.

Xmnmti. Kgcuskþg bm jigzigkaai piri bmskgijir

N f g u g j i g f o f

Nfjf hiùfs, sujmrekmgbf ai pirtm icmntibi mg

ug rmnkpkmgtm akjpkf nfg ai kgcuskþg.

Ai kgcuskþg pumbm usirsm bm bfs jigmris?

>=Nkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ ^mjigi 9;

¡I ai nkmgnki pfr ai mxpmrkmgnki!


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84

Ma skstmji msqumaëtknf¶Yuë mgnfgtriré msti smjigi6

Uka`maj vfg Xógtemg

Ma skstmji msqumaëtknf

¡I jfvmr ma msqumamtf!

Nþjf pkmrbmg niankf afs ùmsfs


Kbmgtkcknir ais intktubms nkmgtêcknis qum rmcamoi ma trihiof bm Uka`maj vfg Xógtemg.

Bmckgkr ma skstmji msqumaëtknf.

Bmsnrkhkr ais mstrunturis y cugnkfgms bma skstmji msqumaëtknf.

Kbmgtkcknir ùmsfs bma msqumamtf ixkia y ipmgbknuair.

Xmnfgfnmr ais jmbkbis piri prmvmgkr mgcmrjmbibms bma skstmji msqumaëtknf.

Mxpaknir afs mcmntfs qum prfbunm ai përbkbi bm niankf mg afs ùmsfs.

>5Nkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ ^mjigi 84


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Uka`maj vfg XógtemgBmsnuhrkbfr bm afs riyfs P

Rfjibf bm? `ttp?//www.sxn.ù/p`ftf/838433

¶^m ̀ i tfjibf ribkfericêis6 Msm mxijmg jëbknf pumbm rmiakzirsm erinkis

ia bmsnuhrkjkmgtf bm Uka`maj vfg Xógtemg, afs riyfs P. Mstm nkmgtêcknf

mjprmgbmbfr nfjmgzþ su cfrjinkþg iakégbfsm i nkmgtêcknfs kjpfrtigtms

bm su tkmjpf. Ma nijpf qum prmcmrêi mri ai cêskni y su intkvkbib civfrkti

mri ai kgvmstkeinkþg. Rigtf isê qum ugi bm sus crisms nëamhrms ms? ‑[f gf

pkmgsf, kgvmstkef‚.

Msm mspêrktu nurkfsf af aamvþ i bmsnuhrkr ugfs riyfs nipinms bm itrivmsir

cfrjis bkstkgtis bm jitmrki i afs qum aaijþ riyfs P, piri kgbknir qum gf

sihêi quë tkpf bm riyfs mrig.

Mg ugf bm sus mxpmrkjmgtfs, sfstuvf ug irf bm pafjf crmgtm i afs riyfs

y sm ckoþ mg qum pfbêi vmr sus ùmsfs. Bmspuës sm am fnurrkþ qum pfbêi

kjprkjkr ai kjiemg mg ugi paini cftferéckni y isê cum nfjf tfjþ ai prkjm-

ri ribkfericêi.

û bmsnuhrkjkmgtf cum puhaknibf mg bkstkgtfs jmbkfs nkmgtêcknfs y nfg ma

tkmjpf sm pfpuairkzþ piri ma bkiegþstknf bm crinturis mg afs ̀ umsfs y ftris

mgcmrjmbibms.

¡I trihioir!

9. ûhriym ais intktubms nkmgtêcknis bm Uka`maj vfg Xógtemg qum sm rmcamoig mg ai amnturi igtmrkfr.

nurkfskbib kgbkcmrmgnki kgvmstkeinkþg mxpmrkjmgtinkþg

8. ^k iaeugi vmz am ìg tfjibf ugi ribkfericêi, nfjmgtm bm quë pirtm bma numrpf y nþjf cum ai

mxpmrkmgnki bm vmr su kgtmrkfr mg ugi paini cftferéckni.

Uka`maj vfg Xógtemg(902= „ 9;8>)

>0KEMX ∘ ]titaég

¡Tiri nfjmgzir!


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9. Ma msqumamtf f skstmji msqumaëtknf ^fstëg y prftmnnkþg

Tfgmrgfs bm pkm, jfvmrgfs f rmiakzir iaeÿg mscumrzf sfg intkvkbibms qum pfbm-

jfs rmiakzir erinkis i gumstrfs ùmsfs, ugis mstrunturis buris, rmskstmgtms y bm

nfafr haignf qum cfrjig ma msqumamtf.

Ma msqumamtf f skstmji msqumaëtknf ms ma nfgougtf bm tfbfs afs ùmsfs bm

gumstrf numrpf y bmsmjpmùi ugi smrkm bm cugnkfgms kjpfrtigtms. Smijfs.

Cugnkfgms bma msqumamtf?

• ^fstkmgm y bi cfrji ia numrpf.

• Trftmem afs þreigfs kgtmrgfs? pfr momjpaf, ma nrégmf prftmem ma nmrm-hrf< gumstris nfstkaais y ai nfaujgi vmrtmhria cfrjig ma msnubf prftmntfr

piri ma nfrizþg, afs puajfgms, ma mstþjief y ai jëbuai mspkgia.

• Trfbunm eaþhuafs rfofs? iaeugfs ùmsfs nfgtkmgmg ugi sustignki aai-

jibi jëbuai þsmi. Mg maai sm prfbunmg afs eaþhuafs rfofs qum sfg ais

nëauais mgnireibis bm aamvir fxêemgf bm afs puajfgms ia rmstf bma numrpf.

• Civfrmnm ai afnfjfnkþg y ma jfvkjkmgtf? afs ùmsfs, mg nfjhkginkþg

nfg afs jÿsnuafs, ìnmg pfskham qum gfs bmspainmjfs bm ug aueir i ftrf.

Momrnknkf 9

Nfjpamtm ma jipi nfgnmptuia sfhrm ais cugnkfgms bma msqumamtf.

^fstkmgm y bi cfrji ia

numrpf.

Cugnkfgms bmamsqumamtf

>;Nkmgnkis Gituriams ∘ ^mjigi 84



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8. Bkvkskfgms bma msqumamtf Ixkia y ipmgbknuair

Afs ùjigfs tmgmjfs ug sfaf msqumamtf, pmrf piri cinkaktir su mstubkf afs

nkmgtêcknfs prfpfgmg bkvkbkraf mg bfs rmekfgms? msqumamtf ixkia y msqumamtf

ipmgbknuair.

Ma msqumamtf ùjigf bm ugi pmrsfgi ibuati tkmgm 843 ùmsfs. Gfsftrfs

mstubkirmjfs sfaf afs jés kjpfrtigtms.

8.9 Msqumamtf ixkia

Ma msqumamtf ixkia sm nfjpfgm bm afs ùmsfs bm ai nihmzi, bm ai nfaujgi

vmrtmhria y bm ai nioi tfrénkni.

Nihmzi

Cfrjibi pfr? @umsfs bma nrégmf y niri? crfgtia,tmjpfria, jixkairms, pirkmtia yfnnkpktia.

Cugnkþg? Trftmemr ma nmrmhrf y afs þreigfs bmafs smgtkbfs.

Nioi tfrénkni

Cfrjibi pfr? Mstmrgþg, vërtmhris bma tþrix y aisnfstkaais.

Cugnkþg? Trftmemr afs þreigfs kgtmrgfs nfjfnfrizþg y puajfgms.

Nfaujgi vmrtmhria

Cfrjibi pfr? >> vërtmhris, rmpirtkbis mg = rmekf-gms bm ai nfaujgi vmrtmhria? nmrvknia,aujhir , tþrix , pmavks y nfxks.

Cugnkþg? ^fstmgmr ma numrpf, prftmemr ai jë-buai mspkgia y ieuigtir ma pmsf.

fnnkpktia

pirkmtiacrfgtia

tmjpfria

jixkairms

nmrvknia

aujhir

tþrix

pmavks

nfxks

nfstkaais

mstmrgþg

vërtmhrisbma tþrix

24KEMX ∘ ]titaég


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Momrnknkf 8Xmÿgi afs nfgnmptfs qum `mjfs mstubkibf sfhrm ai bkvkskþg bma msqumamtf y nfjpamtm ma jipi

nfgnmptuia.

8.8 Msqumamtf ipmgbknuair

Ma msqumamtf ipmgbknuair nfjprmgbm afs ùmsfs bm ais

mxtrmjkbibms supmrkfrms m kgcmrkfrms.

Mxtrmjkbibms supmrkfrms

Cfrjibispfr?

Naivênuai, fjþpaitf y afs ùmsfs bmahrizf? `ÿjmrf, nÿhktf, ribkf y ùm-sfs bm ais jigfs (jmtinirpkigfs).

Cugnkþg? Ieirrir y amvigtir fhomtfs, ma jfvk-jkmgtf y ma mqukakhrkf.

Mxtrmjkbibms kgcmrkfrmsCfrjibispfr?

Tmavks, cëjur , rþtuai, tkhki, pmrfgë y afsùmsfs bm afs pkms (jmtitirskigfs).

Cugnkþg? Iyubir i ai afnfjfnkþg, ma jfvkjkmgtfy ma mqukakhrkf.

^m bkvkbm mg?

Nfjpumstf pfr? Nfjpumstf pfr?

msqumamtf ixkia

nfaujgivmrtmhria

mxtrmjkbibmssupmrkfrms

Ma msqumamtf

naivênuai

fjþpaitf

`ÿjmrf

nÿhktf

ribkf

jmtinirpkigfs

pmavks

cëjur

rþtuai

jmtitirskigfs

pmrfgë

tkhki



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nirtêaief bm ai girkz

nibmri

2. Ftrfs nfjpfgmgtms

2.9 Nirtêaief

Rfbfs gumstrfs ùmsfs nfjkmgzig skmgbf nirtêaief, ug tmokbf haigbf y

rmskstmgtm qum nuhrm ais pugtis bm afs ùmsfs piri prftmemrafs.

Mg ai mbib ibuati mstm tmokbf sm nfgsmrvi mg iaeugis pirtms bma numrpf

nfjf frmois y girkz.

2.8 Irtknuainkfgms

Ais irtknuainkfgms sfg ais ugkfgms mgtrm bfs f jés ùmsfs. ^fg ais mstrunturis

mgnireibis bm cinkaktir ma jfvkjkmgtf y pmrjktkr ma nrmnkjkmgtf. ^m naiskcknig mg

trms erupfs?

i. KgjþvkamsAis qum gf pmrjktmg ma jfvkjkmgtf. Emgmriajmgtm mstég mgtrm

ùmsfs paigfs. Tfr momjpaf? ais irtknuainkfgms bma nrégmf.

h. ^mjkjþvkamsAis qum pmrjktmg nkmrti jfvkakbib.

Tfr momjpaf? afs bksnfs kgtmrvmrtmhriams.

n. Jþvkams^fg ai jiyfrêi bm irtknuainkfgms. Tmrjktmg afs jfvkjkmgtfs bm

mxkþg, bmsakzijkmgtf y rftinkþg. Mg mstis irtknuainkfgms afs ̀ umsfs

gf sm tfnig. Mstég smpiribfs pfr nirtêaief, akeijmgtfs y aêqukbfskgfvkia9.

Tfr momjpaf? nfbf, rfbkaai, juùmni, tfhkaaf, `fjhrf y nibmri.

Ais irtknuainkfgms sm eistig nfg ma tkmjpf y usf, prfvfnigbf iaeugis

mgcmrjmbibms.

Momrnknkf 2

Msnrkhi ma tkpf bm irtknuainkþg qum rmprmsmgti nibi kjiemg.

9. 8. >.

rfbkaai juùmni nrégmf

nrégmf

bksnfs kgtmrvmrtmhriams

9 aêqukbf skgfvkia? aêqukbf vksnfsf qum auhrkni ais irtknuainkfgms bm afs ùmsfs.



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=. Mgcmrjmbibms bma skstmjimsqumaëtknf

Iaeugis mgcmrjmbibms y prfhamjis bma skstmji msqumaëtknf sfg?

• Fstmfpfrfsks? mgcmrjmbib prfermskvi, mg ai nuia afs ̀ umsfs pkmrbmg jisi ysm bmtmrkfrig, sm bmhkaktig y sm pumbm crinturir nfg cinkakbib. Ms jés nfjÿg

mg juomrms qum `ig mgtribf mg ai jmgfpiuski,

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Utatlán C.naturales 2º Sem. 2014