Libro Utatlán C.sociales y F.ciudadana 2º Sem

7/26/2019 Libro Utatln C.sociales y F.ciudadana 2 Sem

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> Nsedj - Mrupj St`tgb - EMC^

Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y

Ijrk`deb deuf`f`b`


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Decbde`s Tjde`gcs yIjrk`deb Deuf`f`b`

^cscrv`fjs tjfjs gjs fcrcdljs. Pucf` remurjs`kcbtc prjlenef` g` rcprjfuddeb tjt`g j p`rde`gfc cstc k`tcre`g cfud`tevj, pjr du`gquecr kcfej j prjdcfekecbtj, seb g` `utjrez`deb fcg Ebstetutj

Mu`tck`gtcdj fc Cfud`deb ^`fejibed`, EMC^. Tcmb `rtdugj 6> fc g` Djbstetudeb Xjgted` fcMu`tck`g` quc sc rcicrc g` utjr`.

Ebstetutj Mu`tck`gtcdj fc Cfud`deb `fejibed`, EMC^.Cs ub` jnr` prjfudef` pjr cg Fcp`rt`kcbtj fc ^cf`ddeb y Fescj, p`r` cg

Ebstetutj Mu`tck`gtcdj fc Cfud`deb `fejibed`, EMC^.

00 `vcbef` 0Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.

XN\? >483 0808

Djrrcj cgcdtrbedj? emcrHemcr.cfu.mtXmeb` wcn? www.emcr.cfu.mt

Cfedeb >809Ekprcsj cb EMC^ t`ggcrcs mridjs

Dfemj? 0008

ETNB? 5=5906356


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Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deb Deuf`f`b` bfedc

E

bfedcbfedc ............................................................................................................................................................................................. E

Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj! .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 0

Tck`b` 0Ebvcstem`deb sjde`g.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 00

@ycr... ljy... G`s p`g`nr`s drc`b................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 0> Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Djbdcptjs fc decbde`s sjde`gcs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 04 >. ^`zjb`kecbtj y pcbs`kecbtj gmedj .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 09 4. Xcbs`kecbtj drtedj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 08

V`ggcr fc cquef`f .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... >0

Tck`b` >Xrjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb sjde`g................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... >4

@ycr... ljy... G` p`seb pjr ebvcstem`r fc L`rrect K`rtebc`u ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. >6Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Jrm`bez`deb fc g` ebvcstem`deb .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... >3 `. Tcgcddeb fcg tck` j g` efc` mcbcr`fjr .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .. >3 n. Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... >9 d. Jnoctevjs ................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . >9 f. K`rdj tcredj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... >< c. Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj............................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. >5 i. @bgeses fc rcsugt`fjs y djbdgusejbcs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... >5^csukcb..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 40@utjdjbtrjg .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 4>V`ggcr fc ebvcstem`deb .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 44

Tck`b` 4Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 43

@ycr... ljy...

@ g` fcrev .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 49Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf... ......................................................................................................................................................... 49Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc kcred`bj ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 4= >. Vcdtbed` fc pg`d`s .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ....... 4< >.0 Xg`d`s y i`gg`s mcjgmed`s fc @kred` .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... 45 4. Yugbcr`negef`f y recsmj ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 68 4.0 @ddeb luk`b` ircbtc ` gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 60^csukcb..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 6>@utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ 64V`ggcr fc deuf`f`b` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ........... 63


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EMC^ St`tgb

EE

Tck`b` 6Mcjmr`i` fc @kred`.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 6=

@ycr... ljy... @kred`................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .............. 6 Feveseb pjgted` fc @kred` pjr rcmejbcs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................. 38

`. Feveseb pjgted` fc @kred` fcg Bjrtc ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 38n. Feveseb pjgted` fc Dcbtrj`kred` ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... 38d. Feveseb pjgted` fc @kred` Ebsug`r ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 38f. Feveseb pjgted` fc @kred` fcg Tur .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 38

>. Mcjmr`i` ised` fc @kred` ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 3> >.0 Cg rcgecvc `kcred`bj ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 3> >.> Dgek` y nejfevcrsef`f .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 36Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 36

^csukcb................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 33@utjdjbtrjg .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 3=

Tck`b` 3Xjng`deb fc @kred`................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ........ 90

@ycr... ljy... G` Ducv` fc g`s K`bjs.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 9>Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. Xjng`kecbtj fc @kred` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 94 0.0 Mr`bfcs devegez`dejbcs fc @kred` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 94

0.> Djgjbez`deb fcg Bucvj Kubfj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 96 >. Xjng`deb dtu`g fc @kred` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 93 >.0 @kred` kugtedugtur`g y pguretbed` .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 93 >.> Cg icbkcbj fc g`s mr`bfcs urncs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 99 4. I dtjrcs fc d`knej fckjmridj................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 9=Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 9 @kred` pjnrc y fcsemu`g ................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ =


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EEE

Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf....................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... =5^csukcb..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ . G` ^cvjgudeb ir`bdcs` ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 0>6 `. @btcdcfcbtcs fc g` ^cvjgudeb ir`bdcs` .................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 0>6 n. Djbscducbde`s fc g` ^cvjgudeb ir`bdcs` ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 0>3 4. ^cvjgudeb Ebfustre`g y d`pet`geskj ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 0>9^csukcb..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 0>5


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EMC^ St`tgb

EY

Tck`b` 08Cg ieb fcg djgjbe`geskj................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 044

@ycr... ljy... Fjgjrcs Ncfjy` fc Kjgeb`.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... 046Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs

0. G` Djbstetudeb fc Dfez .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 043 0.0 Xrebdepejs fc g` Djbstetudeb fc Dfez .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 049 >. Dùs`s fc g`s gudl`s fc ebfcpcbfcbde` cb @kred` .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... 04= `. Dùs`s cxtcrb`s .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 04= n. Dùs`s ebtcrb`s................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 04= 4. Ebfcpcbfcbde`s cb @kred` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 04< 6. Ebfcpcbfcbde` fc Mu`tck`g` ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 045 `. Dùs`s ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 045 n. Ierk` fcg @dt` fc Ebfcpcbfcbde` .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 045 d. Djbscducbde`s ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 068Mgjs`rej..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 068Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... 068

^csukcb................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 060@utjdjbtrjg .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 06>V`ggcr fc cquef`f fc mbcrj, fc ctbe` y sjde`g.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .... 066

Tck`b` 00Mu`tck`g` fcspus fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde`..................... ..................... ..................... ........ 063

@ycr... ljy...C X..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 069Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs

0. @bcxeb fc Mu`tck`g` Kxedj? d`knej y djbtebuef`f tr`s g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` ..................... .............. 06= >. ^cpnged` Icfcr`g fc Dcbtrj @kred` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 06< 4. Drc`deb fc g` ^cpnged` fc Mu`tck`g` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... 065 4.0 Xcrjfj fc gjs 48 `js ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 038^csukcb................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 030@utjdjbtrjg................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 03>

Tck`b` 0>Cg ^mekcb Gencr`g cb Mu`tck`g`................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ............. 033

@ycr... ljy.. Cg Tcjr Xrcsefcbtc.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............. 039Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs 0. ^mekcb Gencr`g (0 D`r`dtcrsted`s fc gjs mjnecrbjs gencr`gcs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 035 >. Mjnecrbjs fur`btc cg ^mekcb Gencr`g .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 098 `. Kemucg M`rd` Mr`b`fjs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 098 n. Oustj ûibj N`rrejs.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ................... 098 d. K`bucg Cstr`f` D`nrcr` .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 098 f. Ojrmc Snedj D`st`cf` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............ 098 4. Mu`tck`g`, cbdg`vc n`b`bcrj.................. ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ........ 090Mgjs`rej..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. 09>


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Y

^csukcb..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 09>@utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ 094V`ggcr fc ijrk`deb cb cg tr`n`oj..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....... 093

Tck`b` 04Yever cb fckjdr`de`.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 09=

@ycr... ljy........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ......... 09< F` Ebtcrb`dejb`g fc g` Fckjdr`de ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ... 09Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf....................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... 0=>@utjdjbtrjg ................................................................................................................................................................................ 0=4

V`ggcr fc cfud`deb cb v`gjrcs.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. 0=3

Tck`b` 06Ovcbcs y p`rtedep`deb fckjdrted`.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . 0==

@ycr... ljy... Y`kjs ` djbstruer ub iuturj kcojr, `qu y `ljr`................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... 0=.> Csp`dejs fc p`rtedep`deb ouvcbeg ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ 0


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EMC^ St`tgb

YE

Tck`b` 09G`s be`s y gjs bejs cb g` djkubef`f fckjdrted`..................................... >80

@ycr... ljy... k`kc y duf`kc!..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... >8>Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs

0. Fcrcdljs y fcncrcs fc g`s be`s y gjs bejs .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... >84 `. Fcrcdljs ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... >84 n. Fcncrcs y jngem`dejbcs .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ >84 >. @nusj ebi`bteg y `fjgcsdcbtc ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........ >83 4. Ebstetudejbcs fc prjtcddeb fc g` ebi`bde`................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. >8= Ebstetudejbcs fcg Cst`fj................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................... >8= Ebstetudejbcs fc g` sjdecf`f deveg..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . >8=^csukcb................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................. >8885V ggcr fc vef` i`kege`r..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... >00

Tck`b` 0=^cp`sj? Tck`b`s 5 09 .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... >04

Dkj s`d`r prjvcdlj fc cstc rcp`sj:..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............... >06 Curjp`? fc g`s kjb`rqu`s nsjgut`s ` g` ^cvjgudeb ir`bdcs` ................... ..................... ..................... ............ >03 Cg ib fcg djgjbe`geskj..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...... >0< Mu`tck`g` fcspus fc g` Ebfcpcbfcbde` .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........... >>0 Cg ^mekcb Gencr`g cb Mu`tck`g` .................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..... >>6 Yever cb Fckjdr`de` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... >>9 Ovcbcs y p`rtedep`dejb fckjdrted` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... .................. >>< Kuocrcs y p`rtedep`deb fckjdrted` ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .................. >40 G`s be`s y gjs bejs cb g` djkubef`f fckjdrted` ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......... >46

Dkj scr g` prucn` fc cv`gu`deb:.................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... . >49

Dg`vcs ................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............. >4=

Nengejmr`i` .................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... >33


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Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deb Deuf`f`b` Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj!

0

Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj!

Necbvcbef` y necbvcbefj `g dursj fc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deb Deuf`f`b` fcg mrupj

St`tgb (> i`sc fcg dedgj nsedj). L`rckjs ub rcdjrrefj fc fecdesectc sck`b`s, cb g`s quc

`njrf`rckjs g`s du`trj djkpctcbde`s k`rd`f`s pjr cg Durrdugj B`dejb`g N`sc (D).

G`s decbde`s sjde`gcs cstufe`b g`s sjdecf`fcs cb g`s festebt`s pjd`s y cb festebtjs gum`rcs. Cs

ekpjrt`btc djbjdcr gjs d`knejs quc l`b tr`bsijrk`fj g` vef` fc g` luk`bef`f ` gj g`rmj

fc g` lestjre`, pjrquc l`y `spcdtjs fcg p`s`fj quc pcrsestcb cb cg prcscbtc y pucfcb ebuer

cb g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs fc bucstr` vef` iutur`.

Cstc dursj prctcbfc ijrk`r ` g` deuf`f`b` y deuf`f`bj mu`tck`gtcdj fcg semgj \\E. X`r`

cggj, l`rckjs bi`ses cb du`trj djkpjbcbtcs?

G` vef` y gjs csp`dejs mcjmriedjs.

G`s sjdecf`fcs ` tr`vs fcg teckpj, y prebdep`gkcbtc, cb g` lestjre` fc @kred`

y fc Mu`tck`g`.

Cg cocrdedej fc g` deuf`f`b` y gjs v`gjrcs deuf`f`bjs.

Cg usj fc g` ebijrk`deb p`r` g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs y g` rcsjgudeb fc prjngck`s

y fcs`ijs.

@btcs fc cbtr`r `g fct`ggc fc g`s djkpctcbde`s p`r` cstc dursj, jnscrvckjs g` pjrt`f`.

Cg kubfj fc g` pjrt`f` bjs rcducrf` quc sjkjs p`rtc fcg pg`bct` Vecrr` y quc cb g,

g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs y g` ijrk`deb deuf`f`-

b` sjb lcrr`kecbt`s ekprcsdebfengcs p`r``prcbfcr ` vever cb sjdecf`f y cocrdcr ub`

deuf`f`b` pgcb` y rcspjbs`ngc.

G` k`bj f`bfj ub dged bjs ebvet` ` cxpgj-

r`r, ebvcstem`r, fcsdunrer y djkp`rter

djbjdekecbtjs djb cg rcstj fcg kubfj,

` tr`vs fc ebtcrbct.

G` ek`mcb fc ub mrupj fc k`bjs `grcfc-

fjr fc ub djr`zb bjs l`ng` fc cst`ngcdcr

rcg`dejbcs sjgef`re`s y fc emu`gf`f djb g`spcrsjb`s quc bjs rjfc`b.


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EMC^ St`tgb

>

Djkpctcbde`s fcg rc` fc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deb Deuf`f`b`

Cg Durrdugj B`dejb`g N`sc prjpjbc g`s du`trj djkpctcbde`s cspcdid`s p`r` cgscmubfj `j fcg dedgj

Nsedj, bucstrj mrupj St`tgb. X`r` djbdrct`r cg gd`bdc d`f` djkpctcbde`, cg D sc`g` ub` screc fc

ebfed`fjrcs fc gjmrj.

Iocsc necb cb g` t`ng`. Cb g` p`rtc supcrejr pucfc gccr g` djkpctcbde`, cb g` djgukb` ezquecrf` gjs eb-

fed`fjrcs fc gjmrj y cb g`s dcgf`s fc g`s djgukb`s fc g` fcrcdl` k`rd`rckjs djb ub` druz cg bkcrj

fc sck`b` j sck`b`s quc gc `yuf`rb ` fcs`rrjgg`r cs` djkpctcbde`.

Djkpctcbde` 0

Ebtcrrcg`dejb` cgckcbtjs fc g`s fekcbsejbcs cdjbked`s, sjde`gcs y dugtur`gcs fcg csp`dej mcjmr-

idj fc @kred`, jrecbt`fjs `g fcs`rrjggj sustcbt`ngc.

Ebfed`fjrcs fc gjmrjTck`b`

0 > 4 6 3 9 = < 5 08 00 0> 04 06 03 09 0=

0.0. ^cg`dejb` cg ekp`dtj fc gjs `scbt`kecbtjs

luk`bjs djb cg cbtjrbj sjde`g y b`tur`g cb@kred` y cg bevcg fc vef` fc g` pjng`deb.

x x x x

0.>. ^cg`dejb` g`s ijrk`s fc prjfuddeb, fes-

trenudeb y djbsukj djb cg fcs`rrjggj y cg

sunfcs`rrjggj fc g` pjng`deb cb gjs csp`-

dejs mcjmriedjs fc @kred`.

x x x

0.4. G`s `ddejbcs luk`b`s quc ebdefcb cb cg

kcfej knecbtc fcg djbtebcbtc kcred`bj. x x

Djkpctcbde` >

Cketc ouedejs `dcrd` fcg djbtcxtj lestredj kubfe`g fcbtrj fcg du`g sc fcs`rrjgg cg prjdcsj fc

ijrk`deb fc g` b`deb mu`tck`gtcd` quc drc ub` deuf`f`b` feicrcbde`f` djb g` djbtebuef`f

fc g` cstrudtur` djgjbe`g.


0 > 4 6 3 9 = < 5 08 00 0> 04 06 03 09 0=

>.0. Djbtr`st` prjdcsjs lestredjs quc sc fcs`-

rrjgg`b cb cg semgj \E\ cb Curjp` y cb G`te-

bj`kred`.

x

>.>. @b`gez` g` ruptur` fcg jrfcb djgjbe`g cb gjsfjkebejs csp`jgcs y pjrtumucscs. x x

>.4. @b`gez` gjs d`knejs cb g` cstrudtur` pjgted`

y cdjbked` mcbcr`fjs pjr g`s rcijrk`s ge-

ncr`gcs cb Mu`tck`g`.

x


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4

Djkpctcbde` 4

Xrjkucvc cg gjmrj fc kct`s djboubt`s cb cg k`rdj fc g` p`rtedep`deb deuf`f`b`, cb cg knetj i`kege`r

y pngedj.


0 > 4 6 3 9 = < 5 08 00 0> 04 06 03 09 0=

4.0. G` pgcb` fckjdr`de` ekpged` quc tjfjs gjs

kecknrjs fc ub` sjdecf`f cstb ebdguefjs. x x x x x x x x

4.>. Xr`dted` cg cocrdedej fc g` fckjdr`de` cb cg

mjnecrbj cstufe`bteg y g` djkubef`f quc

djbtrenuyc su ijrt`gcdekecbtj.x x x x x x x x

4.4. @b`gez` g`s djbscducbde`s fc g` bj ebsdrep-

deb fc deuf`f`bjs ovcbcs cb cg rcmestrj

cgcdtjr`g y g` `uscbde` fc p`rtedep`deb cb cg

cocrdedej fc g` deuf`f`b`.

x x x

4.6Efcbteied` g`s iubdejbcs fc g`s feicrcbtcs Ebste-tudejbcs quc prjtcmcb ` g` becz y ouvcbtuf. x

Djkpctcbde` 6

@pged` tdbed`s y ktjfjs fc ebvcstem`deb sjde`g cb g` tjk` fc fcdesejbcs y prjpucst` fc sjgudejbcs

` prjngck`s y fcs`ijs fc su cbtjrbj.


0 > 4 6 3 9 = < 5 08 00 0> 04 06 03 09 0=

6.0 Stegez` gjs p`sjs fcg ktjfj fc ebvcstem`-

deb. x x x x

6.> Cg`njr` cxpged`dejbcs iubf`kcbt`f`s y pcr-

sjb`gcs sjnrc gj ebvcstem`fj cb iucbtcs fj-

dukcbt`gcs.

x x x x

6.4 Cstrudtur` g ebijrk`deb p`r` `rmukcbt`r i`-

vjr fc sus pubtjs fc vest` cb ub` cxpjsedeb

djlcrcbtc.

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Djb su csiucrzj, pjfr djbquest`r cst`s djkpctcbde`s ` tr`vs fc trcs tepjs fc djbtcbefjs?

Fcdg`r`tevjs?Gjs djbtcbefjs fcdg`r`tevjs gc `pjrt`rb cg djbjdekecbtj fc gjs festebtjs

`spcdtjs tcredjs, djbdcptu`gcs y decbtiedjs fcg rc`.

Xrjdcfekcbt`gcs?Djkj ebfed` su bjknrc, gjs djbtcbefjs prjdcfekcbt`gcs sc fcs`rrj-

gg`rb ` n`sc fc cocrdedejs, prjdcfekecbtjs j `bgeses fc prjngck`s cb gjs du`gcs pucf`

fckjstr`r cg fjkebej y g` pucst` cb prdted` fc gjs djbjdekecbtjs fcdg`r`tevjs.

@dtetufeb`gcs?Gjs djbtcbefjs `dtetufeb`gcs sjb tjfj `qucggj quc tecbc quc vcr djb su

`dtetuf `btc cg cstufej y `btc g` vef` cb mcbcr`g. Cb cg genrj cbdjbtr`r `dtevef`fcs y rc-

igcxejbcs sjnrc setu`dejbcs djtefe`b`s fc g` vef` sjde`g y deuf`f`b`.


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18/266


5

Genrj, dg`sc r`fe`g y drdugj fc cstufej

Tu cquepj fc tr`nòj!

Cg genrj, djb scr ub` nucb` lcrr`kecbt`, bj gj cs tjfj. X`r` quc ustcf gd`bdc cg bevcg fc djkpctcbde`

fcsc`fj,

bucstrj sestck` pjbc ` su fespjsedeb? cg genrj, g` dg`sc r`fe`g y g` ebvet`deb ` p`rtedep`r cb

ub drdugj fc cstufej.

G` dg`sc r`fe`g tecbc djkj iubdeb prebdep`gcxpged`r y i`deget`r g` djkprcbseb fc gjs tck`s

tr`t`fjs cb cg genrj.

Xucfc csdudl`r g` dg`sc r`fe`g cb ub` ckesjr`

fc su gjd`gef`f, fcsd`rm`rg`s cb bucstr` p-

meb` www.emcr.cfu.mt j `fquererg`s cb cb g`djjrfeb`deb rcmejb`g.

Cg drdugj fc cstufejcs cg gum`r

p`r` djkp`rter y `prcbfcr oubtjs.

@prjvcdlc cstjs rcdursjs y `pycsc cb

pcrsjb`s fc su djkubef`f p`r` rcsjgvcr

sus fuf`s.

Cg genrjdukpgc du`trj iubdejbcs?

`. Vcxtj, cb cg quc cbducbtr` g` ebijrk`deb y cg

fcs`rrjggj fc gjs djbtcbefjs ` cstufe`r.

n. Xez`rrb, p`r` quc fur`btc g` dg`sc r`fe`g su-

nr`yc efc`s ekpjrt`btcs j rc`gedc festebt`s d-

tevef`fcs.

d. Du`fcrbj fc tr`nòj, djb cocrdedejs p`r` pr`d-

ted`r gj `prcbfefj.

f. Lcrr`kecbt` fc ùtjcv`gu`deb, du`bfj rc-

sucgvc su ùtjdjbtrjg d`f` sck`b`.


19/266

EMC^ St`tgb

08

Bucstr` kctjfjgjm` p`sj ` p`sj

X`r` i`deget`r su `prcbfezòc y `prjvcdl`r ks y kcojr cg cstufej d`f` sck`b`, sem` cstjs p`sjs. Bj

sc s`gtc bebmubj!

Gc` cg djbtcbefj fc g` sck`b`

Gccr cg djbtcbefj bjs pcrketc tcbcr ub` efc` mcbcr`g fcg tck`? qu s`-

nckjs, djb qu gj rcg`dejb`kjs, ctd. Cstc prekcr djbt`dtj t`kneb bjs

l`r d`cr cb g` ducbt` fcg csiucrzj rc`gez`r p`r` prcbfcr gj bucvj y bjs

pjbfr "cb jbf`" p`r` g` dg`sc r`fe`g.

0

Csdudlc g` dg`sc r`fe`gDjb gjs 3 scbtefjs

G` dg`sc r`fe`g cs bucstr` k`cstr`. Fc `l quc cg prjmr`k` sc gg`kc "Cg

K`cstrj cb D`s`". G`s k`cstr`s y k`cstrjs gjdutjrcs cxpged`b cg djbtcbe-

fj, prjpjbcb cocrdedejs y jtrjs cockpgjs p`r` `kpge`r cg tck`.

>

Fcspus fc g` dg`sc r`fe`g, su tr`nòj pcrsjb`gCstufej y ùtjdjbtrjg

Ieb`gez`f` g` dg`sc r`fe`g cs cg kjkcbtj fc su tr`nòj pcrsjb`g. Festrenuy`

su teckpj? cs kcojr ub pjdj d`f` f`, quc tjfj g` vspcr`.

4

Djbsugtc sus fuf`sSb cstufe`btc ebtcgemcbtc s`nc dubfj pcfer `yuf`

Djbsugtc gjs tck`s quc bj gc l`b qucf`fj dg`rjs cb jtrjs genrjs, cb ebtcr-

bct, djb i`kege`rcs j `kemjs. Tcmurj quc cbdjbtr`r pcrsjb`s fespucst`s

` `yuf`rgc.

6

X`rtedepc cb ub drdugj fc cstufej@prcbfcr oubtjs

Xbm`sc fc ducrfj djb jtrjs cstufe`btcs y jrm`bedcb ub drdugj fc cstu-

fej. Tjgedetcb g` `yuf` fc `gmub` pcrsjb` vjgubt`re` fc g` djkubef`f. Csj

gcs `yuf`r ` rcsjgvcr fuf`s y rcijrz`r gj `prcbfefj. @fcks, tcbfrb g`

jpjrtubef`f fc ebtcrd`kne`r `prcbfezòcs, efc`s y scbtekecbtjs.

^cducrfc quc seckprc pucfc `dufer ` su tutjr `semb`fj.

3


20/266

Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deb Deuf`f`b` Tck`b` 0

00

0

Ebvcstem`deb sjde`g

Pu cbdjbtr`r cst` sck`b`:

G`s p`g`nr`s drc`b

Djbdcptjs ekpjrt`btcs fc g`s Decbde`s Tjde`gcss

^`zjb`kecbtj y pcbs`kecbtj gmedj

Xcbs`kecbtj drtedj

Cst` sck`b` gjmr`r?

Y`gjr`r g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` ebvcstem`deb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g`

sjdecf`f.

@b`gez`r icbkcbjs sjde`gcs.

@pged`r g` d`p`def`f fc r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj c ebfudtevj.

Xcricddejb`r cg pcbs`kecbtj drtedj.


21/266

EMC^ St`tgb

0>

@ycr... ljy...

G`s p`g`nr`s drc`b

Xucfc d`gdug`r dubt`s p`g`nr`s djbjdc:

Dkj sc secbtc du`bfj quecrc cxpged`r `gmj y bj cbducbtr` g`s p`g`nr`s:

Tjgj gjs scrcs luk`bjs tcbckjs g` d`p`def`f fc g` p`g`nr`, fcg gcbmu`oc. Cstj

bjs feicrcbde` fcg rcstj fcg rcebj `bek`g y bjs pcrketc djkubed`r gj quc bjs

jdurrc, gj quc vckjs, gj quc pcbs`kjs, gj quc scbtekjs, bucstr`s fuf`s,

kecfjs, ctd.

Bucstrj gcbmu`oc sc l` ijrk`fj `g `semb`r p`g`nr`s ` gjs jnoctjsquc bjs rj-

fc`b p`r` bjknr`rgjs y ` g`s cxpcrecbde`sy gjs scbtekecbtjsquc vevekjs p`r`

tr`bsketergjs y pcbs`r sjnrc cggjs.

Fedcb quc g`s p`g`nr`s drc`b pjrquc djb cgg`s pcbs`kjs, cg`njr`kjs bucv`s

efc`s y tcbckjs g` d`p`def`f fc djkubed`r ncggjs pcbs`kecbtjs, f`r bekj,

djbsjg`r j, pjr cg djbtr`rej, jicbfcr.

Gc` cg semuecbtc ir`mkcbtj fc Cg Xjpjg Yul sjnrc g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` p`g`nr`.

Ggcm `qu cbtjbdcs g` p`g`nr`, vebecrjb oubtjs Vcpcu y Muduk`tz, cb g`

jsduref`f, cb g` bjdlc, y l`ng`rjb cbtrc s Vcpcu y Muduk`tz.

L`ng`rjb pucs, djbsugt`bfj cbtrc s y kcfet`bfj1 sc pusecrjb fc `ducrfj,

oubt`rjb sus p`g`nr`s y su pcbs`kecbtj.

@b`gedc y djkp`rt`

Gc ebvet`kjs ` utegez`r su drc`tevef`f y ` csdrener `g kcbjs fjs p`g`nr`s quc cxprcscb gj quc gc tr`bs-

ketc cst` ek`mcb..

lttp?//tebyu

rg.djk/od>pkui


22/266


04

Cg kubfj fc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs

0. Djbdcptjs fc decbde`s sjde`gcsG`s decbde`s sjde`gcs cstufe`b tck`s fc mr`b ekpjrt`bde` cb g` vef` fc g`s pcrsj-

b`s y g`s sjdecf`fcs, t`gcs djkj g`s rcg`dejbcs luk`b`s, g` i`kege`, gjs sestck`s

fc jrm`bez`deb pjgted`, cg tr`n`oj, ctd.

Cb gjs cstufejs fc decbde`s sjde`gcs sc `pged` cg ktjfj decbtidj y cbtr`b cb

oucmj trcs cgckcbtjs ekpjrt`btcs? gjs icbkcbjs sjde`gcs, gjs djbdcptjs y g`s

tcjr`s.

`. Gjs icbkcbjs sjde`gcs

Gjs icbkcbjs sjde`gcs sjb gjs djkpjrt`kecbtjs j g`s `dtevef`fcs quc

rc`gez` cg scr luk`bj y cg rcsugt`fj fc cs`s `dtevef`fcs. Gjs cstufejs quc

rc`gez`b g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs djbsestcb cb `b`gez`r ubj j v`rejs icbkcbjs

sjde`gcs, j g` rcg`deb cbtrc cggjs.

@gmubjs cockpgjs fc icbkcbjs sjde`gcs sjb? cg cb`kjr`kecbtj, g` rcge-

mejsef`f fc ub pucngj, g` djrrupdeb fc ub mjnecrbj, cg rcspctj fcbtrj fc

i`kege` j g` fesdrekeb`deb l`de` ub fctcrkeb`fj mrupj cb ub` sjdecf`f.

n. Gjs djbdcptjs

Sb djbdcptjcs ub djboubtj fc efc`s quc pcrketc cbtcbfcr ub` cxpcrecbde`

luk`b` y `g quc sc bjknr` djb ub` p`g`nr`. Sb djbdcptj cs ub sust`btevj

`nstr`dtj pjrquc sc rciecrc gmj quc bj sc pucfc tjd`r be vcr cx`dt`kcbtc.

Cstj gj feicrcbde` fc ub sust`btevj djbdrctj, quc s sc pucfc vcr.

Cockpgjs fc djbdcptjs sjb cg `kjr, g` gencrt`f, g` rcspjbs`negef`f, g` ouste-

de`, cg rcspctj, ctd.

G`s decbde`s sjde`gcs tr`t`b fc cxpged`r gjs djbdcptjs fc g` k`bcr` ks prcdes`

pjsengc ` tr`vs fc fciebedejbcs. G`s fciebedejbcs sjb cbubde`fjs quc pcrke-

tcb djkprcbfcr g` efc` quc tr`bsketc ub djbdcptj.

Sb cockpgj fc fciebedeb?

^cgemeb?Djboubtj fc drccbde`s j fjmk`s `dcrd` fc g` fevebef`f, fcscbtekecbtjs fc vcbcr`deb y tckjr l`de` cgg`, fc bjrk`s kjr`gcs

p`r` g` djbfudt` ebfevefu`g y sjde`g y fc prdted`s retu`gcs, prebdep`g-

kcbtc g` jr`deb y cg s`dreiedej p`r` f`rgc dugtj.

Cb du`gquecr icbkcbj sjde`gcstb ekpged`fjsv`rejs djbdcptjs. Cs bcdcs`rej

fciber y djkprcbfcr csjs djbdcptjs y g`s rcg`dejbcs cbtrc cggjs p`r` pjfcr cb-

tcbfcr cg icbkcbj sjde`g.


23/266

EMC^ St`tgb

06

Yc`kjs ub cockpgj?

G`s i`kege`s quc bj f`b cfud`deb ijrk`g ` sus leo`s `dcpt`b g`s efc`s tr`-

fedejb`gcs fc mbcrj fc g` sjdecf`f? quc g`s kuocrcs fcncb fcfed`rsc ` gjs

jiedejs fjkstedjs y bj cs bcdcs`rej quc cstufecb y quc gjs ljknrcs s

fcncb cstufe`r p`r` pjfcr tr`n`o`r iucr` fc d`s`.

Cstj cs ub` fesdrekeb`deb l`de` g`s leo`s pjrquc gcs becm` su fcrcdlj ` g`

cfud`deb y `g fcs`rrjggj pgcbj djkj pcrsjb`s.

@gmub`s i`kege`s f`b prcicrcbde` ` quc cstufecb gjs leojs v`rjbcs y fco`b `

g`s leo`s seb cfud`deb ijrk`g.

Fesdrekeb`deb

Vr`t`r ` ub` pcrsjb` j

mrupj fc ijrk` eboust`,

ekpefecbfj quc tcbm`

g`s kesk`s jpjrtubef`-

fcs quc jtr`s pcrsjb`s.

Cfud`deb ijrk`g

Xrjdcsj fc ijrk`deb quc

nrebf` ` g` pcrsjb` djbjde-

kecbtjs, l`negef`fcs y v`gj-

rcs p`r` g` vef`. Cb Mu`tc-

k`g`, djbst` fc Xrcprek`re`,

Xrek`re`, Nsedj, N`dleggcr`tj

j Fevcrseid`fj y cstufejsubevcrset`rejs.

Mbcrj

Djboubtj fc efc`s quc

tecbc ub` sjdecf`f sj-

nrc dkj fcncb scr y `

qu fcncb fcfed`rsc g`s

kuocrcs y gjs ljknrcs,

rcspcdtev`kcbtc.

Djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs

Icbkcbj sjde`g

Cxpged`deb fcg icbkcbj

d. G`s tcjr`s

Du`bfj ub` leptcses j rcspucst` tcbt`tev` ` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb sc

djkprucn` ` tr`vs fc kudl`s jnscrv`dejbcsj cxpcrekcbtjs, sc djbvecrtc

cb ub` tcjr`. G` ebvcstem`deb sjde`g utegez` tcjr`s drc`f`s `btcrejrkcbtc p`r`

`v`bz`r cb g` ebvcstem`deb fc ub icbkcbj sjde`g y drc`r bucv`s tcjr`s.

Yc`kjs ub cockpgj fc `pged`deb fc ub` tcjr` `g icbkcbj sjde`g `btcrejr?

Kgtepgcs jnscrv`dejbcs sjde`gcs l`b f`fj gum`r ` g` tcjr` fc quc cg `ddcsj

ubevcrs`g ` g` cfud`debcb ub p`s kcojr` su fcs`rrjggj.

N`sbfjbjs cb cst` tcjr`, pjfckjs fcfuder quc p`r` quc Mu`tck`g` v`b-

dc cb su fcs`rrjggj cs bcdcs`rej quc g`s i`kege`s quc bj cbv`b ` sus leo`s `

cstufe`r d`knecb fc efc` y gj l`m`b.


24/266


03

f. Xrjpucst` fc `ddeb

Sb` fc g`s p`rtcs ks `p`sejb`btcs fc g` ebvcstem`deb cb decbde`s sjde`gcs cs

quc, g djbjdcr necb gjs icbkcbjs sjde`gcs, pjfckjs prjpjbcr ddejbcs fc-

du`f`s p`r` tr`bsijrk`rg` sjdecf`f.

Djbtebu`bfj djb cg keskj cockpgj, se s`nckjs quc p`r` quc kcojrc cg fcs`-

rrjggj fc Mu`tck`g` cs bcdcs`rej quc tjf`s g`s be`s, gjs bejs y gjs ovcbcscstufecb, y` sc pjfr` cst`ngcdcr ub` nucb` prjpucst` fc `ddeb.

Xjr cockpgj?

Xrjpucst` fc `ddeb

Fesc`r ub prjycdtj fc scbsenegez`deb feremefj ` g`s i`kege`s quc bj cbv`b

` sus leo`s ` cstufe`r, djb cg jnoctevj fc djbvcbdcrg`s p`r` quc gj l`m`b.

Cocrdedej 0

Gjs feddejb`rejs y cbdedgjpcfe`s djbtecbcb g`s fcibedejbcs fc keggjbcs fc djbdcptjs.

0. Cb Ebtcrbct, ebmrcsc ` g` cbdedgjpcfe` weaepcfe` cb lttp?//www.weaepcfe`.jrm/ y nusquc g`s fc-

iebedejbcs fc gjs djbdcptjs? cquef`f, djbvevcbde` y rcspctj.

>. Csdren` `qu g`s fciebedejbcs. Cb `gmubjs d`sjs, fcncr l`dcr ub` sbtcses fc efc`s djb sus p`-

g`nr`s?

`. Cquef`f?

n. Djbvevcbde`?

d. ^cspctj?


25/266

EMC^ St`tgb

09

>. ^`zjb`kecbtj y pcbs`kecbtj gmedjGjs scrcs luk`bjs tcbckjs g` d`p`def`f fc r`zjb`r, cs fcder, cst`ngcdcr dug

cs g` d`us` y dug cs cg cicdtj fc ub icbkcbj, pcbs`r sjgudejbcs p`r` ub prj-

ngck` y cxtr`cr djbdgusejbcs quc sc pucf`b pged`r jtr`s setu`dejbcs sekeg`rcs.

Cg r`zjb`kecbtjcs ub pcbs`kecbtj gmedj pjrquc sc n`s` cb jnscrv`r gjs ic-

bkcbjs y s`d`r djbdgusejbcs sjnrc cggjs.

Yc`kjs ub cockpgj scbdeggj?

Xrjngck`? Puecrj s`ger y cst ggjvecbfj.

Icbkcbj 0 jnscrv`fj? Du`bfj ggucvc, tjfj sc kjo`.

Icbkcbj > jnscrv`fj? G` sjknregg` `yuf` ` quc g`s

pcrsjb`s bj sc kjocb du`bfj ggucvc.

Djbdguseb?Te s`gmj seb sjknregg`, kc kjo`r.

Cb g` ebvcstem`deb cb decbde`s sjde`gcs utegez`kjs cg r`zjb`kecbtjp`r` djbj-dcr g` rc`gef`f. Xucfc scr fc fjs tepjs?

^`zjb`kecbtj ebfudtevj? `b`gez` d`sjs p`rtedug`rcs y cxtr`c djbdgusejbcs

mcbcr`gcs.

Xjr cockpgj?

D`sjp`rtedug`r? T`nckjs quc ` ^js`, Tegve`, Oj`qub y Jk`r, quc

sjb cstufe`btcs fc >. nsedj, gcs must` b`vcm`r pjr Ebtcrbct.

Djbdgusebmcbcr`g? Xcbs`kjs quc tjf`s g`s pcrsjb`s ovcbcs fc

>. nsedj gcs must` b`vcm`r pjr Ebtcrbct.

^`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj? `b`gez` djbdgusejbcs mcbcr`gcs y g`s `pged` p`r`djbjdcr d`sjs p`rtedug`rcs.

Xjr cockpgj?

Djbjdekecbtj mcbcr`g? T`nckjs quc g` k`yjr` fc g`s pcrsjb`s ovc-

bcs fc 06 `js gc must` b`vcm`r pjr Ebtcrbct.

Djbdguseb cb d`sj p`rtedug`r?Xcbs`kjs quc F`becg, quc cs ub ojvcb

fc 06 `js, gc must` b`vcm`r pjr Ebtcrbct.

Cocrdedej >

@. @b`gedc cg semuecbtc pcbs`kecbtj gmedj y rcspjbf` g`s prcmubt`s.

Xrjngck`? Cb ke tr`n`oj l`y pcrsjb`s quc tr`t`b k`g ` jtr`s pcrsjb`s.

Icbkcbj 0 jnscrv`fj? Du`bfj tr`tj necb ` g`s pcrsjb`s, cgg`s kc sucgcb tr`t`b necb.

Icbkcbj > jnscrv`fj? Du`bfj tr`tj k`g ` g`s pcrsjb`s, cgg`s kc sucgcb tr`t`r k`g.

Djbdguseb? Fcnckjs k`gtr`t`r ` g`s pcrsjb`s quc tr`t`b k`g fc jtr`s p`r` quc fcocb fc

l`dcrgj.


26/266


0=

0. Drcc quc cs vgef` g` djbdguseb prjpucst`: @rmukcbtc su rcspucst`.

>. Pu jtr` djbdguseb prjpjbfr` ustcf:

N. Gc` g` ebijrk`deb semuecbtc y rc`gedc gj quc sc gc pefc.

0. Cxtrèm` ub` djbdguseb `pged`bfj cg r`zjb`kecbtj ebfudtevj.

D`sj p`rtedug`r?

Djbjdckjs Ougej, ub ojvcb quc fco fc cstufe`r cb nsedj y quc tr`nò` djkj yuf`btc

cb ub d`r w`sl, m`b`bfj ub s`g`rej nòj. V`kneb djbjdckjs ` Ked`cg`, ub` ojvcb quc

fco fc cstufe`r cb prek`re` y quc tr`nò` djkj kcscr`, djb ub s`g`rej nòj.

Djbdguseb mcbcr`g sjnrc g`s djbscducbde`s fc `n`bfjb`r gjs cstufejs?

>. Cxtrèm` ub` djbdguseb `pged`bfj cg r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj.

Djbjdekecbtj mcbcr`g?

Fcspus fc tjf` ub` bjdlc seb rcdener `gekcbtj, cg dcrcnrj bcdcset` g` cbcrm` fcg fcs`-

yubj p`r` pjfcr tr`nò`r cb g`s ljr`s fc g` k``b`.

Djbdguseb cb d`sj p`rtedug`r?

Dkj scr cg rcbfekecbtj csdjg`r fc Ojsu, quc cs ub ojvcb quc bj fcs`yub` pjrquc fedc

quc bj tecbc l`knrc pjr g` k``b`:


27/266

EMC^ St`tgb

08

@dtevef`f 0. Fckucstrc gj `prcbfefj.

K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`fr`fj fc g` jpdeb quc djkpgct` d`f` cbubde`fj. Cg cocrdedej 8 cs ub

cockpgj.8. Gjs djkpjrt`kecbtjs fcg scr luk`bj y sus rcsugt`fjs sc gg`k`b

icbkcbjs sjde`gcs

djbdcptjs

tcjr`s

0. G`s decbde`s sjde`gcs cxpged`b djbdcptjs fc ijrk` prcdes` tr`vs fc...

fcibedejbcs

`rmukcbtjs

tcjr`s

>. Sb` rcspucst` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb sc djbvecrtc cb tcjr` du`bfj....

g` l` pcbs`fj ub` pcrsjb` djb `gtj bevcg `d`fkedj

sc l` djkprjn`fj ` tr`vs fc kudl`s jnscrv`dejbcs

djbierk` ke jpebeb sjnrc cg prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb

4. Xjfckjs prjpjbcr `ddejbcs dcrt`f`s p`r` tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f du`bfj...

djbjdckjs y cbtcbfckjs necb gjs icbkcbjs sjde`gcs

lckjs csdudl`fj l`ng`r sjnrc gmubjs prjngck`s sjde`gcs

bj lckjs ebvcstem`fj sjnrc icbkcbjs sjde`gcs

6. Cg pcbs`kecbtj pucfc scr fc tepj...

gmedj

drtedj

g`s fjs jpdejbcs `btcrejrcs sjb djrrcdt`s

3. Cg r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj p`rtc fc

ub djbjdekecbtj mcbcr`g y fc g cxtr`c ub` djbdguseb sjnrc ub d`sj p`rtedug`r

ub djbjdekecbtj p`rtedug`r y fc g cxtr`c ub` djbdguseb mcbcr`g

cs p`rtc fcg pcbs`kecbtj drtedj

9. Cg pcbs`kecbtj drtedj cs

jpjbcrsc ` g`s efc`s fc jtr`s pcrsjb`s

l`dcr drted`s g`s efc`s fc jtr`s pcrsjb`s

ducstejb`rsc sjnrc g`s efc`s quc bjs prcscbt`b djkj vcrf`f, djkp`r`r fevcrsjs pubtjs fc

vest` y mcbcr`r fcspus ub` jpebeb prjpe`

@utjdjbtrjg


30/266


>0

Xrjkjvcr g` cquef`f cb cfud`deb!@ljr` quc s`nckjs quc ebvcstem`r icbkcbjs sjde`gcs bjs pcrketc prjpjbcr `ddejbcs p`r` tr`bs-

ijrk`r g` sjdecf`f, gc ebvet`kjs ` cxpcrekcbt`rgj.

X`r` ckpcz`r, gc prjpjbckjs ub` prcmubt` fc ebvcstem`deb?

Cb su djkubef`f j zjb`, l`y ovcbcs y `fugtjs quc suirecrjb ebcquef`f y

bj pufecrjb `ddcfcr ` g` cfud`deb prek`re` secbfj be`s j bejs:

Cg prekcr p`sjscr fcieberdjb cx`dtetuf gjs djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjsdjb cg icbkcbj fc g`

cquef`f cb cg `ddcsj ` g` cfud`deb.

Csdren` ` djbtebu`deb g`s fciebedejbcsfc?

Ebcquef`f?

@ddcsj g` cfud`deb?

Cg scmubfj p`sjscr jnscrv`rc ebvcstem`r g` rc`gef`f. ^cvesc qu jpjrtubef`fcs l`b tcbefj

p`r` cstufe`r gjs kecknrjs fc su i`kege`1 prcmubtc t`kneb ` ub` vcdeb` j vcdebj dkj l`b sefjg`s jpjrtubef`fcs fc cstufej p`r` cggjs.

@ djbtebu`deb, csdren` sus djbdgusejbcs drted`s. Gc jrecbt`kjs djb `gmub`s prcmubt`s?

Te l`y pcrsjb`s quc bj l`b tcbefj `ddcsj g` cfud`deb cb g` ebi`bde`, qu i`dtjrcs ebigu-

ycrjb cb cggj:

Pu i`dtjrcs `yuf`rjb ` quc `ddcfecr`b ` g` cfud`deb g`s pcrsjb`s quc s tuvecrjb g`

jpjrtubef`f cb su ebi`bde`:

V`ggcr fc cquef`f


31/266

EMC^ St`tgb

>>

^cvesc su `prcbfez`oc

K`rquc djb ub dlcquc g` d`segg` quc kcojr ebfequc su rcbfekecbtj. gjmr`fjcb

prjdcsjbj

gjmr`fj

Fcspusfccstufe`r

... Y`gjrj g` ekpjrt`bde` fc g` ebvcstem`deb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs p`r`

tr`bsijrk`r g` sjdecf`f.

@b`gezj icbkcbjs sjde`gcs.

@pgedj ke d`p`def`f fc r`zjb`kecbtj fcfudtevj c ebfudtevj.

Lc pcricddejb`fj ke pcbs`kecbtj drtedj.

Fc cst`s djbdgusejbcs sjnrc su i`kege` y vcdebjs, sc pucfcb fcfuder `gmub`s djbdgusejbcs mcbc-

r`gcs sjnrc g` ebcquef`f cb cg `ddcsj ` g` cfud`deb:

Djkj tcrdcr y gtekj p`sj, csdren` ub` `ddeb djbdrct`quc pucf` rc`gez`r ustcf p`r` prjkj-

vcr quc g`s pcrsjb`s ovcbcs y `fugt`s quc bj l`b cstufe`fj su Xrek`re`, gj l`m`b.


32/266

Decbde`s Tjde`gcs y Ijrk`deb Deuf`f`b` Tck`b` >

>4

>

Xrjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb sjde`g


G` p`seb pjr ebvcstem`r fc L`rrect K`rtebc`u

Jrm`bez`deb fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb sjde`g Cstrudtur` fc ub pg`b fc ebvcstem`deb sjde`g

Cst` sck`b` gjmr`r?

Y`gjr`r cg `pjrtc fc g`s kuocrcs ` g` ebvcstem`deb sjde`g, cb g` pcrsjb` fc L`rrect

K`rtebc`u.

Djbjdcr y l`dcr prjpe` g` cstrudtur` fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb sjde`g.

Cockpgeied`r d`f` p`sj fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb djb ub tck` fc ebvcstem`deb fc

su cgcddeb.

Ebvcstem`r cb cg drdugj fc cstufej sjnrc g` ebdefcbde` fc gjs rjgcs fc mbcrj cb cg

rcterj fc cstufe`btcs.


33/266

EMC^ St`tgb

>6

@ycr... ljy...

G` p`seb pjr ebvcstem`r fcL`rrect K`rtebcù

L`rrect K`rtebcù cs djbjdef` djkj g` prekcr` kuocr sjdegjm`. B`de y veve

cb Ebmg`tcrr`, cb cg semgj\E\. Cg ebedej fc su d`rrcr` sjdejgmed` iuc g` rcf`ddeb

y punged`deb fc ub `rtdugj tetug`fj Tjnrc g` cfud`deb ickcbeb`, cb cg quc

fcbubde`n` cg lcdlj fc bj pjfcr cstufe`r cb g` ubevcrsef`f, djkj sus lcrk`-

bjs v`rjbcs.

Csdrene ub tjt`g fc 43 jnr`s. Tus genrjs ks djbjdefjs sjb `qucggjs quc tr`t`b

sjnrc cdjbjk` y pjgted`, tck`s quc bjrk`gkcbtc `njrf`n`b sjgj gjs ljknrcs.

Mr`b fcicbsjr` fc gjs fcrcdljs fc g` kuocr, `djbsco`n` cfud`r fc ijrk`

cquev`gcbtc ` g`s be`s y ` gjs bejs. Cb ub `rtdugj tetug`fj "Cfud`deb fc g`s

kuocrcs" sjstuvj quc g`s supucst`s feicrcbde`s cbtrc ljknrcs y kuocrcs cr`b

cg prjfudtj fc g` fesdrekeb`deb cfud`tev`

Cb su jnr` Dkj jnscrv`r g` kjr`g y g`s djstuknrcs `rtedug` gjs prebdepejs y

ktjfjs fc g` ebvcstem`deb sjde`g ckpred`.

V`kneb rc`gez cstufejs sjnrc g` rcgemeb, cg suedefej, cg d`rdtcr b`dejb`g, g`s

rcg`dejbcs fjksted`s, g` setu`deb fc g` kuocr, g` ebtcr`ddeb cbtrc g`s ebstetu-

dejbcs y gjs ebfevefujs Q...[.

Vjk`fj y `f`pt`fj fc? lttps?//sjdecf`fsemgj>0.wjrfprcss.djk/

@b`gedc y djkp`rt`

0. ^cgc` g` gcdtur` y sunr`yccb cgg` gjs tck`s sjde`gcs quc ebvcstem L`rrect K`rtebcù.

>. Fc tjfjs gjs tck`s, dug j dugcs gc p`rcdcb quc fcncr`b ebvcstem`rsc cb Mu`tck`g` ljy:

4. ^cigcxejbc `btcs fc rcspjbfcr. Xjr qu drcc quc fcfed mr`b p`rtc fc su ebvcstem`deb ` g`

setu`deb fc g`s kuocrcs:

6. Te tuvecr` quc cgcmer ubj fc gjs tck`s quc prjpjbc L`rrect K`rtebcù, dug cgcmer`:

L`rrect K`rtebcù(0 0


34/266


>3


0. Jrm`bez`deb fc g` ebvcstem`debG` durejsef`f cs ub` du`gef`f ebb`t`cb gjs scrcs luk`bjs. Kudljs jnoctjs y

setu`dejbcs gg`k`b bucstr` `tcbdeb y qucrckjs s`ncr ks sjnrc cggjs. L`rrect

K`rtebcù, g` prjt`mjbest` fc bucstr` gcdtur` ebede`g, cs ub` nucb` kucstr` fc

cs` p`seb pjr s`ncr, pjr ebvcstem`r.

Gjs djbjdekecbtjs quc ljy tcbckjs sjnrc g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs sjb cg prjfudtj

fc g` durejsef`f y g`s prcmubt`s fc jtrjs kudljs ` gj g`rmj fc g` lestjre`. Xrc-

mubt`s djkj? Pu tecbcb cb djkb gjs mjnecrbjs ùtjret`rejs:, qu vcbtò`s

tecbc cg sestck` fckjdrtedj:, dkj cgekeb`r g` fesdrekeb`deb fcbtrj fc ub

mrupj luk`bj:, ctd.

Gjs djbjdekecbtjs decbtdjs, cs fcder, pcrtcbcdecbtcs `g d`kpj fc g`s decbde`s,

sc djbstruycb ` tr`vs fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb.

G` ebvcstem`deb cs ub prjdcsj cstrudtur`fj. Djbtecbc ub` screc fc p`sjs quc

fcnckjs dukpger p`r` quc gjs rcsugt`fjs sc`b vgefjs. Cb g`s decbde`s sjde`gcs,

cg b fc g` ebvcstem`deb cs cbdjbtr`r sjgudejbcs gjs prjngck`s fc g` sjdecf`f.

Djbjzd`kjs y `pgequckjs gjs p`sjs fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb.

`. Tcgcddeb fcg tck` j g` efc` mcbcr`fjr`

G` efc` mcbcr`fjr` cs g` efc` j tck` dcbtr`g quc bjs kjtev` ` ebvcstem`r. Cs bc-

dcs`rej cgcmer necb cg tck` fc bucstr` ebvcstem`deb, quc mcbcr`gkcbtc cb ub`

ebvcstem`deb sjde`g, sc tr`t`r fc ub icbkcbj sjde`g. Gj efc`g cs quc dukpg`

fjs rcquesetjs?

quc bjs ebtcrcsc pcrsjb`gkcbtc y

quc sc` ub tck` rcgcv`btc p`r` g` sjdecf`f.

Cocrdedej 00. Djpec `d cg tck` fc ebvcstem`deb sjde`g quc cgeme cb g` gcdtur` ebede`g.

Vck` fc ebvcstem`deb?

>. Csdren` fjs prcmubt`s quc gc suro`b fcg tck` cgcmefj. ^cducrfc quc fcnc scr sjnrc ub

tck` quc gc ebtcrcsc pcrsjb`gkcbtc y quc sc` fc utegef`f p`r` g` sjdecf`f.

`.

n.


35/266

EMC^ St`tgb

>9

n. Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck`

Xucfc scr quc gmubjs tck`s quc bjs ebtcrcscb bj sc`b tck`s fc ebvcstem`deb

pjrquc fc cggjs y` sc djbjdc tjf` g` ebijrk`deb. Xjr cockpgj cg prjngck`? "G`s

d`ggcs fc ke djkubef`f, cstb cb nucb cst`fj j cb k`g cst`fj:", bj cs ub prj-

ngck` decbtidjpjrquc tcbfr`kjs g` rcspucst` sjgj djb jnscrv`r se g`s d`ggcs

tecbcb n`dlcs, se tecbcb n`bquct`s, ctd.

X`r` quc ub tck` fc ebtcrs pcrsjb`g y sjde`g sc djbvecrt` cb jnoctj fc ebvcste-

m`deb tecbc quc djbtcbcr ubprjngck` decbtidj.

Sb prjngck` decbtdj cs ub` prcmubt` fc g` quc bj s`nckjs g` rcspucst` y

p`r` rcspjbfcrg` tcbckjs quc `b`gez`r g` rc`gef`f, nusd`r f`tjs, jnscrv`r, ctd.

Cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs, gjs prjngck`s decbtdjs j fc ebvcstem`deb seckprc tecbcb

rcg`deb djb gjs djkpjrt`kecbtjs fcg scr luk`bj cb sjdecf`f? su ijrk` `dtu`r

y fc jrm`bez`rsc, sus drccbde`s, djstuknrcs, ctd.

Efcbtequckjs `ljr` ub prjngck` decbtdj fcg rc` fc Decbde`s Tjde`gcs. Gc`

cg cockpgj.

Pu i`dtjrcs rcg`dejb`fjs djb g` cfud`deb ve`gfc pc`tjbcs y fc pcrsj-

b`s quc k`bco`b vcldugjs ebdefcb cb cg `trjpcggj fc pcrsjb`scb g`s d`ggcs

fc g`Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`:

Djkj pjfckjs jnscrv`r, g` ijrkug`deb fc ub prjngck` decbtdj tecbc decrt`s

d`r`dtcrsted`s?

Tc ijrkug` mcbcr`gkcbtc cb ijrk` fc prcmubt`.

G` prcmubt` djbtecbc fjs v`re`ngcs j djbdcptjs prebdep`gcs. Cb cstc

d`sj, g`s v`re`ngcs sjb gjs i`dtjrcs rcg`dejb`fjs djb g` cfud`deb ve`g y

`trjpcggj fc pcrsjb`s.

G` prcmubt` fcgeket` djbdrct`kcbtc? cg gum`rcb cg quc jdurrc cg icb-

kcbj y quc lckjs cgcmefj p`r` bucstrj cstufej? d`ggcs fc g` Deuf`f fc

Mu`tck`g` y g`s pcrsjb`s ebvjgudr`f`s? pc`tjbcs y dljicrcs.

d. Jnoctevjs

Sb` vcz quc y` cst dg`rj dug cs cg prjngck` ` ebvcstem`r, cs cg kjkcbtj fc

ebede`r cg d`kebj fc g` ebvcstem`deb. Cb prekcr gum`r fcncb o`rsc ub`s kct`s

djbdrct`s? gjs jnoctevjs, p`r` bj pcrfcrbjs cb g` nsqucf` fc sjgudejbcs j l`-

dcr g` ebvcstem`deb fck`se`fj g`rm`r j djstjs`.

Gjs jnoctevjs fc ebvcstem`debsjb gjs prjpsetjs quc qucrckjs `gd`bz`r p`r`ggcm`r ` g` kct` fc prjiubfez`r cb bucstrj tck` y rcspjbfcr `g prjngck` fc

ebvcstem`deb.

X`r` csdrener ub jnoctevj fcnc `pged`r cst`s rcmg`s?

D`f` jnoctevj djbst` sjgj fc ub` ir`sc.

Djkcbz`r seckprc djb ub vcrnj cb ebiebetevj? djbjdcr, efcbteied`r, cst`-

ngcdcr, ctd.

Csdrener g` efc` fc ijrk` dg`r` y prcdes`.


36/266


>=

L`y fjs tepjs fc jnoctevjs?

Jnoctevj mcbcr`g? cs cg prjpsetj ks mr`bfc quc pg`btc`kjs p`r` bucstr`

ebvcstem`deb. Tc `gd`bz` ` tr`vs fc gjs jnoctevjs cspcdiedjs.

Xjr cockpgj?

Djbjdcr g`s d`us`s fcg `trjpcggj fc pc`tjbcs cb g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.

Jnoctevjs cspcdiedjs? sjb prjpsetjs ks djbdrctjs quc ijrk`b p`rtc fcg

jnoctevj mcbcr`g. Cstjs sjb gjs jnoctevjs quc tcbfrckjs quc tr`n`o`r fur`b-

tc bucstrj prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb p`r` pjfcr `gd`bz`r cg jnoctevj mcbcr`g.

Xjr cockpgj?

Efcbteied`r g`s rcspjbs`negef`fcs fc g`s pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b d`rrjs

p`r` cvet`r cg `trjpcggj fc pc`tjbcs.

Efcbteied`r g`s rcspjbs`negef`fcs fc gjs pc`tjbcs p`r` cvet`r su

`trjpcggj.

Cocrdedej >0. ^cigcxejbc, jrfcbc sus efc`s y rcf`dtc djb prcdeseb gj quc sc gc pefc cb d`f` ebdesj.

Cxpgequc g` feicrcbde` cbtrc ub jnoctevj mcbcr`g y ub jnoctevj cspcdiedj.

>. G`s semuecbtcs ekmcbcs mu`rf`b ub` rcg`deb cbtrc s. Jnsrvcg`s `tcbt`kcbtc y ` djbtebu`deb

ijrkugc ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs rcg`dejb`fj djb cgg`s.

Vj

k`fjfc?lttp?//fcvcgj-

p

kcbt.tjf`y/p`r`-y`-bj-

c

dl`r-k`s-gcb`-`g-iucmj/

Vjk`fjfc?

lttp?/

/cdjveuc.djk/cvjgudejb-

fcijrcst`dejb-ugtekjs-semgjs/

Xrjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb?


37/266

EMC^ St`tgb

>=4 5


38/266


>5

c. Vr`nòj fc d`kpj

Tc gg`k` tr`nòj fc d`kpj ` g` p`rtc fc g` ebvcstem`deb quc sc rc`gez` fercdt`-

kcbtc cb g` rc`gef`f y djb sus prjt`mjbest`s. Cg ebvcstem`fjr `pged` tdbed`s fc

rcdjgcddeb fc ebijrk`debp`r` djbjdcr g` cxpcrecbde` fc pcrsjb`s, cbtcbfcr

dkj sc f` cg icbkcbj sjde`g, ctd.

Jnscrv`deb? g` pcrsjb` quc ebvcstem` rc`gez` ub` mu` fc `spcdtjs ek-pjrt`btcs ` jnscrv`r sjnrc cg tck` fc ebvcstem`deb y sc feremc ` gjs gu-

m`rcs fjbfc pucfc vesu`gez`rsc cg icbkcbj sjde`g quc cst ebvcstem`b-

fj y v` `bjt`bfj tjf`s g`s jnscrv`dejbcs rcgcv`btcs quc pucf` rc`gez`r.

Cbtrcvest`? pcrsjb`s rcgcv`btcs p`r` cg tck` fc ebvcstem`deb djkp`r-

tcb su cxpcrecbde` sjnrc cg keskj djb cg ebvcstem`fjr. Tc utegez` ub` mu`

fc prcmubt`s y gj kcojr cs mr`n`r g` cbtrcvest` p`r` pjfcr `b`gez`rg`

fcspus djb vcr`def`f.

Iocsc cb cg cockpgj?

Vdbed`s fc rcdjgcddeb fc ebijrk`debquc sc `pged`rb?

jnscrv`deb y cbtrcvest`.

Jnscrv`deb?

Jnoctevj?jnscrv`r setu`dejbcs fc recsmj fc `ddefcbtc cb g` v`

pnged` fc g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.

Gum`r fjbfc sc rc`gez`r? d`ggc K`rt fc g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.

@spcdtjs ` jnscrv`r?

Djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj fc `ddefcbtc fc gjs pc`tjbcs.

Djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj fc `ddefcbtc fc gjs dljicrcs.

Cbtrcvest`?

Jnoctevj fc g`s prcmubt`s? djbjdcr gjs djbjdekecbtjs sjnrc

cfud`deb ve`g quc tecbcb pc`tjbcs y dljicrcs.

Xcrsjb`s ` cbtrcvest`r? fjs pc`tjbcs fc g` d`ggc K`rt, fjs pcrsj-

b`s quc k`bco`b vcldugjs pjr g` Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`.

Vr`nòj fc d`kpjfc g` ebvcstem`deb sjnrc `ddefcbtcs fc triedj cb g`

Deuf`f fc Mu`tck`g`

i. @bgeses fc rcsugt`fjs y djbdgusejbcs

Sb` fc g`s p`rtcs ks ekpjrt`btcs fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb cs cg `bgeses

fc gjs rcsugt`fjs. Djbggcv` trcs p`sjs?

@b`gez`r g` ebijrk`deb jntcbef` cb cg tr`nòj fc d`kpj.Cb cg d`sj

fc g` jnscrv`deb, fcnckjs gccr tjf`s g`s `bjt`dejbcs rc`gez`f`s fur`b-

tc g` pged`deb fc g` tdbed`1 cb cg d`sj fc g` cbtrcvest`, sc fcnc tr`bsdre-

ner g` mr`n`deb y gccrg` `tcbt`kcbtc.

^cducrfc g`s tdbed`sp`r` cg tr`nòj fcd`kpj quc cstufe`-kjs cb g` sck`b` 4

fc Pueremu?


39/266

EMC^ St`tgb

48

Cocrdedej 6@. Djkj y` feoekjs, p`r` pged`r g`s tdbed`s fc g` jnscrv`deb y g` cbtrcvest` cs bcdcs`rej djbstruer

prekcrj ub ebstrukcbtj `fcdu`fj p`r` d`f` ub` fc cgg`s.

Jnscrvc gjs cockpgjs y djkpgctc g`s prcmubt`s quc i`gt`b cb d`f` ubj.

Ijrk`tj fc idl` fc jnscrv`deb

Gum`r fc g` jnscrv`deb?d`ggc kuy tr`bset`f` fc vcldugjs y pc`tjbcs fc ke ku-

bedepej.

Pu jnscrv`r: ^csugt`fjs fc g` jnscrv`deb

L`y sckijrjs:

L`y p`s`rcg`s:

Pu djkpjrt`kecbtjs fc recsmj

tecbcb gjs pc`tjbcs:

N. Cg mueb fc cbtrcvest` ` pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b vcldugjs fcnc scr feicrcbtc `g mueb feremefj `

pc`tjbcs. Csdren` fjs prcmubt`s quc ebdguer` cb cg mueb fc cbtrcvest` ` pcrsjb`s quc k`bco`b

vcldugjs.

Mueb fc cbtrcvest` ` pc`tjbcs

Xcrsjb` ` g` quc cbtrcvest`r?pc`tb quc d`keb` pjr g` d`ggc jnscrv`f`.

Xrcmubt`s?

0. Tjnrc qu csp`dej fc g` d`ggc `djstuknr` ` d`keb`r:

>. Te tecbc quc druz`r g` d`ggc, dkj gj l`dc:

4.

6.

Djbtr`st`r g` ebijrk`deb jntcbef` cb cg tr`n`oj fc d`kpj djb cg

k`rdj tcredj?vcrckjs se gjs djbdcptjs, tcjr`s, gcycs, ctd. fcg k`rdj

tcredj sc dukpgcb j sjb `pged`ngcs ` g` rc`gef`f quc lckjs djbjdefj.

^cf`dt`r g`s efc`s quc v`kjs cxtr`ycbfj,tr`t`bfj fc f`r rcspucst`

`g prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb y ` gjs jnoctevjs cspcdiedjs quc bjs pg`b-

tc`kjs.

Cg semuecbtc p`sj cs rcf`dt`r g`s djbdgusejbcs. Tjb ub rcsukcb dg`rj y djbdesjfc g`s efc`s fcg bgeses fc rcsugt`fjs. @pged`rckjs cg pcbs`kecbtj gmedj, t`btj

ebfudtevj djkj fcfudtevj p`r` cstrudtur`r g`s djbdgusejbcs. D`f` djbdguseb

fcnc rcf`dt`rsc cb ub` jr`deb `p`rtc, fc g` ijrk` ks dg`r` y nrcvc pjsengc.


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40

^csukcb

Cg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb cb Decbde`s Tjde`gcs nusd` f`r sjgudeb ` prjngck`s fc g` sjdec-

f`f. Djkprcbfc gjs semuecbtcs p`sjs?

@pged`deb fc tdbed`s fcrcdjgcddeb fc f`tjs

Jnscrv`deb

Cbtrcvest`

Jtr`s

c. Vr`n`oj fc d`kpj

Cxpged`deb csdret` fc djbdcptjs y tcjr`s rcg`dejb`fjsdjb cg tck` fc ebvcstem`deb

f. K`rdj tcredj

Djkp`r`deb cbtrc ebijrk`deb fc d`kpj y k`rdj tcredj

^cspucst` prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb y jnoctevjscspcddjs

i. @bgeses fc rcsugt`fjs

y djbdgusejbcs

Icbkcbj sjde`g fc ebtcrs pcrsjb`g y sjde`g`. Tcgcddeb fcg tck`

Cb ijrk` fc prcmubt`

Djbtecbc fjs v`re`ngcs

Fcgeket` cg gum`r y g`s pcrsjb`s ebvjgudr`f`s

n. Xg`btc`kecbtj fcg prjngck`

d. Jnoctevjs fc ebvcstem`deb

Mr`b prjpsetj fc g` ebvcstem`deb

Jnoctevjs ks djbdrctjs quc pcrketcbggcm`r `g jnoctevj mcbcr`g

Jnoctevj mcbcr`g

Jnoctevjs cspcdiedjs

Mueb fc cbtrcvest` ` dljicrcs

Xcrsjb` ` g` quc cbtrcvest`r? dljicr quc derdug` pjr g` d`ggc jnscrv`f`.

Xrcmubt`s?

0.

>.

4.

6.


41/266

EMC^ St`tgb

4>


@ Gc` gjs feicrcbtcs cgckcbtjs fc ub prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb quc sc prcscbt`b cb g` djgukb` fc g`

ezquecrf`. Vr`dc ub` igcdl` p`r` uber d`f` cgckcbtj djb cg bjknrc quc gc djrrcspjbfc. Jnscrvc cg

cockpgj.

0. Efcbteied`r cg mr`fj fc djbjdekecbtj quc

tecbcb g`s pcrsjb`s fcg kubedepej sjnrc g`

tr`bskeseb fcg YEL.

>. Djbjdcr g`s dùs`s fc g` `gt` ebdefcbde` fc

YEL cb ub kubedepej.

4. G` cfud`deb y g` prcvcbdeb fcg YEL.

6. Pu i`dtjrcs cfud`dejb`gcs ìcdt`b ` g` eb-

defcbde` fc YEL cb cg kubedepej:

3. Djbdcptjs fc verus fc ebkubjfciedecbde`

luk`b` y fc ebicddejbcs fc tr`bskeseb sc-

xu`g.

9. Cbtrcvest` pcrsjb`s ovcbcs y fugt`s fc g`

pjng`deb cb mcbcr`g.

@dtevef`f >.Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfe.

N. Xr`dtequc g` ijrkug`deb fc prjngck`s fc ebvcstem`deb. ^cigcxejbc sjnrc d`f` tck` fc ebvcstem`-

deb quc gc prjpjbckjs y csdren` ub prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb quc djbsefcrc ebtcrcs`btc cb rcg`-

deb `g tck`. Vecbc ub cockpgj?

8. Vck` fc ebvcstem`deb? Efejk`s ebfmcb`s y Fcrcdljs fc gjs Xucngjs

Xrjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb?Pu i`dtjrcs i`kege`rcs ebdefcb cb quc g`s be`s y gjs bejs pucf`b

dukpger su fcrcdlj ` djkubed`rsc cb su efejk` k`tcrbj:

0. Vck` fc ebvcstem`deb?T`guf y lnetjs fc djbsukj


>. Vck` fc ebvcstem`deb?Ijrk`deb `d`fked` y `ddcsj `g tr`nòj


Vck` fc ebvcstem`deb

Xrjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb

Jnoctevj mcbcr`g

Jnoctevj cspcdiedj

K`rdj tcredj

Vr`nòj fc d`kpj

@utjdjbtrjg


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44

V`ggcr fc ebvcstem`deb

Gc ebvet`kjs `ljr` ` fesc`r y rc`gez`r ub` ebtcrcs`btc ebvcstem`deb cb su drdugj fc cstufej.

0. Djkecbdc gcycbfj y djkprcbfecbfj cg prjngck` fc ebvcstem`debquc gc prjpjbckjs?

Dkj ebdefcb gjs rjgcs fc mbcrj cb cg rcterj fc cstufe`btcs fc su drdugj fc

cstufej, djbsefcr`bfj ` gjs ljknrcs y ` g`s kuocrcs pjr scp`r`fj:

>. @ljr`, ijrkugc gjs jnoctevjs mcbcr`g y cspcdiedjs quc pg`btc` p`r` cst` ebvcstem`deb?

Jnoctevj mcbcr`g?

Jnoctevjs cspcdidjs?

4. X`r` su k`rdj tcredj, scr bcdcs`rej prjiubfez`r sjnrc gjs djbdcptjs rcg`dejb`fjs djb cg

prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb y t`kneb djbjdcr g`s gcycs c ebstetudejbcs rcg`dejb`f`s.

`. Stegedc feddejb`rejs isedjs j femet`gcs p`r` fciebergjs semuecbtcs djbdcptjs?

^jgcs fc mbcrj

^cterj fcg prjdcsj cfud`tevj

n. Gcycsc ebstetudejbcs rcg`dejb`f`s?

Gcycs sjnrc Cfud`deb

Ebstetudeb quc remc g` cfud`deb cb Mu`tck`g`


43/266

EMC^ St`tgb

46

6. Cg tr`n`oj fc d`kpj fc cst` ebvcstem`deb pucfc rc`gez`rsc cbtrcvest`bfj ` cstufe`btcs kuoc-

rcs y cstufe`btcs ljknrcs. Fescc cg mueb p`r` g` cbtrcvest`djkpgct`bfj cstc ijrk`tj quc

gc sumcrekjs?

Mueb fc cbtrcvest`

F`tjs fc g` pcrsjb` cbtrcvest`f`? Kuocr Ljknrc

Xrcmubt`s?

0. Dugcs scr`b g`s d`us`s pjr g`s quc ustcf sc vcr` jngem`fj/` ` rcter`rsc fc

gjs cstufejs:

>.

4.

3. @pgequc g` cbtrcvest`` ub cstufe`btc ljknrc y ` ub` cstufe`btc kuocr.

9. X`r` djbdguer, rcigcxejbc sjnrc g`s efc`s y jpebejbcs quc gc l`b `pjrt`fj g`s cbtrcvest`s, rcvesc

fc bucvj gjs djbdcptjs fcg k`rdj tcredj y gjs jnoctevjs fc g` ebvcstem`deb y tr`tc fc f`r ub`

rcspucst` `g prjngck` fc ebvcstem`deb.

^cspucst`?


prjdcsjbj

gjmr`fj

Fcspusfccstufe`r... Y`gjrj cg `pjrtc fc g`s kuocrcs ` g` ebvcstem`deb sjde`g.

Djbjzdj g` cstrudtur` fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb sjde`g.

@pgedj d`f` p`sj fcg prjdcsj fc ebvcstem`deb ` p`rter fc ub tck`.

Ebvcstemj cb cg drdugj fc cstufej sjnrc g` ebdefcbde` fc gjs rjgcs fc

mbcrj cb cg rcterj fc cstufe`btcs.



44/266

Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj


@ g` fcrev`

Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bjVcdtbed` fc pg`d`s

Xg`d`s tcdtbed`s y i`gg`s mcjgmed`s fc @kred`

Yugbcr`negef`f y recsmjs

Cst` sck`b` gjmr`r?

Cxpged`r cb qu djbsestc g` tcjr` fc g` fcrev` djbtebcbt`g.

Sned`r cb cg csp`dej y cb cg teckpj g` ijrk`deb fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj.

Djbjdcr g` tcdtbed` fc pg`d`s y uned`r g`s pg`d`s y i`gg`s fc @kred` y Mu`tck`g`.

Vjk`r djbdecbde` fc g` vugbcr`negef`f fc bucstr` rcmeb y prjpjbcr ddejbcs fc prc-vcbdeb fc fcs`strcs b`tur`gcs.


43

4


45/266

@ycr... ljy...@ g` fcrev`

Cb 050>, cg mcgjmj y kctcjrgjmj @gircf ]cmcbcr prjpusj g` tcjr` fc g`fcrev` djbtebcbt`g quc cxpged` cg fcspg`z`kecbtj fc gjs djbtebcbtcs. Yc`kjscb qu djbsestc.

Xucfc vcr dkj iuc g` fcsebtcmr`deb fc X`bmc`! X`r` cggj, ebmrcsc ` www.yjutunc.djk y csdren` "`be-k`deb p`bmc`" cb g` n`rr` fcg nusd`fjr.

Ebvcstemuc cb g` rcf...

Gjs djbtebcbtcs fc g` Vecrr` bj seckprc l`b sefj

sces be l`b tcbefj g` ijrk` quc djbjdckjs. L`dc

488 keggjbcs fc `js, tjfjs gjs djbtebcbtcs sc

ubecrjb cb ub` sjg` k`s` fc tecrr`? X`bmc`quc

cb mrecmj sembeied` "tjf`s g`s tecrr`s". Cr` ub

supcrdjbtebcbtc rjfc`fj fc `mu`? cg k`r gg`k`fj

X`btl`g`ss`.

X`bmc` djkcbz ` ir`mkcbt`rsc l`dc >88

keggjbcs fc js cb fjs supcrdjbtebcbtcs? G`u-

r`se`, `g bjrtc y Mjbfw`b`, `g sur. Cb g` prekcr`

i`sc fc su scp`r`deb, surmecrjb Bjrtc`kred` y

Dcbtrj`kred`. G` mr`b mrect` ijrk`f` fej gum`r

`g jd`bj @tgbtedj. Cb cg tcrretjrej fc Bjrtc`-

kred` t`kneb sc ijrk ub` mr`b i`gg` pjr g`

quc djrre ub rj, quc kudlj teckpj fcspus sc

gg`k`r` rj Kesesepe.

L`dc `grcfcfjr fc 038 keggjbcs fc `js sc

scp`r`rjb Tuf`kred` y ired`. Fcsfc csc kj-

kcbtj, cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj tecbc cg `spcdtj

quc djbjdckjs ljy.

@dtu`gkcbtc gjs djbtebcbtcs semucb fcspg`zb-

fjsc. Tc `gco`b y sc `dcrd`b ubjs fc jtrjs.

Puez fcbtrj fc keggjbcs fc `js X`bmc` vucgv`

` cxester.

@gircf ]cmcbcr(0


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0. Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj Ijrk`deb fcg djbtebcbtc

Djkj lckjs vestj, g` @kred` quc ljy djbjdckjs sc ijrk l`dc ks fc 038keggjbcs fc `js, du`bfj X`bmc` sc fevefe cb fjs sundjbtebcbtcs? Gùr`se`y Mjbfw`b . Cr` g` pjd` fc gjs febjsùrejsy fc gjs mr`bfcs `bek`gcs. Cb@kred` cxest`b cg ter`bjsùrej (Vyr`bbjsùrus rcx)y cg Ycgjder`ptjr,cbtrc jtr`skudl`s cspcdecs prclestred`s.

L`dc 93 keggjbcs fc `js, kudl`s cspcdecs fc febjsùrejs sc cxtebmuecrjb.Pu dùs cst` cxtebdeb k`sev`: @ubquc cs ub` ducsteb quc sc semuc cstu-fe`bfj, gjs decbtdjs sucgcb djebdefer cb tjrbj ` fjs leptcses?

Sb ekp`dtj cxtr`tcrrcstrc, quc pufj scr g` d`f` fc ub `s-tcrjefc j fc ub kctcjretj cb g` Xcbbsug` fc Uud`tb y cg

Mjgij fc Kxedj. Sb pcrjfj fc mr`b `dtevef`f vjgdbed`. js fc g`v`, buncs

fc fexefj fc d`rnjbj y djbt`keb`deb fc g` `tksicr` pjrgjs festebtjs m`scs quc ck`b`b gjs vjgd`bcs pjfr`b l`ncrcbvcbcb`fj ` gjs febjsùrejs.

Kudlj ks t`rfc, l`dc 038keg `js, bucstrj tcrretjrej `dtu`gdjbt`n` djb cspcdecs djkj cg k`stjfjbtc, sekeg`r g k`kut, cgpcrczjsj mem`btc, cg rk`feggj mem`btcy cg tcxjfjbtc, quc crùb` kczdg` cbtrc rebjdcrjbtc y pucrdj fc 4.48 kctrjs fc g`rmj.

Vjk`fjfc?lttp?//`kemjsfccst`bzucg`.n

gjmspjt.dj

k/

Cg kuscj fc X`gcjbtjgjm`, @rqucjgjm` y Mcjgjm` fc Cst`bzucg`, _`d`p`,mu`rf` gjs csqucgctjs fc `bek`gcs prclestredjs fc bucstrj tcrretjrej. ^jncrtj ].T`r`ve` iuc ubj fc gjs p`gcjbtgjmjs pejbcrjs cb Mu`tck`g`. Mr`de`s ` sus ebvcs-tem`dejbcs, sc l`b cbdjbtr`fj rcstjs fc `bek`gcs fc l`dc 038 keg `js.

Cb cg n`rr`bdj fc Ojdjt`gcs, zjb` 9 fc g` D`pet`g, sc l`gg cg csqucgctj fc ub pc-rczjsj mem`btc fc ks fc sces kctrjs fc `gtur`. Cstjs `bek`gcs bj cxestcb cb g``dtu`gef`f, pcrj djbjdckjs ` sus p`recbtcs, gjs pcrczjsjs pcqucjs.

k`kut ` g` fcrcdl` yk`stjfjbtc ` g` ezquecrf`


4=



47/266

>. Vcdtbed` fc pg`d`sG` mcjgjm` cs g` decbde` quc `b`gez` g`ijrk` ebtcrejr y cxtc-rejr fc g` Vecrr`. Djkj y` cstufe cb cg rc` fc Decbde`s B`tur`-gcs, ub` fc g`s p`rtcs fc quc sc djkpjbc g` Vecrr` cs g` getjsicr j p`rtc sgef` ks supcrde`g.

G` getjsicr` cst rjt` j ir`mkcbt`f` cb ub` screc fc pg`d`s tcd-tbed`s j pg`d`s getjsired`s quc sc kucvcb cb ngjquc. Cstjskjvekecbtjs fc g`s pg`d`s sjb gjs rcspjbs`ngcs fc cvcbtjsdjkj gjs tcrrckjtjs y k`rckjtjs.

Cst`s pg`d`s pucfcb scr fc trcs tepjs?

Xg`d`s djbtebcbt`gcs?ijrk`f`s pjr ir`mkcbtjs fc getjsicr` quc pjscc cx-dgusev`kcbtc djrtcz` djbtebcbt`g. Sb cockpgj cs g` pg`d` r`nc. Gjd`gdcg`cb cg k`p` fc pg`d`s fc g` p`rtc ebicrejr fc g` pmeb`.

Xg`d`s jdcbed`s?ijrk`f`s pjr ir`mkcbtjs fc getjsicr` quc pjscc cxdguse-

v`kcbtc djrtcz` jdcbed`, djkj g` pg`d` X`died`. Xg`d`s kext`s?ijrk`f`s pjr djrtcz` jdcbed` y djbtebcbt`g. Xjr cockpgj, g`

pg`d` Curj`s`ted`.

Cb g` Vecrr` l`y quebdc pg`d`s tcdtbed`s prebdep`gcs, fcks fc jtr`s scdub-f`re`s.

I`gg`s mcjgmed`s? Sb` i`gg` cs ub` ir`dtur` j mrect` fc g` djrtcz` tcrrcstrc `gj g`rmj fc g` du`g lunj kjvekecbtj fc ubj fc gjs g`fjs rcspcdtj fcg jtrj.Mcbcr`gkcbtc, g`s i`gg`s sc cbducbtr`b cb gjs gketcs fc g`s pg`d`s tcdtbed`s.

pg`d`

fcg D`renc

pg`d`

fc Djdjs

zjb` fc sunfuddeb

pg`d` fc Bjrtc`kred`

K`p` kubfe fc g`s pg`d`s prebdep`gcs. Djb tr`zj ks iucrtc k`rd`fj cg Debturb fc iucmj fcg X`d-dj, ub` gbc` cb g` quc ircducbtckcbtc sc prjfudcb tcrrckjtjs y crupdejbcs vjgdbed`s quc prdte-d`kcbtc rjfc` g` ducbd` fcg X`ddj.

pg`d` fc B`zd`

pg`d` fc Djdjs

pg`d` Ou`b Iud`pg`d` fcg D`renc

pg`d`Bjrtc`kcred`b`

pg`d` @ired`b`

pg`d` Ebfe`

pg`d` r`nc

pg`d`Tuf`kcred`b`

Xg`d` X`dd`

pg`d` @ustr`ge`b`

pg`d`Curj`seted`

pg`d`Curj`seted`

pg`d` Iegepeb`

Debturb fc Iucmj

EMC^ Pueremu

4


48/266

Cocrdedej 00. Gjd`gedc cb cg k`p` g`s pg`-

d`s tcdtbed`s quc `icdt`b`g djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj ycsdren` su bjknrc.

>.0 Xg`d`s y i`gg`s mcjgmed`s fc @kred`

Djkj sc pucfc vcr cb cg k`p` fc g` pmeb` `btcrejr, cb cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`-bj djbuycb sces pg`d`s tcdtbed`s? g` pg`d` Bjrtc`kcred`b`, g` pg`d` X`dd`, g`

pg`d` Tuf`kcred`b`, g` pg`d` fcg D`renc, g` pg`d` fc Djdjs y g` pg`d` fc B`zd`.

Sb` fc g`s i`gg`s ks ekpjrt`btcs cs g` i`gg` fc T`b @bfrs, cb Bjrtc`kred`,quc rcdjrrc D`geijrbe` fc bjrtc ` sur ` gj g`rmj fc 0488 aegkctrjs.

G` i`gg` Gequec-Jique djrrc dcrd` fc keg aegkctrjs cb fercddeb bjrtc sur cbg` zjb` sur fc Dlegc, cb g` rcmeb bjrtc fc gjs @bfcs X`t`mbedjs.

Cb Mu`tck`g`, g`s pg`d`s tcdtbed`s Bjrtc`-kcred`b` y fcg D`renc f`b gum`r ` mr`bfcsi`gg`s?

G` i`gg` fcg Kjt`mu`, cb g` secrr` fcg`s Keb`s, d`se p`r`gcg` `g rj fcg keskj

bjknrc. G` i`gg` fcg Kjt`mu` prjvjd cgtcrrckjtj fc 05=9.

G` i`gg` DlexjyXjgjdled, cb g` secrr` fcgjs Dudluk`t`bcs quc p`s` pjr cg b`de-kecbtj fc gjs rjs quc ggcv`b su bjknrc.

G` i`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu , rcspjbs`ngc fcgjs tcrrckjtjs fc 050= y 050


49/266

4. Yugbcr`negef`f y recsmjG`s pg`d`s tcdtbed`s cstb cb djbst`btc kjvekecbtj. @ubquc bjsjtrjs bj pj-f`kjs pcrdenergj, bjrk`gkcbtc sc fcspg`z`b cbtrc> y >.3 dk `g `j.

Csc kjvekecbtj l`dc quc g`s i`gg`s sc rjdcb cbtrc s djbtebu`kcbtc. Xcrj, cbjd`sejbcs gjs kjvekecbtjs tcdtbedjs sjb ks nrusdjs y prjfudcb venr`dejbcs

pcrdcptengcs p`r` bjsjtrjs? gjs seskjs.

Teskjs j tcrrckjtjs?sjb tjf`s g`s s`dufef`s fc g` Vecrr`.Tc festebmucb fjs pubtjs ekpjrt`btcs?

Lepjdcbtrjj ijdj cs g` zjb` ebtcrb` fjbfc sc prjfu-dc cg tcrrckjtj.

Cpedcbtrj,rc` fc g` supcriedec sjnrc cg lepjdcbtrjfjbfc sc secbtcb g`s jbf`s ssked`s djb k`yjr ebtcb-sef`f.

K`rckjtj?seskj quc sc rcmestr` cb cg ijbfj fcg k`r.

Mu`tck`g`l` suirefj g`s mr`vcs djbscducbde`s pjr festebtjs seskjs ` gj g`rmjfc su lestjre`.

0=0= y 0==4? tcrrckjtjs fc T`b Kemucg y T`bt`K`rt`. Fcstruycrjb @btemu` Mu`tck`g`y pjr csjg` d`pet`g iuc tr`sg`f`f` `g v`ggc fc g` @subdeb,fjbfc sc cbducbtr` ljy.

058>? tcrrckjtj fc T`b Xcricdtj. @icdt prebde-p`gkcbtc ` Puctz`gtcb`bmjy Tjgjg. Lunj ksfc 4 888 pcrsjb`s y ks fc ub keggb sc qucf`rjbseb ljm`r. Tc fcstruycrjb cst`ngcdekecbtjscfud`tevjs.

>80>?rcsugt`rjb `icdt`fjs prebdep`gkcbtc gjs fc-p`rt`kcbtjs fc T`b K`rdjs y Puctz`gtcb`bmj.Ks fc fjdc keg vevecbf`s suirecrjb f`js.

Cpedcbtrj

Lepjdcbtrj

Mu`tck`g`, tcrrckjtj fc 05=9lttps?//cb.w

eaepcfe`.jrm/weae/05=9ZMu`-

tck`g`Zc`rtlqu`ac#

T`b K`rdjs, tcrrckjtj fc 058>lttps?//cs.weaepcfe`.jrm/weae/T`bZK`r-

djsZ(Mu`tck`g`)#VcrrckjtjZfcZ>

80>

Puctz`gtcb`bmj, tcrrckjtj fcT`b Xcricdtj 058>

lttps?//

cs.weaepcfe`.jrm/weae/Vcrrckj-

tjZfcZMu`tck`g`ZfcZ0

58>

EMC^ Pueremu

68


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4.0 @ddeb luk`b` ircbtc ` gjs recsmjsb`tur`gcs

Dcbtrj`kred cs ub` rcmeb cspcde`gkcbtc vugbcr`ngc` gjs seskjs pjrquc,djkj lckjs vestj, sc `secbt` sjnrc g`s i`gg`s fc v`re`s pg`d`s tcdtbed`s. V`k-neb cs ub` zjb` cb g` quc fc ijrk` b`tur`g sc ijrk`b lur`d`bcs, djb iucrtcs

gguve`s.

Cstjs sjb recsmjs b`tur`gcsc ebcvet`ngcs fc bucstr` rcmeb. Teb ckn`rmj, g`s`ddejbcs luk`b`s ebuycb cb quc g`s djbscducbde`s sc`b ks j kcbjs mr`vcs.

Fcnckjs tr`nò`r cb fjs bevcgcs?

Xrcvcbdeb?sjb tjf`s g`s `ddejbcs quc cvet`b quc ub cvcbtj b`tur`g djkjub seskj j ub lur`db sc djbvecrt` cb ub` d`tstrjic.

Cg duef`fj fcg kcfej `knecbtc y cg dukpgekecbtj fc g`s gcycs y bjrk`s fcdjbstruddebsjb cgckcbtjs ekpjrt`btcs p`r` g` prcvcbdeb fc fcs`strcs.

^cspucst` `btc cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs?cs g` `dtu`deb quc ggcv`kjs ` d`njdu`bfj sc prjfudc ub cvcbtj b`tur`g.

T`ncr dkj `dtu`r cb cg kjkcbtj cb cg quc sc prjfudc du`gquecr cvcbtjb`tur`g pucfc prjtcmcr bucstr` vef` y g` fc gjs fcks, cvet`bfj gjs f`jsdùs`fjs pjr bcrvejseskj, `mgjkcr`dejbcs j d`js.

Cb Mu`tck`g`, djbt`kjs djb ebstetudejbcs cbd`rm`f`s fc kjbetjrc`r y`yuf`r ` rcfuder gjs cicdtjs fc gjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs.

Ebstetutj fc Teskjgjm`, Yugd`bjgjm`, Kctcjrjgjm` c LefrjgjmÈBTEYSKCL? kjbetjrc` gjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs y `gcrt` fc su prjxekef`f.

Djbjdc ks cb? lttp?//www.ebsevukcl.mjn.mt Djjrfeb`fjr` B`dejb`g p`r` g` ^cfuddeb fc Fcs`strcsDJB-

^CF? i`deget` d`p`det`deb y kcfef`s p`r` kebekez`r gjs cicdtjs fcgjs cvcbtjs b`tur`gcs. @tecbfc fercdt`kcbtc ` g` pjng`deb cb d`sjfc fcs`strcs.

Jrm`bez`dejbcs fc prjtcddeb knecbt`g?vcg`b pjr g` prjtcddeb fc njs-qucs y rjs, cvet`bfj quc sc fctcrejrcb y `scmur`bfj `s quc bj sc `mr`vcbg`s djbscducbde`s fc gjs seskjs y lur`d`bcs.

Cocrdedej >DJB^CFekpugs` quc i`kege`s, csducg`s y gum`rcs fc tr`nòj djbjzd`b dkj rcfuder gjs fcs`strcs. Nus-quc g` ebijrk`deb cb su pmeb` wcn? www.djbrcf.mjn.mty csdren` `d fjs rcdjkcbf`dejbcs p`r`g` i`kege`.


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^csukcb

0. Lestjre` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj

Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj sc ijrk l`dc ks fc 038 keggjbcs fc `js, du`bfj X`bmc` sc fevefe cbfjs sundjbtebcbtcs? Gùr`se` y Mjbfw`b . Cr` g` pjd` fc gjs febjsùrejs.

L`dc 93 keggjbcs fc `jskudl`s cspcdecs fc febjsùrejs sc cxtebmuecrjb. Fjs leptcses rcspcdtj` g`s dùs`s?

Sb ekp`dtj cxtr`tcrrcstrc

Sb pcrjfj fc mr`b `dtevef`f vjgdbed`

>. Vcdtbed` fc pg`d`s

Tcmb g` tcjr` fc g` tcdtbed` fc pg`d`s, g` getjsicr` cst djkpucst` pjr ub` screc fc pg`d`s rmef`squc sc kucvcb djbtebu`kcbtc. G`s pg`d`s pucfcb scr?

Xg`d`s djbtebcbt`gcs

Xg`d`s jdcbed`s

Xg`d`s kext`s

I`gg`s mcjgmed`s?ub` i`gg` cs ub` ir`dtur` fc g` djrtcz` tcrrcstrc. Mcbcr`gkcbtc, g`s i`gg`s sc cbducb-tr`b cb gjs gketcs fc g`s pg`d`s tcdtbed`s.

>.0 Xg`d`s y i`gg`s fc @kred`

I`gg` fc T`b @bfrs, cb Bjrtc`kred`, quc rcdjrrc D`geijrbe` fc bjrtc ` sur.

I`gg` Gequec-Jique cb g` zjb` sur fc Dlegc.

Cb Mu`tck`g ?

I`gg` fcgKjt`mu`, cb g` secrr` fc g`s Keb`s.

I`gg` DlexjyXjgjdled, cb g` secrr` fc gjs Dudluk`t`bcs.

I`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu , rcspjbs`ngc fc gjs tcrrckjtjs fc 050= y 050


52/266


@. K`rquc djb ub` cques cg du`fr`fj fc g` jpdeb quc djkpgct` djrrcdt`kcbtc d`f` jr`deb.

0. Cg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj sc ijrk...

>. Cg decbtiedj quc prjpusj g` tcjr` fc g` fcrev` djbte-bcbt`g iuc...

4. G` i`gg` ks ekpjrt`btc fc Bjrtc`kred` cs...

6. G` i`gg` quc prjvjd cg tcrrckjtj fc 05=9 cb Mu`tc-k`g` cs...

3. Cg pubtj fc jremcb fc ub tcrrckjtj sc gg`k`...

N. Fcieb` nrcvckcbtc y djb sus p`g`nr`s gjs trkebjs semuecbtcs.

0. Xg`d`s tcdtbed`s?

>. I`gg`s mcjgmed`s?

D. ^cspjbf` g` prcmubt` y cxpgequc su rcspucst`.

0. Pu sjb gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs y dkj ebiguycb g`s `ddejbcs luk`b`s cb sus djbscducbde`s:

l`dc 038 keg `js

l`dc 038 keggjbcs fc `js

l`dc >88 keggjbcs fc `js

g` i`gg` fc GequecJique

g` i`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu`

g` i`gg` fc T`b @bfrs

^jncrtj ]. T`r`ve`

@gircf ]cmcbcr

@gncrt Cebstceb

g` i`gg` fcg Kjt`mu`

g` i`gg` fc O`gp`t`mu`

g` i`gg` fcg DlexjyXjgjdled

dcbtrj

cpedcbtrj

lepjdcbtrj


64

@utjdjbtrjg


53/266

@dtevef`f >. Xecbsc y `pgequc gj quc `prcbfe.

@. G` t`ng` semuecbtc prcscbt`, cb g` prekcr` djgukb`, ub` screc fc `ddejbcs quc prjvjd`b djbscducb-de`s kuy bcm`tev`s cb gjs d`sjs fc seskj j lur`db. Djkpgctc ustcf g` tcrdcr` djgukb` djb qucgg`s`ddejbcs quc pucfcb `yuf`r ` kebekez`r cs`s djbscducbde`s. Gc fco`kjs ub cockpgj.

@ddeb luk`b` Djbscducbde` cbfc seskj j lur`db

@ddeb p`r` cvet`rcs`s djbscducbde`s

Djbstruddeb fc d`s` djbdekecbtjs pjdj prjiubfjs.

G` vevecbf` sc d`c j sc f``scvcr`kcbtc.

Stegez`r k`tcre`gcs fc djbstrud-

deb fc prekcr` d`gef`f y rcs-

pct`r cstredt`kcbtc g`s bjrk`s

fc djbstruddeb.

Djbstruddeb fc d`s` cb g`jregg` fc ub rj j qucnr`f`.

G` vevecbf` sc ebubf` y cs`rr`str`f` pjr cg `mu`.

Xucbtcs j d`rrctcr`s fne-gcs, seb djbtrjg fcg djbtjrbj.

Xucbtcs y d`rrctcr`s d`cb ysc rjkpcb. Fcsg`vcs fc gjsdcrrjs dcrd`bjs.

Fcijrcst`deb fc gjs dcrrjsy g`s kjbt``s.

Djrrekecbtjs fc tecrr` y fcs-g`vcs.

N`surcrjs fcsdjbtrjg`fjs.Djrrcbt`f`s fc n`sur` qucpucfcb sjtcrr`r pcrsjb`s y

vevecbf`s.

N. Gc` cg tcxtj y csdren` ub djkcbt`rej pcrsjb`g.

0.Kcfej keggb fc pcrsjb`s l`net` cb zjb`s fc recsmj

Mu`tck`g` cs ub p`s fjbfc se bj ggucvc, teckng` y se bj teckng` l`y ub vjgdb cb

crupdeb, ìerk` F`vef fc Gcb, vjdcrj fc g` DJB^CF, quecb ``fc quc cg p`s cst

djbsefcr`fj djkj cg du`rtj ks vugbcr`ngc cb cg knetj kubfe`g y djkcbt` quc g`

DJB^CFtr`nò` djbst`btckcbtc p`r` ìrjbt`r gjs fcs`strcs b`tur`gcs.

lttp?//www.s>0.djk.mt/b`dejb`gcs/>803/89/8


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@dtj `btc gjs recsmjs b`tur`gcs

K`p` fc recsmj fc g` djkubef`f

Vjfjs pjfckjs `yuf`r ` quc bucstr` djkubef`f tjkc djbdecbde` fcg recsmj fc fcs`strcs ysc kjvegedc p`r` tjk`r `ddejbcs prcvcbtev`s. Sb` fc g`s kcojrcs ijrk`s cs rc`gez`r ub k`p` fc`kcb`z`s y recsmjs fc g` djkubef`f.

Pu cs:

Cg k`p` fc recsmjs cs ub fenuoj j k`quct` quc kucs-tr` gjs cfeiedejs ekpjrt`btcs fc g` djkubef`f? csduc-g`s, pucstjs fc s`guf u ljspet`gcs, secknr`s, d`kebjs,

ctd. quc pjfr`b rcsugt`r `icdt`fjs fc prjfudersc ubfcs`strc.

V`kneb rcigco` gum`rcs pjtcbde`gkcbtc pcgemrjsjs?vjgd`bcs, zjb`s quc sc pucfcb ebubf`r j ebdcbfe`r.@s djkj gjs rcdursjs pcrsjb`gcs y k`tcre`gcs qucpucfcb `yuf`r, djkj ub` cst`deb fc njkncrjs.

X`r` qu servc:

@yuf` ` cbtcbfcr gjs recsmjs y pcgemrjs quc`kcb`z`b ` bucstr` djkubef`f.

Kjtev` ` tjf` g` djkubef`f ` prcp`r`rscp`r` prcvcber j rcfuder gjs cicdtjs fc ub pj-sengc cvcbtj.

@yuf` prcp`r`rsc cb d`sj fc ckcrmcbde`1 pjr cockpgj, fbfc cstb gjs cfeiedejs ks sc-murjs j pjr dugcs v`s fcnckjs er se jrfcb`b cv`du`r g` zjb`.

Dkj l`dcr ub k`p` fc recsmjs p`r` g` djkubef`f:

Xrcp`r`r ub` mu` p`r` g` jnscrv`deb y nsqucf` fc ebijrk`deb, scmb cg tepj fc `kcb`z`?

Ebubf`deb?qu zjb`s j rc`s djkub`gcs, qu jnr`s fc ebir`cstrudtur`, qu d`s`s jcfeiedejs djrrcb gjs k`yjrcs recsmjs:

V`ggcr fc deuf`f`b`


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prjdcsjbj

gjmr`fj

Fcspusfccstufe`r... Fcsdunrj y cxpgedj g` tcjr` fc g` fcrev` djbtebcbt`g.

Snedj cb cg csp`dej y cb cg teckpj g` ijrk`deb fcg djbtebcbtc `kc-red`bj.

Djbjzdj g` tcdtbed` fc pg`d`s y unedj g`s pg`d`s y i`gg`s fc @kred`y Mu`tck`g`.

Vjkj djbdecbde` fc g` vugbcr`negef`f fc bucstr` rcmeb y prjpjbmj`ddejbcs fc prcvcbdeb fc fcs`strcs b`tur`gcs.


Vcrrckjtj?qu cfeiedejs j zjb`s l`net`dejb`gcs, qu jnr`s fc ebir`cstrudtur`, qu d`s`sj cfeiedejs prcscbt`b gjs k`yjrcs recsmjs:

Crupdeb vjgdbed`?g` djkubef`f cst dcrd` fc ub vjgdb: ` qu fest`bde`:

Djkp`rt` djb sus djkp`crjs y jrecbt`fjr u jrecbt`fjr` gj quc feoj g` mcbtc fur`btc su veset`. Pu kcfef`s pjfr` tjk`r su djkubef`f p`r` quc g` mcbtc cst scmur`:

Dugcs pcrsjb`s pucfcb `yuf`rgc:

EMC^ Pueremu

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Mcjmrì` fc @kred`


@kred`,Ojs Gues Xcr`gcs

Mcjmrì` pjgted` fc @kred`? feveseb pjgted` pjr rcmejbcs

Mcjmrì` ised` fc @kred`? rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs

Cg rcgecvc `kcred`bj

Dgek` y nejfevcrsef`f

Cst` sck`b` gjmr`r?

Fcsdunrer g` ncggcz` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj pjr kcfej fc ub` d`bdeb.

Bjknr`r y rcdjbjdcr cb ub k`p` gjs p`scs fc @kred` y sus d`pet`gcs.

Sned`r cb cg k`p` fc @kred` g`s rcmejbcs b`tur`gcs y gjs lcdljs j `ddefcbtcs mcj-mriedjs prebdep`gcs.

^cg`dejb`r gjs nejk`s fc @kred` djb su dgek`, iùb` y igjr`.


6=

6


57/266

@b`gedc y djkp`rt`

Ojs Gues Xcr`gcs, d`bt`utjr csp`jg, cx`gt` g` ncggcz` fcg djbtebcbtc `kcred`bj cb g` gctr` fc g` d`b-deb @kred` quc `d`n`kjs fc gccr.

Cxpgequc djb sus p`g`nr`s qu jtrjs cgckcbtjs fc g` b`tur`gcz` j fc g` dugtur` fc @kred` cockpge-d`b g` ncggcz` fcg djbtebcbtc:

@kred`

Kc lucgcs ` kcrcbmuc y ` njgcrj,

` d`` y ` d`i.

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Libro Utatlán C.sociales y F.ciudadana 2º Sem