Uusiutuvan sähkön tuotanto ja varastointi

Uusiutuvan sähkön tuotanto ja varastointiIin energiaseminaari 25.10.2016

Olli Pyrhö[email protected]

ABOUT MYSELFMaster of science (EE) at LUT 1990

- Scholarship student at RWTH Aachen 1988-1989- Diploma thesis ”Unterschuhung von IGBT’s und Entwicklung einer Treiberstufe”

R&D Engineer at ABB Finland 1990-1993- Development of new generation frequency converter control

Laboratory Engineer and PhD student at LUT 1993-1998- Doctoral thesis ”Analysis and Control of Excitation, Field Weakening and Stability of DTC Controlled Electrically Exited Synchronous Motor Drives”

Professor in Applied Control Engineering at LUT 1998-2007

Chief Technology Officer, The Switch, 2007-2010- Main product wind generators and wind power converters

Professor in Control Engineering & Wind Power Technology at LUT, 2010...

Sisältöä

• Johdanto

• Tuulivoiman kehitysnäkymiä

• Aurinkovoiman kehitysnäkymiä

• Sähkön varastoteknologioista

Kuva etusivulla: Muukon tuulivoimala, Lappeenranta, 7x3 MW Alstom ECO 110

Johdanto

Unlimited renewably resources available

Lappeenranta University of TechnologySource: Perez R. and Perez M., 2009, A fundamental look on energy reserves for the planet. The IEA Solar Update, Volume 50

Global consumption 2015Electricity 2.4 Twy

Total energy 17.3 TWy

Global electricity consumption 2015

Lappeenranta University of Technology

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Global electricity consumption21000 TWh

Global energy consumption13000 Mtoe

Conversions:21000 TWh = 21e15 Wh x 1 y/8760 h= 2.40 Twy21000 TWh = 21000 x 0.0859845 Mtoe = 1805 Mtoe

Electricity share of energy

1805/13000 = 13.8%

ESTIMATES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

Source: http://www.iwes.fraunhofer.de

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SOME BOLD WIND POWER EXAMPLES

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/18/denmark-broke-world-record-for-wind-power-in-2015


http://newatlas.com/fosen-vind-largest-wind-power-project-europe/42059/

Fosen Vind is a joint venture between Statkraft, TrønderEnergi and Nordic Wind Power. Its €1.1 billion (US$1.2 billion) portfolio will include the Harbaksfjellet, Roan, Storheia, Kvenndalsfjellet, Geitfjellet and Hitra 2 wind farms.


https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/09/africas-largest-windfarm-set-to-connect-remote-kenya-to-the-grid

Average wind speed11.8 m/s

Capacity factor62%

Installed power310 MW

Transmission line428 km

Total land use162 km2

RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY IN EU-28

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/mapToolClosed.do?tab=map&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdcc330&toolbox=types

”Electricity produced from renewable energy sources comprises the electricity generation from hydro plants (excluding pumping), wind, solar, geothermal and electricity from biomass/wastes. ”

EMISSIONS BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

http://visual.ly/us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-flow-chart

Tuulivoiman kehitysnäkymiä

GLOBAL WIND CONDITIONS

Footer Source: www.3tier.com

OFFSHORE WINDS EUROPE

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• Flow conditions vary along the weather and atmospheric conditions• Important factor in flow condition is vertical temperature gradient

ILMAKEHÄN VAIKUTUS VIRTAUKSEEN

Atmospheric states with different temperaturegradients. When temperature gradient is morenegative than adiabatic lapse rate, state is unstable.

Neutral flow is achieved, when temperature gradientIs close to adiabatic lapse rate.

Positive temperature gradient gives very stable flow.

Source: Suomen Tuuliatlashttp://www.tuuliatlas.fi/tuulisuus/tuulisuus_5.html

• Measured annual wind conditions at South-Carelia show, that windspeed avarage was higher in winter months compared to summer [measurement height 131 m]

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Wind speed avarage [m/s]

Monthly avarage wind speeds at South-Carelia 2009-2010, height 131 m

TUULEN KUUKAUSIVAIHTELU

Wind rose shows the shareof different wind directions

3. Diurnal (24h) variation

• Wind speed changes due to daily temperature changes• Local conditions have effect on diurnal variations (land-see or valley-mountain wind)• Diurnal changes are also season dependent, typically variation is larger during the

summer compared to winter• From power balance point of view it is important to be able to make short term

forcast for wind power production• Forecast requires also weather forecasting beside the diurnal variation model

TUULEN VUOROKAUSIVAIHTELUA

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Example of avarage diurnalvariation during April 2010in South-Carelia

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Example of short term variation

Short term wind speed variation at South-Carelia, 1 Hz sample rate, october 2010

t/ [s]

U / [m/s]

TUULEN LYHYTAIKAINEN VAIHTELU

KUUKAUSITTAINEN TUOTANNONVAIHTELU3 MW turbiinin tuotantovaihtelua Etelä-Karjalassa vs. Pohjanlahden rannikolla

u1 u2 u

JOHTOPÄÄTÖKSIÄ TUULEN OMINAISUUKSISTA

• Wind conditions• have long and short term temporal variation• depend on weather and atmospheric conditions• depend on local geographical conditions

• Wind speed increases along the elevation height

• Wind is characterised by• Annual statistical distribution of wind speed• Vertical wind speed distribution using logarithmic or exponent law• Turbulence intensity for short term variations

• All abovementioned factors should be known, when wind farm is planned• Timely variation of wind power has big effect on electricity market and

power system functionality

u1 u2 u

”HUIPULLA TUULEE”

Tuuligradientti kuvaa tuulen nopeuden kasvua korkeuden funktionaMaan pinnan kitka hidastaa virtausta – ylempänä tuulee paremminMerellä tuuligradientti tasaisempi

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1240

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alfa = 0.6

x – monthly avarage speedsx – maximum wind share

Curve fittings with shear exponents=0.4 and =0.6

Reference height zr=50 m

Pientuulivoiman haaste – matalalla tuulennopeus yleensä liian pieni!

u1 u2 u

ROOTTORITEKNOLOGIAT• Three blade rotor has the highest aerodynamic efficiency• It is the only rotor type in the modern utility scale wind turbines• Efficiency is strongly dependent on tip speed ration

uR

- tip speed ratio- angular speed

u – wind speed

TEKNOLOGIAKEHITYS

Source: IEA Technology Roadmap; Wind Energy, 2013 editionavailable at http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Wind_2013_Roadmap.pdf

TUULISÄHKÖN TUOTANTO JA HINTA

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21 uAcP p

Turbine power P

u - wind speedA - rotor areacp – power coefficient (0.4…0.5)

- air density

Levelised cost of energy LCOE

AO – annual operating costDR – discount rateRV – residual valueSDR – System decradation rateInitial kWh – initial annual energy productionN – System life time in years

TUULIVOIMAN MARKKINAKEHITYS

Source: GWEC statisticsavailable at http://www.gwec.net/global-figures/market-forecast-2012-2016/

TURBIINIEN TUOTTOKERROIN


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TURBIINIEN HINTAKEHITYS


• Turbine costs are about 80% of the total on-shore wind farm cost

TURBIINIEN HUOLTOKUSTANNUS


• O&M cost reduction 44% between 2009 and 2013

TUULISÄHKÖN HINTAKEHITYS


• Technology development is most advantageous for low wind sites

Future overall LCOE reductionby 2050 is 25 % (IEA)

MARKKINOIDEN SUURIMPIA KONEITA

Source http://www.windpowermonthly.com/10-biggest-turbines

VESTAS V164 8 MW ENERCON E126 7.5 MW SAMSUNG S7.0 171 7 MW

REPOWER 6M SERIES SIEMENS SWT-6.0 150 ALSTOM HALIADE

Volatility can be reduced by combining larger geographical areas together- Simulation: December 2000 weather + assumed capacity 2030

Source: http://www.trade-wind.eu

TEHON TASAAMINEN VERKKOINTEGRAATIOLLA

Case Germany: Power balancing• Power regulation mostly by using Gas and Hard Coal

Fraunhofer ISE, prof. Bruno Berger: Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2013Available at http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/downloads-englisch/pdf-files-englisch/news/electricity-production-from-solar-and-wind-in-germany-in-2013.pdf

Case Germany: Peak shaving effect in summer• In Summer solar energy is reducing the need of power balancing


ESIMERKKI: TUULIVOIMAN ROOLI SAKSASSA• Example of weekly power curves, week 5/2013


EU ENERGY TARGETS 2020Share of energy from renewable sources in final consumption of energy, 2005

Target for share of energy from renewable sources in final consumption of energy, 2020

Belgium 2.20% 13%Bulgaria 9.40% 16%Czech Republic 6.10% 13%Denmark 17.00% 30%Germany 5.80% 18%Estonia 18.00% 25%Ireland 3.10% 16%Greece 6.90% 18%Spain 8.70% 20%France 10.30% 23%Italy 5.20% 17%Cyprus 2.90% 13%Latvia 34.90% 40%Lithuania 15.00% 23%Luxembourg 0.90% 11%Hungary 4.30% 13%Malta 0.00% 10%Netherlands 2.40% 14%Austria 23.30% 34%Poland 7.20% 15%Portugal 20.50% 31%Romania 17.80% 24%Slovenia 16.00% 25%Slovak Republic 6.70% 14%Finland 28.50% 38%Sweden 39.80% 49%United Kingdom 1.30% 15%Source: European Commission – COM (2008) 19 final, Brussels Jan. 21, 2008

FINLAND HAS AMBITOUS TARGETS

BIO ENERGY AND WIND IN KEY ROLE

LOCAL EXAMPLE: KAUKAAN VOIMA OYELECTRICITY 125 MWPROCESS HEAT 152 MWDISTRICT HEAT 110 MWFUEL WOOD BASED BIOMASS

FEED IN TARIFFS IN EU

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FINNISH ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION PORTFOLIO IN 2014

Imatrankoski – 178 MWe

Pori wind farm – 16 MWe Kaukaan voima – 125 MWe / 252 MWth

Olkiluoto 3 – 1600 MWe

Source: Finnish Energy Industrieshttp://www.energia.fi/en/statistics-and-publications

Nuclear power27,2 %

CHP, district heating15,1 %

CHP, Industry11,0 %

Condense etc8,0 %

Net imports21,6 %

Hydro power15,8 %

Wind power1,3 %

Nuclear power27,2 %

CHP, district heating15,1 %

CHP, Industry11,0 %

Condense etc8,0 %

Net imports21,6 %

Hydro power15,8 %

Wind power1,3 %

Wind power 2.8% @2015

WIND POWER CAPACITY IN FINLAND

- Wind power capacity 627 MW @2014 - Wind power capacity 1001 MW @2015- Mainly on-shore farms

Lapland, Olos fjeld

Åland, Botskärhttp://www.tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/tuulivoimalaitokset @2014

WIND POWER TARGETS IN FINLAND

• Feed in tariff law accepted 2011; target by 2020 was 2500 MW installed power105.3 €/MWh 3 years83.5 €/MWh up to 12 yearsMinimum turbine power 500 kVAMaximum 2500 MW will get support

The cost effects of tariff was higher than expected, since electricity market pricehas been low during the resent years

New tariff law was accepted 26.10.2015Target is to reduce wind power tariff costsAcceptance to tariff system will be limitedExpected total amount of wind power receiving existing tariff support< 2000 MW

New tariff policy under preparationSupport level will be reducedAim is to include all renewables into new support mechanism

Nordpool price levels and Finnish tariff costs

Nord pool regionalprices 26.10.2015

Source: http://www.nordpoolspot.com

Nord pool regional prices September 2015

In September Finnish state had high wind powertariff costs due to low electricity market price

Tariff support equation until end of 2015:Support/MWh = min [(105,3 – market price), 75,5] €/MWh

Tariff support equation after 2015 for 12 years:Support/MWh = min [(83,5 – market price), 53,5] €/MWh

TRANSMISSION GRID AND WIND POWER PROJECTS (2013)

Sources: http://www.fingrid.fi/portal/suomeksi/yritysinfo/suomen_sahkojarjestelma/ http://www.tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/hankelista

Planned projects 11000 MWOff-shore 2200 MWOn-shore 8900 MW

Majority of projects on west coast

Offshore with current tariff not profitableHigher investmentIce conditions may be a challengeOff-shore subsidy would be needed!Only demonstration subsidy available

Criterias for site locationsGood wind conditionsLand area available for wind farmGrid access with resonable costsProfitable investmentFree from radar limitations

ADDITIONAL REFERENCE

(Ragheb 2011). Magdi Ragheb and Adam M. Ragheb, Wind Turbines Theory - The Betz Equation and Optimal Rotor Tip Speed Ratio, Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power, Dr. Rupp Carriveau (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-508-2, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/21398. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/fundamental-and-advanced-topics-in-wind-power/wind-turbines-theory-the-betz-equation-and-optimal-rotor-tip-speed-ratio

Aurinkovoiman kehitysnäkymiä

OPn voimala helmikuussa 2015

AURINGON GLOBAALI SÄTEILYTEHO

• Tanska: 1078-1183 kWh/m2, Suomi 1044-1163 kWh/m2 (staattinen optimikulma)

PV-PANEELEIDEN HYÖTYSUHDEKEHITYS

• Oulun korkeudella säteilyteho n.

LUT SOLAR TRACKER

• Järjestelmä etsii parhaan suuntakulman (sekä atsimuutti ja elevaatio)• Tuotanto kirkkaalla päivällä 35% suurempi kuin kiinteällä kulmalla• Pohjoisen aurinkojärjestelmissä merkittävä tuotannon lisäys suuntauksella.

Kulmasuuntaus50 kWh

Kiinteä kulma32,5 kWh

http://www.lut.fi/green-campus/alykas-sahkoverkko-smart-grid/tuotantolukemia

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Pmax = 6.1 kWhW = 5063 kWh

• Järjestelmän tuotto 75% verrattuna teoreettiseen optimikulma-asennukseen.

AURINGON PIMENNYS 20.3.2015

3.32 kW

0.85 kW

Pimennyksen aikana paneeleihin tulee vain ilmakehästäsiroavaa valoa, vastaa kohtalaista pilviverhoa

PV-AURINKOVOIMAN MARKKINAKEHITYS

• 40 GW of PV systems were installed globally in 2014

• Top three markets were China, Japan and USA

• In Europe grid connected PV 2012: 17.7 GW, 2013: 10.5 GW and 2014: 7 GW

• In 2014 top three in Europe were• Great Britain 2.4 GW• Germany 1.9 GW• France 0.93 GW

50Solar power Europe: Global market outlook 2015-2019

AURINKOSÄHKÖN HINTAKEHITYS

Tuuli- ja aurinkosähkön vertailua


PV-JÄRJESTEMIEN KOKONAISMÄÄRÄ

PV cumulative installations


EUROOPAN KEHITYS 2000-2014

Vuosittaiset asennukset


FORTUMIN HINTAENNUSTA UUSIUTUVALLE

ESIMERKKI: AURINKOSÄHKÖN ROOLI SAKSASSA• Example of weekly power curves, week 29/2013


Sähkön varastointitekniikat

SÄHKÖVARASTOTEKNOLOGIAT

IEC: Electric energy storage, white paper 12/2011

SÄHKÖVARASTOJEN KÄYTETTÄVYYS• Sähkövarastojen energiamäärän ja purkuajat • Suuret kapasiteetit: pumppuvoimalat, CAES sekä kaasukonversiot• Akkuteknologioiden merkitys lisääntyy

Kuva: Sterner et. al. Renewable (power-to-gas) methane, storing renewables by linking power and gas grids

PUMPPUVOIMALA ALPEILLA

https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/technology-and-innovation/energy-storage

Limberg II pumped hydro storage power plantHeight 365 mPower 480 MW

LIMBERG II PSPP

Limberg II pumped hydro storage power plantHeight 365 mPower 480 MW

Source:532e_Referenzblatt_Limberg_EN_1309.pdf

Functional principle

1. Charging the storage- Overwhelming electricity available- Electrical machine runs the compressor- Comression in multiple stages- Intercoolers boost the comression

2. Discharging the storage- Lack of electricity in the grid- Air turbine runs the generator- Air is heated before high pressure turbine

and also before low pressure turbine

- Existing plants do not use comression heat- roundtrip efficiency about 40-50%

Kuvat: Ilkka Lääti: Kandidaatintyö, LUT 2013, Sandia report DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage

KOMPRESSOIDUN ILMAN ENERGIAVARASTO

• In comression unit (60 MW) pressure is increased fro 1 bar up to 43 - 70 bar• In turbine unit (290 MW) the air expands back to 1 bar• The air is heated with methane before turbine• Air storage is old salt mine, volume 310 000 m3

• Charging time 12 h, dicharging 3 h• Roundtrip efficiency 42%

Lähde: Crotogino, Mohmeyer, Scharf, Huntfort CAES: More than 20 years of successful operation, 2001

HUNTOFORT-SAKSA

• Electric power 110 MW• Operational pressure 46-75 bar• Storage volume 538 000 m3• Round trip efficiency 54%• Charge/discharge time 26 h

Figure : http://goodcleantech.pcmag.com

Figure: http://integrating-renewables.org/integrating-renewables-technology-solutions

Figure : Google maps

MCINTOSH - USA

ADIABAATTINEN CAES – ADELE PROJEKTI• The efficiency is low due to heat loss during the comression• More efficienty system is to store heat energy during the compression and use it

again during the expansion (adiabaattinen CAES)• In Germany Adele project aims for adiabatic CAES plant

Initial goals in ADELE:

Efficiency 70%Nominal power 330 MW

http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/364260/rwe-power-ag/innovations/adele/

• New idea for pressurised air storage is SEABAG• In the see the storage pressure is constant unlike in mine cavities• Seabag technology under development in company Thin Red Line Aerospace• Hydrostor in Canada is planning a demonstration project using SEABAG

technology

http://www.theengineer.co.uk

• Hydrostatic pressure in waterp= 1 bar / 10 m

• E.g. 500 m, pressure 50 bar

SEABAG - CAES

• First SEABAG based CAES commissioned in Toronto 2015• Commercial offering

• 5 MW / 30 MWh• 100 MW / 1000 MWh

• Lower cost expextation compared to Li-battery systems

CAES PILOTTI CANADA

Source: Hydrostor press release - Nov 18th 2015

SÄHKÖN VARASTOINTI VETYYN / METAANIIN• Electricity is can be converted into methane using electrolysis and CH4 synthesis• First large scale plant (6 MW) by Audi and EtoGas• High efficiency rectifier neccessary, thyristor or IGBT-based• The plant can provide frequency control for the grid due to

high dynamics of electrolysis

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AKKUVARASTOT• The technologies used in utility battery storage: NaS, L-ion, Lead-acid, Flow batteries,…

Irena: Battery storage for renewables, Market status and technology outlook, 2014

AKKUTEKNOLOGIOIDEN HINNAT• Lithium-ion is expected to be most cost competitive in 2020• Electric vehicles are accelerating the market volume for L-ion batteries, which direves the

manufactirng volumes high and reduces the costs


NATRIUM-RIKKI AKUT• Sodium sulphur batteries has been adapted e.g. by GE for utility scale applications

• Largest utility scale install base, but annual installations were slowing down in 2014

NaS Battery solution by GEJ. Remillard (ERS): Facility scale battery storage

LITIUM-IONI AKUT• Different L-ion battery versions available, the price development varies


LITIUM AKKUJEN OMINAISUUKSIA• Performance and price of different L-ion batteries• LMO has the highest C-number ( Cmax 10), favourable for vehicle applications C = Ppeak / Energy• L-ion has high energy density compared e.g. to lead-acid ( = 35 Wh/kg)


LITIUM AKKUJEN VERTAILUA• Comparison of L-ion battery versions

VIRTAUSAKKU RFB (Redox flow battery)

• Two liquids: anolyte (A) and catholyte (C)

• Potential difference between A and C drives electrons throughexternal circuit

• Charged ions are passing themembrane to keep electricbalance in the system

• Multiple versions, e.g.• Zinc-Bromine• Iron-Chromium

www.energystorage.org

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Uusiutuvan sähkön tuotanto ja varastointi