i: ~ .. , A ,1..NGUYEN VAN VINH val VIEC co VU

vA TRUYENBA CHO'ou6c NCO' =' tIy' !/~~ A'?

DAU THE KY XX

Trong !ich s11c~n d~i Vi~t Nam,Nguyen Van Vinh la mQt tri thuc

Tay h9C, titng cQngtac voi th1;icdan Phapnhung dii co nhilng dong gop nhfft dinhtren linh v1;icvan hoa d6i voi nuoc nha.Trong bai viet nay, chung toi buoc dfiutim hi~u vffn d~ duqc coi la nhung donggop cua ong tren linh V1;lcvan hoa va giaod\lc. Do la vi~c -c6 vii va truy~n ba chuQu6c ngil h6i dfiu the ky xx.

1. Viii net v~ Nguy~n Van Vinh

Nguy~n Van Vinh sinh ngay 30 thang4 nam Nham Ng9, (tuc ngay 15-6-1882),t~i so' nha 46 ph6 Hang Giffy, Ha NQi,

nguyen qua? I lang Phuqng D1;ic, thuQcphu Thudng Tin, tinh Ha Dong (nay lahuy~n Phu Xuyen, tinh Ha Tay). Ongxufft than trong mQt gia dinh nong danngheo, dong con b vung d6ng chiemtriing, quanh nam doi kern, nen b6 m~ong phai bO que ra Ha NQi kiem s6ng.Tam tu6i ong lam ngh~ keo qu~t b trudngThOng ngon cua Phap moi mb t~i dinhYen Ph\l.

Nhd .tinh chiu kho va ham h9C ongduqc Hi~u trubng D'Argence cffp h9Cb6ngcho di h9C. Ong trb thanh h9C sinh th1;iCth\l lOp thong ngon t~p s1;i ng~ch Toacong su, nien khoa 1893-1895 va do thukhoa khi moi 14 tu6i. Ket thuc khoa hoc,

'NCV. Vi~n Sit h<;>c.

NGUYtN THTLit HA.

ong duqc tuy~n thAng vao lam phien dichvien cua Toa cong su Lao Cai, Toa congsu Hai PhOng,sau I~i lam thong ngon bToa congsu B~cGiang (tit 1902-1905).

Ngoai cong vi~c chinh b Toa cong su,Nguy~n Van Vinh con la cQng tac viencua hai td bao tieng Phap: "Courrier deHaiPhong" va "Tribune lndochinoise" cuaSchneider. Chinh nhung ho~t dQng naycua Nguy~n Van Vinh dii tranh thu duqccam tinh cua Hauser, Congsu B&c Giangluc ffy. Nguy~n Van Vinh trb thanh thuky rieng cua Hauser. Cho nen khiHauser duqc Cltv~ lam D6c Iy Thanh ph6Ha NQi, ong ta ciing dua Nguy~n VanVinh v~ theo.

Dfiu the ky XX, tinh hinh the gioi conhi~u bien d6i: phong trao "chau A thuc

tinh" n6i len; cUQc chien tranh Nga -Nh~t ket thuc ma phfin th&ng thuQc v~nuoc Nh~t. () trong nuoc, phong traoDong Du, phong trao Duy Tan phat tri~nrfim rQ. Dung truoc tinh hinh nay, saukhi P. Beau duqc b6 nhi~m lam Toanquy~n Dong DUdng thay cho P. Doumer,Toan quy~n P. Beau thffy dn thiet phiiicai cach n~n giao d\lc Vi~t Nam, t6 chucmb rQng va xay dt;lng I~i h~ th6ng y te d~co th~ theo kip duqc nhung bien dQng xiihQi. D6ng thdi, P.Beau ciing chu y dencac cong vi~c tit thi~n nhAm xoa diu s1;i

-

20 Rghien cUu 14ch ~tl. ~(i 5.2004

ph an khang cua nhan dan truClc chinhsach ha khilc cua chinh quy~n thuQc dia.Toan quy~n P. Beau giao nhi~m V\l choD6c ly Hauser tn;ic ti~p v~n dQngva giupda ng\idi Vi~t lam ddn va thao di~u l~ xinphep l~p cac trudng, cac hQi, r6i dich rati~ng Phap d~ d~ trinh len Phu th6ng suoNguy~n Van Vinh da duc;lcHauser tinnhi~m va giao cho dam trach toan bQcong vi~c nay. Chinh vi th~ ma Nguy~nVan Vinh da trd thanh sang l~p vien cuacac hQi, cac trudng duc;lcthanh l~p ra lucbay gid trong d6 tieu bi~u la:

- HQiTri Tri d 59 ph6 Hang QUl'J.t,ChuhQi la ong Nguy~n Lien. Nguy~n VanVinh la sang l~p vien, d5ng thdi la Chutich Ban di~n thuy~t va giang sach m6itua.n mQt Ifin, cung vCliong Nghiem XuanQuang va Trfin Tan Binh la Uy vien.

- Trudng Dong Kinh Nghia Th\lcthanh l~p nam 1907 d ph6 Hang Dao,Nguy~n Van ,Vinh la ng\idi thao di~u l~va vi~t ddn xin thanh l~p, d6ng thdi lagiao vi€m giang dl'J.yti~ng Phap, dl'J.ycachvi~t van va di~n thuy~t.

- Thanh l~p "HQi dich sach", "HQigiupda ng\idi Vi~t di sang Phap h9Ctrung, dl'J.ih9C va ky thu~t", cung nhi~u trudng,nhi~u hQikhac...

Nam 1906, Phap md HQichc;lthuQc diatl'J.iThanh ph6 Marseille. D6c ly Hauserduc;lcgiao t6 chuc gian hang Bilc Ky. D6cly Hauser da giao cho Nguy~n Van Vinhtat ca cong vi~c tit thu th~p san phllmhang hoa, thi~t k~ trung bay d~n tuy~nthc;l di Marseille d\;ing gian hang. D6ngthdi, ong duc;lc giao quan ly luon gianhang HQi chc;lthuQc dia tit thang 3 d~nthang 8 nam 1906, luc d6 ong 25 tu6i.

HQi chc;lthuQc dia k~t thuc, Nguy~nVan Vinh d 1I'J.iMarseille mQt thang. Baud6 duc;lc D6c ly Hauser dua len Paristham nha in va bao "Revue de Paris",

Nha xuat ban Hachette, Nha xuat banTit di~n Larousse. Nam 1907, Nguy~nVan Vinh la ng\idi Vi~t Nam da.u tien gianh~p HQiNhan quy~n Phap.

Bau khi v~ nuClc,ong xin nghi vi~c d~cUng vClimQt ng\idi Phap ten la Dufourthanh l~p nha in. Ong cUng vCliPhan K~Binh dich va xuat ban hai tac phllm da.utien la Tam Quoc va Truy~n Ki€u. Chinhtrong LiJi tlja cua cu6n truy~n da.u tiennay ong da dua ra cau n6i. n6i ti~ng:"Nztde Nam ta mai sau nay hay hay ddciing d ehi] Quoc ngit'. C6 th~ coi day lam\lC dich trong su6t cUQcddi lam bao vaxuat ban cua ong, d6ng thdi chinh cau n6id6 da trd thanh khllu hi~u keu g9i cuacac nha truy~n ba chu Qu6c ngil da.u th~ky xx, va duc;lcin tren tat ca cac bia sachdo nha in cua Nguy~n Van Vinh xuatban. Tit d6, Nguy~n Van Vinh chuy~nh£n sang ngh~ lam bao va xuat ban. Ongda quy~t dinh "t\;icach tan" minh, bo bui

. t6, khan x~p, bOao dai, m~c qua.n ao theoki~u Au, dQimii cat ket, ciit t6c ngiin, digia.y da, dUng xe mota mang tit Phap v~.Nam 1907 la nam da.u tien ong th\;iCs\;ibuClcvao lang bao vClinhi~u but danh khacnhau nhu: Tan Nam 'N, Dao Thi Loan, V,Ban Quan... tuy theo tiing th~ van.

Cho d~n nay, pha.n lCIncac tac gia khinghien cuu v~ Nguy~n Van Vinh d~u chorllng ong la ng\idi thOng minh, c6 tai vad~c bi~t xuat silc trong ngh~ lam bao vaxuat ban. Nhung d~ dl'J.tduc;lck~t qua d6ong da phai vuc;ltqua rat nhi~u kh6 khanvi thdi thd au ong khOng duc;lch9C hanhcan ban.

Nguy~n Van Vinh chinh thuc lam chubut td Dang Co?Tung bao s6ra da.u tienngay 28-3-1907, thay cho td Bc;ti NamBang van nhg,t bao. Td Bang cd Tungbao chi t6n tl'J.iduc;lc9 thang, d~n ngay14-11-1907 thi ngiing him. Bau khi tdBang cd Tung bao dinh ban, ong chu

Rguy~n van Vinh vOivj~c cd vii via truyen bta... 21

tr11dng ra td bao tie'ng Phap NotreJournal (1908-1909). MQt nam sau vaonam 1910 ong l~i ra td Notre Revuenh11ng cfmg cm t6n t~i d11<;JC12 so, vacung nam d6, ong lam chu but td L1!-cTinh tan van d Sai Gon.

Ddu nam 1913, ong ra Ha NQilam chubut tudn bao Dong Dlidng tc;tpchi, so ddura ngay 15-5-1913. Nam 1915 ong kiemlam chu but luon ca td Trung Bdc tanvan. Tu day, td Dong Dlidng tc;tpchi chichuyen v~ nhung bai d~i lu~n, bai vanch11dng,bai s11ph~m, con nht1ng bai thdist;i va t~p lu~n thi chuy~n he't sang tdTrung' Bdc tan van. Ca 3 td bao tie'ngVi~t ma Nguy8n Van Vinh lam chu butd~u do mQt ng11diPhap la Schneider sangl~p (1). De'n nam 1919 tudn bao DongDlidng tc;tpchi l~i mQt ldn nua d11<;JCd6ithanh HQc' bao v~n do ong lam chunhi~m. HQc bao la chuyen san v~ nhungvan d~ s11ph~m, ~h~m giup cac giao viend~y tot va d~t ra ph11dng phap moi d~d~y chu Quoc ngt1. Cung nam, ong mual~i td Trung Bdc tan van va cho xuat bannh~t bao. Day la td nh~t bao ddu tien dB:1cKy trong lich sli bao chi Vi~t Nam.

Nam 1927 cung voi Vayrac, Nguy8nVan Vinh l~p ra tu sach Au Tay tli tlidng,in cac sach do chinh ong dj.ch; sachth11dngin thanh nhung quy~n nho va chokhOng nhung t~p ddu. M\lc dich la c6dQng m<;>ing11di ham d<;>csach d~ hi~ubie't v~ van hoa Dong-Tay va h<;>cchuQuoc ngt1 mQt cach nhanh chOng, d8dang.

CUQc khung hoang kinh te' the' gioicuoi nhung nam 20 - ddu nht1ng nam 30the' ky XX da anh h11dngtn;lc tie'p de'n tat'ca cac linh vt;ic. Nganh bao chi va kinhdoanh nha in cua Nguy8n Van Vinh clingkhong tranh khOi nhung khO khan. Bao,sach in ra nh11ngkhOng ph at hanh d11<;JC.M~t khac, trong giai do~n nay Chinh

quy~n thuQc dia Phap cling ki~m duy~tg:1t gao bao chi tie'ngVi~t, do tinh hinhchinh tri trong n110cc6 nhung thay d6ilOn, cung voi phong trao cach m~ng lencao va s1;lra ddi cua Dang CQngsan DongD11dng. Nam 1931, ong cho ra td baotie'ng Phap ''Annam Nouveau" (An Nammoi). Ong lam chu nhi~m kiem chu butcho toi nam 1936. Trong 30 nam tron ongvua la mQt cay but vie't mQt cach say metrong tat ca m<;>ilinh vt;ic,d6ng thdi con lang11diquan ly nha xuat ban. Ben c~nh d6,ong la mQt hQivien ho~t dQngrat tich ct;iccua hai hQi IOn la Tri Tri va Khai TriTie'n Duc. Song song voi cong vi~c ma cacUQcddi ong say me k~ tren, ong contham gia ho~t dQng chinh tri, lam Uyvien HQid6ng Thanh pho Ha NQikhi moi26 tu6i (1907), trong nhi~u khoa lien tie'plam hQivien HQid6ng T11van B:1cKy (WcVi~n Dan bi~u) tU nam 1913, va thanhvien cua D~i HQi d6ng Kinh te' Tai chinhDong D11dng(Cd quan t11van toi cao v~kinh te' cua Chinh phu Lien bang DongD11dng).Ngoai ra ong con tham gia HQiNhan quy~n Phap t~i Vi~t Nam va HQiTam di~m Quoc te'.

C6 th~ n6i, Nguy~n Van Vinh la mQttrong so rat it ng11diVi~t Nam hie d6tham gia vao tat ca cac t6 chuc t11vancua Chinh quy~n Phap. Chinh vi the' c6nhung y kie'n cua cac nha nghien cuu chor~ng ong hoan toan ph\lc V\lquy~n l<;Jichotht;ic dan Phap. Nh11ngc6 mQt tht;ic te' laong da hai ldn tU choi B:1cDfiu bQi tinh,mQt huan ch11dngcao quy ma ng11diVi~tva ng11diPhap hie nay d~u md 11oc.

Nguy~n Van Vinh la mQt trong nhungng11diVi~t Nam ddu tien tie'p nh~n vanhQa Au Tay va tich ct;ic truy~n ba vaoVi~t Nam. Chinh ong la mQt trong nht1ngng11didanh nhung tie'ng trong ddu tienmd man cho cUQCcach m~ng chu Quocngt1. Chu Quoc ngt1 thdi ky nay co rat it

22 Rghien Ctlu Llch sa. so 5.2004

ng1.idichap nh~n sil dl,mg, trong khi d6chu Han, chu Nom da t6n t~i lau ddi vadU<;ICtat c3.m9i ng1.idichap nh~n n6 nhula mQt thl:i chu truy~n th6ng.

2. Nguy~n Van Vinh voi vi~c CC>viiva truy~n bil chu Qu6c ngu

Phat minh ra chu Qu6c ngft la congcua nhung giao SIphuelng Tay (Franciscode Pina, Gaspar do Ammarl, Antonio deBarbosa, Alexandre de Rhodes). Nhunghie d6 chi la chu dung ml1u tt;lLa tinh d~th~ hi~n ngft am Vi~t Nam, giup cac giaoSI d8 dang truygn d~o vao Vi~t Nam. Tudfiu th€ ky XVII cho d€n giua th€ ky XIXrat it ng1.idiVi~t Nam bi€t va dung dU<;Icchu Qu6c ngft. Phai d€n khi Phap chi€m6 tinh Nam Ky thi chu Qu6c ngft moi d:1tdfiu dU<;Icd~y va dU<;ICph6 bi€n.

Ng1.idiVi~t Nam c6 cong truygn bachu Qu6c ngft dfiu tiEm la Trueing VinhKy va Huynh Tinh Cua. Khi d6 TrUeingVinh Ky da dem nhung sach d9Cd8 hi~uva gfin giii voi tam ly ng1.idiVi~t nhu Ll,lcsuc tranh cong, Phan Trdn truy~n, Ll,lcVan Tien in ra chu Qu6c ngft, ml,lcdich lad~ truygn ba rQng rai trong nhan dan.Nam 1868, Trueing Vinh Ky vi€t cu6nsach giao khoa: "Tie'ng Annam thlJchanh, dung cho truiJng thong ngon". Nam1876, ong xuat ban cu6n: "Sach hQcaanhvdn quae ngi)". Tuy Trudng Vinh Ky vaHuynh Tinh Cua la hai ng1.idisom nhatdung chu Qu6c ngft lam bao va in saeh,nhung hai ong l~i khOng phat dQng, hOhao va day lEm mQt phong trao h9C chuQu6c ngft sau rQng nhu Nguy8n VanVlnh sau nay a mign B:1c. Nguy8n VanVinh va nh6m Dong DUdng tgp chi(Nguy8n D6 Ml,lc,Phan K€ Binh, Nguy8nBa H9C...) nh~n thay a chu Qu6c ngft ratdn thi€t cho dan tQcnhu ong da tUng n6inam 1907: "Nudc ta sau nay hay hay ddcling d chit Qur/c ngi)". Va ong da lay

chinh chu Qu6c ngft d~ truygn tai nhftngdi~u moi 1~eua van hoa phuelng Tay chodong dao nhan dan ta, nhu ong da neu rot~i HQi quan Tri Tri (ngay 4-8-1907): "...Nudc Nam ta muon chong budc Ien auiJngtien hoa thi phdi mau thu thai Idy nhitngtu tUdng mdi. Muon cho nhitng tu tUdngmdi trong van hoa Au Tay truye'n bakh&p trong dan gian, thi phdi cdn phiendich nhitng sach chit nudc ngoai ra Vi~tNam...". Bau nam sau (1913), ong l~i duavan dg nay tren bao Dong Ductng tr;LPchi:"Ban quan dinh dem h€t nhung bai lu~nhay vg cae cong ngh~, v~ vi~c buon ban,dieh ra qu6c van cho ng1.idiAnnam dU<;let~n huang" (2).

Tu khi b:1t dfiu buoc vao nghg lam baova tham gia giang d~y a trudng DongKinh Nghla Thl,lc, Nguy8n Van Vinh dac6 dQngnhan dan h9Cehu Qu6e ngft. D€nnam 1913 ngay so' 2 cua td Dong Ductngtr;LPchi, m?c du van dg vg thdi st;lchinhtri chi€m gfin h€t nQi dung cua td bao,nhung ong vl1n tuyen truygn, e6 dQngnhan dan Vi~t Nam h9Cchu Qu6e ngft d~thay th€ chu Han, chu Nom: "Md ngay tiJnh~t bao nay ra ma ngcim xem bdy nhieuaie'u Iu~n trong bao, thit nghi: gia thitIu~n bdng chit Nho thi co mdy nguiJi aQcaUf/C,ma trong nhitng nguiJi aQcauf/c, thico mdy nguiJihiiu cho he't nghia.The'machit Quoe ngit, thi khong nhitng Ia nguiJibie't chit Qur/cngit aQcaUf/c,hiiu auf/c,mQt nguiJi aQc cd nha nghe cung hiiuauf/c, tit aan ong cho aen cac ba (khongdam noi aan ba Sf/ cac ba qUd) tre concling nghe aUf/Cma chi vdi chung ta trongcUQcIu~n ban the' slJ thi co phdi no vuivi~c ra Ia bao nhieu". D6ng thdi ong ciingcho r~ng d~ d9C,vi€t du<;lCchu QuOc ngurat d8 "ai co j chi vai ngay, ngu adn IamQt thang cling phdi thong" -(3). Trongkhi d6 hoc chu Nho thi phai "mdt hang

nita aiJi '~guiJi, ma t~am ngl{iJi hQc 'khong

Rguyen Vim Vinh vOivi~c cd vii va truyen baL. 23

dztf!CmQt ngztiti hay, hQc dztpc hay clingchi ich lay mQt minh, khong' dem ra madung cho diti dztf!Cnhd cai hQc van cuaminh ch&ng qua la mQt cai tha rung duima tMi" (4). Con chu Nom thi d~ hon,nhttng c6 cai kh6 la m6i mi~n, m6i ngttdil~i c6 each vie't va hi8u khac nhau. Dov~y n6 ciing gay kh6 khan cho vi~c hQc,hi8u va ph6 bie'n rQng rai.

Nguy~n Van Vinh y thuc dttc;lcr~ng sela rat kh6 khan ne'u chi mQt minh ongxong xao trong cUQccach m~ng chu vie't,voi m1,1ctieu la chu Qu6c ngi'l ph8.i dttc;lCtat ca mQi ngttdi dung, phai chie'm linhtren tat ca cac linh vv.c tit hanh chinh,giao d1,1c,truy~n ba van hoa qua dichthu~t ciing nhtt sang tac van hQc, nenong luon v~n dQng, keu gQi "nhi'mg b~ctai hoa, nhi'mg ngztiti co hQc thuc trongnztdc, phdi chuyen vao nghi van quocngil', va ca nhung "b~c co Phap hQc, thituy rdng cai ngo'li tai ay phdi chuyen lamcach tren -c'lnh, lam mOl kitm an, nhztnghi mUlfn nhan vi~c l~p than ma l'li co ichcho cd dang bao minh, thi pham luy~ndztf!c chat tai nao cua ngztiti, cling nendung quoe van ma phat d{Ltno ra cho cdngztiti dang -bang dztf!ChztlJng" (5).

Chu Qu6c ngi'l thdi gian dftu v§.n conlung cung, khi vie't cau van v§.n chttadttc;lclttu loat. Nguy~n Van Vinh thay dnthie't phai khllc ph1,1cnhung m~t h~n che'd6 d8 chu Qu6c ngi'l khi n6i, vie't di~n tadttc;lcdung y va chuftn xac. Ong da d~xuat mQt bi~n phap don gian va hi~u quala tat ca cac th8 lo~i nhtt: bao, sach, vanchttong, tho, ti8u thuye't, nghi lu~n, dontii de'n nhung cau d6i, cau phung, ldi chucmUng b~n be... d~u phai vie't b~ng chuQu6c ngi'l, d8 cho ngttdi dan lam quendftn mQt thu chi]:moi, nhttng dQcd~ hi8uva d6ng thdi ciing luy~n cho ngttdi vie'ttroi chay, chau chu6t hon.

Ben c~nh vi~c v~n dQng mQi ngttdi cungtham gia c6 dQng va vie't chu Qu6c ngi'l,thi van d~ ngi'l phap tie'ng Vi~t ciing dttc;lcong dtta ra bim lu~n d8 di de'n th6ng nhattrong toan qu6c v~ cach d~t cau, cach vie't,cham phfty, cach n6i, vie't cho ca 3 mi~n vacftn ph8.i c6 mQt th8l~ chung "Nay ban bao

lay vi~c c6 dQng cho chiJ:Quoc ngiJ:lam chu

nghia, tztling cling nen dem het cac khuyetdiem, cac ncli khong ti~n ra ma ban l'li,ch&ng dam dem cach nao mdi ma xin the'vao lO'icli, Sf! thien h'l l'li bao ve viti, songcling nen ban cac ncli bat ti~n ra de' ai naylztu tam vao do, thi di co ngay tll dztngch&ng phdi ai lam ma chiJ:Quoe ngiJ:tlld6i ddn ddn di" (6).

Nguy~n Van Vinh c6 di~u ki~n di dQc3mi~n dat nttoc. Ong da chu y giQng n6i,cach vie't cua 3 mi~n va thay c6 sv. khacbi~t nhau ro net nhtt chu ch voi chu trngoai Bilc khong phan bi~t may nhttng "lINam Ky thi th~t co phan bi~t. Nhzt contrau ma viet thanh chau (h'lt chau) thingztiti Nam Ky khong hiiu... SlI nay t6idii co j nghi~m tit Thanh Hoa vo tdiQudng Nam va IISai Gon". Hay chu s voichu x: ngoai mi~n Bilc va mi~n Trung thikhong phan bi~t hai chi]: nay con ngttaimi~n Nam thi "chiJ:s uon lztClinhzt chiJ:ch

tay, con chiJ:x thi dQcnhzt chiJ:stay. ChiJ:gi, chiJ:d, chiJ:r thi II Bilc Ky ta khongphan, con II Nam Ky va Trung Ky phanbi~t dztf!cchilc chiJ:r ma tMi, con d vdi gicling dQcnhzt chiJ:y, ma kMng may ngztitibiet chilc dztf!c tieng nao dang viet d haygi" (7). M1,1cwch cua ong khi ong dtta ras1;lso sanh giua 3 mi~n la m6i mi~n nenhQcnhung tie'ng chuftn cua nhau, m6i hen"nhttdng nhin" nhau mQt chut, nhtt ngoaiBilc nen theo trong Nam m~y tie'ng "githanh tr, d thanh nh, nh thanh-I... d8dung cho d~u trong van tv., ba mi~n cu.ngd8 hi8u ca". Ong da li~t ke ra mQt s6tu:

24 Rghien cti'u Ltch su. so 5.2004

"1. Oi d6i ra tr:

trd d~ thay cho tie'ng gid, trai gaigiai, trang gi6 - giang, trao d6i - giao,trau kh6ng - gidu, tro tfm - gio, trong cay-gi6ng, trll v~ -gill.

2. s d6i ra tr:

trong mai d~ thay cho tie'ng song.3. d d6i ra nh:

m?ng nh~n d~ thay tie'ng d~n, nhQn -dQn, nhot ga - dot, nhd bfln - dd...

4. nh d6i ra 1:

lr;tt d~ thay tie'ng nhr;tt, lat (ch6c) -nhat, lam (l~n) - nham, lf! - nhf!..." (8).Theo 6ng ne'u m6i mi~n chiu h9C nhungtit chufln cua nhau thi chu Qu6c ngUngay cang trb nen ro rang va tren van t1,1c6 s1,1th6ng nhat trong cii m:lac.

Theo Nguy~n Van Vinh chu Qu6c ngUtrong thdi gian dftu "viet co mf!o mTjc loilang. Loi chi co mQt, khong phan ra ldmeach nhzt bay giiJ, cho nen d€ nh(m. wi{{y, t{{t la loi cua nhitng ngztiJiAu chausang day trzt(jc nhZtt, tuc la cae co'dr;LO".Nhung Nguy~n Van Vinh mu6n chu Qu6cngU phai la m9t 16i vie't c6 lu~t l~, c6kinh di~n d~ "xUng dang lam vanchztdng rieng cua nzt(jc Nam ta" (9). Chonen 6ng cho ding s1,1khac bi~t giua 3mi~n va vi~c h9C hdi hqt chu Qu6c ngi!cua m9t so' ngudi da lam anh hubng de'ns1,1phat tri~n cua chu Qu6c ngU, vinhi~u khi cac chu vie't kh6ng dung dalam cho ngudi d9C phai suy nghi va d~gay hi~u sai nghia. Tit th1,1cte'd6 6ng sqchu Qu6c ngu dftn dftn "thanh mQt loichit h6n dQn, khong ai hie'u dztr;lcnita"(10). Ong da M nghi cac quan cai tri xettrong cac don tit ne'u don nao vie't sai 16ichinh ta thi kh6ng nh~n, trit nhung vi~ckhfln cap. Ne'u duqc "nhzt the'thi chdcrdng chiing bao lau bdt dztr;lc ngztiJiAnnam phdi viet chit Quoc ngit theophep ch{t khong viet liiu dztr;lcnita" (11).

Tren Dong Dztdng tr;tp chi ngay titnhung so' dftu nam 1913, da c6 nhi!ngbang mfiu chu cai Qu6c ngU bao g6m m9tso nguyen am va ph\! am, nguyen am d6i,cac vftn ghep: be!, co, do, ge!,he!, ko... vam9t so de'm de!n gian tit 1 de'n 9 va so O.Bang chi! cai vie't hoa to va ca~ chi!thudng theo sau la cach phat am khachufln xac. Chung t6i thay du 23 chi! cai,6 nguyen am nglin va 11 ph\! am. Cachphat am cac tit nay c6 kern theo tranh ved~ hi~u nhu sach h9Cvftn cua cac em lOp1 hi~n nay, vi d\!: Dep (ve d6i dep), Thap(ve cai thap), 19 (ve cai 19),ngtidi m~, caichq, con qU?... d~u c6 ve tranh nho minhh9a. D~c bi~t b Dong Dztdng tr;tpchi nam1918 con c6 bai huang d~n cach cftm but,cach ng6i, cach vie't... Tat ca nhung c6ngvi~c nay d~u c6 d6ng g6p quan tr9ng b~cnhat cua chu but Nguy~n Van Vinh,ngudi da he't long cho vi~c c6 suy chuQu6c ngU phat tri~n sau r9ng trongQuang d?i quftn chung nhan dan.

D~ chu Qu6c ngU ngay cang hoancrunh, giup cho m9i ngtidi d9C va hi~u.duqc d~ dang, hen c?nh vi~c crunh suanhung chu con sai khi n6i va vie't (chinhta) thi cfin phai thong nhat cach phienam ten dat, ten ngtidi nuac ngoai khi dichra chu Quoc ngU. ThOng thudng ngtididich theo tie'ng Trung Quoc, m~c du ratd~ d9Cva nha nhung l?i bi sai vai nguyenban, con ne'u dich th~ng tit tie'ng nuacngoai ra chu Qu6c ngU thi nhi~u ngtidi l?ikhOng hi~u, con d~ nguyen nhu ban gocthi nhung ngtidi khOng bie't tie'ng nuacngoai l?i khOng d9Cduqc. Tit nhung kh6khan d6 Nguy~n Van Vinh da dua ra haicach phien am: "Bao nhieu nhitng tennzt(jc lfln, ai cung biet theo tieng Tau r<5inhzt la Phap, Anh, Nga, Due, Bi-li-thi,Ao, thi cu de'tieng biet roz ma dung... Conbao nhieu nhitng ch6 chzta m{{y biet thidich theo each mfli, l{{y cho gan nguyenam", Wc la " khi viet lan nhitng ten {{y

Rguyen Vim Vinh vai vi~c cOvii vii truyen bu... 25

vao van quae ngli thi nen viet tie'ng dichtrztdcrot vong hai hen hai cai viet nguyendq.ng chli vao sau cho ngztdi da biet tie'ngTay di nhf),n ra" (12). Day 1a mQt van d&rat c~n thiet va rat thdi st;! d6i voi baochi, xuat ban hie bay gid.

Voi mong mu6n dua chu Qu6c ngunhanh chOng trd thanh mQt chu viet ph6thOng, Nguy~n Van Vinh da tham giaviet nhigu th8 lOl,\i,tu nghj lu~n, djchti8u thuyet, thd ng1,1ngon... biing chinhchu Qu6c ngfi, d8 chu Qu6c ngfi d~n hoanchinh, co kha nang truygn t8.i dU<;ICtat catu tUdng, tinh cam cua con ngtidi. Nhungngtidi khong biet chu Han va chu Phapthi qua chu Qu6c ngfi cling co th8 tiepc~n dU<;Icnhung ang van hay, nhung tutUdng moi cua nuoc ngoai. Nguy~n Van'Vinh con bien sOl,\nmQt quy8n sach tt;!h9C chu Qu6c ngfi d8 phat cho nhungngti~i mua bao.

Nguy~n Van Vinh khOng chi chu tr9ngden cac th8 lOl,\ivan chudng phudng Tay,ma ong cling rat quan tam den vanchudng nuoc nha. Nhung, cling gi6ng nhucong vi~c tuyen truygn, c6 vli chu Qu6cngfi, mQt minh ong khOng thu dU<;Icketqua, neu khOng co nhung ngtidi cung chihuong d6ng tinh, hUdng ung "ztdcgi, cacbf),ccao minh trong nztdc Nam, ong naociing lo vi~c gay dl,lng van chztdng cilanztdc minh, va d6ng £inh vdi bdn quan, seket long ma giup cho bdn quan thanhdztrJcvi~c hay va co ich lau dai cho ngztdiAnnam" (13). Ong va nhung ngtidi cungchi huong da thanh cong trong vi~c duadU<;Icvan chudng Vi~t Nam thoat d~nkhOi khuon mftu cua van chudng TrungHoa. Ong IS.mQt trong nhung ngtidi d~utien d~t ngn m6ng cho ngn van h9C hi~n.dl,\i nuoc nha "Tie'ng Annam minh hi~nbay giiJ ding da du tie'ng ma If),pnen dztrJc1nQtvan chztdng rieng, lam ra sach vd coich dztrJccho cd nztdc, nam phl,l lao {{uciing hie'u dztrJc" (14).

-

Trong so' nhung ngtidi cung chi huongvoi ong thdi gian d6 nhu Phan Ke Binh,Tr~n Tr9ng Kim, Nguy~n D6 M\1c, Phl,\mQuynh... thi Nguy~n Van Vinh dU<;lCcoila ngtidi dung d~u cua phong trao c6 vliva truy~n ba chu Qu6c ngfi d Vi~tNam.Ong luan tht;!c hi~n biing ca hai hinhthuc: di~n thuyet va xuat ban (hay nganngfi n6i va ngon ngfi viet).

Voi m\1c dich dao tl,\OmQt so' ngtidi trdthanh phien djch ph\1c V\1cho cong cUQckhai thac thuQc dja, cho nen trongchudng trinh giang dl,\y,chu Qu6c ngfi chichiem thdi lU<;Ingrat it ma ph~n IOn thdigian danh cho vi~c h9Cchu Phap. Vi v~y,Nguy~n Van Vinh, cung voi vi~c truygnba van hoa phudng Tay da rat tich c1;ictuyen truygn, c6 vli ngtidi dan h9C chuQu6c ngfi, dung chu Qu6c ngfi d8 truy~nt8.i nhung cai hay cai d~p cua n~n vanminh Vi~t, ph6 bien nhftng tu tUdng Dong-Tay d8 lam cho nhan dan vua hi8u dU<;Icn~n van hoa Phap, vita giu dU<;Icban silcvan hoa dan tQc. Ong da tung n6i "NztdeNam ta m{{t vi nhitng tri thuc nho hQcchibiet lam van Tau. Chung ta bay giiJ dlingde' trd thanh nhitng ngztdi tri thuc mdi chibiet lam van chztdng Tay" (15).

Chu Qu6c ngfi luc d~u rat phuc tl,\Pvichu c6 rat nhi~u nguyen am (72 nguyenam), cho nen vi~c in an g~p rat nhi~u khOkhan do cac may chu mua cua phudngTay khOng co nhi~u dau nhu v~y. Do d6,vi~c cai cach chu Qu6c ngfi cho bOt dau di

.la rat cap thiet va quan tr9ng. Nguy~nVan Vinh la mQt trong nhung ngudi d~utien d~ xuong vi~c cai cach chu Qu6c ngfid8 ti~n in an, xuat ban. Theo H6 Lan

Trinh t~o~g "St;!cai cach v~n chu Vi~t"thi "Muoncho chu va thrJnha in ap dl,lngnhitng tien bQvi ky thuf),t {{nloat cho chliVi~t, thi phdi cdi cach chli viet the' naocho it d{{u chli chling nao hay chitng n{{y.fJi tit j nay va dzta j d6 den.ch6 cung tQt,

26 Rghh:~ncU'uL!ch sa. so 5.2004

Nguyin Van Vinh d€ nghi ht;m che' cacddu l{Licon 26: do la sf)'ngztiJiAnh hung.Nhzt vg.y bdt c~ may sdp chit mua d thitrztiJng nao tren the' giCii ding co the"''phl,mg s1/' chit Vi~t dztt;Jc.Nhztng lam saDdl nh6t 72 nguyen am Vi~t vao trongph{Lm vi chg.t cht)i cua 7 nguyen am Anh?Nguyin Van Vinh lien d€ nghi hai ztdcl~:thay the' mt)t s6' nguyen am bdng nhftngnguyen am doi va danh ddu gi9ng thdpcao bdng nhftng ph1,lam khong d CUOlvdnma ngztiJise dl d chot tie'ng" (16).

Chu Quo'c ngil co tdi 5 dau thanh:n?ng, sllC, huygn, hoi, ngii va nhung raub chu d, a, u. Nguy~n Van Vlnh dii dgxudng cai cach ngay tren td bao do onglam chu but (Dong Dztdng t{LPchi, TrungBdc Tan van). Theo do chu F thay dauhuygn, chu W thay dau sllc... St;lcM cachcua ong rat ti~n l~i trong thdi ky may chumua cua Phap. Nhung nhung vi~c lam docua ong khong du~c nhigu ngtidi cungthdi hUdng ilng. Miii sau khi Cach ml;ingThang Tam thanh cong, va sau ngay hoabinh l:}pll;ii,nganh buu di~n Vi~t Nam diiap dl:mg chinh h~ tho'ng "chit Quaengitcai cach cua Nguyin Van Vinh" trong cacdi~n tin.

De'n nam 1918 (17) nam ke't thuc cuatd Dong Dztdng t{LPchi, d6ng thdi ciing lanam chu Quo'c ngu thllng l~i hoan toan,thi khOng con ai co th~ nghi ngd khanang cua chu Quo'c ngil nua. Chu Quo'cngil dii co th~ dich du~c tat ca nhung angvan hay cua nudc ngoai, ciing nhu di~n tadu~c nhung tu tUdng va cam xuc mQtcach chan tht;lc. Chu Quo'cngil dii du~c sttdl,mg rQng riii thay the' chu Han va chuNom (chu Han bi biii bo trong thi ctt nam1915 d Bllc Ky, va cham dilt tren ca nudcnam 1919 d Trung Ky). Tit day chu Qu6cngil dii trd thanh thil chu ph6 thOngchie'm vi tri quan tr<;>ngva du~c tat cangtidi dan Vi~t Nam ua dung.

D~ dl;it du~c thanh qua do, nhungngtidi di tien phong c6 vii va cai cach chuQuo'c ngil nhu Nguy~n Van Vlnh dii traiqua rat nhigu kh6 khan, mQt phftn vichinh quygn thuQc dia Phap muo'n ngtidiVi~t c&t dilt nhung lien h~ truygn tho'ngvdi Trung Quo'c thOng qua chu Han vam?t khac: "Vi~c truyen ba chit Qu6e ngitchi co thlla rdt It;Jicho s1,(md rt)ng anhhztdng cua chung ta trong x~ nay, va lamquan h~ cua chung ta vCiingztiJi ban x~dztt;Jcdi dang" (18). Nhung trong tht;!c te',chuang trinh h<;>ccua nudc ta luc do, chi 3nam dftu cap ti~u h<;>cdu~c h<;>cb~ng chuQuo'c ngil, de'n b:}c trung h<;>cchu Quo'cngil chi con la mQt mon sinh ngil, trongkhi tie'ng Phap du~c nang len trong tatca cac mon h<;>c.Va de'n b:}c cao d&ng,dl;iih<;>cthi chu Vi~t mat h&n, chi con ll;iichu Phap. D6ng thdi, h<;>phai do'i dftu vdiy thilc h~ phong kie'n ll;iCh:}u, bao thu

trong xii hQi Vi~t Nam. Vi v:}y vi~c c6dQng cho vi~c h<;>cchu Quo'c ngil titthanh thi de'n nong thon la mQt vi~c ratkho khan. Trudc tht;lc te' do vi~c lentie'ng bao v~, c6 dQng cho chu Quo'c ngilcua Nguy~n Van Vlnh va nhung ngudicung chi hudng vdi ong la mQt vi~c lamrat dang k~, rat dang tran tr<;>ng.

M?c du chu Quo'c ngil va nhung ngtiditruygn ba chu nay du~c d?t dudi st;l baotr~ cua Chinh quygn thuQc dia, nhungngtidi Phap khOng th~ ngd d.ng, khi lOl;iichu nay dii trd thanh chu vie't cua danchung d~ truygn dl;it tu tUdng va nguy~nv<;>ng,thi chinh quygn thuQc dia luc naydii khOng th~ ki~m soat du~c nua va nodii trd thanh nhan to' quan tr<;>ngtrongcong cUQcgianh dQcl:}p cua dan tQc Vi~tNam. Dang CQng san Vi~t Nam sau nayciing nh:}n thay vi~c truygn ba chu Qu6cngil la mQt bi~n phap d~ giao dl,1cquftnchung va dua quftn chung di theo condUdng cach ml;ing cua Dang va M?t tr:}n

Rguyen Vim Vinh vOi vi~c cd vii vii truyen b;:a... . 2'1

Vi~t Minh ti~n toi Cach m~ng ThangTam nam 1945 thiing IQi. Chu Quo'c ng11dii dUQcgiang d~y trong tat ca cac trudngtit b~c ti~u hQcd~n d~i hQc.

Nh11ngnam cuo'iddi, Nguy~n Van Vinhg~p nhigu kh6 khan trong cong vi~c baochi, xuat ban l~n trong chinh trudng. Titnam 1930 trb di, Nguy~n Van Vinh dii nQNgan hang Dong Duong rat nhigu tignnen chinh quygn thuQc dia Phap bUQcongphai h;LachQn mQt trong ba con dUdng doPhap d~t ra: MQt la vao Hu~ lam quanThuQng thu; Hai la vao tu; Cuo'i cung laph8.i di bi~t xu sang Lao tim yang vg tranQ.Ong dii chQn phudng an thu ba d~ baov~ nhan cach cua minh, d6ng thdi ongcling muo'n qua chuy~n di nay co th~ khaosat them va co digu ki~n ti~p t~c vi~t bao.Nhung ong dii ch~t trong l~n thu hai ditim yang tren dong song Se-bang-ghi, trenmQt chi~c thuygn dQc mQc, trong ngtidikhOng co lay mQt d6ng xu, nhung tren tayv~n dang dm mQt quan but va mQt baiph6ng s1;i dang vi~t db "MQt thang vainhling ngztdi di tim vang', ma may baid~u ong gi1i vg dang tren td AnnamNouveau. Ong mat vao ngay 1-5-1936.

CHU THicH

(1). Schneider ban dAu lam vi~c trong xlidng

in cua Nha nlioc, sau dung ra mb nha in rieng.

Ong la mQt trong nhung thAy d~y ngu(ji Vi~t

Nam dAu tien blioc chan vao nghE! lam bao va

nha in.

(2), (3). Dong DlicJng t{LPchi, so' 2-1913, tr. 2.

(4). Dong DlicJng t{LPchi, so' 31-1913, tr. 3.

(5). Dong DlicJng t{LPchi, so' 40-1914, tr. 4.

(6), (7). Dong DlicJng t{LPchi, so' 33-1913, tr. 4.

(8). Dong Dlidng t{LPchi, so' 82-1914, tr. 6.

(9), (10), (11). Dong DlicJng t{LPchi, so' 51-1914,

tr. 4-5.

(12). Dong DlicJng t{LPchi, so' 67-1914, tr. 9.

(13), (14). Dong DlicJng t{LPchi, 50'9-1913, tr. 10.

C~ Hoang D~o Thuy, mQt tri thuc yeunuoc ngtidi Ha NQi da nh~n xet vgNguy~n Van Vinh: "Nguyin Van Vinh lamilt trong nhitng thong ngon dtiu tiengioi titng Phap, co hQc thuc, tinh khon,tai hoa, 19.ico OCkinh doanh. Vinh r{[thang hai trong vi~c truyin bci chit Quaengit... Sau Nguyin Van Vinh kinh doanhnghi in, cai tie'n nha in, ra dzt{Jcnhiiusach d~p, 19.ilam vi~c kinh doanh nita.fHi kinh doanh thi va ngay vao cacquyin b!c tai chinh cua th1!c dan Phdpva bt de b~p" (19). Khi ong mat co ratnhigu cac b~c danh ti~ng thdi do nhuHuynh Thuc Khang, Tdn TrQng Kim,Phan BQiChau, Nguy~n Van To'... dii gi'iitoi vi~ng ong nhung ~au do'i, truong, li~nvoi bi~t bao tinh earn ti~c thuong vakinh trQng.

Vi~c nghien cuu, danh' gia vg cUQcddi va s1;inghi~p Nguy~n Van Vinh conc~n phai d~u tu nhi~u cong sue va thdigian.

Bai vi~t nay chi gop mQt ph~n rat nhovao vi~c nh~n dinh, danh gia nhan v~tNguy~n Van Vinh.

(15). Sdn Tung: Tie'u thuyet hoa ram b/!.t. Nxb

Thanh nien, Ha NQi, 1998, tr. 181. (trich l(ji ong

Nguy~n Van Vinh).

(16). H6 Lan Trinh. Slj cdi cach vein chit Vi~t,

trong "PM binh van nghf', t~p 1, ngay 8-2-1958.

Dh l~i cua Tan Phong Hi~p: "Nguyin Van Vinh

(1882-1936)". Bach Khoa, so'32-1958.

(17). NhiE!utai li~u cho rhg nam 1917 la nam

ke't thuc cua t(j Dong DlicJngt{LPchi, nhung chung

toi khao sat t(j bao l~i la nam 1918.

(18). Bulletin administratif du Tonkin (ThOng

tli cua Thong su Biic Ky SIMONI gi':ticong su cac

tinh) ngay 7-3-1910, tr. 303.

(19). Hoang D~o Thuy: Nglim va canh Ha N9i.

Nxb. Ha NQi, 1982, tr. 242.