SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-Dr. Anand Kumar PandeyVISHAL SINGHAsss!an! Pr"#ess"rB.TE$H%BT&De'ar!men! "# B"!e()n"*"+y ,-,.-/0100-2En+neern+I.E.T3B.U4HANSIBUNDELKHANDUNIVE5SITY

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VA$$INE AND ITS TYPES VA$$INEVaccine are the biological preparation that provide immunity against specific pathogen or against a particular disease.It typically contain residue which resembles disease causing organism.Vaccines are often made up fromattenuated or disabled microorganism , killed microbe , its toxin , its surface proteins.They are also made by using recombinant DN technology.!ur immune system recogni"e these agents as threat # destroy it. $emory cells are generated against these residue , so that our immune system can more easily recogni"e # destroy these microorganism that it later encounters.Vaccine can be prophylactic%prevent future infection& or therapeutic%vaccine against cancer&.VA$$INATION:- The administration of vaccine is called vaccination.Infectious diseases are effectively prevented by vaccination.It is largely responsible forthe worldwide eradication of smallpox #restricton of diseasesuch as polio ,tetanus # meales.It is the process immuni"ation %development of immunity& is the outcome.A$TIVE IMMUNITY:- Development or introduction of immunity by direct exposure to microbial antigen is called active immunity.PASSIVE IMMUNITY:-

Development of immunity by direct transfer of serum or lymphocytes from an immuni"ed individual is called passive immunity.LIVE3ATTENUATED VA$$INE:- In this type of vaccine , live microorganisms are used which have been weakened or disabled. They loose there ability to cause disease but retain there capacityto grow inoculated host. They can immuni"e individuals. Vaccine develop by 'dward (enner against smallpox was typically live,attenuated vaccine.)e prepared it by transferring serum from cow suffering from cowpox to an eight year old child.METHODS O6 P5EPA5ATION:-*&+y growing in abnormal culture condition,- $icrobes are grown inabnormal culture condition for prolong period of time .$utants that are better grown in abnormal condition ars selected for immuni"ation.e.g ,-.eakned strain of Mycobacterium bovis is called +acillus /almette 0uerin%+/0& was obtained by growingMycobacterium bovis on medium containing strong concentration of bile.1&.+y using genetic engineering techni2ue,- In this method gene responsible for virulence # growth in vaccine are removed.e.g.,-Thymidine kinase is re2uired for the virus to grow in certain type of cells. 3emoval of thymidine kinase gene made the virus incapableto cause disease .ADVANTAGES:-*. 4ow cost .1. 5uick to produce.6. No re2uirement of booster dose.7. 8rovide prolong exposure to immune system.9. They grow like real pathogen , resulting in increased immunogenicity and efficient production of memory cells.:. They replicate within the host cell make them suitable for inducing cell mediated response .DISADVANTAGES:-*. ;econdary mutation in the live forms cause them to revert to virulent form resulting in paralytic disease in individuals.1. They also be associated with complication related to those seen in natural disease .6. Difficult to transport due to re2uired condition%such as temperature&.INA$TIVATED VA$$INE:-;uch type of vaccine contains pathogens that are killed or inactivated ,making it incapable of replication.+ut it can still develop immunity against the pathogen in individuals./apsid protein of inactivated virus are recogni"ed by immune system # induce immune response.METHODS O6 P5EPA5ATION:- /hemical inactivation using formaldehyde and various alkylating agents are used for inactivation of pathogens. )eat activation is often unsatisfactory because it causes alteration of epitopes.e.g,-Viral vaccine,- 8olio vaccine # influen"avaccine+acterial vaccine,-Typhoid vaccine,/holera vaccine,8lague vaccineADVANTAGES:-*. )ighly stable.1. 'ase of storage.6. 4arge 2uantities can be easily transported.7. ocus only on antigen of interest.DISADVANTAGES:-*. Not useful for non-protein antigen such as bacterial polysaccharide.1. /an effect genes controlling cell growth.6. /an induce antibody against DN.7. 8ossibility of tolerance to the antigen produced.$ON4UGATE VA$$INE:-In this type of vaccines,carrier protein is covalently attached to a polysaccharide antigen.8olysacchride # carrier protein are from same organism./arrier protein increases the immunogenicity of the polysaccharide.They are capable of introducing both +-cell # T-cell mediated immunity.METHODS O6 P5EPA5ATION:-*. )ost organism is fermented,collected # washed.8rotein is purified and washed.1. >or polysaccharide extraction,cell wall is disrupted,purified # trimmed by hydrolysis.6. Derivati"ation,- +oth component are made reactice.7. /on?ugation,-+oth component are reacted # con?ugated.9. 8urification,-inish # >ill,-/oncentrated,dialysed # vaccine is ready for use.ADVANTAGES:-*. 8rovide long Blasting immunity1. They decrease the carriage of bacteria.6. No reversion7. 'asy storage # transportation DISADVANTAGES:-*. /omplex process is involved in production.1. It has limited the amount of vaccine.vishalbhu:6Cgmail.com$obile no,-DEFA**:FDE