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Verfügbarkeit Ölreserven Aspekte Umweltverträglicher Energieversorgung Energie aus Biomasse: Potenziale, Technologien und Nutzenergie- Kosten Modellierung zur ökonomischen Bewertung Simulationsergebnisse und Bewertung Regionales Fallbeispiel IP Peak Oil SS 2007 Karl W. Steininger Peak Oil - Wirtschaftliche Aspekte Erneuerbare Energien

Verfügbarkeit Ölreserven Aspekte Umweltverträglicher Energieversorgung Energie aus Biomasse: Potenziale, Technologien und Nutzenergie-Kosten Modellierung

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  • Peak Oil - Wirtschaftliche AspekteErneuerbare EnergienVerfgbarkeit lreservenAspekte Umweltvertrglicher EnergieversorgungEnergie aus Biomasse: Potenziale,Technologien und Nutzenergie-KostenModellierung zur konomischen BewertungSimulationsergebnisse und BewertungRegionales FallbeispielIP Peak Oil SS 2007Karl W. Steininger

  • Welt-l-Reserven

    JahrReserven (Mio t)Verfgbarkeit in Jahren(Mio t)(Reserven/Produktion)

    1947 9.47822195011.81022195525.96933196040.78837196547.68730197291.37635198732-36

    Schtzungen letztlich entdeckbarer lvorkommen: 2.000 bis 3.900 Mrd barrel (~80-140 Jahre derzeitiger Konsum)

  • Verfgbarkeit (l)

    WeltweitPrimrenergieverbrauch pro Jahr: ~ 27,4 Mrd barrelJahreskonsum / bekannte und zuknftig entdeckbare Reserven~ 80 bis 140 JahreEuropaPrimrenergieverbaruch pro Jahr~ 5,5 Mrd barrelJahreskonsum / bekannte und zuknftig entdeckbare Reserven~ 8 bis 16 Jahre

  • Erneuerbare Energietrger - weltweit

    Anteil an Weltenergieproduktion 17%dabei Biomasse 11%(Wrme, Strom, Treibstoff)Energieinhalt der weltweit nachwachsenden Biomasse >> Weltenergieverbrauch

  • Energieeinsatzdurchschnittlich: 5300 W / Person

    EnergiebereitstellungFossile Energietrger: OECD gesamt: 83%

    Langfrist-PerspektivenVerfgbarkeitAufnahmefhigkeit der Emissionen (CO2)Aspekte nachhaltig umweltvertrglicher EnergieversorgungUser:27 Mtoe (OECD) *11630 = 314010 GWh / 7.2 Mio = 43612 kWh/365 = 119 kWh/24h= 4.98 kW

  • Stabilisierung der CO2-Konzentration und zulssige EmissionenBandbreiten:Reaktion des C-Kreislaufes(z.B. Dnge-Effekt, Verweildauer in Ozeanen)Wigley, TML, R Richels, and JA Edmonds, 1996: Economic and Environmental Choices in the stabilization of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations. Nature, 379, 240-243.IPCC, Third Assessment Report (2001)

  • Politische Ziele

    Europische Kommission (White Paper Energy for the Future, 1997):Unless the community succeeds in supplying a significantly higher share of its energy demand from renewables over the next decade, an important development opportunity will be missed The strategy and action plan [] are directed towards the goal of achieving a 12% penetration of renewables in the Union by 2010.EU-Richtlinie zur Frderung der erneuerbaren Energie (10/2001)Europischer Frhjahrsgipfel 2007:The EU will take the lead by committing autonomously to reduce its own greenhouse emissions by at least 20% by 2020 a cut that should be increased to 30% as part of a global agreement. Increasing the share of renewable energy to 20% by 2020

  • Erneuerbare Energietrger - IndustrielnderOECD-Lnder: 6,1% des Gesamt-Primrenergieeinsatzes (darin groe Wasserkraftwerke: 2,5%)

    Erneuerbare ohne Wasserkraft: Primrenergieeinsatz

    Windkraft, Solar,

    Meeresenergie

    1%

    Geothermie

    13%

    Abfall

    10%

    Brennbare EEQ

    (Biomasse i.w.S.; d.h. Feste Biomasse, Biogas, Biotreibstoffe)

    76%

    162,9 Mtoe

    Q: IEA / OECD, 1997B, ohne Wasserkraftwerke.

  • Differenzierung nach LndernQuelle: IEA/OECD

    Erneuerbare Energiequellen 1995

    (ohne Wasserkraft)

    0,0

    2,0

    4,0

    6,0

    8,0

    10,0

    12,0

    I

    Belgien

    NL

    Portugal

    UK

    Norwegen

    Schweiz

    DK

    NZL

    sterreich

    Deutschland

    Esp

    Ita

    Aus

    Fin

    Swe

    Tur

    Jpn

    Can

    Fra

    USA

    Mtoe

    Geothermie, Windkraft, Solar, Meeresenergie

    Industrieabflle

    Kommunale Abflle

    Gasfrmige und flssige Biomasseprodukte

    Feste Biomasse (Biomasse i.e.S.)

    Q: IEA / OECD, 1997C,D,

    120

    100

    80

    60

    40

    17

    20

    00

  • Energie aus Biomasse: PotenzialeMittelfristig zustzliche Potenziale in sterreich (Horizont: 20 Jahre)Gesamter jhrlicher Primrenergiebedarf sterreichs: ~1200 PJDarin erneuerbare Energie ohne Wasserkraft ~ 150 PJ (13%)

    Table I

    Table I: Additional Biomass Supply Potential and its Costs, Austria

    Thereof available in the short term

    (horizon: 20 years)(horizon: 5 years)

    [1000 t][Mio. MWh][PJ]% of 20-year potential

    1Holz3,09412.4044.6750

    2Hackgut (Wald), trocken3,76312.9146.4750

    3Hackgut (Wald), feucht5,43212.2244.0050

    4Pellets (Industrie)4902.258.1125

    5Pellets (Land- und Forstwirtschaft)2,0909.6134.6125

    6Rinde2000.451.6225

    7Hackgut (Industrie)1,2702.8610.30100

    8Stroh9713.8814.0025

    9Grstoffe der Landwirtschaft (Biogas)4292.629.4325

    10Klrschlamm (Biogas)640.391.4025

    11Deponiegas480.311.1025

    12Altspeisel200.200.7225

    13Rapsl1201.224.4125-50

    References: see Pichl et al. (1999): 91.

    base product supply (e.g. wood and wood chips). Total annual primary energy use in Austria in the late nineties is roughly 1,200 PJ.

    Table II

    Table II: Costs of Biomass Supply

    Biomass Energy Pre-productTotal Production Costs

    [Euro / t][Euro / MWh]

    1Wood99.624.8

    2Wood Chips (forestry), dry74.921.8

    3Wood Chips (forestry), wet47.521.1

    4Pellets (industry)109.423.8

    5Pellets (agriculture)212.046.1

    6Bark14.86.6

    7Wood Chips (industry)26.211.6

    8Straw68.817.2

    12Recycled Edible Oil407.040.7

    rapeseed328.6

    13 (a)rapeseed oil763.674.9

    rapeseed - Agenda 2000226.5

    13 (b)rapeseed oil (with rapeseed Agenda 2000)508.349.9

    Table III

    Table III: Costs of Biomass Energy Supply by Technology

    supply cost Euro / MWh heat (use energy)supply cost Euro / MWh electricitysupply cost Euro / litersupply cost Euro / MWh energy content

    Single home heating systems, based on

    wood84.8

    pellets (industry)93.6

    pellets (agriculture)125.5

    wood chips90.3

    biogas from agricutural ferments135.6

    sewage sludge biogas112.1

    landfill gas112.1

    rapeseed oil (Agenda 2000)161.3

    rapeseed oil205.3

    RME (Agenda 2000)174.0

    RME217.7

    recycled edible oil methyl ester158.6

    District heating, based on

    wood chips (industry)84.8

    wood chips (forestry)98.3

    bark77.5

    pellets (industry)95.5

    pellets (agriculture)127.3

    straw101.1

    Electricity production in large CHPs, based on

    wood chips (industry)80.3

    wood chips (forestry)97.2

    bark71.2

    pellets (industry)102.0

    pellets (agriculture)141.8

    0.0

    Electricity production by co-firing of0.0

    wood chips (industry)100.9

    wood chips (forestry)127.2

    bark86.8

    pellets (industry)134.7

    pellets (agriculture)196.6

    Biofuels

    RME (Agenda 2000)0.49357.0

    RME (hybrid-winter rapeseed & Agenda 2000)0.43450.1

    RME0.70982.0

    recycled edible oil methyl ester0.41748.3

    For the technological details of the specified biomass reference technologies in each of the above categories:

    see Pichl et al (1999): Appendices 1 to 3.

    *) Total cost including generation of electricity

    Table IV

    Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years

    EmploymentGDPPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy SupplySubsidy Rate

    Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeat (use energy) or FuelElectricity

    %Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSPJPJ

    Change relative to Base Case% of total cost

    Single Home Heating Systems

    Wood1,7190.023-0.5871450-229-2734.3550.0000

    Pellets (industry)1,0850.001-0.77774230117-3625.6800.00012

    Pellets (agriculture)11,108-0.087-3.1258154,1073,558-1,41924.2270.00049

    Wood Chips (forestry)2,635-0.135-4.250-1002,5112,850-1,95532.0640.00022

    Small Combined Heat and Power Systems

    Biogas from agricultural ferments393-0.012-1.08714263320-4065.3752.90014

    Sewage Sludge Biogas3320.007-0.159380-34-590.7980.4310

    Landfill Biogas2610.005-0.125310-27-460.6270.3380

    Rapeseed Oil (Agenda)45-0.021-0.489-27339412-1692.4251.455

    RME (Agenda)-43-0.029-0.499-36467558-1682.4281.457

    Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester2640.002-0.083345112-290.3960.238

    District Heating Systems

    Wood Chips (industry)1,5070.019-0.7321390-165-4297.2100.0000

    Wood Chips (forestry)8,6660.027-2.9527761,734928-1,71330.8000.00016

    Bark2080.004-0.116220-20-681.1340.0000

    Pellets (industry)1,8190.018-0.572186272-47-3345.6800.00014

    Pellets (agriculture)14,181-0.015-2.2491,2874,3202,907-1,29924.2270.00051

    Straw96-0.046-0.986-71668907-5819.8000.00020

    Large Combined Heat and Power Systems

    Wood Chips (forestry)-770-0.098-0.742-1091,7151,955-660.0004.40097

    Bark-56-0.002-0.030-22937-40.0000.16244

    Biofuels

    Methyl ester (based on recycled edible oil)4870.006-0.054489-3-410.7200.0006

    RME (Agenda 2000 & hybrid raps)1,076-0.002-0.38969108471-2885.2970.00010

    RME (Agenda 2000)751-0.011-0.32240225562-2384.4100.00025

    RME229-0.044-0.315267121,176-2314.4100.00079

    Table V

    EmploymentGDPCO2-emissionsPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy Supply

    Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeatFuelElectricity

    %Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSPJ use energyPJPJ

    Change relative to Base Case

    Tax Only3,100-0.042-4.994607,3330-7,4860.000-1,75814.3310.7200.769

    Tax plus Biomass Subsidy, Structural Effect12,483-0.091-10.3437726,156-2,006-4,4630.326-4,69360.3075.1303.669

    Tax plus Biomass Subsidies, Structural and Capacity Effect18,5650.099-10.2671,4966,171-2,006-5,3510.325-4.64660.3075.1303.699

    Biomass Technologies Employed:ScenarioTax OnlyWood

    (for subsidy scenario subsidy rates in brackets)DH Wood Chips (ind)

    DH Bark

    CHP Biogas (Sewage Sludge)

    CHP Biogas (Landfills)

    Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester

    ScenarioTax plus Biomass Subsidysame as above, plus

    CHP Biogas (Agriculture) (7%)

    DH Wood Chips (forestry) (11%)

    DH Straw (13%)

    RME (Agenda 2000) (15%)

  • Technologien und Nutzenergie-Kosten

  • Technologien und Nutzenergie-Kosten

  • SimulationsergebnisseEH-HolzNW-HG(I) NW-P(I)NW-HG(L)NW-P(L)EH-P(L)EH-HGKWK-HG(L)

    Table I

    Table I: Additional Biomass Supply Potential and its Costs, Austria

    Thereof available in the short term

    (horizon: 20 years)(horizon: 5 years)

    [1000 t][mio. MWh][PJ]% of 20-year potential

    1Wood3,09412.4044.6750

    2Wood Chips (forestry), dry3,76312.9146.4750

    3Wood Chips (forestry), wet5,43212.2244.0050

    4Pellets (industry)4902.258.1125

    5Pellets (agriculture)2,0909.6134.6125

    6Bark2000.451.6225

    7Wood Chips (industry)1,2702.8610.30100

    8Straw9713.8814.0025

    9Agricultural Ferments (for biogas)4292.629.4325

    10Sewage Sludge (to produce biogas)640.391.4025

    11Landfill Biogas480.311.1025

    12Recycled Edible Oil200.200.7225

    13Rapeseed Oil1201.224.4125-50

    References: see Pichl et al. (1999): 91.

    base product supply (e.g. wood and wood chips). Total annual primary energy use in Austria in the late nineties is roughly 1,200 PJ.

    Table II

    Table II: Costs of Biomass Supply

    Biomass Energy Pre-productTotal Production Costs

    [Euro / t][Euro / MWh]

    1Wood99.624.8

    2Wood Chips (forestry), dry74.921.8

    3Wood Chips (forestry), wet47.521.1

    4Pellets (industry)109.423.8

    5Pellets (agriculture)212.046.1

    6Bark14.86.6

    7Wood Chips (industry)26.211.6

    8Straw68.817.2

    12Recycled Edible Oil407.040.7

    rapeseed328.6

    13 (a)rapeseed oil763.674.9

    rapeseed - Agenda 2000226.5

    13 (b)rapeseed oil (with rapeseed Agenda 2000)508.349.9

    Table III

    Table III: Costs of Biomass Energy Supply by Technology

    supply cost Euro / MWh heat (use energy)supply cost Euro / MWh electricitysupply cost Euro / litersupply cost Euro / MWh energy content

    Single home heating systems, based on

    wood84.8

    pellets (industry)93.6

    pellets (agriculture)125.5

    wood chips90.3

    biogas from agricutural ferments135.6

    sewage sludge biogas112.1

    landfill gas112.1

    rapeseed oil (Agenda 2000)161.3

    rapeseed oil205.3

    RME (Agenda 2000)174.0

    RME217.7

    recycled edible oil methyl ester158.6

    District heating, based on

    wood chips (industry)84.8

    wood chips (forestry)98.3

    bark77.5

    pellets (industry)95.5

    pellets (agriculture)127.3

    straw101.1

    Electricity production in large CHPs, based on

    wood chips (industry)80.3

    wood chips (forestry)97.2

    bark71.2

    pellets (industry)102.0

    pellets (agriculture)141.8

    0.0

    Electricity production by co-firing of0.0

    wood chips (industry)100.9

    wood chips (forestry)127.2

    bark86.8

    pellets (industry)134.7

    pellets (agriculture)196.6

    Biofuels

    RME (Agenda 2000)0.49357.0

    RME (hybrid-winter rapeseed & Agenda 2000)0.43450.1

    RME0.70982.0

    recycled edible oil methyl ester0.41748.3

    For the technological details of the specified biomass reference technologies in each of the above categories:

    see Pichl et al (1999): Appendices 1 to 3.

    *) Total cost including generation of electricity

    Table IV

    Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years

    EmploymentGDPPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy SupplySubsidy Rate

    Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeat (use energy) or FuelElectricity

    %Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSPJPJ

    Change relative to Base Case% of total cost

    Single Home Heating Systems

    Wood1,7190.023-0.5871450-229-2734.3550.0000

    Pellets (industry)1,0850.001-0.77774230117-3625.6800.00012

    Pellets (agriculture)11,108-0.087-3.1258154,1073,558-1,41924.2270.00049

    Wood Chips (forestry)2,635-0.135-4.250-1002,5112,850-1,95532.0640.00022

    Small Combined Heat and Power Systems

    Biogas from agricultural ferments393-0.012-1.08714263320-4065.3752.90014

    Sewage Sludge Biogas3320.007-0.159380-34-590.7980.4310

    Landfill Biogas2610.005-0.125310-27-460.6270.3380

    Rapeseed Oil (Agenda)45-0.021-0.489-27339412-1692.4251.455

    RME (Agenda)-43-0.029-0.499-36467558-1682.4281.457

    Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester2640.002-0.083345112-290.3960.238

    District Heating Systems

    Wood Chips (industry)1,5070.019-0.7321390-165-4297.2100.0000

    Wood Chips (forestry)8,6660.027-2.9527761,734928-1,71330.8000.00016

    Bark2080.004-0.116220-20-681.1340.0000

    Pellets (industry)1,8190.018-0.572186272-47-3345.6800.00014

    Pellets (agriculture)14,181-0.015-2.2491,2874,3202,907-1,29924.2270.00051

    Straw96-0.046-0.986-71668907-5819.8000.00020

    Large Combined Heat and Power Systems

    Wood Chips (forestry)-770-0.098-0.742-1091,7151,955-660.0004.40097

    Bark-56-0.002-0.030-22937-40.0000.16244

    Biofuels

    Methyl ester (based on recycled edible oil)4870.006-0.054489-3-410.7200.0006

    RME (Agenda 2000 & hybrid raps)1,076-0.002-0.38969108471-2885.2970.00010

    RME (Agenda 2000)751-0.011-0.32240225562-2384.4100.00025

    RME229-0.044-0.315267121,176-2314.4100.00079

    Table V

    EmploymentGDPCO2-emissionsPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy Supply

    Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeatFuelElectricity

    %Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSPJ use energyPJPJ

    Change relative to Base Case

    Tax Only3,100-0.042-4.994607,3330-7,4860.000-1,75814.3310.7200.769

    Tax plus Biomass Subsidy, Structural Effect12,483-0.091-10.3437726,156-2,006-4,4630.326-4,69360.3075.1303.669

    Tax plus Biomass Subsidies, Structural and Capacity Effect18,5650.099-10.2671,4966,171-2,006-5,3510.325-4.64660.3075.1303.699

    Biomass Technologies Employed:ScenarioTax OnlyWood

    (for subsidy scenario subsidy rates in brackets)DH Wood Chips (ind)

    DH Bark

    CHP Biogas (Sewage Sludge)

    CHP Biogas (Landfills)

    Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester

    ScenarioTax plus Biomass Subsidysame as above, plus

    CHP Biogas (Agriculture) (7%)

    DH Wood Chips (forestry) (11%)

    DH Straw (13%)

    RME (Agenda 2000) (15%)

    Table IV (2)

    Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years

    BeschftigungBIPBudgetFossile ImporteZustzl. Biomasse-AngebotFrderrate

    Arbeitsmarkt-basierte EinnahmenBiomasse-FrderungenNetto-Kosten Biomasse-StratgieWrme (Nutzenergie)Elektrizitt

    %Mio. tMio. Mio. Mio. Mio. PJPJ

    nderung relativ zum Referenzszenario% Gesamtkosten

    KWK-Biogas (LaWi)393-0.012-1.0871-1923-305.3752.90014

    NW-Hackgut (FoWi)8,6660.027-2.95256-12667-12430.8000.00016

    Diagramm1

    1719108511108263539333226145-432641507866620818191418196-770-564871076751229

    231-87-135-1275-21-2921927418-15-46-98-26-2-11-44

    EH-Holz

    EH-P(I)

    EH-P(L)

    EH-HG

    KWK-BioG(L)

    KWK-KlG

    KWK-DepG

    KWK-Rl(A)

    KWK-RME(A)

    KWK-AME

    NW-HG(I)

    NW-HG(L)

    NW-Rind

    NW-P(I)

    NW-P(L)

    NW-Str

    KWK-HG(L)

    KWK-Rind

    AME

    RME(H&A)

    RME(A)

    RME

    Diagramm2

    1719108511108263539333226145-432641507866620818191418196-770-564871076751229

    EH-Holz

    EH-P(I)

    EH-P(L)

    EH-HG

    KWK-BioG(L)

    KWK-KlG

    KWK-DepG

    KWK-Rl(A)

    KWK-RME(A)

    KWK-AME

    NW-HG(I)

    NW-HG(L)

    NW-Rind

    NW-P(I)

    NW-P(L)

    NW-Str

    KWK-HG(L)

    KWK-Rind

    AME

    RME(H&A)

    RME(A)

    RME

    Diagramm3

    0.231719

    0.011085

    -0.8711108

    -1.352635

    -0.12393

    0.07332

    0.05261

    -0.2145

    -0.29-43

    0.02264

    0.191507

    0.278666

    0.04208

    0.181819

    -0.1514181

    -0.4696

    -0.98-770

    -0.02-56

    0.06487

    -0.021076

    -0.11751

    -0.44229

    Diagramm4

    1719

    1085

    11108

    2635

    393

    332

    261

    45

    -43

    264

    1507

    8666

    208

    1819

    14181

    96

    -770

    -56

    487

    1076

    751

    229

    EH-Holz EH-P(I) EH-P(L) EH-HG KWK-BioG(L) KWK-KlG KWK-DepG KWK-Rl(A) KWK-RME(A) KWK-AME NW-HG(I) NW-HG(L) NW-Rind NW-P(I) NW-P(L) NW-Str KWK-HG(L) KWK-Rind AME RME(H&A) RME(A) RME

    Diagramm5

    1.2

    0.7

    a2

    Diagramm6

    1.50.8

    1.20.7

    a1

    a2

    Diagramm7

    1719

    1085

    11108

    2635

    393

    332

    261

    45

    -43

    264

    1507

    8666

    208

    1819

    14181

    96

    -770

    -56

    487

    1076

    751

    229

    BIP (Promille)

    Beschftigung

    Table IV (3)

    Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years

    EmploymentGDP (1000%)GDP (%)

    EH-Holz0.21,7190.0231,719

    EH-P(I)0.01,0850.0011,085

    EH-P(L)-0.911,108-0.08711,108

    EH-HG-1.42,635-0.1352,635

    KWK-BioG(L)-0.1393-0.012393

    KWK-KlG0.13320.007332

    KWK-DepG0.12610.005261

    KWK-Rl(A)-0.245-0.02145

    KWK-RME(A)-0.3-43-0.029-43

    KWK-AME0.02640.002264

    NW-HG(I)0.21,5070.0191,507

    NW-HG(L)0.38,6660.0278,666

    NW-Rind0.02080.004208

    NW-P(I)0.21,8190.0181,819

    NW-P(L)-0.214,181-0.01514,181

    NW-Str-0.596-0.04696

    KWK-HG(L)-1.0-770-0.098-770

    KWK-Rind-0.0-56-0.002-56

    AME0.14870.006487

    RME(H&A)-0.01,076-0.0021,076

    RME(A)-0.1751-0.011751

    RME-0.4229-0.044229

    a1a2

    1.50.8

    1.20.7

  • konomische ModellierungAnsprchemakrokonomische Rckwirkungenstrukturelle EffekteAnalyse diskret spezifizierter Biomasse-TechnologienMengenbeschrnkungen im Biomasse-AngebotSpezifikation institutioneller Beschrnkungen am ArbeitsmarktComputable General EquilibriumGrundideeLsungsalgorithmen

  • Social Accounting MatrixBasis: Input-Output-Tabelle und Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung

    Diagramm1

    1Scheitholz

    1.11Pellets (Ind)

    1.48Pellets (LaFoWi)

    1.22Waldhackgut

    1.131.32

    0.861.04

    0.861.04

    1.391.6

    1.912.11

    1.541.74

    2.052.26

    1.361.56

    1Hackgut (Ind)

    1.16Waldhackgut

    0.92Rinde

    1.13Pellets (Ind)

    1.5Pellets (LaFoWi)

    1.19Stroh

    Kosten relativ zu fossil

    Diagramm2

    1.841.11

    2.231.34

    1.630.98

    2.341.4

    3.251.95

    2.321.39

    2.921.75

    1.991.2

    3.091.85

    4.512.71

    1.24RME (Agenda 2000)

    1.09RME (Hybrid & Agenda 2000)

    1.78RME (ohne Flchenprmie)

    1.05Altspeiselmthylester (AME)

    Kosten relativ zu fossil

    Tabelle1

    Scheitholz1

    Pellets (Ind)1.11

    Pellets (LaFoWi)1.48

    Waldhackgut1.22

    Biogas (LaWi)1.131.32

    Klrgas0.861.04

    Deponiegas0.861.04

    Rapsl (A 2000)1.391.6

    Rapsl1.912.11

    RME (A 2000)1.541.74

    RME2.052.26

    AME1.361.56

    Hackgut (Ind)1

    Waldhackgut1.16

    Rinde0.92

    Pellets (Ind)1.13

    Pellets (LaFoWi)1.5

    Stroh1.19

    Hackgut (Ind)1.841.11

    Waldhackgut2.231.34

    Rinde1.630.98

    Pellets (Ind)2.341.4

    Pellets (LaFoWi)3.251.95

    Hackgut (Ind)2.321.39

    Waldhackgut2.921.75

    Rinde1.991.2

    Pellets (Ind)3.091.85

    Pellets (LaFoWi)4.512.71

    RME (Agenda 2000)1.24

    RME (Hybrid & Agenda 2000)1.09

    RME (ohne Flchenprmie)1.78

    Altspeiselmthylester (AME)1.05

    Tabelle2

    EH Scheitholz1

    EH Pellets (Ind)1.11

    EH Pellets (LaFoWi)1.48

    EH Waldhackgut1.22

    KWK Biogas (LaWi)1.131.32

    KWK Klrgas0.861.04

    KWK Deponiegas0.861.04

    KWK Rapsl (A 2000)1.391.6

    KWK Rapsl1.912.11

    KWK RME (A 2000)1.541.74

    KWK RME2.052.26

    KWK AME1.361.56

    NW Hackgut (Ind)1

    NW Waldhackgut1.16

    NW Rinde0.92

    NW Pellets (Ind)1.13

    NW Pellets (LaFoWi)1.5

    NW Stroh1.19

    KWK Hackgut (Ind)1.841.11

    KWK Waldhackgut2.231.34

    KWK Rinde1.630.98

    KWK Pellets (Ind)2.341.4

    KWK Pellets (LaFoWi)3.251.95

    ZF Hackgut (Ind)2.321.39

    ZF Waldhackgut2.921.75

    ZF Rinde1.991.2

    ZF Pellets (Ind)3.091.85

    ZF Pellets (LaFoWi)4.512.71

    RME (Agenda 2000)1.24

    RME (Hybrid & Agenda 2000)1.09

    RME (ohne Flchenprmie)1.78

    Altspeiselmthylester (AME)1.05

    Tabelle3

    BranchenProd.faktorenHaushaltff. HandFinanzkapitalROW

    BranchenInput-Output-TabellePriv. Konsumff. KonsumInvestitionenExporte

    Prod.faktorenWert-schpfung

    HaushaltAllokationTransfers

    ff. HandInd. Steuern und ZlleEinkommens-steuer

    FinanzkapitalPriv. Sparenff. SparenAusl. Sparen

    ROWImporte

  • Modellierung Biomasse

  • Modellierung Energiemrkte

  • Weitere Modellstruktur ProduktionAuenhandelArbeitsmarkt

  • SimulationsergebnisseKWK-Biogas (LaWi)NW-Hackgut (FoWi)

    Beschftigung393 8.666BIP (%) -0,012 0,027CO2-Emissionen (Mio. t) -1.087-2.953Budget (Mio. ) arbeitsbasierte Einnahmen 1 56 Biomasse-Frderungen -19 -126 Netto-Kosten 23 67Fossile Importe (Mio. ) -30 -124Zustzliches Biomasse-Angebot Wrme (Nutzenergie, PJ) 5.37530.800 Elektrizitt (PJ) 2.900 0Frderrate (% Gesamtkosten) 14 16

  • SimulationsergebnisseEH-HolzNW-HG(I) NW-P(I)NW-HG(L)NW-P(L)EH-P(L)EH-HGKWK-HG(L)

    Table I

    Table I: Additional Biomass Supply Potential and its Costs, Austria

    Thereof available in the short term

    (horizon: 20 years)(horizon: 5 years)

    [1000 t][mio. MWh][PJ]% of 20-year potential

    1Wood3,09412.4044.6750

    2Wood Chips (forestry), dry3,76312.9146.4750

    3Wood Chips (forestry), wet5,43212.2244.0050

    4Pellets (industry)4902.258.1125

    5Pellets (agriculture)2,0909.6134.6125

    6Bark2000.451.6225

    7Wood Chips (industry)1,2702.8610.30100

    8Straw9713.8814.0025

    9Agricultural Ferments (for biogas)4292.629.4325

    10Sewage Sludge (to produce biogas)640.391.4025

    11Landfill Biogas480.311.1025

    12Recycled Edible Oil200.200.7225

    13Rapeseed Oil1201.224.4125-50

    References: see Pichl et al. (1999): 91.

    base product supply (e.g. wood and wood chips). Total annual primary energy use in Austria in the late nineties is roughly 1,200 PJ.

    Table II

    Table II: Costs of Biomass Supply

    Biomass Energy Pre-productTotal Production Costs

    [Euro / t][Euro / MWh]

    1Wood99.624.8

    2Wood Chips (forestry), dry74.921.8

    3Wood Chips (forestry), wet47.521.1

    4Pellets (industry)109.423.8

    5Pellets (agriculture)212.046.1

    6Bark14.86.6

    7Wood Chips (industry)26.211.6

    8Straw68.817.2

    12Recycled Edible Oil407.040.7

    rapeseed328.6

    13 (a)rapeseed oil763.674.9

    rapeseed - Agenda 2000226.5

    13 (b)rapeseed oil (with rapeseed Agenda 2000)508.349.9

    Table III

    Table III: Costs of Biomass Energy Supply by Technology

    supply cost Euro / MWh heat (use energy)supply cost Euro / MWh electricitysupply cost Euro / litersupply cost Euro / MWh energy content

    Single home heating systems, based on

    wood84.8

    pellets (industry)93.6

    pellets (agriculture)125.5

    wood chips90.3

    biogas from agricutural ferments135.6

    sewage sludge biogas112.1

    landfill gas112.1

    rapeseed oil (Agenda 2000)161.3

    rapeseed oil205.3

    RME (Agenda 2000)174.0

    RME217.7

    recycled edible oil methyl ester158.6

    District heating, based on

    wood chips (industry)84.8

    wood chips (forestry)98.3

    bark77.5

    pellets (industry)95.5

    pellets (agriculture)127.3

    straw101.1

    Electricity production in large CHPs, based on

    wood chips (industry)80.3

    wood chips (forestry)97.2

    bark71.2

    pellets (industry)102.0

    pellets (agriculture)141.8

    0.0

    Electricity production by co-firing of0.0

    wood chips (industry)100.9

    wood chips (forestry)127.2

    bark86.8

    pellets (industry)134.7

    pellets (agriculture)196.6

    Biofuels

    RME (Agenda 2000)0.49357.0

    RME (hybrid-winter rapeseed & Agenda 2000)0.43450.1

    RME0.70982.0

    recycled edible oil methyl ester0.41748.3

    For the technological details of the specified biomass reference technologies in each of the above categories:

    see Pichl et al (1999): Appendices 1 to 3.

    *) Total cost including generation of electricity

    Table IV

    Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years

    EmploymentGDPPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy SupplySubsidy Rate

    Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeat (use energy) or FuelElectricity

    %Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSMio. ATSPJPJ

    Change relative to Base Case% of total cost

    Single Home Heating Systems

    Wood1,7190.023-0.5871450-229-2734.3550.0000

    Pellets (industry)1,0850.001-0.77774230117-3625.6800.00012

    Pellets (agriculture)11,108-0.087-3.1258154,1073,558-1,41924.2270.00049

    Wood Chips (forestry)2,635-0.135-4.250-1002,5112,850-1,95532.0640.00022

    Small Combined Heat and Power Systems

    Biogas from agricultural ferments393-0.012-1.08714263320-4065.3752.90014

    Sewage Sludge Biogas3320.007-0.159380-34-590.7980.4310

    Landfill Biogas2610.005-0.125310-27-460.6270.3380

    Rapeseed Oil (Agenda)45-0.021-0.489-27339412-1692.4251.455

    RME (Agenda)-43-0.029-0.499-36467558-1682.4281.457

    Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester2640.002-0.083345112-290.3960.238

    District Heating Systems

    Wood Chips (industry)1,5070.019-0.7321390-165-4297.2100.0000

    Wood Chips (forestry)8,6660.027-2.9527761,734928-1,71330.8000.00016

    Bark2080.004-0.116220-20-681.1340.0000

    Pellets (industry)1,8190.018-0.572186272-47-3345.6800.00014

    Pellets (agriculture)14,181-0.015-2.2491,2874,3202,907-1,29924.2270.00051

    Straw96-0.046-0.986-71668907-5819.8000.00020

    Large Combined Heat and Power Systems

    Wood Chips (forestry)-770-0.098-0.742-1091,7151,955-660.0004.40097

    Bark-56-0.002-0.030-22937-40.0000.16244

    Biofuels

    Methyl ester (based on recycled edible oil)4870.006-0.054489-3-410.7200.0006

    RME (Agenda 2000 & hybrid raps)1,076-0.002-0.38969108471-2885.2970.00010

    RME (Agenda 2000)751-0.011-0.32240225562-2384.4100.00025

    RME229-0.044-0.315267121,176-2314.4100.00079

    Table V

    EmploymentGDPCO2-emissionsPublic BudgetFossil Fuel ImportAdditional Biomass Energy Supply

    Labor Based RevenuesBiomass SubsidiesNet Costs of Biomass StrategyHeatFuelElectricity

    %Mio. tMio. ATSMio. ATSPJ use energyPJPJ

    Change relative to Base Case

    Tax Only3,100-0.042-4.994607,3330-7,4860.000-1,75814.3310.7200.769

    Tax plus Biomass Subsidy, Structural Effect12,483-0.091-10.3437726,156-2,006-4,4630.326-4,69360.3075.1303.669

    Tax plus Biomass Subsidies, Structural and Capacity Effect18,5650.099-10.2671,4966,171-2,006-5,3510.325-4.64660.3075.1303.699

    Biomass Technologies Employed:ScenarioTax OnlyWood

    (for subsidy scenario subsidy rates in brackets)DH Wood Chips (ind)

    DH Bark

    CHP Biogas (Sewage Sludge)

    CHP Biogas (Landfills)

    Recycled Edible Oil Methyl Ester

    ScenarioTax plus Biomass Subsidysame as above, plus

    CHP Biogas (Agriculture) (7%)

    DH Wood Chips (forestry) (11%)

    DH Straw (13%)

    RME (Agenda 2000) (15%)

    Table IV (2)

    Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years

    BeschftigungBIPBudgetFossile ImporteZustzl. Biomasse-AngebotFrderrate

    Arbeitsmarkt-basierte EinnahmenBiomasse-FrderungenNetto-Kosten Biomasse-StratgieWrme (Nutzenergie)Elektrizitt

    %Mio. tMio. Mio. Mio. Mio. PJPJ

    nderung relativ zum Referenzszenario% Gesamtkosten

    KWK-Biogas (LaWi)393-0.012-1.0871-1923-305.3752.90014

    NW-Hackgut (FoWi)8,6660.027-2.95256-12667-12430.8000.00016

    Diagramm1

    1719108511108263539333226145-432641507866620818191418196-770-564871076751229

    231-87-135-1275-21-2921927418-15-46-98-26-2-11-44

    EH-Holz

    EH-P(I)

    EH-P(L)

    EH-HG

    KWK-BioG(L)

    KWK-KlG

    KWK-DepG

    KWK-Rl(A)

    KWK-RME(A)

    KWK-AME

    NW-HG(I)

    NW-HG(L)

    NW-Rind

    NW-P(I)

    NW-P(L)

    NW-Str

    KWK-HG(L)

    KWK-Rind

    AME

    RME(H&A)

    RME(A)

    RME

    Diagramm2

    1719108511108263539333226145-432641507866620818191418196-770-564871076751229

    EH-Holz

    EH-P(I)

    EH-P(L)

    EH-HG

    KWK-BioG(L)

    KWK-KlG

    KWK-DepG

    KWK-Rl(A)

    KWK-RME(A)

    KWK-AME

    NW-HG(I)

    NW-HG(L)

    NW-Rind

    NW-P(I)

    NW-P(L)

    NW-Str

    KWK-HG(L)

    KWK-Rind

    AME

    RME(H&A)

    RME(A)

    RME

    Diagramm3

    0.231719

    0.011085

    -0.8711108

    -1.352635

    -0.12393

    0.07332

    0.05261

    -0.2145

    -0.29-43

    0.02264

    0.191507

    0.278666

    0.04208

    0.181819

    -0.1514181

    -0.4696

    -0.98-770

    -0.02-56

    0.06487

    -0.021076

    -0.11751

    -0.44229

    Diagramm4

    1719

    1085

    11108

    2635

    393

    332

    261

    45

    -43

    264

    1507

    8666

    208

    1819

    14181

    96

    -770

    -56

    487

    1076

    751

    229

    EH-Holz EH-P(I) EH-P(L) EH-HG KWK-BioG(L) KWK-KlG KWK-DepG KWK-Rl(A) KWK-RME(A) KWK-AME NW-HG(I) NW-HG(L) NW-Rind NW-P(I) NW-P(L) NW-Str KWK-HG(L) KWK-Rind AME RME(H&A) RME(A) RME

    Diagramm5

    1.2

    0.7

    a2

    Diagramm6

    1.50.8

    1.20.7

    a1

    a2

    Diagramm7

    1719

    1085

    11108

    2635

    393

    332

    261

    45

    -43

    264

    1507

    8666

    208

    1819

    14181

    96

    -770

    -56

    487

    1076

    751

    229

    BIP (Promille)

    Beschftigung

    Table IV (3)

    Table IV: Macroeconomic and Energy Market Impacts of Increased Use of Biomass Energy - Horizon 20 Years

    EmploymentGDP (1000%)GDP (%)

    EH-Holz0.21,7190.0231,719

    EH-P(I)0.01,0850.0011,085

    EH-P(L)-0.911,108-0.08711,108

    EH-HG-1.42,635-0.1352,635

    KWK-BioG(L)-0.1393-0.012393

    KWK-KlG0.13320.007332

    KWK-DepG0.12610.005261

    KWK-Rl(A)-0.245-0.02145

    KWK-RME(A)-0.3-43-0.029-43

    KWK-AME0.02640.002264

    NW-HG(I)0.21,5070.0191,507

    NW-HG(L)0.38,6660.0278,666

    NW-Rind0.02080.004208

    NW-P(I)0.21,8190.0181,819

    NW-P(L)-0.214,181-0.01514,181

    NW-Str-0.596-0.04696

    KWK-HG(L)-1.0-770-0.098-770

    KWK-Rind-0.0-56-0.002-56

    AME0.14870.006487

    RME(H&A)-0.01,076-0.0021,076

    RME(A)-0.1751-0.011751

    RME-0.4229-0.044229

    a1a2

    1.50.8

    1.20.7

  • Literatur(1) Emissionen Biomasse: Kasanen, P., A. Malin, F. Prettenthaler, K. Steininger (1998) , Environmental Innovation in Consumption and the Development of a Sustainable Infrastructure, Proceedings of the ESF-Summer School Consumption, Everyday Life and Sustainability, Lancaster(2) Makrokonomische Effekte: Pichl, C., W. Puwein, I. Obernberger, K. Steininger, H. Voraberger (1999), Erneuerbare Energietrger in sterreichs Wirtschaft, WIFO Wien (im Auftrag der Bundeswirtschaftskammer)Switching technology: Steininger, K, H. Voraberger, Exploiting the Medium Term Biomass Energy Potentials in Austria: A Comparison of Costs and Macroeconomic Impact, Environmental and Resource Economics (2004) (5) Kosten Biomasse-Technologien:Voraberger, H. (2000), Energie aus Biomasse. Eine betriebs- und volkswirtschaftliche Bewertung, Diplomarbeit, Universitt Graz.

  • Auswirkungen der Bioenergieversorgung auf eine Kleinregion Karl W. Steininger

    Methode der BewertungWirkungenInvestitionsttigkeitWertschpfung (Kaufkraft)BeschftigungCO2-Bilanz Schlussfolgerungen

  • Methode der Bewertung

    Tabelle1

    Land- und Forstwirtschaft....Minerallwirtschaft.....Anlagenbau.......Bauwirtschaft......fossile HeizanlageBioenergie-Anlage

    Land- und ForstwirtschaftX

    ....

    MinerallwirtschaftX

    .....

    AnlagenbauXX

    .......

    BauwirtschaftXX

    ......

    ArbeitXX

    KapitalXX

    ImporteXX

    Tabelle2

    Tabelle3

  • Zugrundeliegende Forschungsarbeit:

    Erneuerbare Energietrger in sterreichs Wirtschaft - Volkswirtschaftliche Evaluierung am Beispiel der Biomassesterreichisches Institut fr Wirtschaftsforschung (WIFO), Wien, November 1999

    Methode der Bewertung

  • Fr 1 MWh Nutzenergie Wrme:

    Vergleich der Ausgabenstruktur

    Diagramm1

    582529055

    750468070

    914435075

    641414100197

    Anlagenkosten

    Energietrgerkosten

    Arbeitskosten

    sonstige laufende Kosten

    ATS/MWh Nutzenergie Wrme

    Heizsysteme im Vergleich

    Diagramm2

    582628.1875055

    582529055

    750468070

    914435075

    641414100197

    Anlagenkosten

    Energietrgerkosten

    Arbeitskosten

    sonstige laufende Kosten

    ATS/MWh Nutzenergie Wrme

    Vergleich der Heizsysteme

    Diagramm3

    582628.1875055

    582615.989684466055

    750468070

    914435075

    641414100197

    Anlagenkosten

    Energietrgerkosten

    Arbeitskosten

    sonstige laufende Kosten

    ATS/MWh Nutzenergie (Wrme)

    Vergleich der Systeme

    Tabelle1

    EH-Heizl ELEH-GasEH-Pellets (Industrie)EH-Waldhackgut (trocken)Nahwrme (Waldhackgut)

    Anlagenkosten582582750914641

    Energietrgerkosten628.1875615.989684466468435414

    Arbeitskosten0000100

    sonstige laufende Kosten55557075197

    Tabelle2

    Tabelle3

  • Anteil erneuerbare Energie (Biomasse, Wasserkraft) am Gesamtprimrenergieverbrauch

    Wirkung der Ausgabenstruktur

    _1063609007.doc

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    UK

    Nld

    Deu

    Bel

    Lux

    Irl

    Jpn

    Ita

    Grc

    Esp

    USA

    Fra

    Can

    Aus

    Nor

    Che

    Por

    Dnk

    Aut

    Tur

    Swe

    Fin

    NZL

    EU

    IEA

    OECD Europa

    OECD Total

    In %

    Wasserkraft

    Restliche erneuerbare Energie

    Q: IEA / OECD, 1997C,D.

  • BIP des durchschnittlichen sterr. Bezirkes: 25,5 Mrd ATS

    Szenario: Ausbau der Bioenergie (Nahwrme-Waldhackgut) um 0,27 PJ (77 GWh) Nutzenergie Wrme im Bezirk - Nachfrageerhhung Investition/lfd. Ausgaben Bioenergie - Nachfragesenkung Investition/lfd. Ausgaben fossile Anlagen - Wirkung auf Vorleistungen - Verschiebung der Einkommen (und der Gesamtnachfrage)

    Wirkung auf die Wertschpfung im Bezirk (relativ zu fossil): plus 11,5 Mio. ATS / Jahr Wertschpfung

  • Sektorale Verschiebungen => nderung in der ArbeitsnachfrageBioenergien im allgemeinen arbeitsintensiverFrderungen fr Bioenergie von anderer Verwendung abgezogen

    Wenn Frderausma nicht zu hoch ntig ist, dominiert der erste Effekt

    Auswirkung des Szenarios (relativ zu fossil): plus 78 Beschftigte im Bezirk Beschftigung

  • Auswirkung des Szenarios:minus 26.594 t CO2 pro Jahr= minus 72 t CO2 pro Tag im Bezirk

    quivalent zu tglich 420 PKWs Graz-Paris

    CO2-Bilanz

  • Auswirkung des Szenarios:minus 15,4 Mio. ATS pro Jahr fr den Bezirk

    Um diesen Betrag muss weniger exportiert werden (und steht heimisch zur Verfgung) oderknnen andere Gter zustzlich importiert werden.

    Fossile Importe

  • Konkretes Szenario fr den durchschnittlichen Bezirk

    Auswirkungen im Bezirk:Wertschpfung (Kaufkraft): plus 11,5 Mio ATS pro JahrArbeitsmarkt: plus 78 BeschftigteCO2-Bilanz: minus 72 t CO2 pro Tagfossile Importe: minus 15,4 Mio ATS pro Jahr Schlussfolgerungen

  • Energieregion Oststeiermark

  • Breiter Mix an Erneuerbare Energie AnlagenEingeschrnktes Wasserkraft-Potential aufgrund TopographieSonst breiter MixIm Sden stark: Biogaskostromanlagen allgemeinQuellen: NOEST, LEV

  • Hohe AnlagendichteEuropaweit eine der hchsten Dichten im Sden der Energieregion Oststeiermark09/2005: 22 Anlagen (+5 in Bau), d.s. 55% aller steir. AnlagenRest-Steiermark: 18 (+3)Rohstoffe: vorrangig Schweineglle + MaisHufigste Nutzungsform: StromproduktionAnlagengre: durchschn. 500 kWel (sterreich/EU: 200-250)Mureck: 1000kWelBiogasQuellen: LEA, LEV

  • Europaspitze in Kleinfeuerungen1980: erste steirische BM-Fernwrme-Anlage in Feldbach2005 Stmk: 204 Anlagen2005 EROM: 83 Anlagen d.s. 41% aller steirischenHartberg und Passail zhlen zu grten steir. AnlagenLeitbetrieb Kleinfeuerungstechnologie: KWB, 130 MA direkt, 450 APe gesamt, 65% ExportquoteWeitere Betriebe: Hertz, Sebersdorf Perhofer, Birkfeld

    BiomasseQuellen: KWB, LWK Stmk., LEV

  • Aufstrebender WirtschaftszweigSanierung (KOSAN) und NeubauNeubau: PassivhausZahlreiche Unternehmen im Bereich Passivhaus (IG Passivhaus):Bau, Techn. Bros, Architekten, Komponenten-Herstellung, DmmstofffabrikantAuszeichnungen: Solarbaupreis, Europ. Innovationspreis, ..Weiz: Geminihaus, Tanno meets Gemini Siedlung, Bauausstellung (W.E.I.Z.)

    Energieoptimiertes BauenIG Passivhaus

  • Pionier- und EntwicklungsarbeitSeit 1990: SEEG Mureck Biodiesel, BM-Fernwrme, BiogasPflanzenl: Vom Salatl zum TreibstoffNetzwerk: 12 Tankstellen, 117.000 Liter 9000 Liter pro Monat Koord.: kocluster Oststeiermark ca. 100 umgerstete KFZVollautomatische Tankstellen: Auersbach, 2000 Feistritzwerke Gleisdorf, 2004Breite Projektaktivitten

    Pflanzenle und MobilittQuellen: AKREMI, LEV

  • Quellen: genannte Unternehmen, NOESTSolarthermie und PhotovoltaikSolarthermiePionier: AEE INTECEROM 2005: 100.000 m, 70 MWthVorzeige Solarregion: Energieregion Weiz-Gleisdorf Untersttzung 35/mSolarstadt Gleisdorf: 200/mPhotovoltaikEROM 2004: 816 kWp zertifizierte PV-kostromanlagen15 MW Deckelung hat positive Entwicklung unterbrochenErrichtung und Verkauf durch oststeirische Firmen:Feistritzwerke: 300 kWp im eigenen NetzSolarstrom: 20 kWp (50 in Planung)KW-Solar in : von 16,8 MWp (2003) 4,5 MWpStadtwerke Hartberg: 200 Dcher Programm

  • Emissionen im VergleichEmissionen von 4 Heizsystemen [kg/TJ Nutzenergie]

    Sheet: Diagramm1

    Sheet: Diagramm2

    Sheet: Diagramm4

    Sheet: Diagramm5

    Sheet: Tabelle1

    Sheet: Diagramm3

    Sheet: Tabelle2

    Sheet: Tabelle3

    Sheet: Tabelle4

    Sheet: Tabelle5

    Sheet: Tabelle6

    Sheet: Tabelle7

    Sheet: Tabelle8

    Sheet: Tabelle9

    Sheet: Tabelle10

    Sheet: Tabelle11

    Sheet: Tabelle12

    Sheet: Tabelle13

    Sheet: Tabelle14

    Sheet: Tabelle15

    Sheet: Tabelle16

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    CO

    CO

    7398.0

    109284.0

    81218.0

    3278.0

    616.0

    97.0

    55.0

    3701.0

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    7398.0

    109284.0

    616.0

    97.0

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    CO

    CO

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    particles

    particles

    cummulated

    cummulated

    cummulated

    cummulated

    372.1194

    5496.9852

    4085.2653999999998

    164.8834

    159.66719999999998

    25.1424

    14.255999999999998

    959.2991999999999

    182.39260000000002

    750.6157000000001

    7.0151

    140.30200000000002

    1942.38

    1425.6

    899.91

    1345.41

    301.164

    511.9788

    5202.6080999999995

    1076.6613

    556.37

    54.4275

    12.095

    332.6125

    3514.0932000000003

    8264.749600000001

    10221.149599999999

    4019.1683999999996

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    particles

    particles

    CH4

    CH4

    CH4

    CH4

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    N2O

    N2O

    N2O

    N2O

    26.0

    107.0

    1.0

    20.0

    218.0

    160.0

    101.0

    151.0

    40.0

    68.0

    691.0

    143.0

    92.0

    9.0

    2.0

    55.0

    20.0

    20.0

    615.0

    39.0

    21.0

    49.0

    75.0

    104.0

    6.0

    1.0

    1.0

    5.0

    central heating (oil)

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    CH4

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (biomass)

    central heating (oil)

    central heating (gas)

    central heating (fuelwood)

    external cost of emissions (ATS/t)

    external cost of emissions (ATS/kg)

    0.7

    3.6

    97.44

    123.76

    104.58

    84.0

    external cost (EURO/kg)

    0.05039596832253419

    0.25917926565874727

    7.01511879049676

    8.910007199424046

    7.529157667386609

    6.047516198704104

    emission costs of

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    cummulated

    district heating Biomass

    372.1194

    159.66719999999998

    182.39260000000002

    1942.38

    301.164

    556.37

    3514.0932000000003

    central heating oil

    5496.9852

    25.1424

    750.6157000000001

    1425.6

    511.9788

    54.4275

    8264.749600000001

    central heating gas

    4085.2653999999998

    14.255999999999998

    7.0151

    899.91

    5202.6080999999995

    12.095

    10221.149599999999

    central heating fuelwood

    164.8834

    959.2991999999999

    140.30200000000002

    1345.41

    1076.6613

    332.6125

    4019.1683999999996

    central heating (oil)

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    CH4

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (biomass)

    central heating (oil)

    central heating (gas)

    central heating (fuelwood)

    CO

    CO

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    N2O

    N2O

    167.0

    97.0

    104.0

    107.0

    288.0

    160.0

    33.0

    68.0

    92.0

    9.0

    17.0

    49.0

    6.0

    1.0

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (bark)

    central heating (oil)

  • Externe Kosten im VergleichExterne Kosten von 4 Heizsystemen [ / TJ Nutzenergie]

    Sheet: Diagramm1

    Sheet: Diagramm2

    Sheet: Diagramm4

    Sheet: Diagramm5

    Sheet: Diagramm7

    Sheet: Diagramm10

    Sheet: Tabelle1

    Sheet: Diagramm3

    Sheet: Tabelle2

    Sheet: Tabelle3

    Sheet: Tabelle4

    Sheet: Tabelle5

    Sheet: Tabelle6

    Sheet: Tabelle7

    Sheet: Tabelle8

    Sheet: Tabelle9

    Sheet: Tabelle10

    Sheet: Tabelle11

    Sheet: Tabelle12

    Sheet: Tabelle13

    Sheet: Tabelle14

    Sheet: Tabelle15

    Sheet: Tabelle16

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    CO

    CO

    7398.0

    109284.0

    81218.0

    3278.0

    616.0

    97.0

    55.0

    3701.0

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    7398.0

    109284.0

    616.0

    97.0

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    CO

    CO

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    particles

    particles

    cummulated

    cummulated

    cummulated

    cummulated

    372.829373650108

    5507.473002159827

    4093.0597552195823

    165.19798416126707

    159.65442764578833

    25.140388768898486

    14.2548596112311

    959.2224622030236

    182.39308855291574

    750.6177105831533

    7.01511879049676

    140.3023758099352

    1942.381569474442

    1425.6011519078472

    899.9107271418286

    1345.4110871130308

    301.16630669546436

    511.9827213822894

    5202.647948164146

    1076.6695464362851

    556.3714902807775

    54.42764578833693

    12.095032397408207

    332.6133909287257

    3514.796256299496

    8275.242620590352

    10228.983441324694

    4019.416846652268

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    particles

    particles

    CH4

    CH4

    CH4

    CH4

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    N2O

    N2O

    N2O

    N2O

    26.0

    107.0

    1.0

    20.0

    218.0

    160.0

    101.0

    151.0

    40.0

    68.0

    691.0

    143.0

    92.0

    9.0

    2.0

    55.0

    20.0

    20.0

    615.0

    39.0

    21.0

    49.0

    75.0

    104.0

    6.0

    1.0

    1.0

    5.0

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    700.0

    3600.0

    97440.0

    123760.0

    104580.0

    84000.0

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    0.05039596832253419

    0.25917926565874727

    7.01511879049676

    8.910007199424046

    7.529157667386609

    6.047516198704104

    central heating (oil)

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    CH4

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (biomass)

    central heating (oil)

    central heating (gas)

    central heating (fuelwood)

    emission costs of

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    external cost of emissions (ATS/t)

    external cost of emissions (ATS/kg)

    0.7

    3.6

    97.44

    123.76

    104.58

    84.0

    external cost (EURO/kg)

    0.05039596832253419

    0.25917926565874727

    7.01511879049676

    8.910007199424046

    7.529157667386609

    6.047516198704104

    emission costs of

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    cummulated

    district heating Biomass

    372.829373650108

    159.65442764578833

    182.39308855291574

    1942.381569474442

    301.16630669546436

    556.3714902807775

    3514.796256299496

    central heating oil

    5507.473002159827

    25.140388768898486

    750.6177105831533

    1425.6011519078472

    511.9827213822894

    54.42764578833693

    8275.242620590352

    central heating gas

    4093.0597552195823

    14.2548596112311

    7.01511879049676

    899.9107271418286

    5202.647948164146

    12.095032397408207

    10228.983441324694

    central heating fuelwood

    165.19798416126707

    959.2224622030236

    140.3023758099352

    1345.4110871130308

    1076.6695464362851

    332.6133909287257

    4019.416846652268

    central heating (oil)

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    CH4

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (biomass)

    central heating (oil)

    central heating (gas)

    central heating (fuelwood)

    emission costs of

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    0.05039596832253419

    0.25917926565874727

    7.01511879049676

    8.910007199424046

    7.529157667386609

    6.047516198704104

    energy demand kWh/m2

    energy demand TJ/a

    post WW II house

    226.0

    0.113904

    new house (Austrian building standard 1991)

    99.0

    0.04989600000000001

    0.683424

    district heating biomass ( house:1950)

    842.661792

    70.16486400000001

    2.961504

    24.831072000000002

    4.55616

    10.479168000000001

    2.27808

    2.391984

    0.2993760000000001

    district heating biomass (house: 1991)

    369.13060800000005

    30.735936000000006

    1.2972960000000002

    10.877328000000002

    1.9958400000000003

    4.590432000000001

    0.9979200000000001

    1.0478160000000003

    CO

    CO

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    N2O

    N2O

    167.0

    97.0

    104.0

    107.0

    288.0

    160.0

    33.0

    68.0

    92.0

    9.0

    17.0

    49.0

    6.0

    1.0

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (bark)

    central heating (oil)

  • Gebudestandards im VergleichExterne Kosten von 2 Heizsystemen in unterschiedlichen Gebuden [/a]

    Sheet: Diagramm1

    Sheet: Diagramm2

    Sheet: Diagramm4

    Sheet: Diagramm5

    Sheet: Diagramm7

    Sheet: Diagramm10

    Sheet: Diagramm12

    Sheet: Tabelle1

    Sheet: Diagramm3

    Sheet: Diagramm14

    Sheet: Diagramm15

    Sheet: Tabelle2

    Sheet: Tabelle3

    Sheet: Tabelle4

    Sheet: Tabelle5

    Sheet: Tabelle6

    Sheet: Tabelle7

    Sheet: Tabelle8

    Sheet: Tabelle9

    Sheet: Tabelle10

    Sheet: Tabelle11

    Sheet: Tabelle12

    Sheet: Tabelle13

    Sheet: Tabelle14

    Sheet: Tabelle15

    Sheet: Tabelle16

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    CO

    CO

    7398.0

    109284.0

    81218.0

    3278.0

    616.0

    97.0

    55.0

    3701.0

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    7398.0

    109284.0

    616.0

    97.0

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    CO

    CO

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    particles

    particles

    cummulated

    cummulated

    cummulated

    cummulated

    372.829373650108

    5507.473002159827

    4093.0597552195823

    165.19798416126707

    159.65442764578833

    25.140388768898486

    14.2548596112311

    959.2224622030236

    182.39308855291574

    750.6177105831533

    7.01511879049676

    140.3023758099352

    1942.381569474442

    1425.6011519078472

    899.9107271418286

    1345.4110871130308

    301.16630669546436

    511.9827213822894

    5202.647948164146

    1076.6695464362851

    556.3714902807775

    54.42764578833693

    12.095032397408207

    332.6133909287257

    3514.796256299496

    8275.242620590352

    10228.983441324694

    4019.416846652268

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    particles

    particles

    CH4

    CH4

    CH4

    CH4

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    N2O

    N2O

    N2O

    N2O

    26.0

    107.0

    1.0

    20.0

    218.0

    160.0

    101.0

    151.0

    40.0

    68.0

    691.0

    143.0

    92.0

    9.0

    2.0

    55.0

    20.0

    20.0

    615.0

    39.0

    21.0

    49.0

    75.0

    104.0

    6.0

    1.0

    1.0

    5.0

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    700.0

    3600.0

    97440.0

    123760.0

    104580.0

    84000.0

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    0.05039596832253419

    0.25917926565874727

    7.01511879049676

    8.910007199424046

    7.529157667386609

    6.047516198704104

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO2

    CO

    CO

    CO

    CO

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    particles

    particles

    cummulated

    cummulated

    cummulated

    cummulated

    42.4667569762419

    18.60269442764579

    466.2158783585313

    204.22730954643632

    18.185277926565874

    7.966117321814256

    1.6236855291576673

    0.7112604751619871

    20.775302358531317

    9.100685546436285

    0.7990500907127429

    0.3500263671706264

    221.24503028941683

    96.91707079049677

    102.50343146436285

    44.901945641468686

    34.304046997840175

    15.026994038876893

    592.602411887689

    259.5913220215983

    63.372938228941685

    27.76071187904968

    1.3776725701943846

    0.6034937365010801

    400.3493527775378

    175.3742740043197

    1165.122129900648

    510.385357788337

    central heating (oil)

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    CH4

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (biomass)

    central heating (oil)

    central heating (gas)

    central heating (fuelwood)

    emission costs of

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    external cost of emissions (ATS/t)

    external cost of emissions (ATS/kg)

    0.7

    3.6

    97.44

    123.76

    104.58

    84.0

    external cost (EURO/kg)

    0.05039596832253419

    0.25917926565874727

    7.01511879049676

    8.910007199424046

    7.529157667386609

    6.047516198704104

    emission costs of

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    cummulated

    district heating Biomass

    372.829373650108

    159.65442764578833

    182.39308855291574

    1942.381569474442

    301.16630669546436

    556.3714902807775

    3514.796256299496

    central heating oil

    5507.473002159827

    25.140388768898486

    750.6177105831533

    1425.6011519078472

    511.9827213822894

    54.42764578833693

    8275.242620590352

    central heating gas

    4093.0597552195823

    14.2548596112311

    7.01511879049676

    899.9107271418286

    5202.647948164146

    12.095032397408207

    10228.983441324694

    central heating fuelwood

    165.19798416126707

    959.2224622030236

    140.3023758099352

    1345.4110871130308

    1076.6695464362851

    332.6133909287257

    4019.416846652268

    central heating (oil)

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    CH4

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (biomass)

    central heating (oil)

    central heating (gas)

    central heating (fuelwood)

    emission costs of

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    0.05039596832253419

    0.25917926565874727

    7.01511879049676

    8.910007199424046

    7.529157667386609

    6.047516198704104

    energy demand kWh/m2

    energy demand TJ/a

    post WW II house

    226.0

    0.113904

    new house (Austrian building standard 1991)

    99.0

    0.04989600000000001

    external emission costs (Euro/a)

    CO2

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    cummulated

    distr. heating biomass (house: 50)

    42.4667569762419

    18.185277926565874

    20.775302358531317

    221.24503028941683

    34.304046997840175

    63.372938228941685

    400.3493527775378

    distr. heating biomass (house: 91)

    18.60269442764579

    7.966117321814256

    9.100685546436285

    96.91707079049677

    15.026994038876893

    27.76071187904968

    175.3742740043197

    centr. heating gas (house: 50)

    466.2158783585313

    1.6236855291576673

    0.7990500907127429

    102.50343146436285

    592.602411887689

    1.3776725701943846

    1165.122129900648

    centr. heating gas (house: 91)

    204.22730954643632

    0.7112604751619871

    0.3500263671706264

    44.901945641468686

    259.5913220215983

    0.6034937365010801

    510.385357788337

    CO

    CO

    SO2

    SO2

    Nox

    Nox

    CxHy

    CxHy

    particles

    particles

    NMVOC

    NMVOC

    N2O

    N2O

    167.0

    97.0

    104.0

    107.0

    288.0

    160.0

    33.0

    68.0

    92.0

    9.0

    17.0

    49.0

    6.0

    1.0

    A

    A

    B+L

    B+L

    D

    D

    DK

    DK

    E

    E

    F

    F

    GR

    GR

    GB

    GB

    I

    I

    IRL*

    IRL*

    NL*

    NL*

    P

    P

    S

    S

    SF

    SF

    1046.7

    209.34

    2223.1908000000003

    37.681200000000004

    13912.736400000002

    322.3836

    820.6128000000001

    58.6152

    2754.9144

    175.84560000000002

    5086.9619999999995

    523.35

    870.8544

    50.2416

    9106.29

    104.67

    6301.134

    188.406

    418.68

    0.0

    2930.76

    0.0

    648.9540000000001

    62.80200000000001

    1327.2156

    347.50440000000003

    1009.0187999999999

    247.02120000000002

    A

    A

    B+L

    B+L

    D

    D

    DK

    DK

    E

    E

    F

    F

    GR

    GR

    GB

    GB

    I

    I

    IRL*

    IRL*

    NL*

    NL*

    P

    P

    S

    S

    SF

    SF

    EU 15

    EU 15

    1046.7

    209.34

    2223.1908000000003

    37.681200000000004

    13912.736400000002

    322.3836

    820.6128000000001

    58.6152

    2754.9144

    175.84560000000002

    5086.9619999999995

    523.35

    870.8544

    50.2416

    9106.29

    104.67

    6301.134

    188.406

    418.68

    0.0

    2930.76

    0.0

    648.9540000000001

    62.80200000000001

    1327.2156

    347.50440000000003

    1009.0187999999999

    247.02120000000002

    48458.0232

    2327.8608000000004

    CO

    SO2

    Nox

    CxHy

    particles

    NMVOC

    N2O

    district heating (bark)

    central heating (oil)

    A

    B+L

    D

    DK

    E

    F

    GR

    GB

    I

    IRL

    NL

    P

    S

    SF

    EU 15

    Energy use (Mio t OE/a)

    1213.0

    Biomass Potential (Mio t OE)

    55.6

    A

    B+L

    D

    DK

    E

    F

    GR

    GB

    I

    IRL

    NL

    P

    S

    SF

    EU 15

    Energy use (PJ/a)

    1256.04

    2260.8720000000003

    14235.12

    879.2280000000001

    2930.76

    5610.312

    921.096

    9210.960000000001

    6489.54

    418.68

    2930.76

    711.7560000000001

    1674.72

    1256.04

    50785.884000000005

    Biomass Potential (PJ)

    209.34

    37.681200000000004

    322.3836

    58.6152

    175.84560000000002

    523.35

    50.2416

    104.67

    188.406

    0.0

    0.0

    62.80200000000001

    347.50440000000003

    247.02120000000002

    2327.8608000000004

    Percentage of Biomass Potential

    16.666666666666668

    1.6666666666666667

    2.264705882352941

    6.666666666666667

    6.000000000000001

    9.328358208955224

    5.454545454545454

    1.1363636363636362

    2.903225806451613

    0.0

    0.0

    8.823529411764707

    20.75

    19.666666666666668

    4.583676834295137

    A

    B+L

    D

    DK

    E

    F

    GR

    GB

    I

    IRL*

    NL*

    P

    S

    SF

    EU 15

    Energy use (PJ/a) minus biomass potential

    1046.7

    2223.1908000000003

    13912.736400000002

    820.6128000000001

    2754.9144

    5086.9619999999995

    870.8544

    9106.29

    6301.134

    418.68

    2930.76

    648.9540000000001

    1327.2156

    1009.0187999999999

    48458.0232

    Biomass potential

    209.34

    37.681200000000004

    322.3836

    58.6152

    175.84560000000002

    523.35

    50.2416

    104.67

    188.406

    0.0

    0.0

    62.80200000000001

    347.50440000000003

    247.02120000000002

    2327.8608000000004